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DMRC - Internship Report
DMRC - Internship Report
It is a great pleasure to present this report of Summer Training about Delhi Metro
Rail Corporation. I express my sincere gratitude to DELHI METRO RAIL
CORPORATION, to participate and provide us with the technical knowledge in the
Signal & Telecommunication Department of Delhi Metro Rail Corporation(BRKR)
1. Abstract...........................................................................................1
2. Introduction to DMRC…................................................................2
3. Signalling........................................................................................4
Introduction
Types of signal
Signalling System Components
4. Telecommunication in DMRC…...................................................12
Telecommunication
OCC
FOTS
PIDS/PAS
Master clock
EPABX
5. Radio Communication.....................................................................18
Radio waves
Technology in use (TETRA)
Modes of Communication
Types of radio used in DMRC
Advantages of TETRA
Disadvantages of TETRA
6. Reference…....................................................................................25
Abstract
The Delhi Metro Rail Corporation Ltd. is a metro system serving Delhi and its satellite
cities of Faridabad, Gurgaon, Noida and Ghaziabad in National Capital Region in India.
DMRC is a very vast and huge industry and it has a large number of ECE opportunities.
Some of them are Signaling and its components, telecommunication system, automatic
fare collection system etc. But this report tells only about signaling and
telecommunication in DMRC.
Signaling is used to control the traffic on the railway tracks, to control the movement and
speed of the metro trains on various lines. There are many types of signals used in
DMRC which convey their own different message. The signaling system is controlled
and managed by the Operation Control Center (OCC) which are situated at Barakhamba
Road and Shastri Park.
After that comes the telecommunication. It is the backbone of DMRC. If somehow the
communication system fails all the operations and movement of trains will be stopped
immediately.
Telecommunication means the exchange of information and data between two or more
points. There are basically six components of telecommunication system in DMRC which
are explained in this report.
Page | 1
Introduction to DMRC
The Delhi Metro Rail Corporation Ltd. is a metro system serving Delhi and its satellite cities
of Faridabad, Gurgaon, Noida and Ghaziabad in National Capital Region in India. Delhi Metro is
the world's 12th largest metro system in terms of both length and number of stations. A member
of Nova Group of Metros, the network consists of five color-coded regular lines and the
faster Airport Express line, with a total length of 213 kilometers serving 160 stations (including 6
on Airport Express line). The system has a mix of underground, at-grade, and elevated stations
using both broad-gauge and standard-gauge. The metro has an average daily ridership of 2.661
million passengers, and, as of August 2010, had already carried over 1.25 billion passengers
since its inception
The Delhi Metro Rail Corporation Limited (DMRC) was registered on 3rd May 1995 under the
Companies Act, 1956 with equal equity participation of the Government of the National Capital
Territory of Delhi (GNCTD) and the Central Government to implement the dream of
construction and operation of a world-class Mass Rapid Transport System (MRTS). The Delhi
Metro Rail Corporation has been certified by the United Nations as the first metro rail and rail-
based system in the world to get "carbon credits for reducing greenhouse gas emissions" and
helping in reducing pollution levels in the city by 630,000 tons every year.
Having constructed a massive network of over 190 kilometres in record time, the DMRC today
stands out as a shining example of how a mammoth technically complex infrastructure project
can be completed before time and within budgeted cost by a Government agency. The first
foundation was laid on 1st October 1998. The DMRC opened its first corridor between Shahdara
and Tis Hazari on the 25th of December, 2002.
DMRC operates around 2800 trips daily between 05:30 till 11:30 running with a headway
varying between 1–2 minutes and 4–10 minutes. The trains are usually of four, six and eight-
coach. The power output is supplied by 25-kilovolt, 50 hertz alternating current through
overhead catenary. About 2.6 million peoples, on an average on working day, travels in metro
train. DMRC get its 20% non- operational revenue through activities like Property Development,
Advertising, etc.
Introduction:
A Signal is a medium to convey a particular pre-determined meaning in non-verbal form.
Various methods are used to convey the meaning of signals in non-verbal convey a definite
information. This concept of conveying a meaningful message with the help of signals is known
as ‘signalling’.
In DMRC, signals are used to move, diverge or stop the metro train. Here mainly light signals
are used to communicate with train.
