Construction and Building Materials 48 (2013) 533–539

Contents lists available at ScienceDirect

Construction and Building Materials

journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/conbuildmat

Rheological properties of amorphous poly alpha olefin (APAO) modified

asphalt binders
Jianming Wei a,⇑, Zhangyong Liu b, Yuzhen Zhang a
a
State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao 266580, PR China
b
Shandong Zhonghai Chemical Group, Dongying 257061, PR China

h i g h l i g h t s

 Asphalt binders were modified with two amorphous poly alpha olefins (APAOs).
 The effects of APAO on the rheological properties of asphalt binders were investigated.
 APAO improves the high temperature performance of asphalt binders.
 The addition of APAO reduces the temperature susceptibility of asphalt binders.

a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t

Article history: The rheological properties of amorphous poly alpha olefin (APAO) modified asphalt binders were inves-
Received 18 May 2013 tigated through rotational viscometer (RV), dynamic shear rheometer (DSR), and bending beam rheom-
Received in revised form 11 July 2013 eter (BBR) tests in the laboratory. Two types of APAOs and four percentages of APAO were selected in the
Accepted 20 July 2013
study. RV results indicate that the addition of APAO increases the viscosity of modified asphalt binder at
Available online 14 August 2013
high temperatures. DSR measurements show that the elastic property of asphalt binder is enhanced and
the failure temperature is improved due to the addition of APAO. In addition, BBR results demonstrate
Keywords:
that additional APAO has negative effects on the creep stiffness and creep rate of the modified asphalt
APAO
Asphalt binder
binders. The temperature susceptibility of asphalt binder is reduced at high, intermediate, and low tem-
Rheological properties perature zones after adding APAO. Moreover, this study found that APAO K3050 has better modification
Temperature susceptibility than K3020 due to its higher viscosity.
Ó 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

1. Introduction manufacturing process due to their high viscous property. Also,

Asphalt binder has been widely used for road pavement
construction for many years. Due to of its natural temperature sus-
ceptibility, the low-temperature and high-temperature perfor-
mance of asphalt binders need to be improved. Especially in
recent years, continuously increased traffic volumes and heavy
loads, the neat asphalt binders cannot perform satisfactorily under
some conditions. As a response, research on asphalt modification
has developed quickly and prosperously. In general, some poly-
mers as the modification additives, such as styrene–butadiene–
styrene (SBS) [1–3], styrene–butadiene rubber (SBR) [4,5], ethylene
vinyl acetate (EVA) [6,7], crumb rubber [8,9], are extensively added
to asphalt binders that are employed in pavement construction.
However, these polymers exhibit some flaws when they are used
to produce the modified asphalt binders. For example, more energy
is required to blend the polymer and asphalt binder during the
⇑ Corresponding author. Tel.: +86 13954666229.
E-mail address: jianming_wei@yahoo.com (J. Wei).
the storage stability of the modified binder is another issue. Re-
cently, the application of amorphous poly alpha olefin (APAO) in
the asphalt modification has intrigued the research interest of
many people due to its good compatibility with asphalt binder.
The APAO is a kind of non-polar and saturate plastic material,
which can be easily mixed with asphalt at 165 °C [10]. The re-
ported results indicate that APAO modified binder and the mixture
have good high-temperature stability, low-temperature flexibility,
and anti-aging property [10–14].
The primary objective of this study is to characterize the rheo-
logical properties of APAO modified asphalt binders. The rotational
viscosity at high temperature, dynamic modulus and phase angle
at intermediate temperature, as well as the creep stiffness and
creep rate of modified asphalt binder at low temperature were
studied. The effects of APAO type on the rheological performance
were also investigated. It is expected that this study provides some
research results on the application of APAO in the asphalt pave-
ment in the near future.

