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Comparison of dynamic mechanical properties between pure iron (BCC) and

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Applied Mechanics and Materials Vol. 692 (2014) pp 179-186 Submitted: 2014-09-09
© (2014) Trans Tech Publications, Switzerland Accepted: 2014-09-10
doi:10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMM.692.179 Online: 2014-11-07

Comparison of Dynamic Mechanical Properties between Pure Iron (BCC)

and Fe-30Mn-3Si-4Al TWIP Steel (FCC)
Wei-Ping BAO1,4,a, Zhi-Ping XIONG2,3,b,*, Fu-Ming WANG1,c, Jian SHU3,d
and Xue-Ping REN3,e
1
School of Metallurgical and Ecological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing,
Beijing 100083, P.R. China
2
School of Mechanical, Materials and Mechatronic Engineering, University of Wollongong, New
South Wales 2522, Australia
3
School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing,
Beijing 100083, P.R. China
4
ASSAB Tooling (Beijing) Co. Ltd., Beijing 100176, P.R. China
a
baoweiping@hotmail.com, bzx868@uowmail.edu.au, cwangfuming@metall.ustb.edu.cn,
d
shujian2007ustb@126.com, erxp33@ustb.edu.cn

Keywords: Dynamical mechanical properties, Strain rate, TWIP steel, Pure iron, Deformation
mechanism, Deformation twinning, Dislocation gliding.

Abstract. Dynamic mechanical properties and microstructures of pure iron and Fe-30Mn-3Si-4Al
TWIP (TWinning Induced Plasticity) steel were conducted by SHPB (Split-Hopkinson Pressure
Bar), OM (Optical Microscopy) and TEM (Transmission Electron Microscope), at the strain rate
ranging from 102 to 105 s-1 and at room temperature. The effect of high strain rate on the mechanical
responses of pure iron and Fe-30Mn-3Si-4Al TWIP steel belonging to BCC (Body Centered Cubic)
and FCC (Face Centered Cubic) structures respectively was evaluated. The comparison of
deformation mechanism was analyzed between them and it concluded that dislocation gliding is a
major deformation mechanism in pure iron with BCC structure and deformation twinning plays a
significant role in Fe-30Mn-3Si-4Al TWIP steel with FCC structure.

Induction
It is well known that the mechanical behaviors, such as yield stress, ductility, and strength, etc.,
of materials will change under different strain-rate loadings and temperatures [1-3]. The
consideration of stain rate and temperature dependence of material behavior is very important in the
design and service lives of structures. An understanding of dynamic behavior of metals over a wide
range of temperatures and strain rates is of importance in metal forming, high-velocity impact,
penetration mechanics, explosive-metal interaction, and other similar high strain rate deformation
conditions [4-8].
The accurate determination and description of the strain rate dependence of dynamic mechanical
behavior and work hardening of materials have attracted considerable attention from material and
mechanics scientists for more than five decades [9-11]. Experimental measurements of the plastic
deformation behavior of a wide variety of pure metals and alloys have been carried out in order to
study the effect of strain rate. Such tests have been performed for various crystal structures,
including FCC (Face Centered Cubic) metals (aluminum and its alloys, and copper) [12-14], HCP
(Hexagonal Close-Packed) metals (titanium and its alloys, and beryllium) [15-16], and BCC (Body
Centered Cubic) metals (plain carbon steels, molybdenum and niobium) [17-19]. The results
obtained have shown that the flow stress, for a given plastic strain and temperature, is almost
linearly related to the natural logarithm of strain rate [20]. However, these experimental
measurements results have given little comparison of dynamic behavior among metals with
different crystal structures. Accordingly, the present study utilized SPHB (Split-Hopkinson Pressure
Bar) of compressive type to impact pure iron with BBC structure and Fe-30Mn-3Si-4Al TWIP
(TWinning Induced Plasticity) steel with FCC structure at high strain rates. The purpose of this

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180 Proceedings of 2014 International Conference on Material Engineering and
Environment Science

study is to investigate the flow stress characteristics and microstructures of pure iron and
Fe-30Mn-3Si-4Al TWIP steel. Moreover, the comparison of deformation mechanism at high strain
rate is evaluated between them, namely between BCC and FCC metals.

