Test 2 - GO2 vs. Nothing Test Results

GO2 RESULTS REPORT
Bradley S. Lambert, Ph.D – Report for PEEP Performance, LLC
COMPARISON OF GO2 TO CONTROL MOUTH PIECE & NO MOUTHPIECE

Protocol 1 (GXT): Graded exercise cycling test beginning at a workload of 150watts following unloaded 3minute
warm-up. During the test, stages progressed with increasing workloads of 30 Watts every two minutes until the
participant could no longer maintain within 10rpms of their self selected pedal cadence. Gas collection was
continuously collected and measurements of hemodynamics, heart rate, and perceived exertion were recorded
every two minutes during exercise and at 1, 3, and 5 minutes of unloaded recovery at the same self selected
pedal cadence.
Protocol 2 (SSXT): Steady state exercise testing set at a workload equivalent to measured anaerobic/ventilator
threshold assessed during GXT testing. Following an unloaded 3 minute warm-up, participants maintained a
constant pace until exhaustion. Gas collection was continuously collected and measurements of hemodynamics,
heart rate, and perceived exertion were recorded every two minutes during exercise and at 1, 3, and 5 minutes of
recovery.
Comparisons: GO2 vs CONTROL MOUTHPIECE (Battle), GO2 vs NO-MOUTHPIECE, GO2 vs COMBINED

CONTROLS
Analysis: Data were compared at each stage of exercise and each time-point during recovery using a two-tailed
paired samples t-test. To account for potential wide variance in the participant population with regards to aerobic
fitness and training history, a mixed model analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) was used where values were co-
varied on measures taken with the control mouthpiece. FIGURES and CONCLUSIONS are presented for both
types of analyses in this report. NOTE: Conclusions presented in this document represent statistical findings and
are not intended to the potential physiologic mechanisms responsible.
1
Figures: Figures presented here are for data whereby at least one significant measurement was detected.
OBRL – GO2 Project Results KEY: Data are presented as means ± standard error for
VO2max expressed as both absolute (LO2*min-1) and
and relative (mlO2*kg*min-1) units. *=Significantly
Summary (VO2max) Different at p<0.05.
GO2 vs CONTROL GO2 vs NO MP GO2 vs COMBINED CONTROL
3.70 3.70 3.50 *

* * 3.40
3.50
VO2max (L*min-1)
3.50 3.30
VO2max (L*min-1)
VO2max (L*min-1)
3.30 3.20
3.30
3.10
3.10
3.00
3.10
2.90 2.90
2.90 2.80
2.70
2.70
2.50 2.70 COMBINED GO2
CONTROL GO2 NO MP GO2 CONTROL
50 46 46
*
*
VO2max (ml*kg*min-1)
(ml*kg*min-1)
(ml*kg*min-1)
48
44 44
46
44 42
42
42
40
VO2max
40
VO2
40
38 38
36 38 COMBINED GO2 2
OBRL – GO2 Project Results KEY: Data are presented as means ± standard error for VO2
(L/min) measured during graded exercise cycle testing. * =
Summary (VO2 L*min-1)

Significant difference between conditions (Control / GO2) at
the same measurement time-point (p<0.05)
3.8
*
CONTROL GO2
3.3
VO2 (L*min-1)
2.8
*
2.3
1.8
1.3
0.8
VO2 ST1 VO2 ST2 VO2 ST3 VO2 PEAK VO2 REC1 VO2 REC3 VO2 REC5

4.0
*
3.5 NO MP GO2
3.0
VO2 (L*min-1)
2.5
2.0
1.5
1.0
0.5

4.0
COMBINED CONTROL
3.5 *
GO2
3.0
VO2 (L*min-1)
2.5
2.0
*
1.5
1.0
0.5
(ml/kg/min) measured during graded exercise cycle testing. *
Summary (VO2 ml*kg*min-1)

= Significant difference between conditions (Control / GO2) at
50
*
45 CONTROL GO2
VO2 (ml*kg*min-1)
40 *
35
30
25
20
15
10

