Abstract

contemporary legal systems are based on one of four simple systems: civil law, statutory law,
common law, religious law or combinations thereof. Yet each country's legal system is
influenced by its complex history and thus integrates individual variations. The UK is a
monarchy of the constitution. England performs a system of law that integrates law-making but
also precedent-building via case law. Parliament passes legislation that consists of the' Monarch,'
which is the House of Commons, as well as the Lord's House to establish the laws. On the other,
The Danish legal system has been observed to be divided into private and public laws. The
borderline is indeed not difficult to significantly explain, however it is a feature of public law
that it is generally related to the caring for general social interests, and also that state bodies
except the courts play an important role in the implementation of the laws. Hand,
Introduction
In general, the world's contemporary legal systems are based on one of four simple systems: civil
law, statutory law, common law, religious law or combinations thereof. Yet each country's legal
system is influenced by its complex history and thus integrates individual variations.
Comparative law is the study that examines law at the level of legal systems. Both civil (often
recognized as Roman), as well as common law structures, can be regarded as one of the most
prevalent around the globe: civil law as it is the most abundant by land or even population as a
whole, and common law because it uses the largest percentage of individuals compared to every
single system of civil law1.
Sub-nationally, the United Kingdom comprises almost three legal systems, of which each
extracted from a different geographical area as well as for a number of historical reasons:
English law, Scottish law and also the Northern Ireland law. As a result of Parliament's
enactment of the Government of Wales Act 2006, solely Welsh law has also existed since 2007.
As with the other three statutes, however, it is not a distinct legal structure, since it is simply the
primary and secondary legislation created specifically by the National Assembly for Wales,
implemented in compliance with English law doctrines, and does not affect common law of
English (except where such Welsh legislation ousts common law by virtue of becoming a higher
form of law). Such three legal systems contrast considerably with the United Kingdom's three
legal jurisdictions, Wales, England and Scotland, and even Northern Ireland2. Through legal
system defaults on each jurisdiction, and through jurisprudence the judicial systems of each
jurisdiction further the relevant legal structure. Individuals in certain jurisdictions can use the law
of other jurisdictions in private law, such as a firm in Edinburgh, Scotland and an organization in
Belfast, and also Northern Ireland is independent to contract in English law. This seems to be
unenforceable within public law (e.g., criminal law), in which each jurisdiction has defined rules
of procedure. Underpinning all frameworks is UK law, also known as UK law, sometimes
1
Berger, Klaus Peter. "Common Law v. Civil Law in International Arbitration: The Beginning or the End?." Journal of
International Arbitration 36, no. 3 (2019): 295-313.
2
Leyland, Peter. The constitution of the United Kingdom: A contextual analysis. Bloomsbury Publishing,
2016.
abbreviated UK law. UK law occurs if laws applicable to the UK and/or its residents overall,
obviously constitutional law, as well as other areas such as tax law, for example3.
Built entirely on the North Germanic legislation. Civil law Scandinavian-North Germanic.
Medieval Scandinavian law, also named North Germanic law, was a branch of North Germanic
law. It was initially decided by law-speakers but they were dedicated to writing after the end of
the Viking Age, often by Christian monks after Scandinavia's Christianization. They were
initially geographically restricted to minor jurisdictions (lögsögur), and the Bjarkey laws
concerned numerous merchant towns, but afterward, laws applied to whole Scandinavian
kingdoms. Almost every jurisdiction was regulated by a free men's assembly. The assembly of
court, the thing, was using the law as well as heard witnesses rule as to whether or not the
alleged perpetrator was convicted. Two types of punishment were generally used: outlawing as
well as fines. Nevertheless, fines have been the most popular method of justice; the amount
changed, based on the severity of the crime4.
This scheme was highly complex and fines themselves, singularly a "mulct," were also fluctuated
depending on the social status of the perpetrator and/or the plaintiff. Innocence issues were
usually settled by the jury. Such experiments comprised of various tests for males and females.