Types of Signals:
There are basic three types of signals used in DMRC:
1. Fixed signal
2. Cab signal
3. Hand signal
Fixed Signal:
Fixed signals are those signals which are installed at particular fix locations conveying different
messages for different signals at a particular place which controls the movement of trains, like at
the diversions on tracks, in depots etc.
A. Position Light Signal: Positon Light Signals are also known as Shunt signals. These
signals are used in the depots to shunt down the metro train. Shunt down means that the
metro trains are bringing to the depots at rest. Position Light signals are mainly a set of
three white lights which are arranged in such a way that they form a triangle. This
arrangement is shown in the following figure. In the following figure when white lights
of set 1 glows it means ON, which means the train will stop at the instant. And when
white lights of set 2 glows it means OFF, which means the train will move or will remain
in motion in the depot. And thus these signals control the movement of trains in the
depot. In these signal one light is common.
Fig1: Diagram of Shunt Signal
B. Color Light Signal: In this type of signal, the indications are given by the color of a
signal. A particular color signal or a particular sequence of signals convey its own
message. Color signals are of four types:
a. Block Signal
b. Repeater Signal
c. Buffer Stop Signal
d. Main/ Route Signal
Block Signal: It contains a set of three color signals; RED, VIOLET and GREEN. The
operation of these signals are similar to road traffic signals, the only difference is that it
contains a violet signal instead of yellow signal, otherwise the operations are same. These
signals are installed at the both ends of the metro stations.
(a) (b)
Fig3: (a) diversion on blue line and (b) diagram of route signal
Cab Signal:
Cab Signal means visual indication displayed as speed code on the Train Operator’s console
granting him the authority to proceed under Automatic Train Operation or Automatic Train
Protection mode of driving.
Cab Signals are provided in the cab of a metro train where a train operator or driver operates the
metro train. These signals are given on the operating panel of the cab of the metro train.
Cab signals display the three speed codes:
1. Maximum speed that could be attained by the train.
2. Current speed at which the train is running.
3. The prescribed speed at which the train should run presently.
Cab Signals indicate the metro operator or driver to set the speed on a particular value, so that
there must not be any kind of mishap and the train’s schedule must not be late and the train run
on its time.
Fig4: a picture of cab signal displayed on the control panel of a cab.
Hand Signal:
Hand signals are the signals which are displayed or indicated to the metro drivers or operators,
using a color light torch or a colored flag in hands.
These signals are mainly used in emergencies and in the depots to stop or move the train. A Hand
Signal could be a color light torch or colored flags of RED and GREEN.
The messages conveyed by different Hand Signals are given below:
“STOP” shall be indicated by a Red lamp or raising of both arms above the head
or waving a white light rapidly from side to side or a Red flag.
“PROCEED” shall be indicated by a Green lamp or green flag held steadily.
Any light other than “Green” or any object waived violently shall be interpreted
as a stop signal.
A. Point Machine:
Point machine is an electromechanical equipment provided near the points of operating them
electrically to the required position of the train movement.
Point position: Point has two positions ‘NORMAL’ & ‘REVERSE’.
Normal point: It means that position of a point which set the trains for the straight path.
Reverse point: It means that position of a point which cause diversion of train from one
line to another
ATS Components:
There are three basic components of ATS System:
1. Centralised Automatic Train Supervision (CATS)
2. Local Automatic Train Supervision (LATS)
3. Depot Automatic Train Supervision (DATS)
All these components are interconnected with each other and this interconnection is known as
ATS Wan.
1. CATS: It is located at the OCC (Operation Control Centre) in Telecom Equipment Room.
It communicates with the radio system, Master Clock, PIDS/PAS etc. to provide
centrallised monitoring and controlling of traffic.
Telecommunication:
Telecommunication is the exchange of information over significant distances by electronic
means and refers to all types of voice, data and video transmission. This is a broad term that
includes a wide range of information transmitting technologies such as telephones (wired and
wireless), microwave communications, fiber optics, satellites, radio and television broadcasting,
the internet and telegraphs.
In DMRC, the basic components of telecommunication system are:
1. FOTS ( Fiber Optic Transmission System)
4. Master Clock
6. Radio System
Befor discussing about the above components, let me tell you about the OCC (Operation Control
Centre). So, the first question is what is an OCC? The answer to this question is given in below
topic.
