10/5/2017

Neo-Mendelian Genetics
1. Incomplete Dominance
2. Co-dominance
3. Multiple Alleles
4. Lethal Allele
5. Modifying the Dihybrid Ratio
6. Sex-based influenced on Phenotypes

Neo-Mendelian Genetics 1. Incomplete Dominance

1. Incomplete Dominance  Neither allele is dominant
2. Co-dominance  Heterozygotes are a blend of homozygous
3. Multiple Alleles phenotypes = no distinct expression of either
allele
4. Lethal Allele
 F2 phenotypic and genotypic ratios are 1:2:1
5. Modifying the Dihybrid Ratio  Snapdragon flower color
6. Sex-based influenced on Phenotypes  Four o’clock flower color
 Eggplant color
 Chicken fur color.

1. Incomplete Dominance 1. Incomplete Dominance

R: allele for red; r: allele for white
 Cross between two parents with contrasting In snapdragon R is incomplete dominant over r
traits P: Rr is pink
 Offspring with an intermediate phenotype X
P: Red X White
RR rr
 Semi or partial dominance Gamete: R r
 Example: red snapdragon was crossed with F1 Rr
red
white snapdragon white Pink
F 1: Gamete: R, r
 F1 offspring have pink flowers F2: F1 x F1
 F2 generation: ¼ red : ½ pink : ¼ white pink R r
 Phenotypic and genotypic ratios are the same R RR Rr

 Each genotype has its own phenotype. F 2: (red) (pink)

r Rr rr
(pink) (white)
Genotypic ratio: ¼ RR : ½ Rr : ¼ rr
¼ red ½ pink ¼ white
Phenotypic ratio: ¼ red : ½ pink : ¼ white

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1. Incomplete Dominance 1. Incomplete Dominance

In four o’clock flower In chicken
 Dominant homozygous for  Dominant homozygous
the red allele will show the (RR) allele will show the black
red phenotype (RR) plumage phenotype
 The recessive homozygous (CB/CB)
plants (rr) have white (rr)
phenotype  The recessive
homozygous plants
 The heterozygotes (Rr) will (CW/CW) have white
have an intermediate (Rr) phenotype
phenotype - pink
Four o’clock flowers
 The heterozygotes (CB/CW)
will have an intermediate
phenotype – bluish-grey

In a plant species, if theB allele (blue flowers) and theb allele (white flowers) are incompletely dominant(Bbis lightblue)
Try this a) Whatoffspring ratio is expected in a cross between a blue-flowered plant and a white-flowered plant?
b) Whatwould be the phenotypic ratio of the flowers produced by a cross between two light blue flowers?

 In a plant species, if the B allele (blue flowers) B: allele for blue flower; b: allele for white flower.
and the b allele (white flowers) are B is incomplete dominant to b. Bb is light blue
incompletely dominant (Bb is light blue),
 What offspring ratio is expected in a cross a). P: Blue flower x white flower F 2: B b
between a blue-flowered plant and a white- BB bb B BB Bb
flowered plant?
Gamete: B b (blue) (light blue)
 What would be the phenotypic ratio of the F1: Bb Bb
b bb
flowers produced by a cross between two light (light blue) (white)
(100% light blue)
blue flowers?
b). P: light blue x light blue Phenotypic ratio:
1 blue : 2 light blue : 1 white
Bb Bb
Gamete: B, b B, b

Neo-Mendelian Genetics 2. Codominance

1. Incomplete Dominance  Two alleles at a locus produce different and
2. Co-dominance detectable gene products in heterozygote
3. Multiple Alleles  No dominance or recessiveness
 No “blended” phenotype (not incomplete
4. Lethal Allele
dominance)
5. Modifying the Dihybrid Ratio
 Example: MN blood group in humans
6. Sex-based influenced on Phenotypes  Red blood cell glycoprotein surface antigen has
two forms (M and N)
 An individual may exhibit Genotype Phenotype
either or both LMLM M
LMLN MN
LNLN N

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2. Codominance Three Different Forms of Dominance

 Another classic example is the ABO blood
type
 IA produces antigen A
 IB produces antigen B
 i produces no antigen

