APPENDIX II.

MODEL EQUATIONS

Symbols Description
cf capacity factor
e emission
F fuel
g grid
h duration (hours) of the time periods
L a line between two nodes
n node
NN both directions for a connection between two nodes
Nn nodes with a line to node n
p parameter
r reserve
t time step index
T set of time steps t
t-h t previous time period
u unit
U set of units u
v variable

68 P OW ER S YS T EM FL EX I BI LI TY F O R TH E ENERGY TRANSI TI ON
 t-ht previous time period
u unit
U set of units u
v variable

Objective equation
Objective addsallallthe
equationadds thecosts,
costs, including
including possible
possible investment
investment costscosts
and and penalties
penalties for for
violating certain constraints.
violating certain constraints.

∀{𝑡𝑡} ∈ 𝑇𝑇 ∶
startupCost penalties
𝑣𝑣 obj = ∑𝑡𝑡 (𝑣𝑣𝑡𝑡omCost + 𝑣𝑣𝑡𝑡fuelCost + 𝑣𝑣𝑡𝑡 + 𝑣𝑣𝑡𝑡 ) × ℎ + 𝑣𝑣 investmentCost

where
where
gen
𝑣𝑣𝑡𝑡omCost = ∑{𝑔𝑔,𝑛𝑛,𝑢𝑢}∈𝑼𝑼𝑔𝑔,𝑛𝑛,𝑢𝑢 [𝑝𝑝𝑢𝑢omCosts × 𝑣𝑣𝑔𝑔,𝑛𝑛,𝑢𝑢,𝑡𝑡 ]

𝑣𝑣𝑡𝑡fuelCost = ∑ fuelUse
(𝑣𝑣𝐹𝐹,𝑢𝑢,𝑡𝑡 × 𝑝𝑝𝐹𝐹fuelCost )
{𝑛𝑛,𝑢𝑢,𝐹𝐹}∈𝑭𝑭𝑛𝑛,𝑢𝑢,𝐹𝐹

startupCost startup
𝑣𝑣𝑡𝑡 =∑ startup
(𝑣𝑣𝑢𝑢,𝑡𝑡 × 𝑝𝑝𝑢𝑢startCost )
𝑢𝑢∈𝑼𝑼𝑢𝑢

investedCapacity
𝑣𝑣 investmentCost = ∑ [𝑝𝑝𝑢𝑢investmentCost × 𝑣𝑣𝑔𝑔,𝑛𝑛,𝑢𝑢 ]
{𝑔𝑔,𝑛𝑛,𝑢𝑢}∈𝑼𝑼𝑔𝑔,𝑛𝑛,𝑢𝑢

penalties lossOfLoad lossOfLoadPenalty lossOfReserve lossOfReservePenalty

𝑣𝑣𝑡𝑡 = ∑ (𝑣𝑣𝑛𝑛,𝑡𝑡 × 𝑝𝑝𝑛𝑛 + 𝑣𝑣𝑛𝑛,𝑡𝑡 × 𝑝𝑝𝑛𝑛
𝑛𝑛
curtail curtailmentPenalty capacityInadequacy capacityInadequacyPenalty
+ 𝑣𝑣𝑛𝑛,𝑡𝑡 × 𝑝𝑝𝑛𝑛 + 𝑣𝑣𝑛𝑛 × 𝑝𝑝𝑛𝑛 )

fuelCost fuelPrice fuelEmission emissionTax

𝑝𝑝𝐹𝐹,𝑛𝑛,𝑡𝑡 = 𝑝𝑝𝐹𝐹,𝑛𝑛,𝑡𝑡 + ∑ 𝑝𝑝𝐹𝐹,𝑒𝑒 × 𝑝𝑝𝑛𝑛,𝑒𝑒
𝑒𝑒∈𝑬𝑬𝐹𝐹

Energy balance has to be maintained in all nodes. This includes the terms for generation,
consumption, loss of load, exogenous imports/exports, endogenous transfers and conversions
Energy balance has to be maintained in all nodes. This includes the terms for generation,
from/to other energy grids.
consumption, loss of load, exogenous imports/exports, endogenous transfers and conversions
from/to other energy grids. 60