50.0
*
45.0 NO MP GO2
VO2 (ml*kg*min-1)
40.0
*
35.0
30.0
25.0
20.0
15.0
10.0

50.0
* COMBINED CONTROL
45.0
GO2
VO2 (ml*kg*min-1)
40.0
35.0
30.0
25.0
*
20.0
15.0
10.0
OBRL – GO2 Project Results KEY: Data are presented as means ± standard error for %
difference in VO2 (ml/kg/min) measured during graded
Summary (VO2max)
exercise cycle testing * = Significant difference between GO2
and listed conditions below.
QUESTION: Does using the GO2 during GXT have an effect on VO2max?
ANSWER: YES.
10%
*
9%
8%
%Difference In VO2max
7% *
6% 6.69%
*
5% 5.28%
4%
4.02%
3%
2%
1%
0%
GO2 vs. GO2 vs. GO2 vs
CONTROL NO MP COMBINED
CONTROL
OBRL – GO2 Project Results KEY: Data are presented as means ± standard error for time
to fatigue (seconds) for the graded maximal cycling test and
during steady state testing at a workload associated with each
Summary (Time to Fatigue)

individual’s anaerobic threshold. *=Significantly Different at
p<0.05.
GO2 vs CONTROL GO2 vs NO MP GO2 vs COMBINED CONTROL
650 600 600

* * *
Time To Fatigue GXT
Time To Fatigue GXT
Time To Fatigue GXT

600 550
550
(Seconds)
(Seconds)
(Seconds)
550 500
500
500
450
450
450
400
400 400 COMBINED GO2
1100 1100 1000
Time To Fatigue SSXT

1000
1000
900
900 900
(Seconds)
(Seconds)
(Seconds)
800 800 800

700 700
700
600 600
500 500 600
400 400 COMBINED GO2
difference in time to exhaustion measured during graded
Summary (Time to Fatigue)

exercise cycle testing * = Significant difference between GO2
and listed conditions below.
QUESTION: Does using the GO2 during GXT and SSXT improve endurance?
ANSWER: YES FOR GXT; MAYBE FOR SSXT
9% 25%
8% * *
* *
20%
%Difference In TTE (SSXT)

%Difference In TTE (GXT)
7%
6%
5.81% 5.91% 5.86% 15%
5%
13.41% 13.70% 13.56%
4%
10%
3%
2% 5%
1%
0% 0%
GO2 vs. GO2 vs. GO2 vs GO2 vs. GO2 vs. GO2 vs
CONTROL NO MP COMBINED CONTROL NO MP COMBINED
CONTROL CONTROL
workload at which participants reached anaerobic threshold
Summary (Anaerobic Threshold)

* = Significant difference between GO2 and listed conditions
below.
37 33 34
* *
36 32
33
@ Anaerobic Threshold
35 31
VO2 (ml*kg*min-1)
32
34
30
33 31
29
32 30
28
31
29
30 27
26 28
29
28 25 27
CONTROL GO2 NO MP GO2 COMBINED GO2
CONTROL
difference in VO2 at which participants reached anaerobic
Summary (Anaerobic Threshold)

threshold * = Significant difference between GO2 and listed
conditions below.
QUESTION: Does using the GO2 during GXT increase anaerobic Threshold?
ANSWER: YES (Compared to NO MP & ALL DATA COMBINED)
9% *
% Difference in Anaerobic Threshold
8%
*
7% 7.40%
6%
5.84%
5%
4%
4.09%
3%
2%
1%
0%
GO2 vs. GO2 vs. GO2 vs.
CONTROL NO MP COMBINED
CONTROL
OBRL – GO2 Project Results KEY: Data are presented as means ± standard error heart rate
recorded during graded exercise testing (GXT). *=Significantly
Summary (HEART RATE)

Different at p<0.05.
200
190 CONTROL GO2
180
Heart Rate (BPM)
170
160
150
140
130
120
110
HR ST1 HR ST2 HR ST3 HR PEAK EX HR REC1 HR REC3 HR REC5

190
180 NO MP GO2
170
Heart Rate (BPM)
160
150
140
130
120
110

190
COMBINED CONTROL
180
GO2
170
Heart Rate (BPM)
160
150
*
140
*
130
120
110
OBRL – GO2 Project Results KEY: Data are presented as means ± standard error heart
rate recorded during steady state exercise testing (SSXT).