Genotype Antigen Blood Type

IAIA or IAi A A
IBIB or IBi B B
IA IB A and B AB
ii - O

Try these Neo-Mendelian Genetics

 Cattle can be red (RR = all red hairs), white (WW 1. Incomplete Dominance
= all white hairs), or roan (RW = red & white hairs 2. Co-dominance
together
 Predict the phenotypic ratios of offspring when a 3. Multiple Alleles
homozygous white cow is crossed with a roan bull 4. Lethal Allele
 What should the genotypes & phenotypes for parent
cattle be if a farmer wanted only cattle with red fur? 5. Modifying the Dihybrid Ratio
 A cross between a black cat and a tan cat 6. Sex-based influenced on Phenotypes
produces a tabby pattern (black & tan fur
together)
 What pattern of inheritance does this illustrate?
 What percent of kittens would have tan fur if a tabby
cat is crossed with a black cat?

3. Multiple Alleles 3. Multiple Alleles: ABO Blood Group

 Individuals can have up to two alleles for a  By 1924, studies of blood types of many
single gene (diploid, homologous families suggested that 3 alleles of a single
chromosomes) gene were responsible for ABO phenotypes
 Multiple alleles applies when there are three  IA produces antigen A
or more alleles of the same gene in a  IB produces antigen B
population  i produces no antigen
 Any gene can be modified in multiple places/ways
 Phenotype of individual is determined by
 each unique change produce a different allele (but mixing blood sample with antiserum
not necessarily different phenotype) containing type A or type B antibodies
 Classic example is human ABO blood groups. Genotype Antigen Blood Type
IAIA or IAi A A
IBIB or IBi B B
IA IB A and B AB
ii - O

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Example Multiple Alleles: Coat Color in Rabbits

A man having A blood type marries a woman  The coat of rabbit may have different colours as
with AB blood type. What are the possible blood described below
types of the children? a) Full colour (wild type) rabbit is referred to as "agouti".
The allele for full colour may be represented by capital
P: ♀AB X ♂ A letter C.
IAIB IAi b) Chinchilla: the coat lacking the yellow pigment and have
the appearance of silvery-gray. The allele for chinchilla is
Gamete: I , I
A B I,i
A represented as cch
F 1: c) Himalyan (Russian): the type coat is white except for
So the possible blood black extremities (nose, ears, feet and tail). The allele for
IA i Himalyan coat is represented by ch
type of the children is
IA IAIA IA i ½ A, ¼ B and ¼ AB d) Albino: The albino coat totally lacks in pigmentation and
the eyes of a albino also remain pink due to lack of
(A) (A)
pigment in iris of eye. The allele for albino is represented
IB IBi by c.
IA IB
(AB) (B)

Multiple Alleles: Coat Color in Rabbits Multiple Alleles: Coat Color in Rabbits
 Crosses of homozygous agouti (CC) and albino
(cc) individuals produce a uniform agouti F1;
interbreeding of the F1 produces an F2 ratio of agouti
3 agouti: 1 albino P: CC x
chinchilla
cchcch
 Two third of F2 agouti are found to be
heterozygous by testcrosses. Thus, it is a case F 1: Ccch
of monohybrid inheritance, with agouti
completely dominant to albino.
agouti

F 2: 3 : 1
agouti chinchilla

 Agouti (C) dominant over chinchilla (cch)

Multiple Alleles: Coat Color in Rabbits Multiple Alleles: Coat Color in Rabbits

agouti himalayan agouti albino

P: CC x chch P: CC x cc
F 1: Cch F 1: Cc

agouti agouti

F 2: 3 : 1 F 2: 3 : 1
agouti himalayan agouti albino

 Agouti (C) dominant over himalayan (ch)  Agouti (C) dominant over albino (c)

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Multiple Alleles: Coat Color in Rabbits Multiple Alleles: Coat Color in Rabbits

chinchilla himalayan chinchilla albino

P: cchcch x chch P: cchcch x cc
F 1: cchch F 1: cchch

chinchilla chinchilla

F 2: 3 : 1 F 2: 3 : 1
chinchilla himalayan chinchilla albino

 Chinchilla (cch) dominant over himalayan (ch)  Chinchilla (cch) dominant over albino (c)