0950-0618/$ - see front matter Ó 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2013.07.087
534 J. Wei et al. / Construction and Building Materials 48 (2013) 533–539

2. Experimental
Heated base
2.1. Materials APAO (2%, 4%, 6%, and 8% by
binder to 165°C
One straight-run asphalt binder (penetration grade pen-90), which was pro- weight of base binder)
duced from Venezuela crude oil, was chosen as the base asphalt in the present
study. The main physical properties were determined according to JTG F40-2004
[15] and are shown in Table 1, including the thin film oven test (TFOT) aging
properties. Modified asphalt
Weighting
Two types of APAOs manufactured in China were utilized in the present study, samples
which are commercially available. And the basic properties are listed in Table 2. It Blending base
can be seen that two APAOs have approximate penetrations and softening points,
binder and
but remarkably different viscosity values can be found at 190 °C. It is speculated
that the degrees of polymerization between the two APAOs (refer to K3050 and APAO at 165°C
K3020) are different due to the difference of the molecular weights.
for 30 min at

2.2. Preparation of APAO modified asphalt binders 450rpm

The following procedure, as shown in Fig. 1, was applied to prepare the APAO
modified asphalt samples in the laboratory. Approximately 100 g of AH-90 asphalt
binder was poured into a metal container, then it was heated up to 165 °C. The APA-
Os of various percentages were added into each individual container, and the mixed
binder was stored at a temperature of 165 °C. An agitator was used to blend APAO
and base binder with a medium-shear radial flow impeller at a speed of 450 rpm for
30 min in the laboratory. Four percentages (2%, 4%, 6%, and 8% by weight of the base
asphalt binder) of APAOs were employed in this study.
2.3. Rotational viscosity
In this study, the Brookfield viscometer (Model DV-II+, Brookfield Engineering
Inc., USA) was used to measure the rotational viscosity of asphalt samples according
to ASTM D4402 [16]. During the test, a certain amount of asphalt sample, which is
dependent on the size of the spindle, was heated and poured into the sample cham-
ber. Then, the chamber was placed in the thermo container. When the desired tem-
perature was stabilized for 30 min, the appropriate spindle was employed to
measure the viscosity. The measurements were conducted at 80 °C, 100 °C,
120 °C, 135 °C, and 160 °C, respectively.
Fig. 1. Procedure of preparing modified asphalt samples.
were measured. Two 25 mm diameter parallel plates with 1 mm gap were selected
to conduct the DSR measurement according to ASTM D7175 [17]. The rheological
measurements were performed at 46 °C, 52 °C, 58 °C, 64 °C, 70 °C, and 76 °C, respec-
tively. Each binder was measured in terms of the complex modulus (G*) and phase
angle (d) values. It is known that the DSR is used to characterize the elastic and vis-
cous behavior of an asphalt binder using the aforementioned two parameters: G*
and d, as described in Superpave system developed by the Strategic Highway Re-
search Program (SHRP). G* is defined as the ratio of maximum shear stress to max-
imum strain and it provides a measurement of the total resistance to deformation,
which is the ‘‘sum’’ of the elastic part and viscous part of the binder. The d is the
time lag between the applied stress and strain responses during a test, and it is a
measure of the viscoelastic balance of the material behavior. In addition, the rutting
factor G*/sin d can be obtained to characterize the anti-deformation ability of the as-
phalt binders according to the SHRP specifications.
2.5. Low temperature creep properties

2.4. Dynamic rheological properties The low temperature creep test was carried out to determine the low temper-
ature performance of the asphalt binders using the bending beam rheometer (TE-
The dynamic rheological properties of the asphalt samples were characterized BBR, Cannon Instrument Company) according to ASTM D6648 [18]. It should be
using dynamic shear rheometer (DSR, AR 2000, TA Instrument Company). During noted that the original binder was tested instead of pressure aging vessel (PAV)
the test, a sinusoidal strain was applied and the actual strain and torque values aged binder in the BBR measurement. During the measurement, the asphalt binder
beams (125  12.5  6.25 mm) were cooled in a methanol bath at a constant tem-
perature. After a storage time of 60 min, the beam was placed on two stainless steel
supports and loaded with 100 g. The deflection was monitored with time and used
Table 1
for calculation of the stiffness as a function of time. The creep stiffness (S) and creep
Properties of pen-90 base asphalt.
rate (m) of the binders were determined at loading times 60 s. And the two param-
Properties JTG F40-2004 Measured values eters were used as the low-temperature characteristics of the asphalt binders. The
measurements of these binders were conducted at 12 °C, 15 °C, 18 °C, and
Min Max
24 °C, respectively.
Penetration (25 °C, 100 g, 5 s)/dmm 80 100 91
Softening point/°C 45 – 45.8
Ductility (5 cm/min)/cm 3. Results and discussion
5 °C – – 13.5
15 °C 100 – >150 3.1. Rotational viscosity
Viscosity/Pa s
60 °C 160 – 199.87
135 °C – – 0.410 Viscosity is used to characterize the consistency of asphalt bin-
TFOT der, which reflects the internal friction of the binder when it flows
Mass change/% ±0.8 0.46 [19]. And this property affects the laying down temperature of the
Retained penetration/% 57 – 57 asphalt pavement. The influences of the temperature on the viscos-
Ductility (5 cm/min)/cm
ity values of K3050 and K3020 modified asphalt binders are shown
15 °C 20 – 108
in Figs. 2 and 3, respectively. It can be seen that the viscosity values
increased by adding APAO to the asphalt binders for both type of
APAOs at all test temperatures. In addition, the viscosity increased
Table 2 with an increase of APAO percentage. In addition, the K3050 and
Basic properties of APAO. K3020 modified binders presented a similar tendency of the viscos-
APAO K3050 K3020
ity–temperature relationship.
The increased viscosity of the modified asphalt binder due to
Penetration (25 °C)/dmm 28 32
Softening point/°C 146 143
the addition of APAO is vital in increasing the binder film thickness
Viscosity (190 °C)/Pa s 65 25 for coating aggregates in the hot mixture. In order to state the ef-
Solid density (23 °C)/g cm3 0.87 0.87 fects of temperatures on the viscosity of modified binders, Fig. 4
Melt density/g cm3 0.75 0.75 shows the viscosity comparisons of APAO modified binders. It
Glass transition temperature/°C 30 30
can be observed that, at a same percentage of APAO, the binder
Color White White
with K3050 has a greater viscosity than the binder with K3020 in
 J. Wei et al. / Construction and Building Materials 48 (2013) 533–539 535