gen convertIn import−export lossOfLoad demand charge transfer convertOut

𝑣𝑣𝑔𝑔,𝑛𝑛,𝑡𝑡 + 𝑣𝑣𝑔𝑔,𝑛𝑛,𝑡𝑡 + 𝑝𝑝𝑔𝑔,𝑛𝑛,𝑡𝑡 + 𝑣𝑣𝑔𝑔,𝑛𝑛,𝑡𝑡 = 𝑝𝑝𝑔𝑔,𝑛𝑛,𝑡𝑡 + 𝑣𝑣𝑔𝑔,𝑛𝑛,𝑡𝑡 + 𝑣𝑣𝑔𝑔,𝑛𝑛,𝑡𝑡 + 𝑣𝑣𝑔𝑔,𝑛𝑛,𝑡𝑡

where
Where

gen gen cf capacity invest ]) curtail

𝑣𝑣𝑔𝑔,𝑛𝑛,𝑡𝑡 = ∑ 𝑣𝑣𝑔𝑔,𝑛𝑛,𝑢𝑢,𝑡𝑡 + (∑ 𝑝𝑝𝑢𝑢,𝑡𝑡 × [𝑝𝑝𝑔𝑔,𝑛𝑛,𝑢𝑢 + 𝑣𝑣𝑔𝑔,𝑛𝑛,𝑢𝑢 − 𝑣𝑣𝑔𝑔,𝑛𝑛,𝑡𝑡
𝑢𝑢∈𝑈𝑈 nonVRE 𝑢𝑢∈𝑈𝑈 𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉

transfer transfer transferEff transfer

𝑣𝑣𝑔𝑔,𝑛𝑛,𝑡𝑡 =∑ (𝑣𝑣𝑛𝑛2,𝑛𝑛,𝑡𝑡−ℎ 𝑡𝑡
× 𝑝𝑝𝑛𝑛2,𝑛𝑛 − 𝑣𝑣𝑛𝑛,𝑛𝑛2,𝑡𝑡−ℎ 𝑡𝑡
)
𝑛𝑛2∈𝑁𝑁𝑛𝑛

convertIn convert
𝑣𝑣𝑔𝑔,𝑛𝑛,𝑡𝑡 =∑ 𝑣𝑣𝑔𝑔2,𝑛𝑛2,𝑢𝑢,𝑔𝑔,𝑛𝑛 × 𝑝𝑝𝑢𝑢conversionEff
convert
{𝑔𝑔2,𝑛𝑛2,𝑢𝑢}∈𝑈𝑈𝑔𝑔2,𝑛𝑛2,𝑢𝑢,𝑔𝑔,𝑛𝑛

convertOut convert
𝑣𝑣𝑔𝑔,𝑛𝑛,𝑡𝑡 =∑ 𝑣𝑣𝑔𝑔,𝑛𝑛,𝑢𝑢,𝑔𝑔2,𝑛𝑛2
convert
{𝑔𝑔2,𝑛𝑛2,𝑢𝑢}∈𝑈𝑈𝑔𝑔,𝑛𝑛,𝑢𝑢,𝑔𝑔2,𝑛𝑛2

PART I I : I RE N A FLE XTOOL M E T HODOLOGY 69

The balance equation for storage units:
 {𝑔𝑔2,𝑛𝑛2,𝑢𝑢}∈𝑈𝑈𝑔𝑔2,𝑛𝑛2,𝑢𝑢,𝑔𝑔,𝑛𝑛
convertOut convert
𝑣𝑣𝑔𝑔,𝑛𝑛,𝑡𝑡 =∑ 𝑣𝑣𝑔𝑔,𝑛𝑛,𝑢𝑢,𝑔𝑔2,𝑛𝑛2
convertOut convert convert
𝑣𝑣𝑔𝑔,𝑛𝑛,𝑡𝑡 = ∑{𝑔𝑔2,𝑛𝑛2,𝑢𝑢}∈𝑈𝑈𝑔𝑔,𝑛𝑛,𝑢𝑢,𝑔𝑔2,𝑛𝑛2 𝑣𝑣𝑔𝑔,𝑛𝑛,𝑢𝑢,𝑔𝑔2,𝑛𝑛2
convert
{𝑔𝑔2,𝑛𝑛2,𝑢𝑢}∈𝑈𝑈𝑔𝑔,𝑛𝑛,𝑢𝑢,𝑔𝑔2,𝑛𝑛2