Materials and Experimental Procedures

Materials
In this study, pure iron and Fe-30Mn-3Si-4Al TWIP steel are used to stand for BCC and FCC
metals respectively. Chemical compositions are listed in Table 1.

Table 1 Chemical compositions of pure iron and Fe-30Mn-3Si-4Al TWIP steel (wt. %)
Element C Si Mn P S Al Fe
Pure iron ≤0.005 ≤0.005 ≤0.05 ≤0.005 ≤0.002 ≤0.002 ≥99.9
TWIP steel 0.06 2.94 29.50 0.006 0.005 3.50 Balance

Experimental Procedures
The heat treatments with largest elongation are chosen for pure iron and Fe-30Mn-3Si-4Al TWIP
steel respectively due to the requirement of shaped charge liner [13]. According to previous
researches, pure iron obtained the largest elongation 54.5% with yield strength 150.0 MPa after
annealing at 1203 K for 120 min [21] while the largest elongation of Fe-30Mn-3Si-4Al TWIP steel
is 82.1% with yield strength 463.2 MPa after heating at 1273 K for 60 min [22].
Compression experiments under high strain rate were carried out using SHPB at room
temperature. The set of SHPB is illustrated in Ref [23] and the data collected are reliable [24-25].
The samples used are cylinders Φ 6 mm × 5 mm. Deformed samples were split along the axis by
wire-electrode cutting method. Microstructures were observed by OM (Optic Microscopy) and
TEM (Transmission Electric Microscope) after standard metallurgical procedures.

Results
Dynamic Mechanical Properties
The strain rate affects dynamic mechanical behaviors of pure iron and TWIP steel. True strain-stress
relationships obtained from the dynamic mechanical experiments are presented in Fig.1, and the
extracted dynamic mechanical parameters are listed in Table 2. First of all, the shape of true
strain-stress curves is very similar for the pure iron samples under different strain rates as shown in
Fig.1 (a). The true strain-stress curves can be divided into elastic and steady plastic flow stages, and
inflection points indicate the yield stress. The proof yield stress is determined by the stress
corresponding to the strain of 0.04 rather than 0.02 normally used in low strain rates because of
reliability [25]. The yield stress increases with increasing the strain rate. Also, the maximum stress
σmax increases with increasing the strain rates, showing strain rate hardening effect. The stress
difference  between yield stress 0.04 and the maximum stress σmax, as listed in Table 2, reflects
the strain hardening effect. When the strain rate increases from 650 to 8500 s-1, the stress difference
 increases from 14 to 38 MPa. The strain rate sensitivity m is also calculated in Table 2. The
strain rate sensitivity m decreases with increasing the strain rate, indicating the effect of strain rate
on mechanical properties decreasing with increasing the strain rate.
 Applied Mechanics and Materials Vol. 692 181

Fig. 1 Dynamic true strain-stress curves of (a) pure iron and (b) Fe-30Mn-3Si-4Al TWIP steel under
different strain rates at room temperature

However, obviously different mechanical behavior is found between Fe-30Mn-3Si-4Al TWIP

steel and pure iron. The true strain-stress curves of Fe-30Mn-3Si-4Al TWIP steel also can be
divided into elastic and plastic stages. But the plastic stage of Fe-30Mn-3Si-4Al TWIP steel
increases with the increase of strain, indicating stronger strain hardening effect. The yield stress
increases when the strain rate increases from 700 to 2000 s-1, indicating strain rate hardening effect.
With further increasing the strain rate to 2500 s-1, the yield stress decreases a little, indicating strain
rate softening effect. And then the yield stress continues to increase when the strain rate increases
from 2500 to 10300 s-1, again indicating strain rate hardening effect. With the increase of the strain
rate, the σmax and  increase first, then decrease and finally increase again. The strain rate
sensitivity m of Fe-30Mn-3Si-4Al TWIP steel tends to decline with increasing the strain rate, which
is similar to that of pure iron.

