I

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* th %

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HNV Ana ovewl

N
VIET NAM VAN HOA
SirClPONG
$
3 S
 BAO DUY ANH

VIET NAM VAN HOA

SIT CUTTNG
$

Tai ban theo nguyen ban

-
cua Quan hai tung thu 1938

6
NHA XU AT BAN THANH PHO H CHI MINH
> >
KHOA Sl TRUX NG DAI HOC SU* PHAM
TP. HO CHI MINH

* 1992 *
 L oi giai thieu

Nhung cdng tr'mh khao ccru nghiAm tuc third ng dung

vung vA tin t$ i
vdi thdi gian. VIET NAM VAN HdA Stf
CLTONG cua Cp f )Ao Duy Anh thu$c topi nAy.
TAc phim dugc xuAt ban tin dAu tiAn vAo nam 1938. Ba
muoi lam nam sau ( 1973) , trong Hdi ky NHO NGHI CHliU
H6M, tAc gia cho biSt ly do biin $o$n quySn sAch :
"Trong thdi Mat tr# n binh din tin cAm quySn 6 PhAp, do
chlnh sAch my dAn dS xoa diu vA lira phinh cua Chinh phu
chinh qude ddi vdi nhAn dAn cAc thude dia, chuong trinh giAo
dye cua cAp Cao dang tiSu hqc d ba ky mdi dupe thim mdt
khoa mpe IA mdn Van hda Vi$ t Nam. BAy gid toi dang day
mdn Oude van vA mdn Ijch su o trudng tu thpc Thu$ n Hda
6 HuA. Mdn Van hda Vi At Nam tdi cung phai dam nhiAm.
Nhung mdn Ay hi$ n khdng cd sAch giAo khoa, mA cung khdng
tirng cd sAch chuyAn lu# n dS tham khao thi biAt lAy gi mA
.
day cho hpc trd ? ( ..) Tdi khdng djnh viAt sAch giAo khoa mA
ch’i muin t$ p hpp tAi li$u cd h$ thing theo cAch hiiu cua
minh di cAc die gia phi thdng muin nghiSn cuu cAc vAn
dA cd HAn quan dAn van hda cua dAn tie cung cd thi dimg
dupc"( 1).

YAu cAu khidm tdn dd cung dA tung dupe tAc gia ndi rd
trong Ldi Tpa : "QuySn sAch bi nhAn soan dAy chi cit cdng
hiAn mdt md tAi liAu cho nhung ngudi... muin dn Ipi cAi vdn

5
van hda cua nude nhA. Muc dich bi nhAn... chi c6 t thu th$p
nhdng tAi lidu hi$n c6 , sap dat l& i thAnh hd thdng di giup
cho nhdng nhA nghidn cuu van- hda-sCr dd cdng tim kidm mA
thdi”.
VAo nhung nam cudi ddi m'mh, khi da dupe lich su VA h$u
sinh ghi nh$n IA mdl trong nhirng hoc gia b&c thiy , Cy VAo
Duy Anh cdng khidm tdn chua mudn vidt lai VIET NAM VAN
HOA S& CLTONG : "Gdn ddy, thinh thoang c6 ngirdi hoi tdi
sao khdng vidt m$ t quydn nghidn cuu ky vd c6 hd thdng hen
vd Ijch sir van hda Vidt Nam md bd sung quydn sir cuong
kia ? (...) NSU theo edi quan nidm cho van hda ddn tdc Id bao
gdm nhdng gid trj do ddn toe dd sdng tao ra trong lich su thi
tdi thiy rang trwdc khi mudn nghidn cuu Ijch su cua edi
tdng Jhd Ay hdy ndn nghidn cdu lich su cua tdng loai gid trj,
tdc nhu nghidn cdu lich sd cua ky thudt, lich sd cua tdn
gido, lich sd cua tridt hoc, Ijch sd cua moi mdn nghd thudt,
Ijch sy cua moi mdn khoa hoc (...) Vdi trinh dd ddi hoi cua
cdng chung ngay nay vd trinh dd nghidn cdu cua ede vAn dd
chuyen sd, tdi thay qua Id chua cd thd vidt mdt quydn sdeh
vd Ijch sd van hda vi$t Nam tuong ddi thoa man dugc"(2).
Qua nhdng doan Hdi ky trdn ddy , h'mh nhu tdc gia Vl$T
NAM VAN HdA SLT CLTONG mong mu6n trao lai cho nhdng
thd hd hdm nay vide tiSp tyc cdng trinh cua m'mh trdn co sd
ngudn tu lidu phong phu hon, phuong phdp thS hidn khoa hgc
hon vd tim nh$n thde cao hon vd van hda ddn tdc.

Tht / c ra, didu mong mudn dd dS dupe tdc gia gui gam td
nhj ngay trong Ldi Tt / a : “CAi var hda cua t6 tide ta dS gdy
dpng trong hai ngAn nam di sinh trudng giua nhung didu
ki$ n ti/ nhidn Ac lidt d xu nAy , tit phai cd sinh khi manh md
lam" .
6
 Han 50 nam tmdc, trong hoAn canh dit nude dang bj
ngoai bang dd h$ , xuAt bin m<5 f quySn sAch vS lich sir van
hda dAn t$c gi&a bao nhidu rAng bu$c vA h$ n chS khAch quan,
chu quan mi fie gia dS ggi Idn m$t iugn diSm nhu trdn, thi
Vl £T NAM VAN H6 A Sif ClfONG cua Cq DAo Duy Anh xung
dAng dugc h$u thS trAn trgng , kS thua vA ning cao lAn mAi.
Vdi y nghla dd , Khoa Su trudng Ogi hgc Su phgm ThAnh
ph6 H6 Chi Minh coi VIET NAM VAN HdA Stf CLTONG nhu
mdt edng trinh khai phA vA tAi bin nham phgc vq bd mdn Lich
su Van hda dAn tdc d& dugc dua vAo chuong trinh giang day
b$c dgi hgc.

TP. Ho Chi Minh, thing SAu , 1992

GS. NGUYEN PHAN QUANG

-
(1)(2) B&o Duy Anh Nhd nghi chieu hom - NXB Tre , 1989.

7
 TITA »

Khap mot viing trung chau Bac Viet , khong mdt

m&u d&t nao la khong co ddu vet cbng trinh tham dam
kinh dinh cua to tien ta de gicinh lai quyen song v &i
too vdt; suot mdt giai Trung Viet vao den trung chdu
Nam Vidt , khdng mot khlic dir&ng nao Id khong nhac
lai sir nghiep gian nan tien thu cua to tien ta di m&
rong hy vong cho tuxmg lai. Cai van hda cua to tien ta
do gay dirng trong hai nghin nam de sink trirong giwa
nhitng dieu kien tur nhien dc liet or xw nay, tdt phdi
co sinh khi manh lam. Song cdi van hoa thick hop
cho sir sinh truxmg cua mot xa hdi be toa, den khi xd
hdi ay gap tlnh the bat phdi khai thong , thl n6 16 ngay
ra het mpi nhuxrc diem. Cdi bi kick hien then cua dan
tdc ta la su• xung dot cua nhumg gia tri co tru.yen cua
van hoa cu dy v&i nhitng dieu m&i la cua van hda
Tdy phiremg. Cube xung dot se giai quyet the nao, do
-
la mot vdn de quan he den cuoc sinh tu tdn vong cua
ddn toe ta vdy. Nhumg muon giai quyet thi phdi nhctn
ro chan tur&ng cua bi kick ay, titc mot mat phdi xet
lai cho biet noi dung cua vdn hoa xira la thi nao, mot
mat phdi nghien ciru cho biet chan gia tri cua vdn hda
m&i.
Quyin sdeh bi nhan soan day chi c6t c6 ng hien mot
m& tai lieu cho nhumg ngu&i quan tam ve dieu thit
9
nhat , Id mudn on Iqi cai von van hoa cua nw&c nha ,
chur khong co hy vpng gi hon nwa.
Theo gi&i thuyet cua Felix Sartiaux thi “van hoa, ve
* ,
phurong dien dong , la cube phdt trien tien bo ma khong
ngwng cua nhwng t.dc dung xd hoi ve ky thupt , kinh
te, tur twcmg , ngh? thupt , xd hoi to churc, nhwng tdc
dung ay tuy lien IQ.C md van rieng nhau . Ve phwong
dien tinh thi van hoa la trang thdi tien bo cua nhwng
tdc dung ay dr mot. thdi gian nhdt d\nh, vd tdt cd cac
tinh chdt ma nhwng tdc dung dy bay ra dr cac xd hoi
lodi ngwdi”.
Bi nhan bien sach nay, cung dura theo gi&i thuyh
cua Ftlix Sartiaux ma chia doi khai ra ba bb phfyn nhw
sau nay :
1. Kinh- te sinh -hoat.
2. Xa -hQi sinh hoat.
3. Tri-thirc sinh-hoat.
Bbi v &i moi vdn de bao ham trong ba bb phdn dy,
bi nhan gang bien chep rd rang con dwdmg dien each
xwa nay cho den trang thdi hien tai, thang hoac cd chS
so' lau la bdri tai lieu con thieu , chwa c6 the tim ra.
Sach nay viet ra la nhdn chwong trinh hoc vu m&i
cd them mon Viet -nam van -hoa & ban Cao- dang tiiu -
hoc. Tuy bi nhdn khong theo each phdn phbi cua
chwong trinh nha nwdc , vi khong col soan thanh mot
bb sdeh giao khoa , song tdt cd nhwng vdn dk & trong
10
chuxmg trinh diu cd nghien cum cr trong sdch nay , cko
nen tuy sdch co tinh chdt ph6 thong md cac hoc sinh va
gido vien cung cd thi dung lam sdch tham khdo.
Muc d(ch bi nhdn cUng khdng phdi la soan mdt bo
-
tdng -hap van hda-sur, md chi cot thu thdp nhUng tdi
liiu hien cd , sap dat lai thank he thong , de giup cho
nhumg nha nghien citu van - hda- sib cUr cdng tim kiem
md thdi. Cung vi le ay nen dr sau m6 i thien, bi nhdn
them mdt muc sdch tham khdo tuxmg te.
Bi nhdn tir biet minh cdn thikn Idu , md trong sdch
nay cdn nhieu cho thiiu sdt hoac sai l&m, nen rat hy
vong cdc bur thux gid tien tien trong nur&c s? vui Idng
.
chi chinh cho Ben nhur Ibi van thi nhieu chS sdng
sicrmg cue sue , khdng dime cd ve thudn nhd de goi
hung thu cho doc gid ; nhumg neu doc gid chi xem sdch
nay la mdt m& tdi lieu eft? tham khdo thi han se san
Idng licxmg thit cho.

.
Hue, ng&y 14 VIII 1938
TAC -GlA CHI

11
 THIEN THLT NHAT

TIT LUAN
•

L VAN- H6A LA GI ?

N girbi ta thirlmg cho rang van h6a Id chi nhung

hoc thuat tir tirimg cua lodi ngircri , nhan the md
xem van hda von co tinh chit cao thirong dac biet.
Thirc ra kh6ng phai nhir vdy. Hoc thuat tir tircmg co
nhien la o' trong pham vi cua van hda nhung phdm sir
sinh hoat ve kinh te, vl chinh tri, ve xa hoi cung hit
thay cdc phong tuc tap qudn tam thirtmg lai khong
phai Id trong pham vi van h6a hay sao ? Hai tieng van
1

^
-
hoa chang qua Id chi chung tat ca cdc phu ong dien sinh
hoat cua loai ngiriri cho nen ta co the n6i rang : Van
h6a tire la sinh hoat.
Van hda da tire Id sinh hoat thi khong ke la dan toe
van minh hay da man deu cd van hoa rieng cua minh,
chi khde nhau ve trinh do cao thap md th6i. Vi du van
h6a cua cdc dan toe Au My thi cao, md van hda cua cdc
dan t6c moi rg cr Phi chau , Uc chdu cung ede giong
ngiriri Mirimg, Man , Moi... o' nirdn ta thi thap.
Vi le gi van hoa cua ede dan t6c lai khac nhau nhir
thi ? Vi rang edeh sinh hoat ciia ede dan toe khong
giong nhau . Chinh vi nhung dieu kien tir nhien ve
dia ly khiln m6i dan toe sinh hoat cr tren ca scr kinh
tl khde nhau, cho nen edeh sinh hoat cung thdnh khde
13
 -
nhau v & y. Boi the mu 6n nghien cu u van h 6a cua mpt
dan toe, trutrc het phai xet xem ddn toe ay sinh
tririrng o' trong nhung dieu ki£n dia ly the nao.
Cac dieu kion dia ly c6 anh hutmg Ion doi veri each
sinh hoot cua ngircri ta, song ngiroi la giong hoot dpng
cho nen trer lai cung cd the dung sue minh ma xu- tri
va bien chuyen nhung dieu kien ay cho thich irng
voi nhung didu can thiet cua minh. Cach sinh hoot
vi th§ md• cung bien chuyen va khidn van hoa cung
/ > >
bien chuyen theo. Nghien cun xem sir hoot dong de
sinh hoot ve ede phmrng dien cua mot dan toe xira nay
bien chuyen the nao, tue la nghien cun van hoa sir
cua dan toe ay vay.

II. BlfiU-KIEN DJA-Lf

XU* AN »0 CHI- NA( l ) .
-
i
X
Vi dia the o giira rnrcrc An -d§ vd nircrc Chi- na
*

£
- -
( Trung hoa ) nen ngircri ta goi Id An do chi- na . Ve
v

phuong dien van hoa , ten ay lai cang thich dang biri vi
-
giai dat An- do chi na lai Id noi gap nhau cua hai nen
-
van h6a nen c6 nhiHt hr A chau : An do vd Trung hoa. -
Song hai van hoa 4y truyen ba cr hai khu vu*c khac nhau
co gi6i han thien nhien chia edeh, tuy thinh thoang c6

-
( 1 ) Ten “ An -do chi -na” in mot danh to- dia ly chu kh &ng phai
ten dan t &c hay quoc gia, N6 chi ca doi dat <x phia dong nara
A chau.

14
tidp xuc nhau mh kh6ng khi nho dung hoa . Xem the ta
du th £y ro anh hircmg cua dia ly hay lh nhirng dibu
kien thien nhien d6i vfri van hda vay.
Bibu kien thien nhien doi vcri sir sinh hoat cua loai
* *

ngircri von co anh hirfmg quyet dinh, vi sinh hoat

chang qua la dung sure the chat vh tinh- than mh thich
dung hay loi dung tir nhien dd miru sir s6ng c6n . Thb
thi c&ch sinh hoat cua ngircrij tire lh van h 6a, cd quan
he rat mat thiet voi dieu kien tif nhidn , cho ndn
nghien ciru van hda cua m$t d &n tdc, ta phai nghien
ciru hohn canh tir nhien cua dan toe ay tnrdrc.