The
Thebalance
balanceequation
equationforfor
storage units:
storage units:
The balance equation for storage units:
state
∀𝑢𝑢 ∈ 𝑈𝑈 storage ∶ 𝑣𝑣𝑔𝑔,𝑛𝑛,u,𝑡𝑡
state
∀𝑢𝑢 ∈ 𝑈𝑈 storage ∶ =
𝑣𝑣𝑔𝑔,𝑛𝑛,u,𝑡𝑡
state
𝑣𝑣𝑔𝑔,𝑛𝑛,𝑢𝑢,𝑡𝑡−ℎ influx
+ 𝑝𝑝𝑢𝑢,𝑡𝑡−ℎ
state 𝑡𝑡 influx𝑡𝑡
= 𝑣𝑣𝑔𝑔,𝑛𝑛,𝑢𝑢,𝑡𝑡−ℎ
charge 𝑡𝑡 + 𝑝𝑝𝑢𝑢,𝑡𝑡−ℎgen 𝑡𝑡 spill state selfDischargeLoss
+ (𝑣𝑣𝑔𝑔,𝑛𝑛,u,𝑡𝑡−ℎ
charge 𝑡𝑡
− 𝑣𝑣𝑔𝑔,𝑛𝑛,u,𝑡𝑡−ℎ
gen
− 𝑣𝑣𝑔𝑔,𝑛𝑛,u,𝑡𝑡−ℎ
spill
− 𝑣𝑣𝑔𝑔,𝑛𝑛,u,𝑡𝑡−ℎ 𝑡𝑡
× 𝑝𝑝𝑢𝑢selfDischargeLoss ) × ℎ
𝑡𝑡 𝑡𝑡 state
+ (𝑣𝑣𝑔𝑔,𝑛𝑛,u,𝑡𝑡−ℎ𝑡𝑡 − 𝑣𝑣𝑔𝑔,𝑛𝑛,u,𝑡𝑡−ℎ𝑡𝑡 − 𝑣𝑣𝑔𝑔,𝑛𝑛,u,𝑡𝑡−ℎ𝑡𝑡 − 𝑣𝑣𝑔𝑔,𝑛𝑛,u,𝑡𝑡−ℎ𝑡𝑡 × 𝑝𝑝𝑢𝑢 )×ℎ

Power
Powergrids
gridshave
havea areserve demand
reserve constraint:
demand constraint:
Power grids have a reserve demand constraint:
reserve reserveTransfer transferEff
∑ 𝑣𝑣𝑟𝑟,𝑢𝑢,𝑡𝑡 +∑ (𝑣𝑣𝑟𝑟,𝑛𝑛2,𝑛𝑛,𝑡𝑡 × 𝑝𝑝𝑛𝑛2,𝑛𝑛 )
reserve reserve reserveTransfer transferEff
∑{𝑔𝑔,𝑛𝑛,𝑢𝑢,𝑟𝑟}∈𝑈𝑈𝑟𝑟,𝑢𝑢 𝑣𝑣𝑟𝑟,𝑢𝑢,𝑡𝑡 + ∑𝑛𝑛2∈𝑁𝑁𝑛𝑛reserve (𝑣𝑣𝑟𝑟,𝑛𝑛2,𝑛𝑛,𝑡𝑡 × 𝑝𝑝𝑛𝑛2,𝑛𝑛 )
reserve
{𝑔𝑔,𝑛𝑛,𝑢𝑢,𝑟𝑟}∈𝑈𝑈𝑟𝑟,𝑢𝑢 reserve
reserveDemand𝑛𝑛2∈𝑁𝑁𝑛𝑛 reserveTransfer transferEff
= 𝑝𝑝𝑟𝑟,𝑛𝑛,𝑡𝑡 +∑ (𝑣𝑣𝑟𝑟,𝑛𝑛,𝑛𝑛2,𝑡𝑡 × 𝑝𝑝𝑛𝑛,𝑛𝑛2 )
reserveDemand reserveTransfer transferEff
= 𝑝𝑝𝑟𝑟,𝑛𝑛,𝑡𝑡 + ∑𝑛𝑛2∈𝑁𝑁𝑛𝑛reserve(𝑣𝑣𝑟𝑟,𝑛𝑛,𝑛𝑛2,𝑡𝑡 × 𝑝𝑝𝑛𝑛,𝑛𝑛2 )
𝑛𝑛2∈𝑁𝑁𝑛𝑛reserve