Fig. 2. Influence of temperature on viscosity of K3050 modified asphalt binders. Fig. 5. Comparison of viscosities at 135 °C of K3050 and k3020 modified asphalt
binders.

Table 3
VTS and R2 of asphalt binders.

APAO percentage/% K3050 K3020

2
VTS R VTS R2
0 3.4427 0.999 3.4427 0.999
2 3.3597 0.999 3.3996 0.999
4 3.2999 0.999 3.3241 0.999
6 3.2850 0.999 3.3062 0.999
8 3.1828 0.998 3.3165 0.999

to SHRP specification [20]. From Fig. 5 it can be clearly seen that

the viscosities of all binders at 135 °C are less than the required
3.0 Pa s, which means APAO modified asphalt binders still have
excellent pump ability at the hot mixture asphalt plant. Addition-
ally, K3050 modified binder has a higher viscosity than K3020
modified binder regardless of APAO percentage.
Fig. 3. Influence of temperature on viscosity of K3020 modified asphalt binders. Temperature susceptibility, defined as the changes in consis-
tency, stiffness, or viscosity as a function of temperature, is an
important rheological property of the asphalt binder [21]. The tem-
perature susceptibility of the asphalt binder is associated with the
compaction, rutting, and cracking characteristics of the asphalt
pavement. An asphalt binder with lower temperature susceptibil-
ity is supposed to have better pavement performance. At high tem-
perature zone, the parameter of Viscosity Temperature
Susceptibility (VTS) is usually used to evaluate this property of as-
phalt binders according to ASTM D2493 [22], as shown in the fol-
lowing equation:

log logðg  103 Þ ¼ A þ VTS log T ð1Þ

where g is the Viscosity is the Pa s; A the intercept of temperature

Fig. 4. Comparison of APAO on the viscosity of modified asphalt binders.
the test temperature range, which may be attributed to the molec-
ular structure of K3050.
It is known that the viscosity of asphalt binder should be less
than 3.0 Pa s at 135 °C due to the required pump ability according
susceptibility relationship; VTS the slope of temperature suscepti-
bility relationship; T is the temperature in Kelvin.
Higher VTS value indicates that the viscosity changes more
quickly with the temperature, and the binder is more temperature
susceptible. By regressing log logðg  103 Þ and log T in Eq. (1), the
VTS of the asphalt samples can be obtained. The VTS and coeffi-
cient of determination (R2) are given in Table 3. As observed in Ta-
ble 3, the addition of APAO reduced the temperature susceptibility
of asphalt binder, which is in agreement with previous studies
[10,11]. And this would ensure the modified binders have better
pavement performance, particularly in terms of high temperature
permanent deformation. Also it is known from the R2 values in
536 J. Wei et al. / Construction and Building Materials 48 (2013) 533–539