Table 2 Dynamic mechanical properties of pure iron and Fe-30Mn-3Si-4Al TWIP steel under
different strain rates at room temperature
Properties Strain rate 
The max The max σ , m=/  ,
 σ0.04(MPa)
 (s-1) ε (MPa) MPa MPa
Materials
650 479 0.051 493 14 0.0215
2000 563 0.099 581 18 0.0090
4000 610 0.213 650 40 0.0100
Pure iron 6000 626 0.356 660 34 0.0057
6900 642 0.426 678 36 0.0052
8500 657 0.567 695 38 0.0045

700 557 0.118 705 148 0.2111

1200 569 0.230 927 358 0.2915
TWIP steel 2000 580 0.266 1021 441 0.2251
2500 492 0.301 945 453 0.1847
5100 536 0.292 852 316 0.0619
10300 -- 0.385 1210 -- --
Microstructure Observation
Microstructure is an essential factor influencing dynamical mechanical behaviors. The
microstructure before deformation is shown in Fig.2. The microstructure of Fe-30Mn-3Si-4Al
TWIP steel consists of coarse austenite grains (FCC) with annealing twins, where a few
recrystallized grains are along the grain boundaries. In contrast, the microstructure of pure iron is
mainly composed of coarse ferrite grains with BCC structure.
182 Proceedings of 2014 International Conference on Material Engineering and
Environment Science

Fig. 2 Microstructure of (a) pure iron and (b) Fe-30Mn-3Si-4Al TWIP steel before deformation

Fig. 3 and Fig. 4 show the typical deformation microstructure of pure iron. When the strain rate
increases, the ferrite grains are stretched perpendicular to the deformation direction and finally
forms fiber structures. When the strain rate rises, the grains are much more refined. As observed by
TEM, the fibers are mainly consistent of dislocations with few deformation twins [26]. The
characteristic features at the strain rate of 2000 and 6000 s-1 are illustrated in Fig. 4 where fewer
twins can be seen compared to Fe-30Mn-3Si-4Al TWIP steel as shown in Fig. 6.

Fig. 3 The deformation structures of pure iron at a strain rate of (a) 2000 s-1, (b) 6000 s-1, and (c)
8500 s-1
 Applied Mechanics and Materials Vol. 692 183

Fig. 4 Deformation twins of pure iron at the strain rate of (a) 2000 s-1 and (b) 6000 s-1 under
ambient temperature

Fig.5 and Fig.6 shows the typical deformation microstructure of Fe-30Mn-3Si-4Al TWIP steel.
The deformation bands in Fig.5 mainly consist of deformation twins with some dislocations
demonstrated by TEM observation in Fig.6. Twin clusters shown in Fig.6 are observed by TEM. As
presented in Fig.6, lots of twins generated after deformation. When the strain rate is 700 s−1, a small
amount of annealing twins still exists after deformation, and the density of deformation twins is low,
whose spacing is large as show in Fig.5. When the strain rate is increased to 2500 s−1, as Fig.5b
shows that the deformation twins are homogeneous and the density is high, whose spacing is thin.
With further increasing the strain rate to 5100 s−1, the density of deformation twins decreases a little,
but the deformation twins are intersected each other, indicating that multi twinning systems are
active.

Fig. 5 The deformation structures of the Fe-30Mn-3Si-4Al TWIP steel at the strain rate of (a) 700
s-1, (b) 2500 s-1, and (c) 5100 s-1
184 Proceedings of 2014 International Conference on Material Engineering and
Environment Science

Fig. 6 Deformation twins of TWIP steel after deformation of the Fe-30Mn-3Si-4Al TWIP steel at a
strain rate of (a) 700 s-1, (b) 2500 s-1, and (c) 5100 s-1 under ambient temperature

