EE 4105 Communication Engg-II

Dr. Mostafa Zaman Chowdhury

Slide # 5

Dept. of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, KUET 1

 The Cellular Concepts-
System Design Fundamentals

Reff: Thedore S. Rappaport

Dept. of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, KUET 2

 Definition of cell and frequency reuse

Ø Cell:
Each cellular base station is allocated a group of
radio channels to be used within a small
geographical area called a cell
Ø Frequency reuse or frequency planning: The
design process of selecting and allocating channel
groups for all of the cellular base station within a
system is called frequency reuse or frequency
planning

Dept. of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, KUET 3

 Why hexagonal cell ?

Unequal power
distribution in
the cell area

Uncovered
region

Almost equal power

distribution in
the cell area

Dept. of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, KUET 4

Frequency reuse concepts

B
G C
A
F D
B E
G C B
A G C
F D A
E F D
E

Dept. of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, KUET 5

 Frequency reuse capacity

S: Total no of channels available for use

K: A group of channels allocated for each cell
N: No. of cells in which S channels are divided
Total no. of available radio channels, S = KN
The N cells which collectively use the complete set of available frequencies
is called a cluster. If a cluster is replicated M times within the system, the
total no. of duplex channels C can be used as a measure of capacity and is
given by
C = MKN = MS B
G C
A
A cluster F D
Dept. of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, KUET E 6
 Method of location co-channel cell in a
cellular system

The number of cell per cluster: N = i 2 + ij + j 2

To find the nearest co-channel neighbors of a particular cell, one must do the
following:
1)Move i cells along any chain of hexagons and then
2) Turn 600 counter clockwise and move j cells B
G C
A
F D
EB
G C B
For i = 2, j = 1, Number of A G C
cell in a cluster, N = 7
F D A
E F D
E
Dept. of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, KUET 7
 Umbrella cell approach

Large umbrella cell Small micro cell for

for high speed traffic low speed traffic
Dept. of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, KUET 8
 Interference in cellular system

Ø Sources of interference
v Other base stations operating in the same frequency band
v Energy leak from any noncellular system into the cellular
frequency band
v Another mobile in the same cell
v A call in progress in a neighboring cell
Ø Effect of interference
v Causes crosstalk
v Call may be blocked or missed
v Reduce QoS
v Reduced capacity
v Reduced SINR
v Increased outage probability
Dept. of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, KUET 9
 Types of interference
Ø Co-channel interference
Ø Adjacent channel interference
To reduce
co-channel
B interference,
B G C co-channel
G C A cells must be
A F D separated by
Co-channel
Adjacent- F D E a minimum
cells
channel E distance
cells Co-channel
Co-channel
cells
cells

There are several cells in a coverage area that use the same set of frequencies.
These cells are called co-channel cells

Dept. of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, KUET 10

 Co-channel interference and system capacity

R: Radius of the cell A

D: Distance between centers
of the nearest co-channel
cells A D+R A

D R A D+R
Co-channel reuse ratio:
D
D A D-R A
Q = = 3N D-R
R
A
N: cluster size. Small value of Q provides large capacity
Large value of Q improves transmission quality.

Dept. of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, KUET 11

 Frequency reuse distance
Frequency reuse distance depends on many factors:
v Number of cochannel cells in the vicinity of center cell
v Type of geographic terrain contour
v Transmitted power at each cell site

The frequency reuse distance,

D = 3N R
3.46R N=4
4.6R N=7
D= N is the frequency
6R N=12
reuse pattern
7.55R N=19
Small reuse distance result in large system capacity

Dept. of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, KUET 12

 Co-channel interference and system capacity

S S S: desired signal power from base station

Signal to interference = i0
I i0: number of co-channel interfering cells
ratio åI
i =1
i Ii: Interference power

The average received power Pr at a distance d from the

transmitting antenna

-n
æd ö P0 is the power at a small distance d0
Pr = P0 çç ÷÷ near the transmitting antenna
è d0 ø
n: path loss exponent whose values lies between 2 to 4 in urban region

Dept. of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, KUET 13

Co-channel interference and system capacity

When the transmitting power of each base station is equal and

path loss exponent is the same through the coverage area

S R -n
= i0
I
(
å iD )-n

i =1

If all the interfering base stations are equidistant from the desired base
station and if this distance is equal to D between cell centers