Table 3 that Eq. (1) characterizes the viscosity–temperature rela-

tion for APAO modified binders very well.
After comparing the VTS values between K3050 and K3020
modified binders, it is noticed that K3050 modified binders have
less temperature susceptibility than the K3020 modified binders,
which indicates that the modification effect of K3050 is more sig-
nificant than that of K3020. This finding is consistent with the
aforementioned viscosity analysis.
In general, besides the traditional VTS analysis, the viscosity–
temperature relationship of asphalt binder also can be described
using the Arrhenius formula [23], as shown in the following
equation:
 
Ea
g ¼ A0 exp ð2Þ
RT

where A0 is the pre-exponential factor; Ea the activation energy,

kJ mol1; T the absolute temperature; R is the ideal gas constant,
Fig. 6. Effect of APAO on the complex modulus and phase angle of K3050 modified
8.314 J mol1 K1.
asphalt binders.
After rearranging Eq. (2), the following Eq. (3) can be obtained.

ln g ¼ Ea=RT þ ln A0 ð3Þ
By plotting y as lng against x as (1/RT) in the above Eq. (3) for
various asphalt samples, the slope is the Ea of the asphalt binder.
The activation energy (Ea) and the coefficient of determination
(R2) of different asphalt binders are presented in Table 4.
The activation energy is regarded as an energy barrier that mol-
ecules must overcome to move. Hence, higher activation energy
indicates lower temperature dependence of the asphalt sample.
And it has better temperature susceptibility. Some articles have
reported the utilization of activation energy to evaluate the tem-
perature susceptibility [23–26]. It is known in Table 4 that the
addition of APAO increases the activation energy of asphalt bind-
ers, indicating a reduction in the temperature susceptibility of
the samples. Also, Table 4 shows that K3050 modified binders have
higher activation energy values that K3020 modified binders at the
same APAO percentage, which corresponds to the similar trend
with VTS finding.

Fig. 7. Effect of APAO on the complex modulus and phase angle of K3020 modified
3.2. Dynamic shear rheological properties
asphalt binders.

The viscoelastic behavior is characterized by complex modulus

(G*) and phase angle (d) of asphalt binder using DSR measurement. additional APAO changes the viscoelastic behavior of the asphalt
The G* is a measurement of the overall resistance of a material to samples: G* was improved with the increase of APAO percentage;
deformation, whereas d is a measurement of the viscoelastic char- meanwhile, d was reduced at the same time. This phenomenon
acter of a material [27]. In Figs. 6 and 7 the curves of G* and d ver- shows that the addition of APAO enhanced the elastic property of
sus temperature for K3050 and K3020 modified binders are modified binders, which is agreement with the previous studies
presented, respectively. It can be seen that G* decreases and d in- [10,13].
creases with the increasing temperature for two APAOs modified The temperature susceptibility of asphalt binder is still impor-
binders, which evidences the samples loose their elastic property tant in this temperature range, which relates to the anti-deforma-
and behave more like a liquid. Moreover, it is noticed that d is al- tion ability of the binder. A previous study [28] showed that the
ways greater than 45°, indicating that the loss modulus (G00 = G* - storage modulus (G0 ) is much sensitive than other viscoelastic
sin d) is higher than the storage modulus (G0 = G* cos d) under the parameters, like G* and G00 . And by regressing the logarithm of stor-
current testing temperature range. Also, it can be observed that age modulus (G0 ) against temperature (T), as shown in the follow-
ing Eq. (4), the slope (GA) of log G0 versus T is used to characterize
the temperature susceptibility of asphalt binders in this tempera-
ture zone. The GA and coefficient of determination (R2) for each
Table 4
Ea and R2 of asphalt binders.
binder are listed in Table 5. The higher of absolute value of GA,
the higher temperature susceptibility of the asphalt binder is. It
APAO percentage/% K3050 K3020 is known in Table 5 that APAO can reduce the temperature suscep-
Ea/kJ mol1 R2 Ea/kJ mol1 R2 tibility of the modified binders in comparison with the original
0 79.8 0.993 79.8 0.993 binders. In addition, K3020 modified binders generally have lower
2 82.6 0.992 81.4 0.993 temperature susceptibility than K3050 modified binders do within
4 85.2 0.993 83.0 0.992 this temperature zone.
6 88.2 0.997 87.0 0.993
8 90.7 0.998 90.6 0.996 log G0 ¼ ðGAÞðTÞ þ C 1 ð4Þ
 J. Wei et al. / Construction and Building Materials 48 (2013) 533–539 537

Table 5 Table 6
GA and R2 of asphalt binders. Tf and R2 of asphalt binders.