Thinner: Optical fibers can be drawn to smaller diameters than copper wire.
Less signal degradation: The loss of signal in optical fiber is less than in copper wire.
Higher carrying capacity: Because optical fibers are thinner than copper wires, more fibers
can be bundled into a given-diameter cable than copper wires. This allows more phone lines
to go over the same cable or more channels to come through the cable into your cable TV
box.
Light signals: Unlike electrical signals in copper wires, light signals from one fiber do not
interfere with those of other fibers in the same cable. This means clearer phone conversations
or TV reception.
Low power Transmitters: Because signals in optical fibers degrade less, lower-power
transmitters can be used instead of the high-voltage electrical transmitters needed for copper
wires. Again, this saves your provider and you money.
Digital signals: Optical fibers are ideally suited for carrying digital information, which is
especially useful in computer networks.
Lightweight: An optical cable weighs less than a comparable copper wire cable. Fiber-optic
cables take up less space in the ground.
Flexible: Because fiber optics are so flexible and can transmit and receive light, they are
used in many flexible digital cameras for the following purposes:
2. Public Information Display System (PIDS):
Public Information Display System is used to display traffic & train scheduling information also
data related to arrival & departure time and other information along the station and various
platform areas. It helps the passengers by providing information about the arrival of the next
train.
It is fixed at the both ends of the platform and also on the concourse.
The Public Information Display System is made up of a set of orange LED lights. PIDS are
controlled and supervised by the OCC as well as the Station Control Room.
Following is a picture of the public information display system.
Clock system is used to provide accurate time to staff, passengers and time reference to systems
at DMRC. Accurate and synchronized time information is obtained from Global Positioning
System (GPS) by Master Clock at OCC, i.e. , there is a master clock system situated at the OCC
which uses the GPS technology to provide the accurate and same time to each and every clock
which is fixed at the stations.
GPS: GPS or Global Positioning System is a network of orbiting satellites that send precise
details of their position in space back to earth. The signals are obtained by GPS receivers, such
as navigation devices and are used to calculate the exact position, speed and time at the vehicles
location.
Three clocks are fixed at the platforms in which two clocks are digital and they have one sided
display while the other is the analog clock which has a double sided display.
The digital clocks are installed at the both end of the platform while the analog clock is fixed at
the center of the platform. So that, wherever a passenger is standing at the platform, he/she is
able to watch the time clearly and it is one of the best services provided by DMRC at the
platforms.
This clock system in DMRC is managed and controlled by the Operation Control Centers so that
there must not be any kind of variation in time at different stations at the same instant.
5. Electronic Private Automatic Branch Exchange (EPABX):
A private branch exchange (PBX) is a telephone exchange that serves a particular business or
office, as opposed to one that a common carrier or telephone company operates for many
businesses or for the general public. PBXs are also referred to as PABX – private automatic
branch exchange and EPABX.
EPABX network is used for the administrative communication purposes, including
communication with outside DMRC. This includes extensions for the staff concerned with
administration, digital phones, and analog phones. The EPABX Switch Network will use
ALCATEL 4400 PABX system and also ALCATEL Transmission Equipment between the
stations, using 2 Mbps links to fiber optic transmission system.
The purpose of Telephone system is to provide voice and data communication for DMRC. At
each station, communication is provided through EPABX. All the telephone systems are
connected together to form a telephone network over FOTS.
The DMRC uses its own EPABX and it does not hire exchanges of other telecom companies, so
that the communication in DMRC will be secure and private.
Key Functions of EPABX:
Establishing connections (circuits) between the telephone sets of two users (e.g. mapping
a dialed number to a physical phone, ensuring the phone is not already busy).
Maintaining such connections as long as the users require them (i.e. channeling voice
signals between the users).
Radio Waves:
Radio is the technology of using radio waves to carry information, such as sound, by
systematically modulating some property of electromagnetic energy waves transmitted through
space, such as their amplitude, frequency, phase, or pulse width. When radio waves strike
an electrical conductor, the oscillating fields induce an alternating current in the conductor. The
information in the waves can be extracted and transformed back into its original form.