- -
a ) Dia thd . - An do chi na la mot ban dao or gitra
-
bien Trung-hoa vh vinh Bang gan , cdu thhnh bbi may
giai nui tir Tay- tang chay vb mibn ddng nam dbn bidn ,
xde ra nhir hinh rai quat; or giira cac giai nui by la
nhCrng thung lung d& u thi hep roi dan dan toa ra
thhnh cao nguyen vk binh nguydn. Nhirng song km nhir
song Nam ( Menam ) sdng Khung (Mdkong ) vk song Nhi
( Fleuve rouge ) , phat nguyen tir Tay -tang chay theo ckc
thung lung ay roi boi thhnh mot giai trung chdu or doc
bfr bien tir bac den nam . Dd lh dai khdi dia the cua
< *

-
An do chi- na .
- -
Xir An do chi na thuoc Phdp, tire xir Bong-Phhp,
gom nhirng nui vh sdng 6" ve phia dong. Giai nui thir
-
nhbt theo phia tay Cao man dbn vinh Xiem -la thhnh
nhirng nui Cardamones vi Eldphant, cd dinh cao hon
1.000 mdt. Giai thir hai gom cac chom nui or Thirong
-
Ai lao va Thupug Bac Vidt chia ra th & nh giai Tnrbng -
son chay doc tir bac xuong nam , cd dinh cao hom 2.000
met.
15
 -
Nhung nui va go 6 mien Trung Bac Viet thi thu<?c
-
ve son he Quang tay va Van-nam .

Cac mien nui ay choan h§t mot phan Ion coi

Bong-PhSp. Mien binh nguyen va trung chau hep horn ,
chia ra nhieu khu 6" ph & n giira xir Cao-man , suot ca
xir Nam Viet , doc bcr bien Trung Viet nhit la v £ phia
bac, vS mi4 n He Bac Viet chi cao horn met bien chirng
m$t vai met thoi. CSc mi 4 n ay tuy hep nhung lei IS
nhirng noi dan c\r trii met, nhcr de cSy cSy vS dl dung
thuy lpi, cho nen cung IS. nhung noi xa hpi cirbrig
thinh, van h6a phat det hern het. Nam Viet va Bac
Viet IS trung chau cua hai con song Ion , song Khung va
-
s6ng Nhi, IS hai canh dong lua menh mong, thp c xirng
-
vui cau tuc ngir “ nh & t c6ng lunng co^d ).

Neu ta xet toan the dja the xir Bong-Phap thi ta

thSy c6 hai phan cSch biet han nhau , o giCra IS nhung
nui non hr phia bac va giai Trutmg-son, mot ben IS
Ai-lao, m 6t ben IS Bac-Viet vS Trung Viet. Hai ph &n
-
ay xira nay it co dip ti4p xuc nhau cho nen van hoa cua
m 6i ben phSt trien theo m6t phuong hiremg rieng , cr
phia tay thi chiu anh hurong cua An - do, hr phia dong
-
thi chiu anh hu ong cua Trung - hoa . Tai mien nam , xir
Nam Viet va xir Cao-man , nguyen xu a IS mot khu, sau
*

vi sir tinh lich sir ma thSnh chia re, mot phan thi
ngirb-i Viet - nam cr bac den chiem cir, theo van h6a

(1) Mot d6n ganh gdnh hai thiing (h.s)

16
 Trung-quoc, mot phSn thi ngiroi Cao- man c6n giir
diroc ma sinh ton theo van h 6a An -d6.
Neu xdt rieng dia the vk khu virc cua dan toe
Viet- nam ta lai thay tir bac vao nam, co nhieu khu
each nhau vi nhirng rang nui ngang tir giai Truong
son chay ra bien. Tir khu nay di sang khu khac phai
treo deo loi suoi , khong co m6i lien lac vmh vien , cho
nen sir sinh hoat dia phuong thu'tmg lam trer ngai cho
sir sinh hoat quoc gia. Ngdy nay c6 dirimg thien ly va

-
dirtrng xe lira Xuyen Bong-Phap thi sir giao thong da
dirqc d§ dang, Bac, Nam , Trung da lien lac thdnh mot
giai .
b ) Khi hau - Coi Bong-Phap cr ve khu khi hau ma
nha dia ly hoc thiremg goi la khu gib mua ( Zone des
-
moussons), tir An- do den Nhat ban. Khi hau mien ky
-
do hai yeu to, dai luc va dai dirong tiep xuc nhau ma
thanh . Mua dbng khi ap b phia bac dai luc A chau ,
> -
manh hem khi ap hr An do dircrng vd phia nam Thai-
binh -diromg nen gio khb cr dat thoi ra bien. Mua ha khi
dp o' bien manh horn a dat, nbn gi6 am thoi tir mien
dai dirong vao mien dai luc, roi vi bi cac nui cao ngan
can md ket lai thdnh mira . Bcri the khi hau xir
Bong- phdp, cung nhir tat ca cac xir cr trong khu gio
mua , co hai mua rat phan biet la mua mira va mua
nang.
Trang thai khi h & u nhir the co anh hiremg m &t thiet
veri tlnh chat thao moc va sir lao dong cua ngirbi . Cir
dan nhirng mien dong bang thay chi trong lua la
thir c6c loai rat can nutre va nang. Ho thiremg cay
17
cay vao mua mua, hr nhirng noi rupng mpt mua thi cay
cly vao thang janvier, fevrier ( Nam Vi$t , ( Cao- man ) hay
thhng novembre ( Ai-lao ) lb luc nude Ion vira qua , c6n
o' nhirng noi rupng hai mua thi mua chinh la mua thang
mubi ( Bac Vi£ t va phia bac Trung Vipt ), hay la mua
thdng ba ( phia gitra Trung Vipt ). Bbi xua nhirng rung
ram vung lay lan man hau khap ca xu-. Hiqn nay cac
mien thupng du cung van la vimg rung nhipt doi
sam uat phln thinh.
Nhurng rung ru ay ngan . can s\r di cu cua dan ha
ban nhilu hon cdc nui cao, cho nen tir xira ngutri
Vipt - nam chi banh truong tir bac xuong nam , cho *

khong he di thuc tir dong sang tay.

Trang thai song ngoi xu Bong- Phhp co quan he mat
thiet voi sy luan chuyen mua nang mua mua. Mua
nang thi rupng kho song can, ma he den mua mua thi
nunc song dang len thanh lyt , theo tiet dp rat dlu .
Co noi thi nuox: lyt lhm lpi nhieu , nhu mien Bien -ho
u Cao- man va mien trung chau Nam Viet (s6ng Khung )
nhfr lut ma rudng dat them mau va co nubr: de cay
cay ; cung co noi thi nuor lut la moi hai tan khoc nhu
o' trung chdu Bac Viet (song Nhi ) , khien nguoi ta he
den mua lut thi lo so va phai hit sun giu de.
*

O' trong cac tfnh chat chung cua khf hpu ay , ta lpi
.

con co the phan biet nhirng tfnh chat rieng do vy do va

phuong vi cua ba bien va nui non sinh ra. Coi Bong-
Phap be doc dai 1.500 kf 16 m £ t , tir 8°31 den 23°23 bac
vy dp, cho nen a Bac Viet thi trong moi mua on do da
khhc nhau nhilu, mh a gan duimg xfch dpo thi hau
18
iihir n6ng suit ca nam. Va ldi, cr mien bac, mua mira
vd mua nang khong phdn bi | t ro| r t bang or rniln nam,
vi Bac Viet vd bac bb Trung Vi
| t or bao quanh m6t cdi
vinh nho nbn gi 6 mua bien tmh khien or d6 cuoi mua
dong c6 nhilu sircmg mil vd mira phiin.
Sau het, vi giai Tnrfrng-scm Id m6t bvrc thdnh cao
chia doc coi Bong- phap thanh hai khu virc, cho nen cr
Trung Viet tir thang octobre din thdng janvier vSn com
mua mira, md cr Ai-lao, Cao- man vd Nam Viet thi dd Id
mua nang roi .

III. CIT' DAN

Nlu SO sanh dia the coi Bong-Phap va trang thdi cir

ddn thi ta thay thirong du va ha ban cd ve tutmg phan
ro ret. O mien thirong du thi nhan chung phut: tap
*

ma rai rac, trinh do van h6a chat phdc dcm gian, con cr
ha ban thi or dan tru mat , chung loai dcm thuan va
van hba tien bo horn .
Vbn dl
gfic tich cua cdc nhan chung cr B6ng Phdp-
van con mb toi. Cur ket qua cua cac cong trinh khao
co gan day thi thay rang : tir dcri thircmg co cir dan
6 day da phirc tap lam roi, nhurng dai khai thi tvrcmg
*

- -
ter nhirng chung loai hien o' Nam dutmg quan dao va
Bai-dircmg-chdu . Ngirbi ta dodn rang c6 le lerp ngutri
- - -
Me la ne dieng Id gilng xira hem ca, roi den l6p
- - -
ngircri Anh do ne dieng, roi ve sau nira m6i din
giong Mong-co dan dan trdn vao. & dau tby ky
nguyen tren cai nen tang nhan chung phirc tap ay da

19
co van hoa ldn phdt trien cr mien trung chau Bac Vipt
va bac bp Trung Vipt. Buoi ay d & n tQC Vipt-nam dang
dan ddn dem van h6a Trung- hoa m & tien vao phircmg
nam. Bong thfri co mpt giong ngubi phutmg tay cung
dem van h6a An-dp den cdc dong bang hr mien ha liru
s6ng Khung va mien bcr bien Tning Vipt ngay nay. Ti>
the ky thir 7 den th§ ky 12, van hba cua hp phat trien
-
nrc ro , ng& y nay ta c6n thdy nhtrng di tich trdng lp
- - - -
nhu cdc den Be Thien Bl Thich or Cao man . Trong khi
gap lan sdng nam tien cua ngubi Vipt nam , ngubi -
Chiem - thanh hope bi tan sdt, hope bi dong hoa cho d£ n
gan dipt chung, con ngubi Cao- man thi phai bo mien
Thuy Chan-lpp ma lui len mien Hoa Chan-lap. Hipn
nay trong hem 21 tripu dan hr Bong-Phap, horn 17 tripu
-
la ngubi Vipt nam cr khap cac mien dong bang tur
- - -
Nam quan cho den Cao man lh phdn tu trpng ylu cua
coi Bong Phhp. -
O' mien thuvng du thi nhan chung phirc tap lp
lung. O' dong bang cac nh & n chung dong hoa vbi nhau
de dang nen ngay nay hoi kho nhan ra dac tanh , chir
cr mien thtrcmg du thi cac nhan chung con each biet ro
ret. Nhirng giong xira nh &t , ngubi ta can cir theo
ngon ngu Urcmg tir mh goi chung la giong Anh -do- ne-
*

dieng cr khap cac mi £ n rung ru tren giai Trubmg- scm

va xung quanh vung Bien -h6, ngubi Ai-lao goi hp 1k
Kha , ngubi Viet-nam goi hp la Moi, ngubi Cao-man
goi hp la Pnong. Hp hr thhnh nhieu bo lac, van h6a don
gian lam . Hp da bo dung do da tir lau , hien nay sinh
hoat bang nong nghe va mot it thu cong. Phong tuc V &

20
tin ngircmg cua ho , mot phan la theo tpc truyen co
hiru , mot ph&n Id do anh hutmg be ngodi ma thdnh .
- -
Cdc gi6ng ngiriri An ^ - d6 nb dibng & y xira nay
thirimg bi giong ngiroi Thdi lan lirot de tranh dia
- -
bdn , G >ng ngirbi nay den hr An do chi na tir khi ndo,
hien nay chira ro, ngircri ta chi biet rang trong khi
nguiri Viet - nam tien tir trung chdu Bac Viet ve
phurnig nam thi ho cung tiln tu mikn thirpng du
*

-
Ai lao xuong phuxmg nam . Song dirirng nam tien cua
- -
ho hr Ai lao phai theo nhu ng thung lung nho hep khong
diroc rong rai thuan tien nhir dircmg nam tien cua
ngiroi Viet - nam , cho n£ n lich sir cua ho c6 nhieu cho
gian doan ma khong bao gib cirong thinh. Ngiroi
*

Xiem -la tuy cung giong Thai nhimg nhcr gap mot xir
dong bang md bdnh tnrong diroc ra den bien cho nen
lich six cua ho rang rcr hon lich sir ngirfri Thdi hr Ai-lao
nhieu , xem the lai cang thay ro anh hixcmg cua dia
ly doi voi van hoa vay.
Gan day, lai c6 nhibu gi6ng ngirbi khac voi gibng
Thai ma cung tir mi£ n bac trdn xu 6ng. Ho 1dm rudng
trong cac thung lung hr mien thirong du Bac Viet, 6 *

mi£ n Thirong-Ai - lao va mien thirong du bac bo Trung

Vibt. Hai giong trong yeu hon het la ngiroi Man va
ngirbi Meo.

IV. NGUtri VIET- NAM

-
Trong cac gidng ngirdi tren coi Bong Phap thi ngiroi
-
Viet nam la trong yeu hem ca.
2)
 Theo tyc truyen thi ngubi Vi$t - nam lh nbi giong
Tien Rong. Vua dau ti n hQ Hong- bhng nubc Xfch -qui
1& Loc-Tyc, tire Kinh-dirong-vurmg, mot h6m di ngoyn
canh 6 ho B >ng-dinh thinh linh gyp mot ngubi thilu
*
<
nir nhan sac tuyet vfri ty xyng lh Long-ntr, con gdi
cua Dong-dinh-quan. Loc-Tyc ket duyen cung nang ay
sinh duve mot con trai dyt ten Siing-Lam, noi ngoi cha
lam vua xumg la Lyc-long-quan.
Lyc-long-quan lay Au-ccr la con gai Be-lai , vua mot
> A A

mroc lang gieng, de ra mot lan tram cai trurng, sau

no thanh tram ngubi con trai. Mot horn Lyc-long-quan
*

noi vrri Au -co rang : “Toi la giong doi long-quan ma

*

minh la giong doi thin tien, an cr lau veri nhau khong

7

the duye. Nay tram aira con trai thi minh dem 50 dura
len nui, con 50 dira de toi dem xuong Nam - hai" Sau
Lyc-long-quan phong cho ngubi con dau lhm vua, b-
nubc Van -lang, ngubi ay la Thuy to cua gi6ng Viet-
nam ta vyy.
Chuyen ay tuy la hoang dubng, song tit cung co y
nghia. Co le no chi sir phan liet cua nubc Xich - qui
thanh nhumg nubc goi la Bach -Vibt (1), nhirng do chi
lh mot dieu phong doan . Nay ta hay can cir vao su*
nghien ciru cua cac nha sir hoc , nhat la c £c vi giao sir
6 trubng Vien-dong bac co, mk xet xem goc tich cua
*

dan toe t a la thi nao. Co ngubi cho rang t6 tien ta phdt

tich ty Tay - tang, sau theo liru virc cua song Nhi ma di

( 1 ) U -viet cr Chiet-giang, Man-viet cr Phuc-kien, Bong-vi # t 6

*

Giang- tay, Nam -viet cr Quang dong, Lac -vift 6 An - nam .