Transfer
Transferbetween
betweennodes
nodesis is
limited byby
limited transfer capacity:
transfer capacity:
Transfer between nodes is limited by transfer capacity:
transfer transferCap transferInvest
∀{𝑛𝑛, 𝑛𝑛2} ∈ 𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁 ∶ 𝑣𝑣𝑛𝑛,𝑛𝑛2,𝑡𝑡 ≤ 𝑝𝑝𝑛𝑛,𝑛𝑛2
transferCap
+ 𝑣𝑣𝑙𝑙∈𝐿𝐿invest
transfer transferInvest
∀{𝑛𝑛, 𝑛𝑛2} ∈ 𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁 ∶ 𝑣𝑣𝑛𝑛,𝑛𝑛2,𝑡𝑡 ≤ 𝑝𝑝𝑛𝑛,𝑛𝑛2 + 𝑣𝑣𝑙𝑙∈𝐿𝐿invest

Fuel use:
Fueluse:
Fuel use:
fuelUse gen slope online
𝑣𝑣𝑔𝑔,𝑛𝑛,𝑢𝑢,𝑡𝑡 = 𝑣𝑣𝑔𝑔,𝑛𝑛,𝑢𝑢,𝑡𝑡 × 𝑝𝑝𝑢𝑢 + 𝑣𝑣𝑔𝑔,𝑛𝑛,𝑢𝑢,𝑡𝑡 × 𝑝𝑝𝑢𝑢section

61
61
Online
Onlineabd
andstart-up
start-upvariables:
variables:

online capacity
∀𝑢𝑢 ∈ 𝑈𝑈 noOnline : 𝑣𝑣𝑔𝑔,𝑛𝑛,𝑢𝑢,𝑡𝑡 = 𝑝𝑝𝑔𝑔,𝑛𝑛,𝑢𝑢 invest
+ 𝑣𝑣𝑔𝑔,𝑛𝑛,𝑢𝑢

online online startup

∀𝑢𝑢 ∈ 𝑈𝑈 online : 𝑣𝑣𝑔𝑔,𝑛𝑛,𝑢𝑢,𝑡𝑡 = 𝑣𝑣𝑔𝑔,𝑛𝑛,𝑢𝑢,𝑡𝑡−ℎ 𝑡𝑡
+ 𝑣𝑣𝑔𝑔,𝑛𝑛,𝑢𝑢,𝑡𝑡−ℎ𝑡𝑡

online capacity
∀𝑢𝑢 ∈ 𝑈𝑈 nonVRE ∶ 𝑣𝑣𝑔𝑔,𝑛𝑛,𝑢𝑢,𝑡𝑡 ≤ 𝑝𝑝𝑔𝑔,𝑛𝑛,𝑢𝑢 invest
+ 𝑣𝑣𝑔𝑔,𝑛𝑛,𝑢𝑢

online cf capacity
∀𝑢𝑢 ∈ 𝑈𝑈 VRE ∶ 𝑣𝑣𝑔𝑔,𝑛𝑛,𝑢𝑢,𝑡𝑡 ≤ 𝑝𝑝𝑢𝑢,𝑡𝑡 × (𝑝𝑝𝑔𝑔,𝑛𝑛,𝑢𝑢 invest )
+ 𝑣𝑣𝑔𝑔,𝑛𝑛,𝑢𝑢