S (D R )
= =
n
( 3N )n

I i0 i0

Dept. of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, KUET 14

 Co-channel interference and system capacity
2nd tier

S R -n A
= i0
I
(
å iD )-n

A D+R
i =1 A
S R -4 D R A D+R
=
I 2( D - R ) - 4 + 2( D + R ) - 4 + 2 D - 4
D

S 1 A D-R A
= D-R
I 2(Q - 1) - 4 + 2(Q + 1) - 4 + 2Q - 4
A

Dept. of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, KUET 15

Co-channel interference and system capacity

D
Q = = 3N
R For cluster size 7, Q=
4.58 and S/I in worst
case is about 17 dB. To
Cluster Co-channel decrease S/I ratio further,
size (N) reuse ratio (Q) the cluster size may
increase to 9, which
i=1, j=1 3 3 gives Q = 5.2. S/I must
i=1, j=2 7 4.58 be improved for new
cluster size, but system
i=0, j=3 9 5.2 capacity decrease from
i=2, j=2 12 6 1/7 to 1/9.

Dept. of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, KUET 16

 Problem

Compare interference from the first tier of 6 interferers with that

from 12 interferers (first and 2nd tiers).

Solution:
From the first tier, n 4
S
=
R -n
=
( D1 R1 )
=
(4.6 )
=74.62
6
I -n 6 6
å (D )
i =1
i
S/I in db=10log74.62

(S I )1st tier = 18.72

Dept. of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, KUET 17
 Problem

From the first and 2nd tiers

S S 1
= 6
=
I 6{( D1 R1 ) - 4 + ( D2 R2 ) - 4 }
å (I
i =1
1i + I 2i )

D2 R1 = 2 D1 R1 = 2 ´ 4.6 = 9.2

(S I )1st tier+ 2 nd tier = 18.46 dB

Negligible amount of interference is contributed by the six interferers
from the 2nd tier

Dept. of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, KUET 18

 Adjacent channel interference
Ø Interference resulting from signals which are adjacent in
frequency to the desired signal is called adjacent channel
interference.
Ø Adjacent channel interference results from imperfect
receiver filters which allow nearby frequencies to leak into
the passband.
Ø Adjacent channel interference can be minimized through
careful filtering and channel assignment.

Dept. of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, KUET 19

Improving coverage and capacity in cellular
systems
Ø Cell splitting
Ø Sectoring
Ø Repeater for range extension
Ø Microcell/Femtocell zone concept

Dept. of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, KUET 20

 Cell splitting
B Pr [old cell boundary] a Pt1R-n
G C
A Pr [New cell boundary] a Pt2(R/2)-n
F D Pt1
Pt 2 = With n = 4
E Advantages: 16
C B • Increased capacity
G C • Reduced interference
A • Reduced power transmission
Splitted cells
• Reduction in antenna height
Limitation:
Increased no. of HO results
• Handoff are more frequent
• Increased load on switching and control
• Increased signaling • Channel assignment become difficult
• Reduced QoS

Dept. of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, KUET 21

 Sectoring
Replace omni-directional
1 2 1 6
antenna by directional 3 3 4 5
antenna 2
1 2 1 6
3 3 4 5
2

120 degree sectoring 60 degree sectoring

Advantages:
Limitation:
• Increased capacity
• More no. of antenna at each BS
• Reduced interference
• Handoff are more frequent
• Reduced cluster size
• Decreased trunk capacity
• Increased frequency utilization
• Loss of traffic
Dept. of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, KUET 22
Reduction of co-channel interference
by 120 degree sectoring
Directional
B
G antenna
A C
F A
B E D
G B E
A C B
F A G C
E F D A
B E F D
G B E
A C
F A
F D Center cell
E
E
Dept. of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, KUET 23
 The microcell concept

Zone selector
Base
station

Tx/Rx
Tx/Rx

Microwave or
fiber optic link

Tx/Rx

Dept. of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, KUET 24

 The microcell zone concept

D D/R = 3
D

Rz Dz/Rz = 4.6
Dz
R

1/7, 1/3

Dept. of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, KUET 25

 What are Femtocells?
Ø Small cellular BS, designed for use in residential or small business
environments
Ø Fully featured but very low power single-mode mobile phone
Ø Connected using standard broadband DSL, Cable, FTTx, PLC,
WiMAX, etc.
Ø Operate in licensed spectrum

Dept. of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, KUET 26

 Advantages of Femtocell
Ø Improve coverage
Ø Enhanced QoS
Ø Improved signal quality causes less battery drain
Ø Licensed spectrum
Ø Reduced cellular network congestion
Ø Plug and play
Ø Simple to deploy
Ø Lower cost
Ø No need of dual-mode terminal

Dept. of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, 27

KUET
Dept. of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, KUET 28