*=Significantly Different at p<0.05.
190
190 190 COMBINED
CONTROL * CONTROL
180 NO MP
180 180 GO2
170 GO2
GO2 170
170
Heart Rate (BPM)
160
160 160
150
150 150
140 140
140
*
130 130 * 130
120 120 120
110 110 110
100 100 100

AVG HR PEAK HR HR REC1 HR REC3 HR REC5 AVG HR PEAK HR HR REC1 HR REC3 HR REC5 AVG HR PEAK HR HR REC1 HR REC3 HR REC5
OBRL – GO2 Project Results
Summary (Heart Rate)
QUESTION: Does using the GO2 during GXT have an impact on stage-
matched heart rates? Does using the GO2 result in enhanced heart rate
recovery following peak exercise?
ANSWER: Maybe, when data from both trials were combined, HR was
found to be reduced during stage 1 of GXT (moderate intensity exercise).
However, HR was found to be elevated when using the GO2 compared
during recovery from GXT and SSXT. This may indicate that while the
GO2 may optimize performance, it may not be optimal for using during
recovery from exercise.
OBRL – GO2 Project Results KEY: Data are presented as means ± standard error for VCO2
Summary (VCO2 L*min-1)

Significant difference between conditions at the same
measurement time-point (p<0.05)
4.5
4.0 CONTROL GO2

VCO2 (L*min-1)
3.5
3.0
2.5
2.0
1.5
1.0
0.5
VCO2 ST1 VCO2 ST2 VCO2 ST3 VCO2 PEAK VCO2 REC1 VCO2 REC3 VCO2 REC5

5.0
*
4.5
NO MP GO2
4.0
VCO2 (L*min-1)
3.5
3.0
2.5
2.0
* *
1.5
1.0
0.5

4.5
*
COMBINED CONTROL
4.0
GO2
VCO2 (L*min-1)
3.5
3.0
*
2.5
2.0
* *
1.5
1.0
0.5
Summary (VCO2 & RER)
QUESTION: Does using the GO2 have a significant effect on the volume
of exhaled CO2 during GXT or SSXT?
ANSWER: Potentially. When analyzing VCO2, there was an effect of

GO2 at stage 1 of GXT, Peak GXT, and at 3 minutes of recovery
compared to NO MP or all control data combined. Similar to the HR data,
these data indicate that the GO2 may be beneficial during performance,
but not recovery.
QUESTION: Does using the GO2 have a significant effect on RER

(VO2/VCO2) during GXT or SSXT during recovery?
ANSWER: Maybe, RER was found to be elevated compared to NO MP

during 5min of recovery. (NO MP: 1.059 ± 0.031; GO2: 1.174 ± 0.036)
respiratory rate (RR) measured during graded exercise cycle
Summary (Respiratory Rate)

testing. * = Significant difference between conditions at the
same measurement time-point (p<0.05)
50
RESPIRATORY RATE (Breaths*min-1)
45 CONTROL GO2
40
35
30
25 *
20
15
RR ST1 RR ST2 RR ST3 RR PEAK RR REC1 RR REC3 RR REC5

55
50 NO MP GO2
45
40
35
30
25
20
15

50
COMBINED GO2
45 CONTROL
40
35
30
*
25
*
20
15
respiratory rate (RR) measured during steady state exercise

testing (SSXT). * = Significant difference between conditions at
50 55 50 COMBINED
CONTROL NO MP CONTROL
GO2
50
45 45
GO2 GO2
45
40 40
* 40 *
35 35
35 *
30 30
30
25 25
25
20 20 20
RR RR RR RR RR RR RR RR RR RR RR AVG RR RR RR RR
AVG PEAK REC1 REC3 REC5 AVG PEAK REC1 REC3 REC5 PEAK REC1 REC3 REC5
Summary (Respiratory Rate, RR)
QUESTION: Does using the GO2 have a significant effect on respiratory
rate (breaths / min) during GXT or SSXT.
ANSWER: YES, a decrease was observed at stage 1 of GXT ( 14 ±