Minimum and maximum limits for units that generate or consume:

gen charge reserve online
𝑣𝑣𝑔𝑔,𝑛𝑛,𝑢𝑢,𝑡𝑡 − 𝑣𝑣𝑔𝑔,𝑛𝑛,𝑢𝑢,𝑡𝑡 + 𝑣𝑣𝑔𝑔,𝑛𝑛,𝑢𝑢,𝑡𝑡 ≤ 𝑣𝑣𝑔𝑔,𝑛𝑛,𝑢𝑢,𝑡𝑡

charge online
∀𝑢𝑢 ∈ 𝑈𝑈 charge : 𝑣𝑣𝑔𝑔,𝑛𝑛,𝑢𝑢,𝑡𝑡 ≤ 𝑣𝑣𝑔𝑔,𝑛𝑛,𝑢𝑢,𝑡𝑡

70 P OW ER S YS T EM FL EX I BI LI TY F O R TH E ENERGY TRANSI TI ON
 online cf capacity
∀𝑢𝑢 ∈ 𝑈𝑈 VRE ∶ 𝑣𝑣𝑔𝑔,𝑛𝑛,𝑢𝑢,𝑡𝑡 ≤ 𝑝𝑝𝑢𝑢,𝑡𝑡 × (𝑝𝑝𝑔𝑔,𝑛𝑛,𝑢𝑢 invest )
+ 𝑣𝑣𝑔𝑔,𝑛𝑛,𝑢𝑢

Minimum
Minimum and
and maximum
maximum limits
limits for for units
units thatthat generate
generate or consume:
or consume:
gen charge reserve online
𝑣𝑣𝑔𝑔,𝑛𝑛,𝑢𝑢,𝑡𝑡 − 𝑣𝑣𝑔𝑔,𝑛𝑛,𝑢𝑢,𝑡𝑡 + 𝑣𝑣𝑔𝑔,𝑛𝑛,𝑢𝑢,𝑡𝑡 ≤ 𝑣𝑣𝑔𝑔,𝑛𝑛,𝑢𝑢,𝑡𝑡

charge online
∀𝑢𝑢 ∈ 𝑈𝑈 charge : 𝑣𝑣𝑔𝑔,𝑛𝑛,𝑢𝑢,𝑡𝑡 ≤ 𝑣𝑣𝑔𝑔,𝑛𝑛,𝑢𝑢,𝑡𝑡

Ramping
Rampingconstraints:
constraints:
gen charge reserve gen charge rampUpCapability
𝑣𝑣𝑔𝑔,𝑛𝑛,𝑢𝑢,𝑡𝑡 − 𝑣𝑣𝑔𝑔,𝑛𝑛,𝑢𝑢,𝑡𝑡 + 𝑣𝑣𝑔𝑔,𝑛𝑛,𝑢𝑢,𝑡𝑡 ≤ 𝑣𝑣𝑔𝑔,𝑛𝑛,𝑢𝑢,𝑡𝑡−ℎ𝑡𝑡 − 𝑣𝑣𝑔𝑔,𝑛𝑛,𝑢𝑢,𝑡𝑡−ℎ𝑡𝑡 − 𝑝𝑝𝑢𝑢
gen charge gen charge rampDownCapability
𝑣𝑣𝑔𝑔,𝑛𝑛,𝑢𝑢,𝑡𝑡 − 𝑣𝑣𝑔𝑔,𝑛𝑛,𝑢𝑢,𝑡𝑡 ≥ 𝑣𝑣𝑔𝑔,𝑛𝑛,𝑢𝑢,𝑡𝑡−ℎ𝑡𝑡 − 𝑣𝑣𝑔𝑔,𝑛𝑛,𝑢𝑢,𝑡𝑡−ℎ𝑡𝑡 + 𝑝𝑝𝑢𝑢

