Online Appendix for the paper: “How does one additional year of education affect adolescents’ political

development?“

Table A1. Distribution of birth years among students in grade 8 and grade 9 in Greece,
(percent)
Year of birth Grade 8 Grade 9
1993 0.5 5.9
1994 6.2 92.9
1995 92.1 1.2
1996 1.2 0.0

Table A2. Distribution of birth years among students in grade 8 and grade 9 in Norway, (percent)
Year of birth Grade 8 Grade 9
1993 0.0 1.4
1994 1.4 98.3 Table A3.
1995 98.4 0.3 Distribution of birth
1996 0.1 0 years among students
in grade 8 and grade
9 in Slovenia, (percent)
Year of birth Grade 8 Grade 9
1992 0.0 0.2
1993 0.1 2.1
1994 2.5 92.1
1995 94.5 5.5
1996 2.9 0.1

Table A4. Distribution of birth years among students in grade 8 and grade 9 in Sweden 2009, (percent)
Year of birth Grade 8 Grade 9
1992 0.0 4.1
1993 4.4 94.1
1994 93.7 1.8
1995 1.9 0

Table A5.
Distribution of birth years among students in grade 8 and grade 9 in Sweden
1999, (percent)
Year of birth Grade 8 Grade 9
1982 0.1 4.0
1983 4.4 94.0
1984 93.6 1.8
1985 1,9 0.1
Table A6. Distribution of birth months (percent)
Norway Slovenia Greece Sweden 1999 Sweden 2009
January 8.5 7.6 7.9 8.2 8.8
February 7.7 6.8 7.5 7.5 8.2
March 9.0 8.5 7.6 9.7 9.7
April 8.8 8.7 8.6 9.0 9.8
May 8.9 8.8 8.8 8.7 8.6
June 8.3 8.6 8.3 9.0 8.5
July 9.1 8.9 8.7 8.4 8.8
August 8.4 8.4 8.9 8.0 8.4
September 8.3 8.6 8.5 9.3 7.2
October 7.8 8.5 9.0 7.6 7.5
November 7.6 7.8 7.9 7.6 6.8
December 7.8 8.7 8.4 6.9 7.8
Table A7. Balancing of covariates, Greece.
Main independent variables 1 2 3 4
Number of books at home 0.000 0.000
(0.000) (0.000)
Mother’s occupation 0.006 0.006
(0.006) (0.007)
Father’s occupation -0.001 0.001
(0.006) (0.006)
Mother’s education 0.008 0.005
(0.006) (0.007)
Father’s education -0.007 -0.008
(0.007) (0.007)
Constant 0.442* 0.439* 0.443* 0.440*
(0.028) (0.028) (0.028) (0.028)
Month of birth controls:
Second order YES YES YES YES
interacted with cutoff YES YES YES YES
p-value of F-test .703 .593 .377 .663
Number of individuals 5,901 5,623 5,770 5,548
Note: OLS regression with robust clustered standard errors at the school class level (304 clusters). *
p<0.05

Table A8. Balancing of covariates, Norway.

Main independent variables 1 2 3 4
Number of books at home -0.004 -0.002
(0.005) (0.006)
Mother’s occupation 0.007 0.006
(0.006) (0.006)
Father’s occupation -0.008 -0.009
(0.005) (0.006)
Mother’s education 0.001 0.001
(0.006) (0.007)
Father’s education -0.006 -0.001
(0.006) (0.007)
Constant 0.426* 0.423* 0.426* 0.422*
(0.010) (0.010) (0.010) (0.011)
Month of birth controls:
Second order YES YES YES YES
interacted with cutoff YES YES YES YES
p-value of F-test .394 .184 .650 .601
Number of individuals 5638 5453 5161 4987
Note: OLS regression with robust clustered standard errors at the school class level (297 clusters). *
p<0.05
Table A9. Balancing of covariates, Slovenia.
Main independent variables 1 2 3 4
Number of books at home -0.008 -0.007
(0.005) (0.006)
Mother’s occupation -0.008 -0.003
(0.005) (0.006)
Father’s occupation 0.001 0.005
(0.005) (0.006)
Mother’s education -0.010 -0.008
(0.006) (0.007)
Father’s education -0.003 -0.005
(0.007) (0.007)
Constant 0.403* 0.401* 0.407* 0.406*
(0.026) (0.026) (0.026) (0.026)
Month of birth controls:
Second order YES YES YES YES
interacted with cutoff YES YES YES YES
p-value of F-test .289 .132 .187 .286
Number of individuals 5,857 5,432 5,557 5,263
Note: OLS regression with robust clustered standard errors at the school class level (328 clusters). *
p<0.05

Table A10. Balancing of covariates, Sweden 2009.