A radio communication system sends signals by radio. The radio equipment involved
in communication systems includes a transmitter and a receiver, each having an antenna and
appropriate terminal equipment such as a microphone at the transmitter and a loudspeaker at the
receiver in the case of a voice-communication system.
Technology in use:
DMRC is using TETRA technology for radio communication. Terrestrial Trunked Radio
(TETRA) (formerly known as Trans European Trunked Radio) is a special professional Mobile
Radio and two-way transceiver specification. This standard was developed by the ETSI
(European Telecommunication Standard Institute) for private mobile radio. Open standard for
private mobile radio. It defines radio services and interface. The TETRA standard defines the air
interface between mobile stations and the infrastructure.
TETRA uses Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) with four user channels on one
radio carrier and 25 kHz spacing between carriers. Both point-to-point and point-to-multipoint
transfer can be used. Digital data transmission is also included in the standard though at a low
data rate.
TETRA Mobile Stations (MS) can communicate direct-mode operation (DMO) or using trunked-
mode operation (TMO) using switching and management infrastructure (SwMI) made of
TETRA base stations (TBS). As well as allowing direct communications in situations where
network coverage is not available, DMO also includes the possibility of using a sequence of one
or more TETRA terminals as relays. This functionality is called DMO gateway (from DMO to
TMO) or DMO repeater (from DMO to DMO). In emergency situations this feature allows direct
communications underground or in areas of bad coverage.
In addition to voice and dispatch services, the TETRA system supports several types of data
communication. Status messages and short data services (SDS) are provided over the system's
main control channel, while packet-switched data or circuit-switched data communication uses
specifically assigned channels.
Radio Systems in DMRC:
The Radio system is a digital trunked radio system, operating in 380-400 MHz band and
confirming to TETRA standards. The Radio system have central control equipment installed in
OCC. The Radio system uses EBTS (Enhance Base Transceiver System) towers for
communication in rail corridor & leaky coaxial cable along each track in the tunnels for
communication with train borne mobile radio (in metro corridor).
Trunking:
Trunking is a method for a system to provide network access to many clients by sharing a set of
lines or frequencies instead of providing them individually. This is analogous to the structure of a
tree with one trunk and many branches. Examples of this include telephone systems and the two-
way radios commonly used by police agencies. More recently port trunking has been applied in
computer networking as well.
A trunk is a single transmission channel between two points, each point being either
the switching center or the node.
The trunking concept allows channels or other resources to be made available to users as they are
needed. It allows all the channels to be pooled together. As a channel is needed, the controller
grants an available channel from its pool of channels.
In two-way radio communications, trunking refers to the ability of transmissions to be served by
free channels whose availability is determined by algorithmic protocols. In conventional (i.e., not
trunked) radio, users of a single service share one or more exclusive radio channels and must
wait their turn to use them, analogous to the operation of a group of cashiers in a grocery store,
where each cashier serves his/her own line of customers. The cashier represents each radio
channel, and each customer represents a radio user transmitting on their radio.
Trunked radio systems (TRS) pool all of the cashiers (channels) into one group and use a store
manager (site controller) that assigns incoming shoppers to free cashiers as determined by the
store's policies (TRS protocols).
In a TRS, individual transmissions in any conversation may take place on several different
channels. In the shopping analogy, this is as if a family of shoppers checks out all at once and are
assigned different cashiers by the traffic manager. Similarly, if a single shopper checks out more
than once, they may be assigned a different cashier each time.
Trunked radio systems provide greater efficiency at the cost of greater management overhead.
The store manager's orders must be conveyed to all the shoppers. This is done by assigning one
or more radio channels as the "control channel". The control channel transmits data from the site
controller that runs the TRS, and is continuously monitored by all of the field radios in the
system so that they know how to follow the various conversations between members of their
talkgroups (families) and other talkgroups as they hop from radio channel to radio channel.
Talk Group:
In most organizations, radio users work in groups that are based on their functions and
responsibilities. These groups of radio users can be assigned to communication talkgroups that
reflect their function or responsibilities.
It is if four types:
a. Group mode
b. Private mode
c. Phone mode
d. Emergency mode
Group Mode:
It is a half-duplex communication mode in which many users can communicate with each other
by selecting a common talk group.