Minimum
Minimumload limit:
load limit:
gen reserve online
𝑣𝑣𝑔𝑔,𝑛𝑛,𝑢𝑢,𝑡𝑡 + 𝑣𝑣𝑔𝑔,𝑛𝑛,𝑢𝑢,𝑡𝑡 ≤ 𝑣𝑣𝑔𝑔,𝑛𝑛,𝑢𝑢,𝑡𝑡 × 𝑝𝑝𝑢𝑢minLoad

Curtailment limit:
Curtailment limit:
curtail cf capacity invest )
𝑣𝑣𝑔𝑔,𝑛𝑛,𝑡𝑡 ≤∑ 𝑝𝑝𝑢𝑢,𝑡𝑡 × (𝑝𝑝𝑔𝑔,𝑛𝑛,𝑢𝑢 + 𝑣𝑣𝑔𝑔,𝑛𝑛,𝑢𝑢
𝑢𝑢∈𝑈𝑈 VRE

Upper
Upperlimit forfor
limit storage:
storage:
state capacityStorage investStorage
∀𝑢𝑢 ∈ 𝑈𝑈 storage ∶ 𝑣𝑣𝑔𝑔,𝑛𝑛,𝑢𝑢,𝑡𝑡 ≤ 𝑝𝑝𝑔𝑔,𝑛𝑛,𝑢𝑢 + 𝑣𝑣𝑔𝑔,𝑛𝑛,𝑢𝑢

Reserve
Reserveprovision limit
provision for for
limit thethe
demand increase:
demand increase:
reserve charge reserveCapability
∀𝑢𝑢 ∈ 𝑈𝑈 demandIncrease ∶ 𝑣𝑣𝑔𝑔,𝑛𝑛,𝑢𝑢,𝑡𝑡 ≤ 𝑣𝑣𝑢𝑢,𝑡𝑡 × 𝑝𝑝𝑔𝑔,𝑛𝑛,𝑢𝑢
62

Powerenergy
Power energyratio
ratioconstraints
constraintsforfor storage:
storage:

investStorage fixed_kW_per_kWh_ratio
∀𝑢𝑢 ∈ 𝑈𝑈 storageWithFixedPowerEnergyRatio ∶ 𝑣𝑣𝑔𝑔,𝑛𝑛,𝑢𝑢
invest
≤ 𝑣𝑣𝑔𝑔,𝑛𝑛,𝑢𝑢 × 𝑝𝑝𝑔𝑔,𝑛𝑛,𝑢𝑢

Conversion limits:

convert capacity
∀𝑢𝑢 ∈ 𝑈𝑈 convert ∶ 𝑣𝑣𝑔𝑔,𝑛𝑛,𝑢𝑢,𝑡𝑡 ≤ 𝑝𝑝𝑔𝑔,𝑛𝑛,𝑢𝑢 invest
+ 𝑣𝑣𝑔𝑔,𝑛𝑛,𝑢𝑢

reserve convert reserveCapability

∀𝑢𝑢 ∈ 𝑈𝑈 convert ∶ 𝑣𝑣𝑔𝑔,𝑛𝑛,𝑢𝑢,𝑡𝑡 ≤ 𝑣𝑣𝑔𝑔,𝑛𝑛,𝑢𝑢,𝑡𝑡 × 𝑝𝑝𝑔𝑔,𝑛𝑛,𝑢𝑢
PART I I : I RE N A FLE XTOOL M E T HODOLOGY 71
convert convert online minLoad
∀𝑢𝑢 ∈ 𝑈𝑈 ∶ 𝑣𝑣 ≥ 𝑣𝑣 × 𝑝𝑝
 investStorage fixed_kW_per_kWh_ratio
∀𝑢𝑢 ∈ 𝑈𝑈 storageWithFixedPowerEnergyRatio ∶ 𝑣𝑣𝑔𝑔,𝑛𝑛,𝑢𝑢
invest
≤ 𝑣𝑣𝑔𝑔,𝑛𝑛,𝑢𝑢 × 𝑝𝑝𝑔𝑔,𝑛𝑛,𝑢𝑢