*

22
 cir xubng mien trung chau Bac Viet . Nhvrng theo ong
Aurousseau dan chirng co dien rat ky chng thi to tien
ta lai la ngirbi nirbc Vi| t cr mien ha liru s6ng Diromg-
tir, sau bi nuxrc Sb ( dbi Xuan- thu ) danh dubi phai chay
xuong mien nam cr mien Quang-dong, Quang- tay, roi
lan lan den Bac Viet va phia bac Trung Vi | t. Theo
nhieu nha nhan chung hoc hien thbi thi b dbi thirpng
> co, giong
t X
ngirbi Anh-do- ne- dieng bi
* A
giong A-ri-ang
duoi o^ An -do ma tran sang bbn dao An-do chi- na , lam
?
'

tieu diet gibng ngirbi tho tnrcrc dau tien b day lb

giong Me-la ne- dieng roi mot phan trong dam di dan
ay di thang mai sang Nam -dirong quan - dao, con mot
phan b lai An - do chi -na, b phfa nam thbnh ngirbi
Chiem- thanh va Cao- man sau dong hoa theo van hoa
An- d6, b phia bac thi hon hop vcri giong Mong-co 6 *

Trung- hoa xuong ma thbnh ngirbi Viet - nam .

Giong ngu bi Viet-nam bubi dau b dia vvrc xir Bac
*

Viet ngby nay , sau vi dia the va hoan canh sinh hoat
khac nhau /na chia ra hai nhbnh : nhanh b mien trung
chbu tru phu , de hap thu anh hirbng cua ngirbi ngobi ,
thi din dan h6a theo van hba Trung-qu6c ma tien
-
thang vbo phu-cmg nam , tire la ngirbi Viet nam ngby
nay; cbn nhanh b miln doi nui thi con duy tri duxrc
tbnh chit van h 6a xira va vln cbn to chu c theo chi do
*

phong kiln, tuy cb chiu ft nhieu anh hvromg cua ngirbi

Thbi la giong lbn bang, d6 1b ngirbi Mirbng hien 6-
mien thirong du Ngh | -an, Thanh - hba va Hoa -binh .
Xet tfnh chat ngirbi Viet- nam ngay nay thi ta thay
ngirbi Viet -nam lb giong ngan dau ( chi -suht 82,8),
ruinh thap ( lm 58), chan tay nho, mat xirong, lirong

23
quyen cao, mat den va hoi xech , mui hoi tqt, m6i hoi
d&y, tbc den vd hoi cirng, rau cirng va thira , dang di
thi nhq nhdng vd chac chan. Song dem dia phirong md
so sdnh thi ta thdy cr Bac Viet va phfa bac Trung Viet
ngirbi ta co ddng manh me vd cao ( lm 59), c6n 6 dubng
*

trong thi ngirbi thirbng yeu vd thap hon ( lm 57). Sir

sai bi$t ay tdt la vi anh hutmg cua dia the va khf hyu
-
md sinh ra . Tuy nhien ngirbi Viet nam van la mpt
chung loai thuikn chdt n4 u ta xdt vk sir sinh hoat vd
van h 6a thi lai cdng th& y ro lam.
-
Ve tfnh chat tinh than thi ngirbi Viet nam dai khai
thong minh , nhirng xira nay thay ft ngirbi c6 tri tue loi
lgc phi thirbng. Sut ky lie thi phat dat lam , mb giau
tri nghe thuyt hon tri khoa hoc, giau tnrc giac hori luyn
ly. Phbn nhieu ngubi co tfnh ham hoc, song thfch van
chirong phu hoa horn la thyc hoc , thfch thanh sao va hinh
thirc horn la tir tirbng hoat dong . Nao tubmg tu png-
thubng bi nao thirc tien hoa hoan bat cho nen dan t$c
Viet-nam ft ngubi mong tircmg, mb phan doan thirbng
co ve thiet thirc lam . Sire lam viec kho nhoc, nhiH la
ngubi o' mien bac, thi ft dan toe bi kip. Cam giac hoi
chbm chap , song gioi chiu dau don circ kho va hay nhan
nhuc. Tfnh khf cung hoi nong noi, khong ben chf , hay
that vong, hay khoe khoang trang hoang be ngoai, ira
hir danh va thfch choi boi co bac. Thirbng thi nhut nhbt
va chuong hoa binh, song ngo sir thi cung biet hy sinh
vi dai nghia. Nao sang tac thi ft, nhung ma bat chircrc,
thfch ung va dung hoa thi rat tai. Ngubi Viet- nam lai
r&t trong le gido, song cung co nao tinh vat, hay bdi bde
che nhao. Do la luoc ke nhung tfnh ch&t tinh than pho
-
thong nhat cua ngirbi Viet nam , cung co tfnh nguyen

24
 1
*
lai tir thirpmg c6 md c6 thay doi chu it , cung c6 tinh do
V

lich sir vd trang thai xa hoi un due dan thanh , cho nen
ta dimg nen xem nhirng tinh chat ay Id bat di bat dich.
Tir xira ngiriri Viet - nam da biet lam ruong, nhirng
trinh do ky thuat con kem lam , ho chi biet dimg cuoc
-
bang dd trau , chu chira biet dung cay bira , nhirng ho
da biet loi dung niroc sdng ldn d£ dem nirfre vdo rudng
va da biet trong lua hai miia . Ve vu khi ho c6 nhirng
cung dai de ban ; ten thi raui bit dong va nhv .. thuoc
doc. ^
Ngiriri Viet - nam xira co tuc ve minh ( van than ) co
le den doi Tran tuc nay mod bo (1). Ho cung da bbi
toe, chit kuan , an trau, nnuom rang va dimg quan ao,
nhirng gi6ng nhu do gai ve tay trai ( ta nhiem ) cho
*

khong phai gai ve tay phai nhir ngay nay.

Ve phong tuc va ton giao hien ta khong biet ro lam ,
nhirng chac rang ton giao co quan he mat thiet voi
nong nghiep ma le to nhiH la hoi mua xuan . Hien nay
o Bac Viet di tich le ay cung con sot lai mot vai noi ,
vi nhir hoi chiia Lim o Bac- ninh vao ngay ram thdng
gieng Ng& y hoi ay trai gai hoac hat ( hat doi ) de gheo
* ?

nhau , hoac dung trau cau de ngo y cung nhau o hoi '

( 1 ) Sir chep rang vua Tran Anh -Ton (1293-1314) khong chiu cho
xam hinh rong vho chan , tir d6 dan cung theo vua m & bo tuc
ve minh Sir lai ch £p rang ngircri xira so di co tuc ay la vi
*
*

nhung ngirfri cr btr bien lam nghe chai liroi thirfrng hay lan
xuong mrfre nen phai ve minh de cho thuong luong so- ma
khong dam lam hai .

25
chua Lim ta van con thay canh tuvng nh \r vay HQ l$i .
c6 t c dan bk goa khong con phai \hy anh ho§c em
^
chong (levirat ) de cho gidng ho tiep tyc va ciia cai khoi
sang tay ngiriri ngoai; hinh thurc gia dinh thi la mau
h £ che DQ ( matriarcat ) . T
/ X

Xa hqi bay gicr to chu c theo thiix phong kien ,

*

-
tutmg ty voi each to chii c cua dan Thai va Mu bug cr -
mien Thirpng du Thanh hoa va Bac Vi£ t. Dan thiremg
-
ggi Ih ddn Lgc , o' thhnh thon ap dutri quyen quan tri
- -
cua Lac - tu omg, ma cac Lqc tvcmg l &i la anh em ba con
cua L c- hau co thai ap to hern . Cac L c- hau thi than
^
phyc mQt vi ba chu la LQc vmmg ( 1). Tu dau ky - ^ *

-
nguyen tay Uch, vi anh hu erng cua van hoa Trung- quoc ,

(1) Theo nh & co hoc H. Maspero thi ten Hung-virong ma su- ta dung
de chi cac dm vua dau tien cua ruitrc Van lang XUTI la sai. -
- - -
Sach Nam viet chi co cau *Bat Giao chau phi nhieu lam , vua
xir dy gQ\ \k Hung- vinmg*. Sach Thuy kinh chu cung co cau - -
ay , nhimg khong phai dan hr sach Nam Vi t chi ma dan cr - ^-
-
sach Giao chau ngoai ky , song cr day thi ten vua khong chep ] &
Hung- vu cmg %it £
*
m & lai ch4p \k Lsic virong £• -
Sach Quang -chau ky l i vi 4 t chir L<ac \k MQt nhk chu
- ^ - *

thfch sach Bai vi t sir ky fcoan thir lai noi rang ten
Lac - tirong 4" $ rt? ^
sau doi la Hung tircmg &(£ jjj -
Nhirng nha ay khong nhan ra rang ten Lsic vutmg cung bien -
th &nh Hung -virong cho nen cac sach sir bay gitr deu chep
-
Lac-tu-6ng, Lac hau nhumg Hung vuxmg. Lac vutmg ma - -
bien thanh Hung- vircmg nguyen chi vi hai chu* lac va
hung hoi giong nhau ma nhan Ion *

26
che do phong kien biln doi raa dan dan thhnh che
do quhn huyen.

V. LICH-STT TIEN- H6A

CUA DAN-TOC*
VIET
*
NAM

Su chep rang Lac -Long-quan phong cho ngiroi con

*

trircmg lhm vua cr nircrc Van -lang xirng la Lac- vircmg.

Nircrc Van - lang la ten nircrc xira cua ngircri Viet- nam
nghy nay . Cac Lac-vircmg ho Hong-bang ke tilp nhau
diroc mircri thm dbi, den nam 257 thi nircrc Van-lang
-
bi vua nu crc Thuc (1) la An-dircmg- vutmg chiem m &t
O A y A

va doi ten la Au -lac. Den nam 207, nircrc Au -lac lai bi

Trieu -Da gom vho quan Nam - hai , l$ p thhnh mot nircrc
goi la Nam -Viet . Nam 111 tririrc ky nguyen L6 Bac-
7

Dire la tiremg nha Han danh duoi Trieu Dircmg-vircmg

la vua thir nam nha Trieu , nircrc Nam - Viet thhnh noi
thuoc Trung-hoa doi ten la Giao-chi-bd , chia lhm chm
qu &n.
& dtri Thuc vh dfri Trieu nuror Van-lang, tuy bi sdp
nhap veri nircrc lang gieng, nhirng chi thay ngoi ba chu ,
chir cac lac hau lac tiremg van giir quyen the tap
nhir xira . Tu- Lo Bac-Dirc lay nircrc Nam-Viet thi dia

( 1 ) Mot nu-Crc ldng gieng cua niroc Van -lang chlr khong phai la
nircrc Ba Thuc br Tir-xuyen.

27
phgin Van-lang bi chia \km ba qu£n : Giao- chi ,
nircrc
Ciru-chan va Nhijt- nam , moi qu$n co quan th £i thu cai
tri , nhung van khong can thiep den nqi tinh cac ap ,
ma dia vi va quyen bmh cua c&c lgc h &u lac tircmg
van khong thay doi , duy phai O' dir6i quyen quan thdi
thu va nop tue cong ma thoi .
Gan day ngmri ta dao dupe nhung mo xira or Thanh -
hoa thay nhung do dung thuqc ve trying thai qua do
ay, co the tieu bieu cho ba giai doan van h6a dong thbi
ton tai bay gio : nhung db da trau cua ngircri tho
*

tnrbe xira thupc ve tan thach khi thoi dai ( age

n olithique), nhung do ddng ve doi Han tyr Trung-
^
quoc dem vao, cung nhung do dong do ngiroi ban xir
bat chuerc do Trung-quoc ma l&m ra. Trong cac do ve
hang thu ba , co nhung cai trong dong la do rat pho
thong hr khap mien B6 ng- A, nhung co le goc tp mien *

Bac Viot ma ra. Tren nhung tr6ng xua nhat, thay

khac nhung ngiroi la lung di thuyen mang cung v & deo
long chim hr quanh minh, nhung canh tirpng dy khien
ta phai nghT den mot dan t6c h &ng hai khi ra di chinh
phuc vien phutmg, mac thu* y phuc long chim de mong
cung dupe tien gio bay xa nhu cac lo&i hau dieu (1) Song
*
.
nhung phong tuc x\ra ay s6 vi tiep xuc v6i van hoa
Trung-quoc m & bi& n doi . Ngutri T&u , hoac thirong

( 1 ) Xem bhi Les grandes 6poques de VIndochine, par Louis Finot .

