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A Project Work On

Processor

SUBMITTED BY

AayushDhamala

Registration Number:

Roll Number:

Faculty: Science
 SUBMITTED TO

Hari Kumar Giri

Faculty Member of Computer Science

Canvas International College

Basundhara, Kathmandu

Date:

RECOMMENDATION

This is to certify that the project work

Submitted by:

AayushDhamala
 Has been approved and forwarded for examination.

________________

Hari Kumar Giri

Faculty member of computer Science

Declaration

I hereby declare that the project work entitled “Processor” submitted to National
Canvas International College is my original work,

_______________

Aayush Dhamala

Registration Number:

College Roll Number:89

Faculty: Science
Acknowledgement

I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my teacher Mr.Hari Kumar Giri for
him encouragement to develop this project. I take this opportunity to express my sincerest
gratitude to all those who have inspired to write this project work.

I am proud to acknowledge Mr. Chakra Deuba, Mr. Bhupendra Katwal, Mr. Lalit
Joshi Mr. Ram Basnet whose guidance has inspired me to write the project work in this form.

I am always grateful to my friends Mr. Saugat Timilsini, Mr. Saugat Ghimire, Mr.
RupeshAdhikari Mr. Ishwor Magrati for their support and innovative ideas for this project
work
 I am equally grateful to all friends ofComputer Science for give me a best ideas
forthis project work.
 Contents

Hardware............................................................................................................8

Software..............................................................................................................9

Systems...............................................................................................................9

Types......................................................................................................................10

Features................................................................................................................10

Function.................................................................................................................11

Considerations....................................................................................................11

Size.........................................................................................................................11

Benefits.................................................................................................................11
What is Processor?

A processor is a small chip that resides in computer and other electronic devices. Its
basis job is to receive input and provide the appropriate output. While this may seem like a
simple task modern processor can handle billions of calculation per second.

Introduction

Central processing Unit (CPU) is the portion of computer system that carries out
instructions of a computer program, and is the primary element carrying out computer
functions. The central processing unit carries out each instruction of the program in sequence,
to perform the basis arithmetical, logical and input/output operations of the system. A CPU
built on a single chip is called microprocessor is also called processor.

The central processor of a computer is also known as CPU, or “central processing

unit”. This processor handles all the basic system instructions, such as processing mouse and
keyword input and running application. Most desktop contain a CPU develop by either Intel
or AMD, both of which use the x86 processer architecture. Mobile devices, such as laptops
and tablets may use Intel and AMD CPUs but can also use specific mobile processor
developed by companies like ARM or Apple.

Modern CPUs often include multiple processing cores, which work together to
process instruction. While this “cores “ are contained in one physical unit , they are actually
individual processors infect , if you view your computers performance with a system
monitoring utility like Windows Task Manager(Windows) or activity monitor (Mac OS X),
You will see separate graph for each processor. Processors that include two cores are called
dual core processor, while those with four cores are called core processor. Some high end
workstations contain multiple CPUs with multiple cores, allowing a single machine to have
Eight, Twelve or even more processing cores.

Some of the primary components of a CPU OR microprocessor are given below.

Register

Control unit

Arithmetic logic unit

 Register

Registers are the primary memory of computer system. They are mainly used to store
data during the time of processing inside ALU. The Registers within CPU are special purpose
temporary storage locations. The main types of Registers are general purpose register and
specific purpose register. The important register within CPU is program counter (PC).

Features of Register

 They are the fastest memory of computer.

 The storage capacity of registers is small.
 They are temporary memory of computer
 Hardware

 Processor (computing)

 Central processing unit (CPU), the hardware within a computer

that executes a program

o Microprocessor, a central processing unit contained on a

single integrated circuit (IC)

o Application-specific instruction set

processor(ASIP), a component used in system-on-a-chip design

o Graphics processing unit(GPU), a processor

designed for doing dedicated graphics-rendering computations

o Physics processing unit(PPU), a dedicated

microprocessor designed to handle the calculations of physics

o Digital signal processor (DSP), a specialized

microprocessor designed specifically for digital signal processing

o Image processor, a specialized DSP used for

image processing in digital cameras, mobile phones or other
devices

o Coprocessor

o Floating-point unit

o Network processor, a microprocessor specifically

targeted at the networking application domain

 Multi-core processor, single component with two or more

independent CPUs (called "cores") on the same chip carrier or on the
same die
  Front-end processor, a helper processor for communication
between a host computer and other devices