And, as long as when the courts have not been informed of the offense, it would go unpunished
or be solved outside the legal framework. There existed no law's written code until after the
Medieval period, but the Scandinavian world's code of fines, battles, and disavowing criminals
was the norm5.
Regulatory innovation had been a cornerstone of regulatory systems in the United Kingdom
throughout a number of markets, for example, the United Kingdom was a true pioneer in
potential risk-based regulation, and in the 1980s spearheaded the decision to move further
towards new public management.UK regulatory policies have attracted the interest of policy-
makers and scholars elsewhere. Several have learned from the experience of the UK, replicating
regulatory tools or structures originally created in the UK. A great deal of the Better Regulation
campaign at the EU level, for example, can be traced back to the initiatives of the UK. Current
new transversal regulatory measures like the "Business Impact Target" (BIT) have an impact on
other countries as well6.
Comparison of the legal system of the UK and Denmark: an engineering perspective
The UK is a monarchy of the constitution. The Head of State is the sovereign (not just a
president) with responsibilities, duties, and powers are enshrined in law. A few of the norms
are that the monarch is politically neutral. England performs a system of law that integrates law-
making but also precedent-building via case law. Parliament passes legislation that consists of
the' Monarch,' which is the House of Commons, as well as the Lord's House to establish the
laws. The People directly elect the House of Commons, and the Prime minister is generally a
3
Bankowski, Zenon, D. Neil MacCormick, and Geoffrey Marshall. "Precedent in the United Kingdom."
In Interpreting Precedents, pp. 315-354. Routledge, 2016.
4
Partington, Martin. Introduction to the English legal system 2016-2017. Oxford University Press, 2016.
5
Partington, Martin. Introduction to the English legal system 2016-2017. Oxford University Press, 2016.
6
Partington, Martin. Introduction to the English legal system 2016-2017. Oxford University Press, 2016.
part of this House. The judiciary which is completely separate from Parliament regulates the
court system and case law.
Engineering plays a significant role in the social and economic well-being of the United
Kingdom, offering high-quality jobs on a large scale and allowing most of our physical exports,
and also advancing and enforcing certain important solutions to major international challenges.
The engineering base of the UK has a globe-leading position in a range of knowledge-intensive
industrial sub-sectors that respond to worldwide challenges and in the underlying technological
and scientific research and development.
This has been more than a few key analogous economic sectors, such as a combination of retail
and wholesale, insurance and finance. Engineering is estimated to have helped contribute £ 486
billion to UK GDP in the year 2015 – about 26 percent of the overall and 2.3 percent since 2014.
In addition, every extra £ 1 of GVA produced through the activity of engineering forms an
additional £ 1.45 of GVA by indirect effects onto the supply chain and much more widely on
average income and employment: the activity of engineering seems to have a trickledown effect
of 2,45 on GVA. Each extra person hired in engineering, in terms of effects on employment,
promotes additional 1,74 jobs: a real economy of 2,74.
Using the legally protected titles Engineering Technician (EngTech), Incorporated Engineer
(IEng), Chartered Engineer (CEng) and also Information and Communications Technology
Technician (ICTTech), the UK engineering profession is self-regulated. Only individuals who
are registered with the Engineering Council may use those titles.
Individuals accredited to the registry needs to be evaluated independently by professional
engineering organizations approved by the Engineering Council for this reason and must retain
membership.
In particular, the right to work as an engineer in the UK is not limited. However, certain aspects
of work, usually related to safety, are restricted to individuals licensed or otherwise authorized
by statute, legislation or industry standards. Registration of the Engineering Council in many
areas of engineering jobs and the provision of engineering services is regarded as necessary but
is not compulsory. Authorization is annually renewed after payment to the appropriate
organization of an authorization and membership fee, provided there has been no breach of
professional codes of conduct.
The legal system of Danish stems from canonical as well as roman law and seems to be
analogous with the legal system that appears in other European continental countries.