( Bulletin de l’Enseignement Mutuel du Tonkin , Tome XV n 2
Avril Juin 1935.)
-
28
dan , ho&c binh si, hogc tu d6 bi day, hon chung voi
ngtroi ban xir moi ngdy m6i nhieu, khiin anh hircmg
van h6a Trung-qu6c dli vfri ddn ban xir cdng ngdy cdng
- -
th6m ridm . Lai gap O Trung quoc cb loan Virorng Mdng,
’

rlt nhieu quan lai trung thdnh v6i nhd Hdn dem gia
quyen tr6n sang cdc qudn cr phircmg nam , nhlt 14 qudn
Giao-chi la tri hat cua quan thdi thu Tich Quang. Ho
-
giup Tich Quang truyen bd van hoa cua Trung quoc cho
-
ngircri ban xir , nhu lap tnrbng han hoc , day dan phbp
cay bira va cdc le gido ( O' Ciru -chdn vd Nhdt nam tinh
hinh co le cung tmmg tir).
-
Buoi dau cdc tu tirimg va cdc dilu cai each ay chu'a
xam pham gi den quyen loi cua cdc lac hau lac tircmg
nen ho hoan nghenh . Nhirng den khi Tich Quang muon
lira ngiriri ban xir de dat mot ngach quan lai ha cap
cung mot quan doi thirfrng tru , khien so ngiriri thodt
ly pham vi phong kiln m6t ngdy mot d6ng , thi tinh the
ra chieu khb chiu . Cdc lac hlu lac tircmg thay quyen
the cua hq c6 ccr nguy, ben sinh 16ng bat binh voi phong
trdo m 6i, nhung trong diri Tich Quang thi ho vdn yen
ljing, chira gidm hoat d6ng gi.
-
Nhan thdi thu T6 Binh thay Tich Quang Id ngir&i
bao ngiroc , nen ngiriri Giao-chi l i thdm moi cam tire
^
md chi mong cd ccr hoi de khoi nghich . To Binh do biet
dirac tinh y ben dung thu doan khung bo , dinh gilt
nhCrng ngirbi co uy vong v6i nhan dan de toan dap tat
ngbi loan . Trong so nhirng ngiriri bi hai co vien lac
- -
tu cmg cr Chau dien ( nay thuoc tinh Vinh - yen ) la Thi
*

Sach , chong ba Trirng Trac la con gdi lac tirfrng a

-
Me linh ( nay thuoc tinh Phuc- yen ). Trirng Trac thay
chong bi gilt , quylt chi bdo thu, ben thira lire moi

29
ngubi, nhat 1k ph &i qrn tpc, dutmg bit binh voi To
©inh xk chinh s&ch cua quan lqi T&u, dS hi$ u triqu
-
ngtrtri Giao chi n6i 'len. To Binh cung chc quan Thu
cam cvr khong noi, nen ke thi bi gilt, ngvrtri phai chay
--
tron. Che quan khhc, nhtr Cu u chan , Nhgt nam , Hpp-
pho cung hircmg ung theo Tnmg Trac ma danh duoi
-
quan xk quan Thu. Chang bao lau ba cung v6i em gki la
Tnmg Nhi thu durqx: 65 thanh va tu* xvmg vutmg, dong
-
do or Me linh.
Nhvrag Tnmg-virong qua c6 du sire giur dirpc CUQC
doc lap khong ? Uy lijrc cua bh thyx ra thi chi hqn cr
-
trong vong cac ap Chau dien , Me-linh cung it nhilu ap
o' lan can c6 quan he than thxch hay nhan thich , chu-
cac lac hau, lac tircmg khac, vi tat ho da hoan hy
thOra nhan bh la bh chu dau . Va chang cr mpt xa hgi
khong thing nhat nhir xa hoi phong kiln , khong the
co sire doan ket lhu dhi, cho nen khi 16ng hang hhi buoi
dau da ngupi ma thay dai dpi Ma Vien keo den thi
-
phan nhieu ngirtri so hoa phai ra dau hhng. Boi vay
Ma Vien dirac ngirtri ban xir giup sux, ddnh duoi
-
Trimg vircmg rat glp, khien hai chi em bh bai tran
nhay xulng Hht-giang tu trim (1). -

-
( 1 ) Theo H . Maspero ( fitudes dTiistoire d’Annam ) thi bp-tu cmg cua
Ma Vipn dAnh duoi luon hai bA d4n mien Kim -Khe h'ay
Cam -Khe, hai ba bi bat va bi giet chng viri m6t nghin binh
si; Quan Thu dem thu cap hai bA ve nop cr Lac-dimng ( Kinh
-
do nu fo Tku ).

30
 Ma Vign th rng tr£n bhn bo han chi dg phong kign
^
cu mh lap chi do quan huyen nhir cr Tku ( thbd iy 1&
trieu Hdn ). Cdc lac hau, lac tircmg, mot phan thi sor
luy bo tron vho rimg, mot phan thi bi bai truat. Con
cic bo chinh (quan the t & p birc dirbd ) a t6ng , cr Ihng
thi c6 le cung cdn givr quyen the tap nhir cr cdc mien
thuumg du Thanh- h6a v & Hda-binh bay gib. Bon nay
ciing vod tru dan Trung- hoa dan dan thanh mot lcrp
qui toe mod, thay cho lcrp qui toe xira da tieu digt.

Bern so sdnh lich sir ta voi lich sir Thu thi se thay
rang nircrc ta tir Ma - Vien da thoat han chi d6 phong
kien xu a , cung nhir Trung - quoc tir nha Tan . Tir ray
*

ve sau sir du nhdp van hda Trung-hoa khong con trer

ngai gi nira, cho ngn den thi ky thu miriri, khi ngircri
*

Viet- nam bat dau cuoc chinh phuc nam tien thi phhm
li nghi, hoc thuat, van tif , nghg thuht, t6n giao cho din
che d6 gia toe vh chinh tri, xa- h 6i, deu lh theo van h6a
Trung-hoa. Trong cuoc nam tien ay ngircri Viet - nam
gap phai nirbc Chigm- thanh cr tir Hohnh -scm trer vao.
Dan toe ay rit hiiu chien vh dong manh , nhimg ho
-
khdng c6 t6 chu c kign co vh ky luht nghigm mat nhir
ngtrbd Vigt- nam , nen rot cuoc ho phai liii din cho din
tieu diet.

Boi voi phircmg bac thi sau cuoc ba Trim khod

-
^
nghla, c6n c6 may cuoc khod nghia khhc ( Trieu Au , Ly
B6n , Mai Hac Be ) diu cot thoht ly vdng thong thuoc
-
Trung hoa de tao thhnh quic gia d6c lSp . Nam 939, Ngo
Quyin danh dirpc quan Nam Hhn , roi lai tiep den
31
cuOc logn Nhi- th p sir-quSn , cho d 4 n nam 968 Dinh
^
BO-LInh dep dupe lo^n m6i thong nhat ca giai d 4t
gdm xir Bac Viet vh bac b$ Trung Vi§t cho d£n
Hoanh -scm, dgt quoc hieu lit Bgu-Co- Viet, d6ng d6 cr
Hoa-lir.
Nam 980, Le Hoan circrp ngoi nha Dinh l§n lam vua ,
lay hieu Id Le Bai-Hanh , danh pha qu & n nh & Tong
sang xam lupc, roi quay l i danh Chiem -Thanh , vi vua
^
nuxnc ay da bat giam Sir gia Viet-nam . D&i -Hanh
than chinh chiem dupe B;a - ly -chau ( Phu Quang- ninh ,
tinh Quang- binh nghy nay ) pha huy kinh do
-
(Yudrapura ) o' mien Tra kieu bay giir, va bat nguiri
lay cua dem ve rat nhieu. Chiem -thanh phai ch;u
trieu cong. Sau Bgi- Hanh tra chau Bja -ly l$i, nhimg
Chiem - thanh da pha dcri kinh do v &o thanh Phgt-the
( Vijaya ) , tux Binh-dinh b& y gitr. B6 1& cu £>c thang lpi
lan thir nhirt cua ngircri Viet-nam doi v6i Chi£ m -
thhnh o' tr£ n dircrng nam tien (1).
Nam 1044, vua Thai -Ton nha Ly than chinh danh
Chiem - thanh vi ho van hay quay nhieu bien thixy ,
chi£ m dupe thanh Phat- the, lay voi ngira cua cai va
bat 5.000 ngmri dem ve cho khai khan ddt hoang cr
mien Nghe -an. Nam 1069 vua Ly Thanh - Ton cung dai

( 1 ) Trirdc kia Chiem -thanh (ggi 1& rurirc Lam - ap roi den rnror
-
Hoan vmmg ) c6 pham canh Giao-chau nhieu lan , nhimg trong
thin ky Noi thuoc thi ho chi xung dot vcri quan si Trung- quoc
thoi .

32
 -
thang Chiem thanh, pha huy kinh -do vh bat vua Chiem
-
phai cat dat ba chau Bia -ly, B6 chmh ( phu Quang-
-
trach, huyen Bo trach , tinh Quang-binh ) va Ma linh -
-
( bac-bo tinh Quang tri), roi cho ngmri Viet - nam vao
khai kh & n chc chau ay. Nam 1252, Chiem thanh lai bi -
-
quhn vua Thai Ton nha Tran danh va bat diroc vua
-
cung quan dan rat nhieu . Chu-a du ac bao lau thi nha
-
Nguyen ( Tau ) lai sai Toa Bo dem hai quan din vin toi
Chiem - thanh kh 6ng chiu trieu cong . Quan Chiem thua
nhieu tran , vua phai tron vao rung , nhung rot cuoc
Toa -B6 cung khong chinh phuc n 6i, ma lai bi ton hai
rat nhieu , nen phai rut quan ve.
Nam 1306 , vua Chiem - thhnh la Che- Man cat hai
-
chau 6 vh Ri cho vua Tran Anh Ton de lhm le cucri
-
Huyin Tran cong chua . Vua Tran ddi hai chau ay lhm
- -
Thudn chau va Hoa -chau (dat Thira thien ngay nay ),
va sai Boan Nhu-Hai vho kinh ly va dat quan cai tri.
-
Vi con Chi Man lh Che-Chi mu6n thu phuc hai chau
bi cat do nen hay xam nhieu bien gicri , vua Tran
-
Anh Ton ben sai quhn di dhnh, bat du ac Che-Chi dem
vi nuac va bat Chiem -Thanh than phuc (1312).
-
-
Nhung dvrac it lau a Chiem thhnh co mot vi vua anh
hung len ngoi quyet chi rua thii cho nuac, nen het sue
chinh don binh bi de danh Viet-nam . Tir 1361 din
1383 Che Bong-Nga nhan luc Viet nam suy nhuac , -
nhieu lan dem binh ddnh phd va tien danh Thang- long
den ba lan. Bay gicr uy quyen Chi Bong Nga chi -
phoi din ca cac mien a phia bac Hoanh son cho den -
bien giai Thanh hoa. Nam 1390 Che Bong Nga lai dem -
33
thuy quan ra ddnh Thang-long, nhimg dutmg khi dem
thuyen di d6 tinh thi quan Vi| t-nam thi bi trung dan
md chet. Thly vua da chit, quan Chiem -th 4nh chay
-
tan loan . Khi ly tirbrig Chiem la La Khai lln chiem
ng6i vua , nhimg khong du sire giir dirge dat dai cua
Ch6 Bong Nga da chiem.
Nam 1402, Ho Quy- Ly sai quan di danh Chiem -
Thanh , thu dirge cac xir Chiem -dpng ( phu Thang-binh
tinh Quang- nam ) va xir C6-luy ( Quang-nghia ), Quy -
Ly chia mien ay ra lam chau Thang, chau Hoa , chau
TV, chau Nghia, va cho dan ngheo vao cr d6 de khai
khan, c6n ngirbi Chiem thi bo di noi khac ca.
-
Nam 1414 nirfre Viqt nam b; nha Minh chinh phpc
trong 14 nam khong the lo viec khai thde ve miln nam
dirge. Ben khi L6 Lgi khoi phuc dirge nen d$c ldp thi
-
lo giao hao v6i Chiem thanh ngay . Nhimg quan Chiem
van cir quiy nhieu bien gi6i nhir trirge, cho nen vua
Le Thanh -Ton dem binh vao ddnh pha thanh Bo ban -
- -
( Cha ban , tire la thanh Phat the dfri truVc ) bat vua
- -
la Tra Toan , chilm lay ede xir Bo ban , Bai-chiem , chi
de lai cho ngirdi Chiem nhimg dlt hr v!phi'a nam B£o
Ca , nhimg chia cat thanh ba nirfrc d6 cho ho yeu the
di . Bln do ngirdi Vi
| t-nam dd tieu diet diroe thi lire
cua Chiem thanh ma mg mang quoc canh den thn phi'a
-
nam tinh Phu - yln ngdy nay.
Ve sau trong cuoc Nguyen Trinh phan tranh , chua
Nguyen hr mien nam se tilp tuc sir nghiep nam tiln ,
di
| t han ngirfri Chiem-Thanh chi de cho hq mot vai
34
huy£ n (1) va chidm vtmg Nam Viqt cua ngubi Cao-
-
man. Ngubi Viet nam sir di chilm dat vd diet ngubi
-
Chiem thdnh nhu the , khong phai vi I6ng hieu chien
cua dan , hay vi ldng khoa dai cua vua, ma thirc Id vi le
canh ton vay. Ngubi Vi§t -nam trudc kia b mi & n
trung chau Bac Viet va cdc mien Thanh -hoa , Nghe-an ,
-
Ha tinh. Dat dai thi co han ma dan s6 mot ngdy mot
nhieu, cho nen sir thg bat phai mcr th 6 m bo coi Ve *

phia dong thi co bien rbng, ve phia tay thi c6 nui cao,
ve phia bac thi c6 nude Trung- hoa la nirtrc hung
-
cubng; b ve nam thi mrcrc Chiem thanh tuy xua
-
cubng thinh nhung den khi Viet nam doc lap thi da
-
bat dau suy doi. Vay ngircri Viet nam tro dudng vao
nam la le tu nhien. Hien nay b trung chau Bac Viet vd
bac bo Trung Viet van cbn cai kho dat hep ngubi
nhieu, cho nSn cai khuynh hudng banh trudng vao
nam ta th &y van duong thuc hien.
Ve phia nam ta da thay ket qua cua sir xung dot
gitra ngubi viet- nam va nguroi Chiem -thanh Id the
nao* Bay gib ta thvr xet qua edi cong phu doi pho cua
*

- -
ngubi Viet nam veri Trung quoc ve phia bac. Tu khi -
nude Nam doc Idp , tuy ede tri & u vua van trieu cong
Trung-quoc, nhung vua Tau van thuong lam le chd
-
co hoi md chinh phuc lai nucrc Nam . Vua nhd Tong
-
nghe lbi Vuong An Thach cho kinh ly viec danh Giao-

(1) Hien nay ngirai Chiem -thanh chi con 30,000 nguiri cr phia
nam Trung-viet, vk 20,000 ngirtri tranh sang Cao-man.