APAO percentage/% K3050 K3020 APAO percentage/% K3050 K3020

2 2 2
GA R GA R Tf/°C R Tf/°C R2
0 0.0828 0.969 0.0828 0.969 0 68.1 0.995 68.1 0.995
2 0.0822 0.983 0.0724 0.996 2 69.0 0.998 68.4 0.999
4 0.0732 0.993 0.0703 0.989 4 71.2 0.997 71.1 0.995
6 0.0651 0.993 0.0598 0.997 6 75.8 0.995 74.9 0.999
8 0.0598 0.993 0.0547 0.995 8 77.9 0.996 78.1 0.995

Fig. 9. Effects of APAO on the creep stiffness and creep rate of K3050 modified
Fig. 8. Comparison of APAO on the rutting factor of modified asphalt binders. asphalt binders.

where G0 is the storage modulus, kPa; T the temperature, °C; GA the

slope of the regression line; C1 is the constant.
On the basis of the SHRP specification, the rutting factor, G*/sin d
at 10 rad/s was used to measure the contribution of a binder to rut-
ting performance [20]. Higher G*/sin d of the asphalt binder indi-
cates higher rutting resistance of asphalt mixture. Hence, this
parameter is much more concerned than other parameters. Fig. 8
shows the rutting factors of two APAO modified binders at differ-
ent testing temperatures. It can be seen that the rutting factor
was improved with an increase of the APAO percentage regardless
of the testing temperatures, indicating the modified binders have
the improvement on permanent deformation resistance at a high
temperature. In addition, K3050 modified binders have slightly
higher rutting factor values than the K3020 modified binders at
the same testing temperature, which indicates that K3050 has bet-
ter modification effects on the rutting resistance of asphalt binder
probably due to its higher viscosity at 190 °C.
For the un-aged asphalt binders, it is requested that the rutting Fig. 10. Effects of APAO on the creep stiffness and creep rate of K3020 modified
asphalt binders.
factor G*/sin d should be higher than 1.0 kPa according to SHRP
specifications [20]. The temperature where the rutting factor
reaches the required value 1.0 kPa has been defined as the failure
temperature (Tf), which has been reported in some papers [29– 3.3. Low-temperature creep properties
31]. The failure temperature was obtained via this procedure:
regressing the logarithm of G*/sin d against temperature (T), then The low-temperature creep stiffness (S) and creep rate (m) were
the Tf is calculated through interpolation as the temperature at determined using a BBR at four different temperatures. Figs. 9 and
which the G*/sin d value equals 1.0 kPa. The determined Tf and 10 demonstrate the effects of K3050 and K3020 on the S and m
the coefficient of determination (R2) of log(G*/sin d) versus T for as- parameters at various test temperatures, respectively. It is clearly
phalt binders are given in Table 6. The results show that the addi- found that the stiffness of asphalt sample increased with an in-
tion of APAO improved the Tf of the asphalt binders, which crease in the APAO percentage, which indicates that the addition
demonstrated that the modified asphalt binders are more rutting of APAO improves the cracking potential of the modified binders
resistant at high temperatures. It is also noticed that the Tf values and has negative effects on the binders. Regarding the m-value,
of K3050 modified binders are slightly higher than those of K3020 although there are some variations, the whole trend is that m-va-
modified binders, except at an APAO percentage of 8%. However, lue was reduced with the addition of APAO. If m-value is high,
the Tf values at this point are very close. the internal force due to the temperature reduction can be released
538 J. Wei et al. / Construction and Building Materials 48 (2013) 533–539
Table 7
SA and R2 of asphalt binders.
APAO percentage/% K3050 K3020
SA R2
SA
0 0.0850 0.992 0.0850
2 0.0839 0.995 .00851
4 0.0796 0.998 0.0805
6 0.0787 0.998 0.0756
8 0.0765 0.997 0.0761
quickly before cracks form. In this case, the dropped m-value
indicates the modified asphalt binder is easily deteriorated at
low temperature performance, and this is consistent with the S
analysis. However, it was reported that the asphalt mixture con-
taining APAO have good low-temperature properties in terms of
low-temperature flexural test [10,11]. Hence, more research needs
to be pursued to investigate the effect of APAO on the low temper-