Software

 Word processor, a computer application used for the production of

potentially printable material

 Document processor, a computer application that superficially

resembles a word processor—but emphasizes the visual layout of the
document's components

Systems

 Information processor, a system which takes information in one form

and transforms it into another form by an algorithmic process

 Data processing system, a combination of machines, people, and

processes that for a set of inputs produces a defined set of outputs

 Information system, a system composed of people and computers

that processes or interprets information

There are many different processors on the market. However, there are
only a few that you should consider purchasing. Whether you're buying a
computer off the shelf, building it from scratch or upgrading your CPU, you
must put some time and thought into which processor to buy. The choice
you make today will affect your computer's speed and functionality for
years to come.
 The processor you choose will affect every function of your
computer.

Types

There are two primary manufacturers of computer microprocessors. Intel

and Advanced Micro Devices (AMD) lead the market in terms of speed and
quality. Intel's desktop CPUs include Celeron, Pentium and Core. AMD's
desktop processors include Sempron, Athlon and Phenom. Intel makes
Celeron M, Pentium M and Core mobile processors for notebooks. AMD
makes mobile versions of its Sempron and Athlon, as well as the Turion
mobile processor which comes in Ultra and Dual-Core versions. Both
companies make both single-core and multi-core processors.

Features

Each processor has a clock speed which is measured in gigahertz (GHz).

Also, a processor has a front side bus which connects it with the system's
random access memory (RAM.) CPUs also typically have two or three
levels of cache. Cache is a type of fast memory which serves as a buffer
between RAM and the processor. The processor's socket type determines
the motherboard type where it can be installed.
Function

A microprocessor is a silicon chip containing millions of microscopic

transistors. This chip functions as the computer's brain. It processes the
instructions or operations contained within executable computer
programs. Instead of taking instructions directly off of the hard drive, the
processor takes its instructions from memory. This greatly increases the
computer's speed.

Considerations

If you're thinking about upgrading your processor yourself, you must

check your motherboard specs first. The CPU you install must have the
same socket size as the slot on the motherboard. Also, when you install a
new processor, you may need to install a heat sink and fan. This is
because faster processors produce more heat than slower ones. If you fail
to protect your new CPU from this heat, you may end up replacing the
processor.

Size

When it comes to processors, size matters. Whether you're buying a new

computer or upgrading your old one, you must get the fastest processor
you can afford. This is because the processor will become obsolete very
quickly. Choosing a 3.6 GHz processor over a 2 GHz today can buy you
several years of cheap computing time. Also check the speed of the front
side bus (FSB) when purchasing your new computer or CPU. A front side
bus of 800 MHz or greater is essential for fast processing speeds. The
processor's cache is also important. Make sure it has at least 1 MB of last
level cache if your computing needs are average. If you're an extreme
gamer or if you run intensive graphics programs, get the processor with
the largest cache that fits your budget. There can be hundreds of dollars'
difference between the cheapest processors and the most expensive
ones. However, investing just a little extra cash can get you a much better
processor.

Benefits

Getting a processor with a dual, triple or quad core can make a significant
difference in the processing power of your computer. It's like having two,
three or four separate processors installed on your computer at one time.
These processors work together to make your computer multitask faster
and with greater efficiency. Getting a CPU with a larger front side bus can
enhance the processor's ability to communicate with RAM, which will
increase your computer's overall speed.
 Today, computers are a part of our lifestyle, but the first computer that was
used was developed at the University of Pennsylvania in the year 1946! It had an
ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator And Computer) processor. The
reprogramming feature that is so extensively used today, was introduced by Alan
Turing and John von Neumann with their teams. The von Neumann architecture is
the basis of modern computers.

From the development of the first microprocessor - Intel's 4004 to the latest ones -
the microprocessors have come a long way. Here, we look into the story so far.