Main independent variables 1 2 3 4
Number of books at home 0.005 0.005
(0.004) (0.005)
Mother’s occupation -0.005 -0.006
(0.004) (0.005)
Father’s occupation 0.010* 0.011*
(0.005) (0.005)
Mother’s education -0.003 -0.002
(0.005) (0.005)
Father’s education 0.002 -0.004
(0.005) (0.006)
Constant 0.465* 0.464* 0.473* 0.473*
(0.029) (0.029) (0.029) (0.029)
Month of birth controls:
Second order YES YES YES YES
interacted with cutoff YES YES YES YES
p-value of F-test .286 .067 .863 .212
Number of individuals 6,588 6,336 6,049 5,876
Note: OLS regression with robust clustered standard errors at the school class level (339 clusters). *
p<0.05
Table A11. Balancing of covariates, Sweden 1999.
Main independent variables 1 2 3
Number of books at home -4.569 -5.806
(2.920) (3.435)
Mother’s education 8.018 9.901
(5.777) (5.773)
Father’s education -0.437 0.803
(5.501) (5.636)
Constant 0.653* 0.653* 0.663*
(0.029) (0.029) (0.030)
Month of birth controls:
Second order YES YES YES
interacted with cutoff YES YES YES
p-value of F-test .119 .282 .132
Number of individuals 5693 4402 4376
Note: OLS regression with robust clustered standard errors at the school class level (954 clusters). *
p<0.05
Table A12. Effect of the 9th grade (IV-estimates) on democratic values, Sweden 1999.
Intended political Knowledge Knowledge
participation (correct answers) (mle index)
9th grade 2.516 0.342 1.369
(2.000) (2.266) (2.319)
Age in months (first order) 7.196 -8.954 -17.716
(14.611) (14.651) (13.164)
Age in months (second order) -0.021 0.027 0.052
(0.041) (0.041) (0.037)
Age variables interacted with cut- YES YES YES
off

Constant 59.906* 69.598* 104.464*

(1.524) (1.624) (1.670)
F-value from first stage regression 13,469 14,274 14,422
R2 0.000 0.029 0.042
Number of individuals 4,473 5,767 5,751
Note: Robust clustered standard errors at the class level (271 clusters), individual level weights are applied. Sample
restricted to those born in 1983/1984. * p<0.05.
Table A13. Testing heterogeneity of the effect of the 9th grade (IV-estimates).
By gender By parent’s education By parent’s occupation By number of books at home
Females Males Low High Low High Low High
IV estimate of 9th grade on 0.430 1.070 0.430 1.070 0.439 1.118* 0.196 1.567*
political knowledge (0.537) (0.639) (0.537) (0.639) (0.676) (0.546) (0.605) (0.575)

IV estimate of 9th grade on -0.884 2.497 -0.884 2.497 -0.438 1.526 -0.490 1.174
intended political participation (1.181) (1.348) (1.181) (1.348) (1.521) (1.068) (1.250) (1.262)

IV estimate of 9th grade on 0.164 -0.008 0.164 -0.008 -1.081 0.890 -0.644 1.235
democratic values (0.862) (1.005) (0.862) (1.005) (1.093) (0.768) (0.973) (0.814)

Note: All models include controls for age in months (first and second order), interactions between cut-off and age in months (first and second order), country fixed effects, robust
clustered standard errors at the class level and population weights. Pooled sample restricted to those born in 1994/1995. * p<0.05.
Figure A1. The treatment effect by varying bandwidth (with linear and second order control for age) - Greece

Figure A2. The treatment effect by varying bandwidth (with linear and second order control for age) - Norway
Figure A3. The treatment effect by varying bandwidth (with linear and second order control for age) - Slovenia

Figure A4. The treatment effect by varying bandwidth (with linear and second order control for age) – Sweden 2009
Figure A5. The treatment effect by varying bandwidth (with linear and second order control for age) – Sweden 1999