5%, -3.3±1.3 breaths*min). This was also observed when observing the
GO2 against both control groups (NO MP & CONTROL) combined for
stage 1 and 2 of GXT. When looking at the combined data, average RR
during SSXT was reduced when using the GO2.
QUESTION: Does using the GO2 have a significant effect on respiratory

rate (breaths*min) during recovery from exercise?
ANSWER: Potentially. When adjusting for control RR, a decrease was

observed at 1 minute following SSXT(9 ± 4%, -3.1±1.5 breaths*min).
This was not observed following maximal graded exercise. This trend
was also observed when analyzing the combined data sets.
ventilation (vt) measured during graded exercise cycle testing.
Summary (Ventilation (L*min-1)

* = Significant difference between conditions at the same
155
VENTILATION (L*min-1)
135 CONTROL GO2
115
95
75
55
35
15
Vt ST1 Vt ST2 Vt ST3 Vt PEAK Vt REC1 Vt REC3 Vt REC5

155
135 NO MP GO2
115
95
75
*
55
*
35
15

155
* COMBINED GO2
135 CONTROL
115
95
*
75
*
55
* *
35
15
Summary (Ventilation)
QUESTION: Does using the GO2 have a significant effect on ventilation (L*min-
1) during GXT?
ANSWER: YES (compared to NO MP & all control data combined).
1) during SSXT?
ANSWER: No
1) during recovery?
ANSWER: Potentially. When adjusting for ventilation using the control

mouthpiece, ventilation was observed to be higher following GXT when compared
to control and NO MP.
systolic blood pressure (SBP) measured during graded exercise
Summary (Systolic Blood Pressure)

cycle testing. * = Significant difference between conditions at
210
200 *
Systolic Blood Pressure (mmHg)
CONTROL GO2
190
180
170
160
150
140
130
120
SBP ST1 SBP ST2 SBP ST3 SBP PEAK SBP REC1 SBP REC3 SBP REC5

190
180 NO MP GO2
*
170
160 *
150
140
130
120

200
COMBINED CONTROL
*
190
* GO2
180
170
*
160
150 *
140
130
120
systolic blood pressure (SBP) measured during steady state

exercise testing. * = Significant difference between conditions
at the same measurement time-point (p<0.05)
200 190 190 COMBINED

CONTROL
NO MP CONTROL
190 180 180
GO2
* GO2 GO2
180 170 170
170 160 160
160 150 150
150 140 140
140 130 130
130 120 120
120 110 110

SBP AVG SBP PEAK SBP REC1 SBP REC3 SBP REC5 SBP AVG SBP PEAK SBP REC1 SBP REC3 SBP REC5
SBP AVG SBP PEAK SBP REC1 SBP REC3 SBP REC5
QUESTION: Does using the GO2 have a significant effect on systolic
blood pressure during GXT compared to control or No MP?
ANSWER: YES. During GXT, the exercising with GO2 was observed to
elicit a lower SBP at various points during exercise.
QUESTION: Does using the GO2 have a significant effect on SBP

during SSXT compared to control?
ANSWER: Maybe, an elevated mean SBP was observed during SSXT

when comparing the GO2 to the control mouthpiece. However, this
difference was not observed compared to NO MP or when all control data
were combined.
diastolic blood pressure (DBP) measured during graded
Summary (Diastolic Blood Pressure)

exercise cycle testing. * = Significant difference between
conditions at the same measurement time-point (p<0.05)
78
76
Diastolic Blood Pressure (mmHg)
* CONTROL GO2
74
72
70
68
66
64
62
60
DBP ST1 DBP ST2 DBP ST3 DBP PEAK DBP REC1 DBP REC3 DBP REC5