Conversionlimits:
Conversion limits:

convert capacity
∀𝑢𝑢 ∈ 𝑈𝑈 convert ∶ 𝑣𝑣𝑔𝑔,𝑛𝑛,𝑢𝑢,𝑡𝑡 ≤ 𝑝𝑝𝑔𝑔,𝑛𝑛,𝑢𝑢 invest
+ 𝑣𝑣𝑔𝑔,𝑛𝑛,𝑢𝑢

reserve convert reserveCapability

∀𝑢𝑢 ∈ 𝑈𝑈 convert ∶ 𝑣𝑣𝑔𝑔,𝑛𝑛,𝑢𝑢,𝑡𝑡 ≤ 𝑣𝑣𝑔𝑔,𝑛𝑛,𝑢𝑢,𝑡𝑡 × 𝑝𝑝𝑔𝑔,𝑛𝑛,𝑢𝑢

convert online
∀𝑢𝑢 ∈ 𝑈𝑈 convert ∶ 𝑣𝑣𝑔𝑔,𝑛𝑛,𝑢𝑢,𝑡𝑡 ≥ 𝑣𝑣𝑔𝑔,𝑛𝑛,𝑢𝑢,𝑡𝑡 minLoad
× 𝑝𝑝𝑔𝑔,𝑛𝑛,𝑢𝑢

Pre-calculated
Pre-calculatedreserve
reserveneed:
need:

reserveVRE lackOfReserves reserve reserveNeed

𝑣𝑣𝑔𝑔,𝑛𝑛,𝑡𝑡 + 𝑣𝑣𝑔𝑔,𝑛𝑛,𝑡𝑡 +∑ 𝑣𝑣𝑔𝑔,𝑛𝑛,𝑢𝑢,𝑡𝑡 ≥ 𝑝𝑝𝑔𝑔,𝑛𝑛,𝑡𝑡
𝑢𝑢∈𝑈𝑈 nonVRE

Dynamicupward
Dynamic upwardreserve
reserveconstraint
constraint based
based on on
VREVRE generation:
generation:

reserveVRE lackOfReserves reserve gen reserveIncreaseFraction

𝑣𝑣𝑔𝑔,𝑛𝑛,𝑡𝑡 + 𝑣𝑣𝑔𝑔,𝑛𝑛,𝑡𝑡 +∑ 𝑣𝑣𝑔𝑔,𝑛𝑛,𝑢𝑢,𝑡𝑡 ≥∑ 𝑣𝑣𝑔𝑔,𝑛𝑛,𝑢𝑢,𝑡𝑡 × 𝑝𝑝𝑔𝑔,𝑛𝑛,𝑢𝑢
𝑢𝑢∈𝑈𝑈 nonVRE 𝑢𝑢∈𝑈𝑈 VRE

VRE
VREreserve
reserveprovision
provisionconstraint, which
constraint, is an
which is optimistic approximitation:
an optimistic approximation:

reserveVRE curtail
𝑣𝑣𝑔𝑔,𝑛𝑛,𝑡𝑡 ≤ 𝑣𝑣𝑔𝑔,𝑛𝑛,𝑡𝑡 × max 𝑝𝑝maxReserveFraction
VRE 𝑔𝑔,𝑛𝑛,𝑢𝑢
𝑢𝑢∈𝑈𝑈

Storagereserve
Storage reserveconstraint:
constraint:

reserve state
∀𝑢𝑢 ∈ 𝑈𝑈 storage ∶ 𝑣𝑣𝑔𝑔,𝑛𝑛,𝑢𝑢,𝑡𝑡 ≤ 𝑣𝑣𝑔𝑔,𝑛𝑛,u,𝑡𝑡 ÷ 𝑝𝑝reserveDuration

Capacity margin constraint tries to ensure that there is also enough capacity outside of the
modelled time periods. It is applied only in the investment mode. The balance equation tries to
capture the energy balance over the year, whereas capacity margin is interested in the capacity

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72 P OW ER S YS T EM FL EX I BI LI TY F O R TH E ENERGY TRANSI TI ON