Discussions
Comparison of Dynamic Mechanical Properties
Pure iron has a BCC structure while Fe-30Mn-3Si-4Al TWIP steel has a FCC structure. The
different crystal structures make them possess different dynamical mechanical behaviors.
Comparison of dynamical mechanical properties between pure iron and Fe-30Mn-3Si-4Al TWIP
steel can give some clues for the analysis of the different deformation mechanisms. First, the shape
of the true strain-stress curves for pure iron and Fe-30Mn-3Si-4Al TWIP steel is very different. The
slope of elastic stage of pure iron is larger than that of Fe-30Mn-3Si-4Al TWIP steel. The plastic
stage of pure iron seems steady with a few fluctuations while the true stress of Fe-30Mn-3Si-4Al
TWIP steel increases with increasing the strain. Obviously, Fe-30Mn-3Si-4Al TWIP steel has a
larger strain hardening effect. Second, pure iron only has strain rate hardening effect while TWIP
steel both has strain rate hardening effect and strain rate softening effect. As shown in Fig.7 (a),
yield stress 0.04 and the maximum stress max of pure iron increase with the increase of strain rate,
indicating strain rate hardening effect. However, there are a wave crest and a though both in the line
of yield stress 0.04 and the line of maximum stress max of Fe-30Mn-3Si-4Al TWIP steel. Third, the
maximum strain ε of pure iron increases as an approximate linear function of the strain rate as
plotted in Fig.7 (b), maybe indicating the same domain deformation mechanism. And the maximum
strain ε of Fe-30Mn-3Si-4Al TWIP steel increases with two different slopes with the increase of the
strain rate. The first slope is larger than the second one. It means that new deformation mechanisms
participate in the deformation.

Fig. 7 (a) Yield strength, the maximum stress and (b) the maximum strain of pure iron and
Fe-30Mn-3Si-4Al TWIP steel as a function of the strain rate
 Applied Mechanics and Materials Vol. 692 185

Comparison of Deformation Mechanisms

As discussed above, the difference of mechanical properties evolutions with the increase of strain
rate between pure iron and Fe-30Mn-3Si-4Al TWIP steel indicate different deformation
mechanisms.
Pure iron after deformation contains some deformation bands and elongated ferrite. Trough TEM
observation, bands mainly consist of dislocations with some deformation twins. The large true stress
at a small strain of 0.016 is due to deformation twinning. Dislocation gliding and annihilation may
be responsible for the steady flow of plastic stress.
Fe-30Mn-3Si-4Al TWIP steel contains many deformation bands, which are mainly constituent of
deformation twins (Fig.6). More and more twins become intersected with increasing the strain rate
through TEM observation. Deformation twinning supports the high strain hardening effect. In
addition, the activated multiple deformation twinning systems is responsible for strain rate softening
effect as explained in a previous study [25].
It is very easy to make a summary that, at high strain rate (> 500 s-1) deformation twinning play a
more important role in Fe-30Mn-3Si-4Al TWIP steel while dislocation gliding has a significant
effect on the mechanical behavior of pure iron.

Conclusions
The dynamic mechanical properties and microstructures of pure iron and Fe-30Mn-3Si-4Al
TWIP steel were investigated by SHPB and TEM. The following observations were made:
(1) For pure iron, yield stress and the max strain increase with increasing strain rate from 650 to
8500 s-1, showing strain rate hardening effect.
(2) For Fe-30Mn-3Si-4Al TWIP steel, the yield stress increases with increasing strain rate from
700 to 2000 s-1, decreases with the increase of strain rate from 2000 to 2500 s−1, and then increases
with further increasing the strain rate up to 10300 s−1, indicating complicate effect of strain rate.
(3) Dislocation gliding is the main deformation mechanism at high strain rate (> 500 s-1) while
deformation twinning has auxiliary effect.
(4) Deformation twining is significantly important in Fe-30Mn-3Si-4Al TWIP steel at high strain
rate (> 500 s-1). The multiple deformation twinning system activated during impact is responsible
for the evolution of the strain rate effect from strain rate hardening to strain rate softening and then
again to strain rate hardening.

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10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMM.692

Comparison of Dynamic Mechanical Properties between Pure Iron (BCC) and Fe-30Mn-3Si-4Al TWIP
Steel (FCC)
10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMM.692.179

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