Half-Duplex means allowing the transmission of signals in both directions but not
simultaneously. For example, on a local area network using a technology that has half-duplex
transmission, one workstation can send data on the line and then immediately receive data on the
line from the same direction in which data was just transmitted.
In DMRC, OCC is able to have a group mode of communication with the Station Controllers of
different stations at the same time.
Private Mode:
It is a half as well as full duplex communication mode in which many users can communicate
with each other privately without interfering the talk group. It uses two frequencies.
In this mode of communication an OCC officer can talk privately with any other officer in the
building or to the Station Controller of any station or one Station Controller can talk to another
Station Controller.
Phone Mode:
It is a full duplex mode of communication in which a radio user can talk to any dialed phone
number within DMRC or external network connected to DMRC.
Here any staff member in DMRC, who is authorized to have a phone mode communication can
talk to another authorized person and also to a person who is not a part of DMRC using the same
EPABX system.
Emergency Mode:
The emergency key is provided on every radio equipment, an audio visual alarm will appear on
every radio unit in that talk group. The party who initiates the call has the highest priority for
calling. That means, if a staff member uses the emergency button then he is given the highest
priority to make the call and also if all the lines or channels are busy then the line would be
cleared immediately and his call will be taken.
It represents direct communication between two or more TETRA mobile stations without the
use of trunking network infrastructure. It means that there is no need of any kind of towers to
communicate between two points. And Walky-Talky is a very good example of this mode of
communication and this mode is mostly used by the CISF officers or the Engineers present
within the premises of a metro station.
It is located in the Station control room. It is placed in the best radio coverage and it is fixed &
has a functionality just like a telephone radio. It is ideally suited to radio operator dispatchers and
where office personnel need access to a radio system without wanting to have a radio placed into
the office environment.
The M390 is a robust telephone style desktop controller with a large, easy to read LCD display &
handset.
Train Radio:
MTM700 Mobile radio is installed at front & rear cab for communication between the
train driver & designated station controllers at OCC & Depots.
This radio unit is connected to different units e.g. TRIU, TRCP; these units are required
to communicate with RCW, TIMS, ATS and rear cab radio.
Dome type omni directional antenna is located at top roof of train. This antenna is
connected through RF cable which is connected to radio unit.
Hand Portable Radio:
The hand portables come with 3x4 keypads, rotary switch dial, and LCD for number dialing and
maximum flexibility. Each hand portable is equipped with an ultra-high capacity batteries (Li ion
or Li Mgh.) for longest standby and talk-time of 24 hrs, that is 5% transmit, 5% Receive and
90% standby.
Hand portable is suitable for all kinds of calls used in DMRC.
NOTE: Each radio has its radio identification which register itself in central system for its
function. The radio is programmed for its ID, frequency, network code, talk group and allowing
types of call. Radio consists of transmitter and receiver and frequency synthesizer circuit which
function along with DSP (Digital Signal Processor) for digital function.
Advantages of TETRA:
The frequency used gives longer range, which permits high levels of geographic coverage
with a smaller number of transmitters, thus cutting infrastructure costs.
Unlike the cellular technologies, TETRA is built to do one-to-one, one-to-many and
many- to-many.
Rapid deployment (transportable) network solutions are available for disaster relief and
temporary capacity provision.
In the absence of a network mobiles/portables can use 'direct mode' whereby they share
channels directly (walkie-talkie mode).
`
CONCLUSION
Experience:
The period of 6 weeks of training in Delhi Metro Rail Corporation was a learning
experience.
It presented an opportunity of seeing how engineers work and co-ordinate in an
organization. The study of various Hierarchies in a Delhi Metro Rail enriched the
knowledge regarding the various levels of government organization.
The review of the Signal & Telecommunication where the collection of Communication
through respective Stations and track of Delhi Metro were compiled and summarised to
prepare the Signal & Telecommunication and to know the process of working in an
organization in co-ordination.
Thus, the Signal & Telecommunication Department helped us to review the various
techniques and inventions which are required to be implemented properly to make the
vision of Electronics world of future successful.
REFERRENCE
1. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delhi_Metro_Rail_Corporation
2. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiber-optic_communication
3. http://www.delhimetrorail.com/annual_report.aspx
4. https://www.railway-technology.com/projects/delhi-metro/
5. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Base_transceiver_station