Multiple Alleles: Coat Color in Rabbits Multiple Alleles: Coat Color in Rabbits

 The results of all these crosses exhibit that C

(agouti), cch (chinchilla), ch (Himalayan) and c
himalayan albino (albino) are allelic to each other and the alleles of
P: chch x cc this multiple allelic series have following
dominance hierarchy:
F 1: chc
C > cch > ch > c
himalayan  The possible phenotypes and their associated
genotypes of this multiple allelic series can be
F 2: 3 : 1 summarized in table.
himalayan albino

 Himalayan (ch) dominant over albino (c)

Multiple Alleles: Coat Color in Rabbits Try these

 If a male has blood type B and a female has
Phenotype Genotype blood type A, what are the possible blood
types in the offspring?
Agouti CC, Ccch, Cch, Cc  Is it possible for a child with type O blood to
be born to a mother who is type AB? Why or
Chinchilla cchcch, cchch, cchc
why not?
 In rabbits, full coat color (C) is the dominant
trait. A second allele, chinchilla (cch) is
Himalayan chch, chc recessive to full coat color. Himalayan coat
color (ch) is recessive to chinchilla and full
coat colors and albino (c) is recessive to all
Albino cc coat colors. If two chinchilla rabbits mate,
what coat color is not possible in their
offspring?

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Neo-Mendelian Genetics 4. Lethal Allele

1. Incomplete Dominance  Many gene products are essential to survival
2. Co-dominance of an organism
 Lethal alleles represent “essential genes”, lethal in
3. Multiple Alleles
homozygous state
4. Lethal Allele  Time of death is dependent upon when the gene
5. Modifying the Dihybrid Ratio product is essential to development
6. Sex-based influenced on Phenotypes  Loss of function alleles can be recessive lethal
 Heterozygotes may tolerate a non-functional mutant
allele if the allele produces sufficient product for
organism survival
 Sometimes recessive lethal are still dominant with
respect to phenotype

Lethal Allele in Mice Lethal Alleles: Agouti Allele

 Example: agouti (coat color) in mice

 agouti x agouti  all agouti
 yellow x yellow  ⅔ yellow, ⅓ agou
 agouti x yellow  ½ yellow, ½ agouti
 Explanation: mutant yellow dominant over
agouti and homozygous yellow lethal
 Mutant allele always on (gain of function),
deletion actually affects neighboring essential
gene.

Lethal Dominant Neo-Mendelian Genetics

 Both homozygous and heterozygous states 1. Incomplete Dominance
are lethal 2. Co-dominance
 Generally very rare 3. Multiple Alleles
 Example: Huntington disease (human)
4. Lethal Allele
 Nervous and motor system degeneration
5. Modifying the Dihybrid Ratio
 Commonly begins to be exhibited after age forty
(but can be much earlier)
6. Sex-based influenced on Phenotypes
 Children already born
 Afflicted persons are heterozygous (Hh).

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5. Modifying the Dihybrid Ratio a. Interaction between two genes

 Combinations of two gene pairs involving two F2 ratio = 9 : 3 : 3 : 1

modes of inheritance modify the 9:3:3:1 ratio
 Mendel’s principle of independent assortment
applies to situations in which two modes of
inheritance occur simultaneously, provided that
the genes controlling each character are not linked
on the same chromosome
 The probability of each phenotype arising in a
cross can be determined by the forked-line
method or by Punnett square assuming that the
genes under consideration undergo independent
assortment.
 Very similar ratios as the F2 offspring of a dihybrid cross
 Four types of chicken combs:
 If rose mates with single, rose is completely dominant
over single (F1: all rose; F2: 3 rose : 1 single)
 If pea mates with single, pea is completely dominant over
single (F1: all pea; F2: 3 pea : 1 single)
 If rose and pea mate, all F1 walnut
 When two walnuts mate from F1, F2 expresses
 9 walnut: 3 rose: 3 pea : 1 single