a large number of areas of society have already been subordinate to statutory regulation, and
Denmark's main source of law is statutory law and statutory law's general principles. In addition,
customary law and jurisprudence complement the statutory law, although courts had a much
greater legal role in other European countries with Anglo-Saxon law-inspired legal systems.
The Danish legal system has been observed to be divided into private and public laws. The
borderline is indeed not difficult to significantly explain, however it is a feature of public law
that it is generally related to the caring for general social interests, and also that state bodies
except the courts play an important role in the implementation of the laws.
Public law can be easily separated into constitutional law, administrative law, international law,
procedural law, and criminal law and whereas civil law controls reciprocal relationships amid
citizens as well as between individual citizens and legal persons, such as companies and
organizations. The 1849 Constitutional Act , that governs the interactions between the highest
state organs and ensures civil liberties (human rights), is also at the upper edge of the legal
structure.
Through engineering strength throughout a new Index of Engineering, Denmark holds the top
two stance on the list of nations, with strong engineering employment, great virtual connectivity,
high average engineering wages and elevated-quality facilities. This first-ever Index of
Engineering is dependent on a report endorsed by the "Royal Academy of Engineering", which
ranks around 99 countries by their strength in engineering; its workforce, prospective recruits,
output, , research quality and how its effects are needed.
In Denmark, however neither the profession of engineering is legally protected nor the use of the
designation "engineer." (The use of the academic titles Diplomingenior as well as Civilingenior
(and also formally Akademiingenior and Teknikumingenior) is limited to diplomas holders
from or equivalent to Danish schools). Nevertheless, the Danish Engineers ' Society's official
status is restricted to two issues:-negotiation of public employment wages-acceptance in the form
of labor market organization
Salary negotiations happen between the Community and members that are associated with the
Government and the municipalities of Danish and the agreements achieved are valid for all
engineers in public employment irrespective of association membership. The government's
recognition as an Organization of Labor Market ensures that the members ' annual dues charged
to the Society are tax deductible and the Society does not incur VAT.
Denmark's engineering education is governed by a common university statute, Royal Single
Education Decrees, and Single School Statutes. The Education Ministry comprises of
an advisory committee that covers all polytechnic as well as non-university education in which
IDA is portrayed and also provides advice on short cycle engineering degrees. The Danish
Engineers Association seems to possess no formalized, direct impact other than this.
Nevertheless, indirectly it has a great influence on the Ministry of Education and also on the
Ministry of Science, Innovation and Technology with daily meetings with Minister and civil
servants. In addition, no changes are made to the system of education without referral with the
Society-which alerts the Ministry from being asked if it is deemed necessary.
Intellectual property law practiced in the United Kingdom and denmark
Employment law practiced in the United Kingdom and Denmark
Employers are not needed to pay overtime workers for hourly wages exceeding that set out in the
contract of employment but the average pay of the employees for the total number of hours
worked might not even fall below the national minimum wage.
The Equality Act 2010 is the main law prohibiting harassment and discrimination in the UK. The
legislation, which incorporates three main directives of the European Union, explicitly forbids
harassment and discrimination come from a wide variety of protected characteristics, including
age; disability; marriage, reassignment of gender; and civil partnership; Pregnancy as well as
maternity; ethnicity, race, national origin or color of the skin; religion or belief; sexual
orientation; fixed-term employment; part-time work; and trade-union membership.
Hiring, employment’s terms and conditions, training, terminations, promotions, and benefits
for workers are the laws banning discrimination. The legislation also forbids discrimination both
directly and indirectly. Direct discrimination takes place when an individual receiving less
favorable treatment as compared to other employees is focused on the protected characteristic of
the employee as defined by the law. Indirect discrimination applies to the circumstance in which
a specific policy of employment adversely affects or damages an employee group who are of a
certain protected characteristic as laid out in the Act.