35
chau , nen nam 1075 triiu Ly phai dung thu doan tien
phbt che nhan , sai Ly thirimg- Kiet dem quan dbnh cbc
chau Kham, chau Liem va chau Ung ( o' tinh Quang dong
vb Quang tdy ). Nhb Tong dem trQng binh dbnh lpi ,
nhimg ket qua vi ben Tbu c6 nbi bien ( ngircri Kim xam
-
lu pr ) nbn nha Ting ch}u hha .
Den dcri Trbn , nha Nguyen lby ccr rang vua Viet
nam giup Chiem -thbnh dbnh Toa -Do, vb thac tir muxm
-
-
du bug di dbnh Chiem- thanh mb sai Thobt-Hoan tiin
binh xam lirpx (1284 ). Qubn Viet- nam bi thua nhiiu
tran , nhung nhfr cac tuxmg Tran Quoc-Tuan, Trbn
Nhat- Duat, Pham Ngu -Lao het su-c cif djch ma rit
cupc quan Nguyen phai thua va nhb Nguybn phai giang
hoa (1288).
Nam 1407 nha Minh nhan viec Ho Quy -Ly soan vi ,
mirpTL cb- khoi phyc nha Tran ma dem binh xam lirpx

Viet - nam , bat Ho Quy -Ly va Hi Han -Thuxmg va

chiem cir nirox ta. Nhb- Le Lpi chiin dau trong
mirbi nam (1418-1427), nirox ta moi khoi cbi hoa nbi
thuoc. Song ngiriri Tbu van chira chiu bo han cai da
tam chinh phuc , nen den khi Tay-son lay dit Bac-ha ,
vua Le Chieu-Thong chay tron vb cau ciru voi vua
Can -long nhb Thanh , thi vua Thanh sai Ton Si-Nghi
dem quan sang danh chiem Thang-Long. Vua Quang-
trung ( Nguyen Hue ) nghe tin ay ben tir Thuat hoa
thong link thuy bo dai binh ra danh quan Thanh
-
( 1789). Ton Si - Nghi bai tran phai chay, thi lb
nirbx
ta khoi dirpx ach noi thubc. Tir do , ebe vua nirox ta
van thp phong 6- nubx Tau nhu- ebe doi trutre, cho din
36
khi niroc Phap lay d & t Nam -Vipt va lap cupc bao ho
cr Trung Viet vk Bac Viet thi nircrc Thu m 6i h 6 t ngAp
nghe den dat nircrc ta ma tir xira ho van xem la phien
qu6c.
Tom lai ve phfa bac thi nircrc ta van hang hhi chong
-
cir khong de cho nu crc Thu chinh phuc, nhimg van biet
phan minh nho yeu nen dcri vua nao cung chiu ximg
than ; con ve mat nara thi chinh sach tien thu vhn tiep
tuc luon.

-
Ta thu xet qua sir nghiep khai thac phu cmg Nam cua
chua Nguyen . Khi Nguyen Hoang vi sur Trinh Kiem lam
-
hai mh xin di tran thu dat Thuan - hoa la khi da nhom
nen chi ngdi Nguyln Trinh phan tranh (1558). Chua
Trinh or Bac thi theo duoi luon chi muc dich tiem doat,
c6n chua Nguyen cr mi£ n Nam thi chuyen lire khai thhc
dat moi . Khi Nguyen Hoang vao Nam , co nhieu quhn
-
linh a Thanh hoa va Nghe-an dem vor con di theo. Nam
1611, Nguyen Hohng thhy nguhi Chiem thanh quay -
nhieu bien gi6i , ben dira quan vao danh lay lai du uc
mot khu dAt( l ) lap thanh phu Phu- yen. Nam 1653
-
-
ngu cri Chiem thanh lai quay nhieu dat phu yen , chua
'
-
Nguyen Phuc -Tan sai quan di dhnh lai lay them dat
-
cua Chiem - thanh cho den song Phan rang, dat lam phu
-
Thhi- ninh ( tire la tinh Khanh hoa bay gicr). Nam 1693,

( 1 ) Bat nay trirtrc kia Le Thanh Ton da chietn dime roi , nhimg
sau vi nircrc ta suy nhirnc nen ngmri Chiem - thanh lai thu hoi
dircrc .

37
chua Nguyen Phuc-Chu ldy c(r vua Chiem khong tien
-
cong lg.i d 4nh l 4y them d & t cua Chiem thanh , d & t lam
-
thu & n phu. Qua nam 1697 lgi d£t ra Binh-thu & n - phu ,
-
lay dat Phan ri va Phan - rang lam huyen Hoa-da va
huyen Yen -phuc.
Moi lan lay duxrc d4t Chiem-th & nh , chua Nguyen
thmmg bat nhirng nguvi Chiem co the doi y phyc
theo ngirbi Viet -nam dd phu dv dan hp. Vi the ngircri
Chiem -th &nh mpt phan thi dong hoa theo ngutri Vi£t *

nam , m$t phan thi b\ ngutri Viet-nam \ka luot mk ti6 u

mon dan.
-
Nirtrc Chiem thanh da mat han , chua Nguyen l$i
-
xam chiem dat dai cua nuxrc Chan lap. Nguyen nircrc
nay 6 vao mien trung chau song Khung, ruOng dat
*

nhieu va tot, ma nudr Vi t- nam thi thu'bng hay mat

^
mua, nhan dan phai nvn d6i kho luon luon. Lai them cai
kho vi chien tranh ( Nguyen Trinh phan tranh ) cang
giyc ngircri ta bo xir ma di , nhieu ngutri ru nhau vao
khan dat l&m rugng 6 mien Mo-xoai ( Ba -iia) va Bong-
*

nai ( nay thuoc hat. Bien - hoa ). Nam 1658 chua Hien
vutmg can thiep vao viec noi bien nunc Chan -lap, bat
-
dune vua Nac Ong-Chan khien phai trieu cong va buoc
nhirimg dat Mo-xoai va B&ng- nai. Hien - vircmg lai cho
nhirng ngircri Minh khong chiu l &m t6i nhk Thanh mk
bo tron sang Viet - nam vho khai khan dat Dong- pho
-
ra \km dinh Tran -bi£n ( Bien hoa ) va dinh Phien- tran
-
( Gia - dinh ) , roi chieu mo luu dan tar Hoanh scm tro vao
*

de lap them thon xa ma khai kh&n ruong dat. Nhirng

ngircri khach 6 Tran-bien thi lap th&nh xa Thanh ha.
*
-
-
nhirng ngircri khach hr Phien tran thi lap thanh xa
Minh-hutmg.

38
 B& y gib m t ngirbi Quang d6ng lh Mac Cun cung
*

^ - -
vi khfing chiu th & n phuc nhh Thanh ma bo sang d &t
- -
Shi mat nir6 c Chhn lap lh ncri c6 nhilu ngirbi cbc
*

nirbc den buon bhn . Mac Cun mb song dhnh bac va -

bo tiln chieu mo lun dhn , lap ra xa goi lh Hb-tibn.
Nam 1708 Mac-Cun xin than phuc chua Nguyen va
- -
dirou phong chu c Tong binh de giu dat ay. Bay gib
nirfrc Chan lap co noi loan luon . Chua Vo-vutmg nhan
*

-
can thiep mh thu diruc co d &t b phia thy. Khi Vo vircmg
m &t (1765) thi tohn dia phhn Nam Viet ngay nay lb vl
-
tay chua Nguyin ca, ngirbi Chan lap chi cbn giu phsin - *

-
dat Cao man ma thoi.
Vo-vircmg mat, Trutmg Phuc Loa’n lhm phu chfnh , -
lh ngirbi tham lam tan he nen nhhn dan ohn gian vo
cung. Bbi th4, b phfa nam thi ba anh em Thy som hieu -
trihu dhn chung khbi loan dhnh thanh Quy nhon -
(1772), cbn o phfa bac thi quhn Trinh thira luc mi &n
*

Nam cb bien dem quSn vho danh Phu xu &n khi& n chua -
Nguyen cung chhu lh Nguyen Phuc Anh phai do dirbng -
-
thuy chay vho Gia dinh. Quhn Tay-scm lay diroc Qui -
nhem thira thang lay lu6n ddt Quang nam , roi cho -
binh vho dhnh chua Nguyen 6 Gia dinh, l &y dutre *
-
-
thanh Sai gbn ( 1776 ). Mirbi nam sau, Tay-so n thu *

dirge ca ba coi Trung, Bac, Nam. Nam 1791 Nguyen

Huh lh ngirbi anh dung nhit ba anh em mat, thi co *

nghihp cua nhh Thy-scm cb chieu suy doi. Bay gib

chua Nguyen lb Nguyln Phuc- Anh da thu hoi dirge d &t
Gia- dinh . Nhb mot ngirbi giho si Phhp la giam muc
*

- -
Bh da 16c lhm quan su vb nhieu vo quan ngirbi Phap
-
giup sire, Nguyen Phuc Anh dhnh qu & n Tay scm lay -
39
lg.i dirpn thhnh Qui-nhon, trong khoang mpt thhng lay
lpi dirpc ca mien Trung Vipt, roi keo quan ra lay luon
thanh Thang Long. Nguyen Phuc- Anh thong nh & t
duxrc giang-som , r6i len dl v\ hipu la Gia-long ( 1802).
Vua Gia-long nhfr ngirfri Ph&p giup m6 thang duvc
-
Tay son tu c 16 chinh there mcr dmrng cho mrfrc ta tiep
xuc vcri van h6a tay phutrng v 6 mcr cho lich sir van h6a
nunc ta mpt ky nguyen moi. Nghi d£t qu6c hipu la
Viet- nam roi sun sang cdc vipc chmh tri v6 kinh te,
cimg cdc thir chi dp le nghi thhnh ky cirong mpt nunc
thong nhat. Cac trilu Minlnmonh, Thipu- tri , Tq - -
du-c khong thay doi gi nhieu ve cong cu§c t6 chvrc cua
Gia - long. Den nam 1862-1867 nunc Ph &p chiem cir
xer Nam Vipt roi. h6a uxrc nam 1884 nhqn quyen bao
hp cua nirfrc Phap O Bac Vipt v 6 Trung Viet. Tu do
'
-
den nay nunc Vipt- nam chia ra lam ba xtr Nam Vipt,
Bac Vipt va Trung Vipt, ch;u anh hutmg cua van hoa
Phhp mpt ngay mpt sau , ma anh hunng cua van h6a
Trung-hoa mot ngay m$t phai lat dan.

40
 SACH TEAM KHAO

Qu6c- van
Viet - nam sur-luyc Tr & n Trong Kim .
-
Moi kontum Nguyln Kinh Chi v& Nguyen B6ng-Chi.
Han- Van
-
Bai - viit sur- ky , Ngo Si Lien.
Kham -dinh Viet - sur, Qu 6c- sir-qu &n.
- -
BaLnam nhdt thong chi, Quoc sxr quan.
Ph6p-Van
L’lndochine, par Sylbain Levy ( Exposition colomiale in -
ternational , 1931).
L’lndochine , par Georges Maspero ( Van Oest, Paris ).
L’lndochine , par E . Teston et M. Percheron ( Librairie de
France, Paris ).
L’lndochine, ( Gdographie humains), par J. Branbes ( Van
Oest, Bruxelles ).
L’lndochine franqaise, par Ch. Robequain ( Armand
Colin, Paris )
L’lndochine franqaise , par Gourou ( Hanoi ).
L’lndochine franqaise par Russier et Bremen
( B. E.F.E .O , Hkn6i ).
Les grandes espoques de I’lndochine, par L. Finot ( Voir
Bulletin de la Societe d’Enseignement Mutuel du
Tonkin , Tome XV n 2 ).
-
Cours d’histoire annamite , par Tru cmg Vinh - Ky ( Im -
primerie du Gouvemement, Saigon ).
41
Histoire moderne du pays dAnnam, par Ch. B. Maybon
( Plon , Paris).
Essai d’histoire dAnnam, Ch. Patris ( Bac-lap, Hu£ ) .
Etudes d’histoire dAnnam, par H. Maspero ( B.E.F.E . O,
tomes XVI, XVIII ).
Paleonthologie de lAnnam et du Tonkin, ( Bulletin , de la
Societe de Geographic du Tonkin ).
Origine de la race annamite , par Figuet ( Challemel,
Paris).
he Royaume du Champa, par H. Maspero ( Brill, Leipe ).
Les Chams d’autrefois et d’aujourd’hui, par Jeanne
Leuba Ideo, Hanoi ).
Les regions Moi du Sud Indochinois, par Maitre ( Plon ,
Paris )
Guide Madeolle Indochine du Nord , Indochine du Sud ,
2 vol . ( Hachette, Paris ).
La Civilisation, par F. Sartiaux ( Armand Colin , Paris).

42
 THIEN THU' HAI
k
KINH TE SINH HOAT
i. N6 NG NGHIEP a

T -
heo cac bhi khao cu u rat tutmg te cua nhh c6 hoc

^-
H.Maspero thi ngirbi Vi t nam xira “lhm ru6ng
bang cuoc da trau, chcr ph6p chy rudng bang trau thi
sau moi hoc theo ngvrbi Thu. C6 le ho da bilt lhm hai
mua, vh neu thue rang ho bi& t loi dung nircrc song
len de dem niroe vho ruong thi ho cung dh lh tay lam
ruong kha”.
Ctr the thi dan toe ta da chuyen nghe nong tu doi -
thirong c6, nhirng con br trang thai tho scr. V > sau trai
-
qua cuoc n6i thuoc Trung quoc thi men hoc dirqc phep
chy bCra va biet lhm do dung bang sat (1), nhfr vay
mh nong nghiep phdt dat horn.
Ta khbng c6 the thuat r<5 chi lich sir phht dat cua
ndng nghiep d§ xem con dirtmg dien tien cua n6 da
kinh qua d§ tto trinh do nghy nay, vi nhirng kinh
nghiem vo danh cua nhh nong khdng co ghi ch6p trong

(1) Sir chep rang quan Thai - thu qu&n Ciru -chan la Nham Dien
day dan dCing c&y bi>a de khan dat ruong va dung sat de l &m
dien khl. Sir lai ch£ p rang ba Lu -hau nhk H6n khong ro vi
*

bat binh gi v6i Trieu Ba, cam ngirtri T&u khong dvroc bdn
ph &m vat * nhat 111 d& diing bang sat cho ngirfri Viet-nam

43
svr sach. Ta chi biet rang phuung phdp canh tdc ngdy
nay xet be ngodi thi thay dom gian chit phdc kh 6ng
thay tien bp chut nao, ma ky thyc thi rat tinh te thich
ddng rdt h(rp v6i tho nghi vd hoan canh hr nirfrc ta ,
thyc la ket qua cua mOt cudc kinh nghiem kien nhdn
-
don chira tu doi thiryng co. “Nhieu nha nong hyc
nhyn rang kho long cai lutmg ky thuyt canh tdc ay cho
-
horn the duvc ”( l ) Nhumg ta phai hieu rang cdc ky
thuyt tinh te ay thfch dung 6" nhumg miin dit hep
nguiri dong nhu xtr Bac Viet vd bac bo Trung Viet,
*

chi chu tryng ve sy dung het d;a lvrc chu khdng

* *

nham ve myc dich giam nhe nhan cong, cho nen co

- -
nhiiu noi, vi nhu 6 Nam Viet, ngu bi ta dung cong it
*

ma mot khoanh dat dong dien tich c6 the sinh san

\ M /

duyc nhieu hem , nhumg thyc khong c6 ch6 ndo ddt

the( 2 )
-
nghdo nhu thd ma lyi c6 diryc edi lvrpmg sinh san nhu *

Ngiriri ta thuhmg ch$ din Viet-nam co 6c nhan tuan

khong biet bo nhumg phircmg phdp cu rich md theo edi
m 6i, nhumg ho co biet dau rang nhumg phutmg phdp
moi md ho ndi dd , nhumg phucmg phdp toi tan cua
Au -chau, khong the umg dung vdo nhumg thira ruyng
bdn tay hr xu ta dumc . Thirc ra, moi khi so Canh nong
* - -
co bay ve each gi mdi md b6 ich thu c nhu lum giong,
* *

dung giong moi (lua , mia ) cat cay che , thi dan ta vim
hoan nghenh lam .