a. Interaction between two genes a. Interaction between two genes

RP Rp rP rp
P: RRpp X rrPP RP RRPP RRPp RrPP RrPp

Gametes: Rp rP
Rp RRPp Rrpp RrPp Rrpp
F 1: RrPp
rP RrPP RrPp rrPP rrPp

Gametes: RP, Rp, rP, rp

rp RrPp Rrpp rrPp rrpp

F 2: F 1 x F 1 X
RrPp RrPp R-P- R-pp rrP- rrpp

Phenotypic ratio F2 = 9 walnut : 3 rose : 3 pea : 1 single

b. Epistasis b.1. Dominant Epistasis

 Occurs when one gene masks the effect of F2 ratio = 12 : 3 : 1

another gene or
 when two gene pairs complement each other
such that one dominant allele is required at
each locus to express a certain phenotype
 Fruit color in summer squash
 Dominant alleles of one locus masks expression at the
second locus

 Examples  A (white) : dominant epistasis to B and b

 Recessive alleles at one locus override expression  A-B- : white
of alleles at another locus  A-bb : white
 Alleles at 1st locus are said to be epistatic to the
masked hypostatic alleles at the 2nd locus  aabb : green
 Allele(s) at one locus may require specific allele at  aaB- : yellow
another locus, these pairs are said to complement
each other  AaBb X AaBb  12 white, 3 yellow, 1 green

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b.1. Dominant Epistasis b.1. Dominant Epistasis

A-B- : white aabb : green
A-bb : white aaB- : yellow

AB Ab aB ab
AB AABB AABb AaBB AaBb
P: AABB X aabb
Gametes: AB ab Ab AABb AAbb AaBb Aabb
F1: AaBb
aB AaBB AaBb aaBB aaBb

ab AaBb Aabb aaBb aabb

Gametes: AB, Ab, aB, ab

F2: F1 x F1 X A-B- A-bb aaB- aabb

AaBb AaBb
Phenotypic ratio F2 = 12 white : 3 yellow : 1 green

b.2. Recessive Epistasis b.2. Recessive Epistasis

F2 ratio = 9 : 3 : 4  Cross agouti (AABB) and albino (aabb) mice

 Coat Color in Mice
 b (albino): recessive epistatsis to A and a
 A = dominant allele for agouti hair color
 a = black coat color, recessive to agouti
 B = dominant allele necessary for hair pigment
 b = albino
 F1 are all agouti (AaBb)
 F2 progeny have 9 : 3 : 3 : 1 ratio but…
 9/16 have genotype of A-B- (agouti)
 3/16 are A-bb (albino, no pigment, no “B”)
 3/16 are aaB- (black)
 1/16 are aabb (albino, no pigment, no “B”)
 Final phenotypic ratio is 9 : 4 : 3

b.2. Recessive Epistasis b.2. Recessive Epistasis

AB Ab aB ab
AB AABB AABb AaBB AaBb

P. AABB X aabb
Ab AABb AAbb AaBb Aabb
Gametes: AB ab
F1: AaBb
aB AaBB AaBb aaBB aaBb

Gametes: AB, Ab, aB, ab ab AaBb Aabb aaBb aabb

X
F2: F1 x F1 X
A-B- A-bb aaB- aabb
AaBb AaBb

Phenotypic ratio F2 = 9 agouti : 3 black : 4 albino

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c. Complementary gene interaction c. Complementary gene interaction

F2 ratio = 9 : 7
 White-flowered sweet peas
 Must have at least one dominant allele at each P. CCpp X ccPP
locus (A-B-) to have the purple phenotype Gametes: Cp cP
F1: CcPp
 Cross two white-flowered peas
 all F1 are purple
 F2 was 9/16 purple, 7/16 white Gametes: CP, Cp, cP, cp
 Explanation: multiple enzyme pathway
 Precursor converted to intermediate by Gene A
product F2: F1 x F1 X
CcPp CcPp
 Intermediate converted to purple pigment by Gene B
product.