ature performance of asphalt binders and asphalt mixtures.
Characterization of temperature susceptibility of asphalt binder
at the low temperature region is also important. Less temperature
susceptibility ensures less cracking tendency. According to the pre-
vious study [28], the creep stiffness is more sensitive to tempera-
ture than creep rate. By regressing the logarithm of creep
stiffness (S) against temperature (T), as shown in the following
Eq. (4), the slope (SA) of log S versus T is used to evaluate the tem-
perature susceptibility of asphalt binders at this temperature zone.
The SA and coefficient of determination (R2) for each binder are
shown in Table 7. Higher absolute value of SA means higher tem-
perature susceptibility of the asphalt binder. In Table 7, it is found
that additional APAO reduced the temperature susceptibility in
general, which is good for the binder, even APAO has negative
influences on the stiffness and creep rate according to the afore-
mentioned analysis.
log S ¼ ðSAÞðTÞ þ C 2
where S is the creep stiffness, MPa; T the temperature, °C; SA the
slope of the regression line; C2 is the constant.
4. Conclusions and recommendations
In this limited study, two kinds of APAOs were added into the
straight-run asphalt binder to modify the rheological properties
of the base asphalt binder. On the basis of the laboratory investiga-
tions and presented results, the following conclusions can be
drawn.
(1) The rotational viscosity of asphalt binder is improved by the
addition of APAO. The temperature susceptibility of asphalt
binder characterized by VTS and Ea is reduced by adding
APAO at the high temperature zone. And K3050 has more
influence than K3020 in terms of the viscosity and tempera-
ture susceptibility. In addition, the viscosities at 135 °C are
less than 3.0 Pa s for all modified binders.
(2) The elastic property of the asphalt binder is enhanced by the
addition of APAO. The temperature susceptibility described
by GA of asphalt binder is dropped after adding APAO at
the intermediate temperature range. And the failure temper-
ature (Tf) increased due to the addition of APAO. K3050 has
better modification effects on the elastic property of asphalt
binder than K3020, while K3020 has less temperature sus-
ceptibility than K3050. Additionally, the difference among
the failure temperatures (Tf) of the two APAO modified bin-
der is generally slight.
(3) APAO has negative effects on the creep stiffness and creep
rate of the modified asphalt binders, further research for
asphalt binder and mixture should be performed. The tem-
R2 perature susceptibility evaluated by SA is reduced at the
low temperature zone.
0.992
0.995
(4) This study only investigated the rheological performance of
0.997 APAO modified asphalt binders. Additional laboratory mix-
0.998 ture research supplemented with field validation is strongly
0.994 recommended to validate the findings of this research.
Acknowledgements
The authors gratefully acknowledge the financial support of the
National Natural Science Foundation of China (No.: 51008307) and
the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (No.:
09CX04039A).
References
[1] Lu XH, Isacsson U. Characterization of styrene–butadiene–styrene polymer
modified bitumens—comparison of conventional methods and dynamic
mechanical analyses. J Test Eval 1997;25:383–90.
[2] Yu JY, Wang L, Zeng X, Wu SP, Li B. Effect of montmorillonite on properties of
styrene–butadiene–styrene copolymer modified bitumen. Polym Eng Sci
2007;47:1289–95.
[3] Ahmedzade P. The investigation and comparison effects of SBS and SBS with
new reactive terpolymer on the rheological properties of bitumen. Constr Build
Mater 2013;38:285–91.
[4] Cai HM, Wang T, Zhang JY, Zhang YZ. Preparation of an SBS latex-modified
bitumen emulsion and performance assessment. Pet Sci Technol
2010;28:987–96.
[5] Zhang BC, Xi M, Zhang DW, Zhang HX, Zhang BY. The effect of styrene–
butadiene–rubber/montmorillonite modification on the characteristics and
properties of asphalt. Constr Build Mater 2009;23:3112–7.
[6] Haddadi S, Ghorbel E, Laradi N. Effects of the manufacturing process on the
performances of the bituminous binders modified with EVA. Constr Build
Mater 2008;22:1212–9.