(1) Gourou, le Paysan da delta tonkinois ,

( 2) Xem them sAch Le paysan du delta tonkinois cua Gourou.

44
 - -
Nhan dan nircrc ta xu a nay chi b nhu ng ch6 doing
thap dat boi cho nen von chi nhcr vao nong nghiep
mh s6ng. (7 trung chau Bac Viet v& bac bo Trung Viet
ngiroi nha que khong bo hoang mot manh dat con con
ndo, mh mot chut dat phii sa m6i boi th§m cung
thay co dau vet canh tac. Cai kinh nghiem ve nong
nghiep mdy nghin nam nay da khien dan ta hieu biet
rat tinh tirimg nhtrng tinh chat cua ru6ng nu'ong va
song ngoi trong xtr. Nhumg van de sinh tu ton vong -
cua chung t6c lb thuoc v£ n 6ng nghiep, nhir chiem
hum dat dai , phan phoi dat boi , khai khan dat hoang,
cung la viec thuy Ion , nhu khai song dao ngoi , dap d§
xay dap . Trai cac trieu vua chinh sach kinh te chi chu
trong ve nong, nhir viec quan dien , khSn hoang, ho de;
nh & vua lai thircmg ra sac khuyen nong khien cAc phu
huyen tong ly phai khuyfen d&n chSm giir ban nghiep.
Nho giao la hoc thuat cua cac xa h 6i nong nghiep lai
chu tru-ong trong nong khinh thirong( l ) , ma xa hoi ta ,
trong hang tir dan ( si nong cong thirong ) nghe nong
chi d&ng sau nghe si , nghia la nong dan chi dumg sau
quan lai , mA cr tren ca cdng nh &n vh thircmg nh&n.

PHUTXNG PHAP CANH TAC

Ta da biet rang phircmg ph &p canh tAc cua dan que
mrfrc ta rat tinh te va thich hop vcri tho nghi cung
hoan canh. Ta cung nen xet qua cAi ky thuat trong lua
xem n6 the nao.

(1) Xem Khong giao phe binh tieu luan cua B &o Duy-Anh .

45
 Ve giong lua hipn cr trung ch & u Bac Vipt c6 it ra la
ba tram thir, hai tram giong ve mua thang mubi, mpt
tram giong ve mua thdng nam, Moi giong ay c6 tinh
chat rieng, khien ngubi ta phai tuy mua tiiy dat mk
trong, vi nhir co lua muon, lua scrm , c6 lua nubc man ,
lua nubc lpt , co lua d6ng can , lua dong s& u v.v...
Ve phep cay lua, ngubi ta lpi tiiy mua, tiiy dat ma
cay ddy hay sira , cay khom to hay nho. Sir cky hia lam
cho do ton gidng ma cay lua lai de mpc. No lai co lpi
*

-
nu a la nhtrng rupng cay , sau mua gpt con c6 the trong
mpt lop hoa mau de cho cay cay mua lua sau, cho nen
*

co khi mpt thira rupng co the lam dtrpc ba bon mua.

Phep due mpng va phep vai ma lpi cang tinh xao hon
-
nu a , nhat la each
* »
trang mat miremg de troi mira khoi
troi giong hay de tranh cho nubc dirng dpng lpi trong
mutmg ma lam hir giong.

Cach c&y btra thi ky cang lam. O’ Bac Vipt va bac

bp Trung Vipt , 16p ddt duxri khong tot nen thubng
-
c&y can , dung c&y nhe vk lubi nho , con 6 trung bo vh
nam bo Trung Viet thi chy sau, cho nen dung cky nang
-
va lubi to. C6 nhieu noi nhu Nam-dinh v & Thai- binh
sau mua th& ng mubi ngubi ta c&y roi xlp dat lat cay
thanh tOmg dong de phoi dat cho kho. Ngubi ta
nghi$m rang each ay lhm cho dat tot them xap boi.
1 1 y

Dan que can dung phan de them sire dat , nhimg vi

it tien khong mua phan duxrc n$ n phai nghi ra nhieu
each lam phan rat tai. O' nha que, ngubi ta gianh nhau
kiem phan Ion va phan trdu bo khap mpi noi de ve
bon ruong. Hp dung tat ca nhtrng chdt hum co- the ,
46
nhir xac ca mam , kho dau, dpng tarn chet ba trdm , tro
-
ram. Hp lai dung nhieu thu phan cay hay phan boi ,
nhir phan Id thau dau, Id xoan, la san, gidy khoai , giay
ddu va luc binh. Nhieu cho ngiroi ta dung bbo tr ao ho
hay rong a song db 1dm phan . Ngiriri ta lai con biet lay
bun, da v 6i hoac muoi db bbn dat cho thbm t6t, hay db
doi tmh dat cho hop voi thir cay trong.
Den nhir phan hoa hoc thi vi gia dat qud nen dan
que biet no co lpi md khong the dung dircrc , chi co a
Nam Viet ngu-oi ta dimg nhieu md thoi.
( j cac nirac van minh thirfrng co nhumg hoi canh
nong ( concours agricoles ) de tirong le n6ng nghiep. O'
-
nu frc ta cung c6 nod to chuc nhumg hoi nhir the , vf nhir
hoi thi lorn 16m hay hoi thi xoi ( gao nbp ) or mot vai mien
trong tinh Thai - binh.( l )

THUY LOTI
Ta da biet rang t6 tien cr niroc Van -lang xira da biet
lpi dung niroc song len de dem nirac vao ruong. Vi lua
Id mot coc loai c&n c6 niroc lu6n moi song va l6n
diroc, dan qub phai het sire 1dm the nao cho nuxrc cr
ruong khi ndo cung co cho nbn ngay tir dtri m6i biet
trong lua, nghia Id tir dcri thiromg co, ho da phai cham
lo ve van db thuy lpi. Xira nay c6ng cuoc thuy lpi cua
nhan dan ta la mot cuoc tranh dau kien nhan va kh6ng

( 1) Theo muc Technique agricole trong sach Le Paysan du delta

Tonkinois ciia Gourou .

47
 1 \ / /

ngCmg v £ri tir nhien de gianh lay ph £n dat cay cay

cho ding nghy cang r§ng. Vein dS thuy lqi CO quan he
m &t thi 4t vcri sinh menh cua ddn t$c, cho nen khong
nhtrng nh &n dan lo lieu ma Chinh- phu cung ra sire
kinh dinh. Chmrng trinh thuy lqi cua Chinh - phu xira
-
nay dqi khai la ngan ngira nu irc lqt 6 cdc song 1cm ; lo
"

dem nutrc vao c&c ruQng cao; lo thao ntrfrc 6" nhtrng
mien dong th &p , vh ngan nutrc m§n dung tran vao;
lo lhm cho ddt bai bien boi l & n vk h6 t men; lo lien lgc
nhtrng he song lorn vcri nhau de khi4 n cho thuy the
quan binh . Ngay nay hr trung chau Bac Viet , ta thay
hai ben s6ng cdi co hang may nghin ki'-lo- m6t bcr de,
khap xtr thay ngang dqc dang dit biet bao nhieu song
ngoi do nhan cong khai tec, mqt giai bo bien hang may
*

-
huy£ n la dat circrp du qc cua bien xanh, do la nhirng
ket qua tot dep cua cong CUQC thuy lqi can cu kien
nhlin cua nhan dan ta trai qua bao nhieu the ky .
—
f )6 dieu. Mien trung chau Bac Viet nguyen nhcr
song Nhi b6i dap ma thanh , nhung song Nhi chinh lai
cung la mot moi khung khi§p cho nhan dan vi nam nao
cung c6 lut Ion ( Thang sau dirong lich bat dau co lut ).
Den mua lut thi mroc tran ngap het ca viing o' hai
ben song, c6 cho troi nhk cira , chet ngutri vat, thirc la
mot moi hai lorn. Mien ha ban Bac Viet lai con thinh
thoang co nan thuy trieu, nliung khong nguy may vi
mat dat khong thap horn mat bien nhcr hr nutrc Ha -lan .
Song thuy trieu co the lam tran nutrc man v&o ruong,
d6 la cai hai 16m nh £t cua n6.
*

48
 B6i voi nan mrdc lut vh nan trieu bi6n , chi c6 de
1& tri dirqc. Bang theo sir sach ch 6p thi ta bilt de cr
Bac Vidt c6 tir xira lam. Sdch Quan -quoc-chi chep
rang : “Qudn Giao-chi a phia tay bac huyen Long-bien
( tire mien HA- n6i ng&y nay ) co de de giir mrcrc s6ng”.
Ben diri Birimg (chirng khoang tir 867 den 875), Cao
Biln dap de quanh thhnh Bai-la ( tire Thang- long) dai
2125 trirpng d6 ngan mrdc song. Bin doi doc l§p vua
Ly Nhan-T6 n (1072-1127 ) dap d6 Ca- xa de giir dat
kinh th &nh ( Thang-long ), vua Trln Thdi - Ton (1244-
1258) sai quan cac 16 dap de 6- hai ben song Nhi va dat
quan Ha-de de coi soc de dieu. Vua Le Thanh-Ton
(1460-1497 ) cung dat quan Ha - d§. Vua Gia -long (1802 -
1819 ) m 6i len ngoi da lo cuoc tri ha, truyen cho ede
tran phai giir gin de dieu, cho nao khong co thi dap
them, cho n &o hir hong thi phai svra lai. Nhtrng dcri
Minh-menh, Thieu -tri , Tir- dire co den nam bay lan
h 6i nghi ve viec de, khi thi hoi dia phircmg quan , khi
thi hoi dinh than. Nhimg sir kien bat dong, sau lai
phai treo bang ra cac ncri de tnmg cau chung kien.
Ngiriri thi ban giir de, ngircri thi ban phb de, ngirdi thi
chu triremg d&o song moi , r6t cuoc roi Trieu - dinh lai
phai dap them de. Thirc ra thi ede d£ cua lich trieu ta
dap khong dirorc virng vang, khong du sire md chong
lai sue mrdc lut to. Va chang ngircri Viet-nam kheng
timg nghien ciru khoa hoc dong thuy hoc cho tinh , ma
cung khong biet lqi dung kinh nghiem cua cac mrcrc
gioi ve tri thuy , cho nen de dieu dap dirqc nliieu non
ma cir va luon. Ngircri ta tinh rang cr tinh Humg- yen ,
tir nam 1800 den nam 1900 c6 den 26 lan ver de.

49
Nhimg tir 1902 den nam 1921 lpi c6 den 13 lan vo de. *

Xem the thi tuy tir khi co CUQC bao he, van de tri thuy
- -
co so chuyen mon cua Chinh phu dam dutmg mh de
cung khong thdy viing hon. Thirc ra thi de dieu cr Bac
Viet von chira du vOrng mh chong lei sire nircrc let
manh liet cua song Nhi, cho nen cr giira nhirng y kien
phan van , sau tr& n lut khoc hai nam 1926, Chinh phu -
-
phai danh theo phutmg phap tri thuy cr song Po ( V dai-
Icri) vo song Missisipi ( Hoa- ky ) ma dap de cho virng
vang hem trurnc; edn nhirng phutmg sach nhy no ngutri
ta de xutmg, nhir khoi rpng s6ng cu, dho them song
m6i, hogc la pha han ca de de cho nircrc lyt boi cao
nhung vung dong thap, dcri xuu da timg co ngircri
khoi nghi, cung lh trong cay d£ giir nutre mira, dap
7

dgp de ngan nutre song, cac phutmg sdeh ay deu

s
- b;
-
bac ca . Hien nay Chinh phu djnh phai boi bb de cho
- -
cao hem mife nii irc lyt cao nhat, vh mat de 6 tren phai
-
rpng dirp c 7 met. Nhumg doi voi mOt he de co hon 2000
- -
ki 16 met, thi viec boi bo by khong phai la de dang.
Nghy xira viec dap de la viec cong ich , cir bat dan
phu di lhm. Nghy nay co thbu khoan lanh trung nen
nhirng ngirCri lam de lb lao dong an c6ng. Song nhirng
khi khSn cap nhir mua lut mh de gbn v6", thi cac d &n
phu cung phai xuat lire ma bao h 6 lay de. Nhcr
Chinh- phu vh nhbn dan hiep lun de kiem sdt va ho v6
de dieu cho nen nghy nay nan lut cung da hoi giam
bert.
D&n thuy. — Ruong lua can phai co nuve luon
*
luon, cho nen tir thupng co dbn ta da lo tim each dem
nuncrc vao rupng. Khong ro buoi dau ngiriri ta diing
50
nhirng phu'cmg phap gi, song ta c6 the chac rang
nhirng chch tat nircrc vh dan mrcrc ngiriri nha que
thirbng dung ngdy nay da co ttr l&u lam .
Hien nay ngiriri nhh que thirbmg lay nirirc b cdc
vung, ao, ho va sdng bang sue ngiriri, chir khong he
dung sire sue vat , vi sue val chi de c&y bira thoi. Cf cac
ncri mat nircrc khong thap hem mat ruong may , ngu oi -
ta dung gao keo hay gao song. Mot ngiriri tdt mrcrc moi
nghy lam viec bay gib thi co the tat diroe mot thircrc
kh6i. Neu phai tdt nircrc vao ruong cho dirae mot
phan, thi mot mau, b ch6 tdt nircrc de dang hem het ,
cung phai t6 n bon ngay c6 ng. Neu phai tat nircrc len
ruong cao hem mat nircrc tren bon nam phan thi ngiriri
ta diing gho giai, do hai ngireri tht. Neu can tat nirbe
vh rubng dirac mot phan , thi m6t mau ruong phai can
hai ngiriri lam idee trong tam ngay nrbi. Nhirng b cac
neri ruong cao, c n phai dem nircrc 16 n nhieu n £c, thi
^
nhSn cong lai nhieu hem .
& trung bo va nam bo Trung Viet ngiriri ta dung xe
dap nircrc (norm h pedale ), cho ruong thap nh& t thi
diing mot cai, ch5 ruong cao thi chia nhieu birc, moi
birc moi cai.
Viec tdt va dap nirbc nang nhoc lam , cho nen ngu cri -
ta thirimg lhm ban dem, nhat la nhirng horn co trang.
Cy It nhiku mien , nguiri ta dung mot thir bdnh xe
nirbe chay bang sire mrcrc song. Nhirng xe nircrc to
nhat la a Quang-ngai co cai dirimg kfnh den 10 hay
12 mdt. Ngireri ta dap dap ngang song cho nircrc chay
manh them, roi dat banh xe mruc cr giira giong. Xung
51
quanh bdnh xe c<5 nhirng 6ng tre de muc nuirc dir6i
'