c. Complementary gene interaction d. Other gene interaction

CP Cp cP cp F2 ratio = 9 : 6 : 1
CP CCPP CCPp CcPP CcPp  Disk-shaped fruit (AABB) crossed with long
fruit (aabb)
Cp CCPp CCpp CcPp Ccpp  F1 is all disc-shaped fruit
 F2 includes both parental phenotypes plus
cP CcPP CcPp ccPP ccPp
spherical variants in 9 : 6 : 1 ratio
 9/16 A-B- disc
cp CcPp Ccpp ccPp ccpp
 3/16 A-bb sphere, 3/16 aaB- sphere
 1/16 aabb long
C-P- C-pp ccpp  Disc requires dominant alleles at both loci, sphere
ccP-
requires a dominant allele at one/either locus and
no dominant alleles at either locus give long
Phenotypic ratio F2 = 9 purple : 7 white

d. Other gene interaction d. Other gene interaction

AB Ab aB ab
AB AABB AABb AaBB AaBb
P. AAbb X aaBB
Gametes: Ab aB Ab AABb Aabb AaBb Aabb
F1: AaBb
aB AaBB AaBb aaBB aaBb

Gametes: AB, Ab, aB, ab

ab AaBb Aabb aaBb aabb

X
F2: F1 x F1
AaBb AaBb A-B- A-bb aaB- aabb

Phenotypic ratio F2 = 9 disk : 6 sphere : 1 long

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Modified Dihybrid F2 Ratios Neo-Mendelian Genetics

1. Incomplete Dominance
2. Co-dominance
3. Multiple Alleles
4. Lethal Allele
5. Modifying the Dihybrid Ratio
6. Sex-based influenced on Phenotypes

6. Sex-based Influence of Phenotypes Sex-linked Inheritance: Eye color in fruit fly

 Sex-linked inheritance: genes located on sex P: red ♀ x white ♂ P: white ♀ x red ♂
chromosomes
 Sex-limited inheritance: only one sex can
express phenotype
 Sex-influenced inheritance: sex determines
F 1: all red (♀and♂) F 1: ½ ♂ red : ½ ♀ white
how phenotype is seen
 Autosomal genes involved
 Hormones involved

F2: ½ ♀ red : ¼ ♂ red : ¼ ♂ white F2: ¼ ♀ red : ¼ ♀ white : ¼ ♂ red : ¼

♂ white

Sex-linked Inheritance: Eye color in fruit fly Sex-limited Inheritance: Fowl Feathering
P: ♀ red x ♂ white P: white ♀ x red ♂  Cock feathering is longer, more curved
and pointed
G:  Hen feathering is shorter and more rounded
G:
 Inheritance of this phenotype is controlled by a pair
of alleles (H and h) at a single autosomal locus
F1: F1:
 actual expression can be modified by the sex hormones
all red (♀ and ♂) ½ ♀red : ½ ♂ white
 H is dominant over h; h only expressed in males
G: G:
Genotype Male Female

F2: ♂
F2: ♀
♂
HH hen feathered hen feathered
♀

♀red ♂ red ♀red ♂ red

Hh hen feathered hen feathered

♀red ♂ white ♀white ♂ white

hh cock feathered hen feathered
Phenotypic ratio 2♀red: 1♂ red : 1 ♂ white Ph. ratio 1♀red : 1 ♀white : 1 ♂ red : 1 ♂ white

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Sex-influenced Inheritance: other examples Sex-influenced Inheritance: Pattern baldness

 Autosomal genes responsible for milk yield in  Pattern Baldness
dairy cattle are sex limited  b+: not bald (normal)
 Independent of genotype, bulls give no milk
 b: bald
 Pattern baldness in humans  In woman: b+ dominant over b
 E.g. in BB women hair loss is reduced and occurs
 In man: b dominant over b+
later than in BB men, Bb women generally not
affected
 Horn formation in Dorsett Horn sheep. Genotype Female Male
b +b + Not bald Not bald
b +b Not bald Bald
bb Bald Bald

Sex-influenced Inheritance: Pattern baldness Sex-influenced Inheritance: Pattern baldness

ANY QUESTIONS? THANK YOU

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