75
NO MP GO2
70
65
60
55
50

75
COMBINED CONTROL
73
71 GO2
69
67
*
65
63
61
59
57
55
QUESTION: Does using the GO2 have a significant effect
on diastolic blood pressure during GXT compared to control
or NO MP?
ANSWER: Potentially, DBP was observed to be reduced

during stage 1 of GXT when compared to the control MP but
not compared to NOMP. When all control data were
combined, DBP was observed to be reduced at 5 minutes of
recovery.

on DBP during SSXT compared to control?
ANSWER: No.
OBRL – GO2 Project Results KEY: Data are presented as means ± standard error for mean
arterial pressure (MAP) measured during graded exercise
Summary (Mean Arterial Pressure)

120
Mean Arterial Pressure (mmHg)
115 CONTROL GO2
110
105
100
95
90
85
80
MAP ST1 MAP ST2 MAP ST3 MAP PEAK MAP REC1 MAP REC3 MAP REC5

115
NO MP GO2
110
105
*
100
*
95
90
85
80
75

115
COMBINED CONTROL
110
GO2
105
100
95
*
90
*
85
80
75
on mean arterial pressure during GXT compared to control or
NO MP?
ANSWER: Potentially. MAP was observed to be reduced

during stage 2 and at 1 minute of recovery compared to NO
MP. When compared to all control data combined, MAP was
reduced at 3 and 5 minutes of recovery.

on DBP during SSXT compared to control?
ANSWER: NO
pulse pressure (PP) measured during graded exercise cycle
Summary (Pulse Pressure)

130
120 CONTROL GO2

Pulse Pressure (mmHg)
110
100
90
80
70
60
PP ST1 PP ST2 PP ST3 PP PEAK PP REC1 PP REC3 PP REC5

120
*
NO MP GO2
110
100
90
80
70
60

130
COMBINED CONTROL
*
120
* GO2
110
*
*
100
90 *
80
70
60
on pulse pressure during GXT compared to control or NO
MP?
ANSWER: Overall – YES; When comparing GO2 to NO MP

or to all control data combined PP appears to be reduced at
certain time points during GXT.

on DBP during SSXT compared to control or NO MP?
ANSWER: Potentially. Average and Peak PP was observed

to be reduced when comparing the GO2 to NO MP during
SSXT.
rate pressure product (RPP) measured during graded exercise
Summary (Rate Pressure Product)

40
Rate Pressure Product (HR*mmHg*10-3)
CONTROL GO2
35 *
30
25
20
15
10
RPP ST1 RPP ST2 RPP ST3 RPP PEAK RPP REC1 RPP REC3 RPP REC5

35
NO MP GO2
30
25
*
20
15
10

40
COMBINED CONTROL
35
GO2
*
30
*
*
25
20
15
10
rate pressure product (RPP) measured during steady state

exercise testing. * = Significant difference between conditions
at the same measurement time-point (p<0.05)
40 CONTROL 35 35 COMBINED
NO MP CONTROL
GO2
35 GO2
30 GO2 30
*
30
25 25
25
20 20
20
15 * 15
15
10 10 10
RPP RPP RPP RPP RPP RPP RPP RPP RPP RPP RPP RPP RPP RPP RPP
AVG PEAK REC1 REC3 REC5 AVG PEAK REC1 REC3 REC5 AVG PEAK REC1 REC3 REC5
QUESTION: Does using the GO2 have a significant effect on rate pressure
product during GXT compared to control or NO MP?
ANSWER: YES. RPP tended to be lower at several stages when comparing

GO2 to control, NO MP, or combined controls.
QUESTION: Does using the GO2 have a significant effect on DBP during SSXT
compared to control?
ANSWER: Potentially. While mean RPP was higher when comparing GO2 to
the control mouth piece, the difference was not observed elsewhere. Compared
to NO MP, the RPP was higher at 5min of recovery.
O2 pulse measured during steady state exercise testing. * =
Summary (O2 Pulse)