song roi theo banh xe quay len tren, do ntrfrc vao mot
cai mhng, Ntrot cr m &ng chay vac cdc mtrcmg, r6i ctr
ibe chia ra cac ruong. Nhirng vyt lieu lhm bdnh xe ay
-
deu 1& tho san : g6, tre , giSy chao. Trur6c mua mrdrc
lyt thi nhirng banh xe vk mdng ntrbc & y phai th &o c & t
di , cho nen trong moi mien din phai c6 nhirng ngiroi
s&nh nghe de lam , stra dyt nhirng khi cy ay.
Viec dho song khoi ngoi de cho dan de l 4 y nirot vho
ruong, c6c trieu vua xtra van de y den , tile vi sir s&ch
-
chep rat van tat. Ttr khi nu fre ta 6 dtroi tri quyen
*

nirfrc Phap, cong CUQC dan thuy cr Bac Viet va Trung

Viyt moi ngay mot khuech- triitmg them . (7 mien hy
byn Bac Viyt von co san nhieu song ngoi dao, co cira
nutre de giir nutre myn khoi tran len , ngtriri nh & que
van dung nutre ngpt cr cac song ngoi ay de turn ruong.
-
Ngay nay nhh ntrcrc ly a nhirng ncri thich dhng, xay
nhirng cira niroe rat vtrng tiep v6i rat nhigu song
ngoi nhanh de mua nang thi dan mrcrc di cac ncri , ma
mua mira thi thao ntrcrc ir ra hien.
O' mien dat cao thirbng thieu ntrot: thi nha mrcrc
giai quyet van de thuy loi bang nhirng dap dap ngay
song de dang mire ntrcrc cao len , roi dung song ngoi nho
ma cho mrcrc chay vho ruong. Hien nay song Thutmg
va song Cau cr phfa bac mien trung chau Bac Viet deu
kinh dinh theo each ay. O' cho khac, khong dung each
ngan song nhir the dutre, thi ngircri ta lai dat m£y bom
mrcrc , nhir b tinh Scm - tay.
Cong cuoc dan thuy cr Bac Viet hien da chi phoi
dirpu 1 phan 10 cac ruong nutmg. Nhirng cong cu$c ay

52
 -
dang ti£ n hknh , nhkt lk 6r njsy giira trung chau la
vung nhan dan tru mkt nh&t
Ckc mien trung chku xu- Trung Viet cung thudng
hay bi hai dai han , cho nen vibe dan thuy cung c& n
kip lam . ( j Thanh-h6a, cuoc dan thuy hr song Chu da
-
hokn thknh tir nam 1928, chi phoi du pc 50.000 mau
tay . CT tinh Phu -yen cu 6c dan thuy hr s6ng Ba cung da
hokn thknh tir nam 1932. C6n nhirng cuoc dkn thuy hr
Nghb-an , Quang- nam , Quang- ngai, Phan - rang thi hoac
vira lkm xong, hoac dirong tien hanh , hoac dircmg
nghien c\ru .
Khcri song. — ( j Nam Viet thi viec thuy lpi co muc
dich trong yeu nhat la thao nude hr cac mien dong
thap. Ngoki mien dong ra thi toan hat Nam Viet Ik dat
thap, thirimg cao horn mat bien khong day mot tac
rudi. CT giira trung chau co nhieu cho dong lay, nhat
'

lk d phia tay song Ba-xac. Btri x\ra, ngu-di Viet - nam

vk ngudi khkch-tru vao khkn hoang d Nam Viet da dao
-
dirpc it nhieu s6ng ngoi, nhu ng tir khi Nam Viet thknh
thudc dia Phkp thi nha nude lai dko them song mdi ,
hoac sera lai song cu de cho nong dkn , nhan tiet do cua
thuy trieu ma thko nude nhirng ncri dong lay nude
dong va dem nude vao nhirng cho can kho.
Trong khoang mudi nam 1890 —
1900 moi nam
lirpng dat khoi song co den 824.000 thudc khoi; trong
khoang mudi nam 1920
— 1930, lirpng trung binh dat
dao moi nam la 7.233.000 thudc khoi. Hien nay nhirng
- -
song ng6i chinh co den 1500 ki 16 mbt, con ckc song ngoi
nhanh cung dirong mb' mang lan. Ket qua cua cong
53
CUQC khoi song ay to 1cm thi n &o, cir xem hoi nam
1880, rugng o Nam Vifet m6i c6 400.000 mau tay mh
'

den bay gicr c6 tren 2 tri u m&u thi du biet.

^
CHtNH SACH CANH NONG.
mrcrc ta nghe nong lk ban nghipp cua nhan dkn ,
(X
ma nha mrcrc cung nhcr vao d6 mk tru quoc dpng, cho
nen dbi nao nha nuxrc cung thi hknh chi'nh sach trpng
nong. Ljch trieu thirbmg co sac khuyen nong vk
-
thu bmg lo viec de dieu va thuy l{ri dk bao hp vk
/ A

khuech trutmg nong nghipp. Nhirng nam mkt mua

W
A
^

l;ch trieu co lfe giam hay mien thue de dan que da kho.
Thinh thoang nha mr6 c l$i dimg phfep han difen va
*

quan difen dfe cho quyen shr htru khoi chech lfech
nhieu . Boi Tran, c&c ngirbi t6n thlt thuimg sai day
t6 ra nhirng mien dat boi b?r bifen , dap de mpt vM
*

nam cho het mrirc man , roi khai khkn thknh ruOng dk
lam tu trang. -
Den nam Thukn- ton thu- mtrtri, quan Thki-srr Lk
Quy - Ly lap le rang tru nhirng b\rc dai vuxmg cong
*

chua thi nhirng thir dkn khong ai dutrc c6 hon mirtri

mau ruong dat , ai co thira thi phai nkp quan . Nhumg
nguxri co toi cung co the lay ruong dat ma chuoc. Nam
sau lai c6 lknh khien dkn phai khai di& n mau, tiku tinh
7

danh dk nhk mrim 1km dia b6. Ru6ng nao khong c6 ai

khai thi thu 1km cong dien . Vua Le Thai -to khi dep ykn
giac Minh, mu6n thu lao nhung ke co cong, ben dinh
phep phan cap cong dien c6ng thd cho quan , qukn vk
dan , vk dinh lang nko c6 rupng dat nhieu nhkn dkn it
54
thi phai de cho dan lhng khhc d4n cay cky , khong dirge
chiem mh bo hoang. Din Le Du-ton dinh lai phep chia
c6ng dien cong tho, song cung giu 1$ shu nam chia mot
*

ky nhir cu .
Bin Le Canh -himg cung c6 bhn den viec quan dien
nhung khong thanh. ( j doi Minh- menh tribu Nguyen ,
ve viec quan dien ong Phan Huy-Chu c6 lam bai nghi
dai khai noi rang : “Chi moi lo nhat cua quoc gia la
.
thi san cua dan khOng deu. . Dan vi cai nan kiem tinh
mh thhnh giau ngheo chech 16ch ... Hien nay dan kho dh
lau , khdng co ngirbi giau lam ma nhieu ke rat ngheo,
rudng thi nhieu
y < > •
noi bo hoang ma it noi khai khan. Cai
*1 #

ke hoach khan cap ngay nay de ciru benh ay la chia

lai dat cho deu de cho dhn diroc sinh hoat day du ”.
Song y kibn ay diremg thiri cho lh kho long thyc hanh
nen it ke thn thhnh.
S.6n di£n. — Bin 1A Hong-Birc (1470-1497), dat
don dibn de “mb' mang n6ng nghibp” dinh lhm ba
hgng : Thirpng, trung, ha! Nam Canh- himg thir 17 lai
dat th£ m don dibn or cac 16 phia dong nam ( Nghe - an
vh Hh-tTnh) cho nhirng quan linh di tran vb chia 6 chc
*

lb by mh khai khhn dbt hoang. Nam thu- 18, co lenh

cho chc quan di dac khhm chc scr don dibn roi chia cho
dhn cay cay de nop thue.
£f phiromg nam , chua Nguyen cung thirbng chieu
mo liru dhn vh cho nhirng ngirbi c6 tpi cung cac ngirtri
khhch Minh - hmmg vh Thanh -hh khai khan chc mien
-
lby du gc cua Chiem -thhnh va Chan-lap, roi dat quan
de cai- tri. Tat ca trung bo vh nam bo Trung Viet vh
xir Nam Viet lh khai thhc bang each by .

55
 Deri Minh - menh , dqt nhieu ser dinh dien 6* mien
duyen hai hai tinh Ninh-binh va Nam djnh de khai
-
-
khan dat hoang , mcr them du qr hai huyen Kim -scm vd
Tien - hai.
Ngay nay , vi ddt hoang trong nercrc con nhieu ma
nhan dan cac mien hq ban , nh £ t la hr trung chdu Bac
Viet, chen chuc nhau dong qua , nen chfnh phu cung noi
gu-omg doi tnrcrc ma thi hdnh chinh sdeh dinh dien ,
giup tien bac ve nguu canh di§n khi cho dan nghdo
khai khan 6" mien thuqmg du Bac Vi§t , Trung Viet va
nhat la mien tay be Nam Viqt.
Gidi —
va dia b<j>. CT doi Hong- du-c vua bat
dau dy-ng gioi ke 6 ede ruqng dat cong tir de chinh
*

don lai dja bp. Vua Gia -long sau khi th6ng nhdt nam
bac lai sai chinh don dia bp cr Trung Vi§t va Bac Viet.
Den doi Minh-menh thi dia bp cr Nam Viqt cung xong .
Tir day ve sau dja b§ cung co tu bo lai nhidu lan ,
song van chira dirpr tinh tutmg. Gan day chinh phu
dinh lap lai dia bo tat ca m &y xir, hien nay cong vipc
da xong duve nhieu noi.
Qui khuyin nong . - Dan que mrbe ta ngheo lam ,
-
lam ruong thu img khong co v6n nen phai di vay . Cai
te vay no lai 6 nhd que Id mot moi hoa 16m cho nhan
* *

dan khidn ho ca ddi phai ham vao canh b&n cung, lai
cung la mot moi trer ngai Ion cho sir phat dat cua nong
nghiep. Cai te ngay xura van co, ma ngdy nay lai edng
khoc hai hem nhieu .
Khong ro cac ti & n trieu co phutrag phdp gi de giup
nong dan cho der nqn nq- lai dy khong, chir d6i Minh -
56
m| nh (1833) thi c6 sac “ khuyln quyen nap”, khien cdc
quan tinh cho n6ng dan nhtrng miln ccr can vay tien
vd lua giong de lam mua moi, dat le thirdng pham
phuc, cir bien , hoac cho mien sai, mien dao, de khuyen
khich nhtrng ngmri gidu co cum giup ke ban cimg.
-
Ttr dau the ky hai mu oi , Chinh- phu thudc dia
7 7

cung da dung phinmg sdch d6 giup dcr nong ddn. Buoi

dau co le cho dan vay tien cua Dong-Phdp ngan- hdng,
lay mua mdng hay ruong dlt him bao dam. Ngircri
muon vay phai ldm don n6p cho quan Cong-sir ban
tinh Id ngirbi m 6i gioi. Cach ay khong c6 cong hieu
t6t nen thdng septembre nam 1937 thi bai.
(y Nam Viet, Chinh -phu cho ldp nhtrng hoi Tutmg-
te tin -dung (Society de Credit agricole mutuel ) cr moi
tinh . Von cua hoi do tien hoi vien gop, tien hoi vien
goi vd tien do- tin phieu ( rdescompte des effets ) cho
B6ng-Phdp ngdn -hdng. Cdc h6i 4y chi hanh dong cr
trong pham vi cdc Canh - nong nghiep-doan (Syndicat
agricole ) lap tu thdng novembre 1912. Thirc ra , hoi ay
*

chi lcri cho nhtrng nha dai n6ng, hay nhtrng ngiroi co
thi lire dirpe vay tien de khai khan nhtmg-mten dat
mcri, kit qua thdnh tho dia phdn phoi chenh lech qud
chirng (87,5 ph & n 100 dat ru6ng 1d cua dai n6ng va
trung nong). C6n bon tieu n6ng v & ta dien thoi khong
ai duxrc hirong chut gi loi ich cua hoi.
Nam 1927 muon giup nhtrng tieu nong vd td dien ,
Chinh- phu to chirc nhtrng h6i Nong- pho ngan-qui
-
( Credit populaire agricole ). Tu ban cua hoi chia ra
nhtrng phan 1cm 25$00 do cdc xa thon va cdc doan the

57
grip , vk nhirng phin nho 1$0Q hay 0$50 do tir nhSn grip.
Mrii tinh chi l§p mrit hpi , nhirng hien nay trong ba xir
Bac Vipt , Trung Viet, Cao-man mrii cri 24 so thoi. -
-
Muon vay ti&n cua hpi thi tu nh & n hay x5 thrin deu
-
phai l 4y dat rupng hay khe tu de lhm v& t dam bao.
-
Nhirng Nong- phri ngan qui nay “cung that bai hoan
toan. Bpn tieu nong can tien thi khring vay ma chi
nhumg nha nong giau cri khong can tien vay thoi. Tien
-
cua ngan qui vay ve, hp khring dem dung vao nghe
nong ma dung v&o vipc khac, nhir tra np bac, mua -
-
phieu bao cir, mcr hang van tai bang o tri, hay 1& dat
-
np lai” (1). Song sq* thSt bai ay chi vi crich cho vay
- -
khong cin than , chir neu sq thq c hanh ma du pc dung -
- -
dan nhu nguyen tac thi Nring phri ngan -qui tat cri ket
qua hay.

CHE BO 6 BtA
TH

Theo nguyen ly thi tu- xu-a ( tu- Binh Le ) rupng dat

.

trong mrcrc la cua nha vua, nhan din chi lanh canh cua
nha vua ma nop thue. Boi dan khring cri quyen so- hum
tuyet doi cho nen khi nha vua muon lay dat ruring de
lam viec cring thi dan khring cri quyen doi boi thircmg.
-
Boi Tran Thuan trin , Ho Quy Ly dinh phep han -
dien , bat ai cri qua 10 mau phai nop s6 du lam curing -
cring, cung cac doi khac cri phrip phan dien, quan dien
cung la do nguyen ly ay.

(1) Le Paysan du delta tunkinois cua Gourou.