Workers are legally bound to twenty-six (26) weeks of maternity leave that is known as
"Ordinary Maternity Leave" and could even receive either maternity or on the other hand,
statutory maternity pay. Many workers are entitled to that of a prolonged period of leave, known
as "Extra Parental leave" for a further twenty-six (26) weeks for a total of fifty-two (52) weeks
annually if they meet certain requirements. It is illegal for any cause relevant to her pregnancy to
fire an employee. When maternity leave expires, the worker is legally bound to continue the
normal job in accordance with the same contract terms that occurred before the leave.
However, in a situation of redundancy, or where there are several other valid reasons why the
original position of the employee is no longer accessible at the expiry of the leave, additionally,
the employee should be provided another appropriate position in the company. the contracts of
Employment can be canceled for different reasons involving expiry of the employment contract,
termination has taken place by mutual agreement, death or resignation of the worker, dismissal
of the worker or redundancy. Both the worker and the employer are usually subjected to a fixed
notice period of terms related to the employment relationship as defined out in the contract of
employment for the employee.
In the United Kingdom, redundancies are enforced in the situation when employers dictate that
the firm cannot manage to retain a worker and therefore must rescind the job. In the event of
redundancy, long-term workers are held liable from their employers and the law permits that the
act of employers fairly while making the decisions of redundancy decisions. In particular, the
employer is obliged to submit a written statement to the employee explaining why the business
owner wants to introduce the redundancy as well as retain a consultation meeting. If the
owner decides to fire more than twenty (20) workers, the employer will need to have a group
consultation; or else the employer will consult individual employees. The company owner must
always meet with the workers at least 30 days prior to the actual termination and provide written
information on the planned number of dismissals, the consequence of dismissals on the company
and alternatives to dismissal to them or their representatives.
There is no specific employment act in Denmark which covers all workers on the market of
labor. Thus, the employer-employee relationship is regulated through a combination of the
parties ' statutes, collective agreements including individual employment contracts.
The labor legislation of Denmark can be studied in two key areas that are individuals and
collective employment law. The law of individual employment is generally governed by the help
of mandatory employment for example as the “Danish Salaried Employees Act” or on the other
hand by individual agreements. On the contrary, the law of collective employment is related to
collective bargaining agreements which are incorporated through the unions of labor on one side
and on the other side by the association of employer, multiple employers and an employer.
With regards to the “Danish Holiday Act”, workers benefit 2.08 holiday days worked per month
starti8ng from the first of January until December 31st. The workers can take advantage of the
accrued holiday starting from May 1st until the 30th of April in the upcoming year. This is
considered as the model of the staggered holiday. Employees are not legally obliged to fully
utilize their vacation rights since they are not eligible to paid leave from the date of graduation.
Employers are needed to give their workers an additional pay of 2.08 days each month and
further put that amount aside for their next year's holiday, ensuring that employees accumulate
25 days of paid leave after 12 consecutive months of employment.
Wage-earners are allowed to receive their normal pay during the absence of illness. If the worker
is away for more than 30 days, the employer shall be entitled to an amount correlating to the
local municipality's sickness benefits. Throughout the absence of illness, certain workers are
obligated to sickness benefits. The employer shall pay the employee the sickness benefits within
the first 30 days of absence. The local municipality will, therefore, pay the employee the sickness
benefits.
The Danish Childbirth Right Act controls the right of women and men to pregnancy, childbirth,
maternity, parental leave, and adoption leave. The Act is very complex, yet it allows women to
begin their pregnancy 4 weeks prior to the actual expected birth date and 14 weeks after birth to
have maternity leave. Men or spouses have the right to leave paternity for 14 days after birth. In
addition, almost every parent has the right to parental leave for 32 weeks, which can be increased
to 46 weeks. Either the parents are allowed to pay during the leave tends to vary and needs to be
determined on a situation-by-case basis, though they will generally be given benefits for a sum of
32 weeks, that could be divided in different ways between the parents.