Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Circuits PDF
Circuits PDF
PHY06P, 3T 2018-2019
Learning Objectives
1. To understand voltage, current, and resistance
2. Ohm’s Law
5. Electrical Hazards
From Stationary to Moving Charges
(From Electrostatics to Electrodynamics)
• Up to this point, our study of electricity has focused on
electrostatics, which deals with the properties of stationary
electric charges and fields.
• often symbolized as I
André-Marie Ampère
(1775-1836)
Current
For a steady-state current through an area/surface,
q
I=
t
where
I = current (in amperes, A) Source: University Physics with Modern Physics by
Young and Freedman
dq
I=
dt
Source: University Physics with Modern Physics by
Young and Freedman
Current
Some typical currents:
Effects of DC Current on the Body
Nikola Tesla
(1856-1943)
Current: DC vs. AC
Ans: d = 2.1 mm
Wire Gauge
Source: University Physics with Modern Physics by
Young and Freedman
Resistors
Some Mnemonics:
• “Big Boys Race Our Young Girls But
Violet Generally Wins.”
• B-B-R-O-Y-G-B-V GW
Resistors
1.0 kΩ ± 5%
254 Ω ± 1%
Practice: Resistor Color Code
Resistor Color: Brown-Black-Brown-Gold
Value: 100 Ω ± 5%
Value: 47 kΩ ± 5%
Resistor Color: Yellow-Violet-Orange-Gold
Voltage, Current, and Resistance:
An Analogy
Voltmeter: Measuring Voltage
• measures potential difference or voltage across two points
• can be analog or digital
• must be connected in parallel to the electrical component where it is
measuring the voltage of
• consists of a galvanometer and a resistor 𝑅𝑠𝑒𝑟 connected in series, with 𝑅𝑠𝑒𝑟
being usually large (~106 Ω)
Note: The real content of Ohm’s law is the direct proportionality (for
some materials) of V to I or of J (current density) to E (electric field).
Ohmic vs. Non-ohmic Device
I-V Curve for Ohmic Device I-V Curve for a Non-ohmic Device
(e.g. pn junction diode)
• Ratio I/V is the same for all values • Current exists only when the polarity
of V of V is positive and the applied
• Follows Ohm’s Law voltage is more than 1.5 V
• When current exists, I-V curve is not
linear (does not follow Ohm’s Law)
Ohmic vs. Non-ohmic Device
• A diode is a device that does not obey Ohm’s Law.
V = IR
Ohm’s Law is an assertion that the current through a device is
always directly proportional to the potential difference applied
to the device.
VT = V1 + V2 + V3 + ...
I T = I1 = I 2 = I 3 ...
RT = R1 + R2 + R3 + ...
Parallel Circuit
• if electrical devices are directly connected to the same two points
of an electric circuit
• In the figure, three lamps are connected to the same two points, A
and B.
VT = V1 = V2 = V3 ...
I T = I1 + I 2 + I 3 ...
1 1 1 1
= + + + ...
RT R1 R2 R3
Different ways of connecting resistors
(Series, Parallel, Series-Parallel)
Summary: Series and Parallel Circuits
I T = I1 = I 2 = I 3 ... I T = I1 + I 2 + I 3 ...
RT = R1 + R2 + R3 + ... 1 1 1 1
= + + + ...
RT R1 R2 R3
Example: Identifying Series and Parallel Combinations
Given the circuit,
Ans: (a) 14 Ω
(b) I84Ω = 3 A, I1 = 1 A, I2 = 2 A
Example: Finding Equivalent Resistance
Tips to have an organized
solution for finding the
equivalent resistance:
Ans: (a) 6Ω
(b) Upper Branch: I12Ω = I6Ω = 0.6667 A
Lower Branch: I6Ω = 1.3333 A
Parallel Combination of Lower Branch: I6Ω = I6Ω = 0.6667 A
Example: DC Circuit with a Switch
Consider the network of resistors shown.
𝐼1 = 0.0946 A
𝐼2 = 0 A
𝐼3 = 𝐼4 = 0.0473 A
𝐼1 = 0.106 A
𝐼2 = 𝐼3 = 𝐼4 = 0.0355 A
Challenge: Complex Series-Parallel
Resistor Combination
Find the equivalent resistance of the circuit below.
Ans: 10 Ω
Challenge: Complex Series-Parallel
Resistor Combination
Find the equivalent resistance of the circuit below.
Ans: 2 Ω
Applications of Series and Parallel Circuits
Some practical applications of series and parallel
circuits:
Power and Energy in Electric Circuits
Power in Electric Circuits
• In electric circuits we are most often interested in the rate at
which energy is either delivered to or extracted from a
circuit element.
P = IV
(rate of potential energy loss)
where
P = power (in Watts, W)
I = current (in Amperes, A)
V = voltage (in Volts, V)
R
(power delivered to a resistor /
energy dissipated in the resistor)
Ans: 108 W
Example: Power Delivered to a Resistor
A wire has a resistance equal to 5.0 Ω and a current equal
to 3.0 A for 6.0 s. What is the power delivered to the wire
during the 6.0 s?
Ans: 45 W
Practice Exercise:
Ohm’s Law, Series Circuit, and Power
A 4.0-Ω resistor and a 6.0-Ω resistor are connected in series to a
battery that has an emf equal to 12.0 V and has a negligible
internal resistance. Find (a) the equivalent resistance of the two
resistors, (b) the current in the circuit, (c) the potential drop
across each resistor, (d) the power delivered to each resistor,
and (e) the total power delivered to the resistors.
(c) V4Ω = 4.8 V ; V6Ω = 7.2 V
Ans: (a) Req = 10.0 Ω
(d) P4Ω = 5.8 W ; P6Ω = 8.6 W
(b) IT = 1.2 A
(e) PT = 14.4 W
Practice Exercise:
Ohm’s Law, Parallel Circuit, and Power
An ideal battery applies a potential
difference of across the parallel
combination of 4.0-Ω and 6.0-Ω
resistors. Find (a) the equivalent
resistance, (b) the total current, (c)
the current through each resistor,
(d) the power delivered to each
resistor, and (e) the power
supplied by the battery.
Practice Exercise:
Ohm’s Law, Parallel Circuit, and Power
Answers:
(a) Req = 2.4 Ω
(b) IT = 5.0 A
(c) I1 = 3.0 A ; I2 = 2.0 A
(d) P1 = 36 W ; P2 = 24 W
(e) PT = 60 W
Practice Exercise:
Ohm’s Law, Series-Parallel Circuit, and Power
Given the circuit, complete the table.
R1 = 220 Ω R3 = 470 Ω R1 R2 R3 Total
a
R2 = 130 Ω 12 V I