[7] Sureshkumar MS, Filippi S, Polacco G, Kazatchkov I, Stastna J, Zanzotto L.
Internal structure and linear viscoelastic properties of EVA/asphalt
nanocomposites. Eur Poly J 2010;46:621–33.
ð5Þ
[8] Liu ST, Cao WD, Fang JG, Shang SJ. Variance analysis and performance
evaluation of different crumb rubber modified (CRM) asphalt. Constr Build
Mater 2009;23:2701–8.
[9] Wang HN, You ZP, Mills-Beale J, Hao PW. Laboratory evaluation on high
temperature viscosity and low temperature stiffness of asphalt binder with
high percent scrap tire rubber. Constr Build Mater 2012;26:583–90.
[10] Kong LY, Zhou JC, Li W. Experimental research on APAO modified asphalt.
Technol Hwy Trans 2005;10:63–7.
[11] Shen JA, Li FP, Li SF. Experimental research of APAO modified bitumen.
Highway 1997:27–32.
[12] Usmani AM. Asphalt science and technology. New York: Marcel Dekker; 1997.
[13] Kong LY, Zhou JC, Yan QR. The improvement of the APAO modified asphalt high
temperature stability. In: Proceedings of the 9th domestic symposium of
petroleum asphalt technology, Kunming, China; 2004. p. 42–6.
[14] Gao EP, Wang Z. Application of APAO modified asphalt in pavement repairing
engineering. Yunnan Commun Sci Technol 2001;17:31–3.
[15] JTG F40. Technical specification for construction of highway asphalt
pavements. Ministry of Transport of the People’s Republic of China; 2004.
[16] ASTM D4402. Standard test method for viscosity determination of asphalt at
elevated temperatures using a rotational viscometer. American Society for
Testing and Materials; 2012.
[17] ASTM D7175. Standard test method for determining the rheological properties
of asphalt binder using a dynamic shear rheometer. American Society for
Testing and Materials; 2008.
[18] ASTM D6648. Standard test method for determining the flexural creep
stiffness of asphalt binder using the bending beam rheometer (BBR).
American Society for Testing and Materials; 2008.
[19] Eyring H. Viscosity, plasticity, and diffusion as examples of absolute reaction
rates. J Chem Phys 1936;4:283–91.
[20] Petersen JC, Robertson RE, Branthaver JF, et al. Binder characterization and
evaluation. In: Test Methods. SHRP-A-370, vol. 4. Washington, D.C.: Strategic
Highway Research Program, National Research Council; 1994.
[21] Fromm HJ, Phang WA, Welborn JY. Temperature-susceptibility control in
asphalt cement specifications. Hwy Res Rec 1971:30–45.
[22] ASTM D2493. Standard viscosity–temperature chart for asphalts. American
Society for Testing and Materials; 2009.
[23] Salomon D, Zhai HC. Ranking asphalt binders by activation energy for flow. J
Appl Asp Bin Technol 2002;2:52–60.
 J. Wei et al. / Construction and Building Materials 48 (2013) 533–539
[24] Salomon D, Zhai HC. Asphalt binder flow activation energy and its significance
for compaction effort. In: Proceedings of the 3rd Eurasphalt and Eurobitume
Congress, Vienna, Austria; 2004. p. 1754–62.
[25] Haider SW, Mirza MW, Thottempudi AK, Bari J, Baladi GY. Characterizing
temperature susceptibility of asphalt binders using activation energy for flow.
In: Proceedings of the transportation and development institute congress,
Chicago, United States; 2011. p. 493–503.
[26] Cong PL, Xun PJn, Xing ML, Chen SF. Investigation of asphalt binder containing
various crumb rubbers and asphalts. Constr Build Mater 2013;40:632–41.
[27] Lu XH, Isacsson U. Chemical and rheological characteristics of styrene–
butadiene–styrene polymer-modified bitumens. Trans Res Rec
1999;1661:83–92.
539
[28] Wang LZ, Wei JM, Zhang YZ. Development of alternative parameters to
evaluate the temperature susceptibility of asphalt binders. Int J Pavement Res
Technol 2009;2:75–81.
[29] Wang HN, Dang ZX, You ZP, Cao DW. Effect of warm mixture asphalt (WMA)
additives on high failure temperature properties for crumb rubber modified
(CRM) binders. Constr Build Mater 2012;35:281–8.
[30] Xiao FP, Amirkhanian AN, Amirkhanian S. Influence of carbon nanoparticles on
the rheological characteristics of short-term aged asphalt binders. J Mater Civil
Eng 2011;23:423–31.
[31] Yao H, You ZP, Li L, Goh SW, Lee CH, Yap YK, et al. Rheological properties and
chemical analysis of nanoclay and carbon microfiber modified asphalt with
Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Constr Build Mater 2013;38:327–37.