0.30
* CONTROL GO2
0.25
O2 Pulse (VO2/HR)
0.20
0.15
0.10
0.05
O2P ST1 O2P ST2 O2P ST3 O2P PEAK O2P REC1 O2P REC3 O2P REC5
Summary (O2 Pulse)

0.27
*
0.25
NO MP GO2
0.23
O2 Pulse (VO2/HR)
0.21
0.19
0.17
0.15
0.13
0.11
0.09
Summary (O2 Pulse)

0.27
* COMBINED CONTROL
0.25
GO2
0.23
*
0.21
O2 Pulse (VO2/HR)
0.19
0.17
0.15
0.13
0.11
0.09
Summary (O2 Pulse)
QUESTION: Does using the GO2 during GXT have
an effect on O2 pulse?
ANSWER: Yes, during GXT at high intensity

exercise and maximal exercise.
QUESTION: Does using the GO2 during SSXT

have an effect on O2 pulse?
ANSWER: No
Summary (Perceived Exertion)
QUESTION: Does using the GO2 during GXT OR
SSXT have an effect on rates of perceived exertion.
ANSWER: No

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GO2 RESULTS REPORT

Bradley S. Lambert, Ph.D – Report for PEEP Performance, LLC

COMPARISON OF GO2 TO CONTROL MOUTH PIECE & NO MOUTHPIECE

Comparisons: GO2 vs CONTROL MOUTHPIECE (Battle), GO2 vs NO-MOUTHPIECE, GO2 vs COMBINED

Summary (VO2max) Different at p<0.05.

GO2 vs CONTROL GO2 vs NO MP GO2 vs COMBINED CONTROL

3.70 3.70 3.50 *

Summary (VO2 L*min-1)

Summary (VO2 L*min-1)

Summary (VO2 L*min-1)

Summary (VO2 ml*kg*min-1)

Summary (VO2 ml*kg*min-1)

Summary (VO2 ml*kg*min-1)

Summary (Time to Fatigue)

GO2 vs CONTROL GO2 vs NO MP GO2 vs COMBINED CONTROL

650 600 600

Time To Fatigue GXT

Time To Fatigue GXT

1100 1100 1000

Time To Fatigue SSXT

800 800 800

Summary (Time to Fatigue)

%Difference In TTE (SSXT)

Summary (Anaerobic Threshold)

Summary (Anaerobic Threshold)

Summary (HEART RATE)

190 CONTROL GO2

Summary (HEART RATE)

Summary (HEART RATE)

Summary (HEART RATE)

120 120 120

110 110 110

100 100 100

Summary (VCO2 L*min-1)

4.0 CONTROL GO2

Summary (VCO2 L*min-1)

Summary (VCO2 L*min-1)

ANSWER: Potentially. When analyzing VCO2, there was an effect of

QUESTION: Does using the GO2 have a significant effect on RER

ANSWER: Maybe, RER was found to be elevated compared to NO MP

Summary (Respiratory Rate)

Summary (Respiratory Rate)

Summary (Respiratory Rate)

Summary (Respiratory Rate)

ANSWER: YES, a decrease was observed at stage 1 of GXT ( 14 ±

QUESTION: Does using the GO2 have a significant effect on respiratory

ANSWER: Potentially. When adjusting for control RR, a decrease was

Summary (Ventilation (L*min-1)

135 CONTROL GO2

Summary (Ventilation (L*min-1)

Summary (Ventilation (L*min-1)

ANSWER: YES (compared to NO MP & all control data combined).

ANSWER: Potentially. When adjusting for ventilation using the control

Summary (Systolic Blood Pressure)

Summary (Systolic Blood Pressure)

Summary (Systolic Blood Pressure)

Summary (Systolic Blood Pressure)

Summary (VO2 mlkgmin-1)

Summary (VO2 mlkgmin-1)

Summary (VO2 mlkgmin-1)