58
 Nh& vua c<3 chu quyen tbi thirqng ( droit Eminent )
ve tho dia , nhtmg thircmg thircmg nha vua cho xa thon
hoac dohn the khac dirqc quyen hircmg dung, tire Id
c6ng dien , cong tho. Khi n &o co nhan dan xin phdp dirng
ldng, nhd vua thircmg cap cho mot khoanh tho dia de
ldm cua chung. Nhirng sd don dien ngay xira , khi da
thanh thue, nha vua cung thircmg de mot phan lam
cua cong cua xa thon. Nhirng cong dien cong tho ay
khong dvro'c bdn di , trir ra gap bu6i ca can tai hoan dir
lam thi xa thon co thb xin phdp tam cam trong han ba
nam . Nhirng ruong dat cong ay la cua nhd vua cho xa
thon dirqc hircmg loi , nen xa thon phai nbp dia 2to
A

thircmg cao hem thue ruong dat rieng. Nhirng khdu

A

phan dien cir ba nam mot lan chibu so dinh cua ldng
ma chia cho dan , cung nhirng lircmg dien de cap cho
binh linh deu la cong dien . Nhirng lang giau co lai con
c6 nhirng hang cong dien khde nhu : trq siru dien de
*

giup cho dan ngheo mot phan siru , hoc dien de l &y hoa
loi ma nuoi th & y hoc va mua giay but cho hoc tro ngheo;
but dien de cap phi ton giay but cho chirc dich trong
lang; co nhi dien va qua phu dien de cum giup nhirng
ke mo coi gda bua . Ngoai ra xa thon con co nhirng bon
thon dien la ruong cua xa thon xuat cong qui ma mua
lai cua tir nhan, hoac thay cho tu nhan ma nop thue.
*

Nhirng ruong k y co the ban hoac cam dirqc. Con hau

dien la rudng cua nhirng ngiroi tuyet tir cung vao dinh
( mua hau dinh ) hay chua ( mua hau chua ) de khi chet
du-qc tho- o- dinh hay chua. Nhirng ruong ay cung
khong the ban di du-qc.

59
 Theo nguySn ly thi bao nhieu tho dia deu 16 cua nh 6
vua ca , nhimg cur thvc t4 thi nhirng ruOng d& t do tir
nh 6n c6y c6 y v6 nop thul lau ng6y thi th 6nh cua ri6ng
v6 cd the lam vgt mua ban duvc. Khi nh 6 vua can
nhirng ruong dit ay ve vice cong thi thutmg chi6 u
gia ma b6i thutmg (1) . Nhimg niu chu rupng dht bo
khong cay v6 khong npp thue nira thi ruong dat ay
lgi thhnh cua nha nircrc. Nhimg ruong d6t c6c sa
khan
hoang v6 cac so dinh dien xira nay cung do 161 6y m 6
"

h 6a thanh cua rieng.

Rupng dat cua tir nhan co hai hgng :
mot la cua
thirfrng co the mua b6n , hai la cua hutrag hoa kh6ng
giao d;ch duve. ( 2 )
Tir khi mr6x ta tr durri tri quy§n nunc Phap, ch 4
do tho dia c6 thay doi it nhieu . O’ Nam Viet nha vua
i

da nhirong lanh tho cho nircrc PhSp cho nen che /

do
th6 dia bay gia cung theo che dp a Ph 6p, nghfa 16
ngutri san chu co quyen sa hiru tuyet doi , nha mror
khong the tiro c trir diroc, song ve phutmg dien hanh
*

-
chinh nh 6 mm; cu co quyen tnmg thu m6 tra boi
thurimg. O Bac Viet thi nh6 vua da nhuhng cho quan
*
-
to6 n quyen Dong Phdp v6 dinh rang che d6 tho dia
se do phdp ludt rnrfrc Phdp chi phoi ( 3). C6n aTrung
Viet thi van thi h6nh ch§ do xira, nhimg nhir tren kia

(1)
( 2)
-
Chi du nam Minh menh thu 8.
Xem muc Ke thOra . - Hirtmg hoa
*

tr sau .
( 3) Chi dy 3 Octobre 1888

60
da ndi, nhirng khi nM niroc can sung cong dien tho
-
cua tir nhan thi van co le b6i thu cmg. Cir thl thi ta
c6 the n6i rang diu a Nam , Bac , Trung Viet , ve there
te , che do dien tho nghy nay cung khong khac ngay
xira may. ,

-
Quyen so hiru co th§ di chuyen bang nhirng each
mua ban , tang dir, di tang va k§ thtra. Cdch sau nhy
da lam cho dien tho hr niroc ta , nhat la cr Bac Viet vh
Trung Viet chia nho thanh manh vun , Moi khi cha me
chet gia san phai chia deu cho con cai, trir mot phan
-
tir san ve con triramg giir; gia dinh Viet nam thu bng -
dong con ma hr Bac Vi6t sir chia gia san da thp-c hanh
tir dbi noi thuoc Trung-quoc, cho nen hien nay Bac
Viet la xir ruong dat chia vun horn het ca.( l )
Ve phirorng dien phan ph6i thi hr Bac Viet, Trung
Viet trir mot s6 dong khong co ruong dat (cr Bac Viet
co 964.490 dia chu doi v6i so dan cir 8.005.000 ngirbi ,
cr Trung Viet co 658.034 dia chu doi voi s6 dan cu
4.912.000 ngiriri ) con phan nhieu la hang tieu ndng
-
( 90 ph & n 100 o Bac Viet vh 94 phan 100 or Trung Viet ).
'

& Nam Viet thi so dai nong chi la 7,2 phan 100 dan
so, the ma ruong dat cua ho chodn den 54,8 phan
100 .( 2)

( 1) Theo sach Le paysan du delta tonkinois cua P. Gourou , thi cr

Bac Viet hien nay co den 16 trieu manh, mk mot tmh
Bac -ninfl , rong 102.000 ha , co den 1 trieu nroi manh .
( 2) Xem s£ch Economie Indochinoise cua Yves Henry.

61
 CHAN NUOI vA CHAI LUT>I
Nong nghiep 6 nude ta , ter xira da dung trau bd de
*

cay cdy. Hien nay trau bd vSn la nhirng sue v£ t toi

can thilt cho dan que, cho nen trir nha ban cung va
tieu nong ra , thi nhung nha trung nong va dai nong,
nha ndo cung nuoi trau bd ca .
Ngodi trdu bd ngudi nhd que thudng nuoi lqn , de,
ga, vjt de an thjt va bdn . MOt minh x \r Bac Viet moi
-
nam xudt khau di Huxmg cang den nam ba ire ga vit.
Nong nghiep tr xu* ta chu trpng ve s \r trong lua nen
khi nao cung c&n cd nhieu nude ede ao ho va song ngoi
de cho ruong dat khoi kho khan . Ngudi nha que khi
ndo cung tiep xuc voi hai yeu to Ion cua nong nghiep
Id dat vd nude, cho nen ngoai nghe nong la ban nghiep,
-
dan que ta con nho vao ngu* nghiep de sinh hoat.
Nhung ngudi ban cung thudng quanh nam mb cua
bit 6c de kidm an . Thinh thoang ngudi ta danh cd cr
cac ao h6 cua tir nhan hay cua lang. Gf cac song ngdi thi
co nhung ngudi ddnh cd chuydn mon goi Id lang chai ,
hup nhau thanh tung van , hay thanh nhirng lang thuy
ccr.
& khap mi§n ber bien td Bac Viet, Trung Viet cho
den Nam Viet, nhan dan chi song ve nghe chai
ludi( 1). Phdn nhieu non. chi danh ca de dem ban lai

U) Sir chep rang dan niroc Van -lang xira lam nghe chai linn ,
thirbng hay bi gi6ng thuong luong lam hai , nen vua bat dan
lay ch &m ve minh de cho giong av tiremg ] h dong loai mh .

khong lam hai nun; xem the thi nghe chai lu 6i 6" mrrnc ta
*

cung xu-a nhir ngh& canh nong .

62
cho chc chgr hay chc thknh pho br gan, song nhirng noi
c6 nhieu ca thi phcri kho hoac 1km nircrc mam de dem
-
bhn di xa vk xu & t cang, nhu Thanh h6a, Nghe an ,
Quang-binh , Phan - thiet hr Trung Vi6 t.
-
Cung c6 nhieu mien duyen hai ( nhirng nod nhk
-
nufrc c6 dat sd Thuang chinh ) chuydn nghe lam muoi
lk thir gia vi can thiet nhat b nircrc ta.
Nghe chki lucri , lam nuirc mam va lam muoi, doi
v6i dan “ ke be” cung quan trong nhir nghe nong d6i
vcri dan “dong bang”. Song sir sinh hoat tren mat
nude co nhieu noi cheo leo nguy hiem , nen nhung ngu
h6 van thucrng nu6i cai hy vong kilm mot manh ruong
dat de 1km ca sd chac chan cho cuoc .sinh nhai.

II. CONG NGHE

& ddi thuorng c6, to tien ta chi biet 1km do dk, nhat
lk cuoc dk de lam ru6ng. Song trudc thdi ky Bkc-
thuoc thi cung biet dung d & dong nhu nhirng noi ni§u
d§ nau , hay nhung mui dong de bit dau tdn no. Theo
ong H. Maspero thi sir due mui tdn co le thirc nhat
dinh ; ngirdi gik ca lay do dung bang dong ra dknh
thir, he chi nko keu tieng tot thi mod lAy de due mui
t£ n .
Buoi ay, ngudi minh chua biet rkn do sat, nhung
cung da mua cua ngudi phuang Bac.Theo tuc truyen
-
thi do sat do 6 cac mien Ba thuc ( Tir- xuyen ) dem sang
*

- -
Van lang. Sir chep rang a ddi Trieu -da bk Lir hau nhk
Han, vi bat binh vdi vua Trieu nen cam ngirdi Trung -
63
quoc khong dupe dem bdn do sat cho ngirbi Vipt nam . -
Boi Hdn, Nham Dien Id thdi thu qugn Cum chan day -
cho dan dung sat ma lam dien khi, tu' ddy nhfr do
sat md nong nghiqp mbi phdt dat.
-
Nhung cong nghe cua ngmri Viet nam phan nhieu
la hoc cua ngirbi Tdu, dqi khdi theo ba each la : cac quan
d £n Tdu u nirfrc ta trong doi Bac- thuoc dem cong nghe
cua tb quoc ma truyen cho ngirbi ban xir; cac sir gia
nuw: ta ve ede trieu dbc ldp di su* 6* Tdu r &i hoc dupe
ngh£ dem vd truydn lqi cho dan gian; cac trieu xira
thirfmg kbn ldy nhtrng ngirbi thieu nidn tuan tu o'
cac ldng co nghe nghiep, bat cao dau vd cai trang gia
ngirbi Tau dd di hpc ede nghe khdo 6* Trung-quoc , nhir
-
nghe due do sir 6" Ho giao, nghe det v6c doan tr
- *
Kim lang (1). Theo sdeh Bdch-nghe to-su vd nhirng
dieu ong Dumoutier thuat lai trong sach “Essai sur les
Tonkinois” thi nghe lam do g6m do mot ngirbi Tdu
ngu o' ldng Bau- khe day cho ngirbi minh tir doi Trieu
-
Vo-de ; nghe lam chieu Id hr Trung quoc truyen sang
vao khoang nam 1.000; nghe son do ngirbi minh sang
hoc 6" Tau vao khoang nam 1415; nghe kh ac. ban in do .

-
mot vi sir gia hoc dupe cr Trung- qu6c roi truyen cho
-
ngirbi lang Lieu - trang o' doi Le Thdi ton (1434 1443); -
nghe thuoc da do ngirbi minh hoc o' Trung quoc ve -
-
truyen cho dan lang Truc lam vdo nam 1528; nghe det

( 1) Ton- co -lijc , Nam- phong so 28.

64
 -
lupt thi mot vi su-gia ta cr Tau ve dem day cho dan
ldng Ph6ng- thon vdo khoang nam 1600. Theo sdch Lich-
- -
tri&u Hien chucmg cua Phan Huy Chu thi nhirng san
vdt cdc dia phucmg cr dtri L6 Du - ton ( nam 1724 ) ddnh
thue da c6 phan nhieu san vdt nhu cua c6ng nghe
ngay nay .

CONG- NGHE TO-CHtTC

Ti'nh chat dac biet nhat cua cong nghe nude ta la

gia dinh cong ngh§. Moi cong xucmg la mot gia dinh ,
nguoi lam viec deu la ba con trong mot nha, hr duoi
quyen gia trucmg chu khong co chu vcri tho\ Nhirng
ngirbi thu cong di rong kiem vi§c nhu thp moc tho ne-
thi co each t6 chuc hoi khde : ho hop nhau thanh timg
dodn, gom nhieu thq ban va mot nguoi thu ca thay
mat ca dodn md thircrng lircmg ve tien cong va lanh
viec. Nguoi thu ca , co khi cung chia tien cong nhu mot
nguoi thu ban, nhung cung co khi thi dung lanh
khodn viec roi thue tho- ban 1dm cong cho minh. (T cac
ldng hay cr thdnh pho nhirng thu thuyen thudng theo
tung nghe nghiep ma hop thanh nhung hoi bach
nghe, goi Id phudng hay ty. Nhirng hoi ay moi nam
hop m 6t hay hai ky , cu m6t ngucri 1dm trucmg
phufrng hay cai ty vd 1dm le to su. Muc dich nhirng hoi
ay Id de giir vung tinh dong nghiep cung de giup do-
nhau khi hoi vien c6 viec vui mung hoac lo buon. Trong
hoi lai thudng lap ra ho choi tham dd lay loi bo vao
quy chung cua hoi .
65
 -
Tu tribu Miifh- mpnh vb trirbc, nhung hpi bach
nghp dupe nhd nirtrc thira nhpn goi la cube vd doi
vbi nhd nircnc phai chiu trach nhipm nhat dinh .
Nhung thp- thuyen c6 chan trong cupc khong phai nop
siru theo dinh bp vd. dupe mien dao, nhimg hp phai npp
mpt thu- thub rieng ngng hem suat SITU thiremg. Khi
mpt ngrnri thp cung cac ban dong nghipp to chirc mpt
*

cube thi phai dp don len quan Bo-chanh de xin phep va

ke ro mpt ban hb tich cua nhung nguxri trong cube
chiu thue. Ngirbi cupc trubng, cung nhir ly trirong
6 ede ldng, Id ke trung gian cua cube doi veri nhd nuirc,
*

phai chju trdch nhipm ve vi | c thu thue va cung clp

pham vat cho nhd nmre. & cac tinh 1cm nhir Hd- npi ,
Gia- dinh , Hub, nha niroc dat mpt chirc quan vo gpi lb
Cdc-cupc -trirong chdnh- ty -su de cai tri ede cube vd de
*

trifc tiep vbi ede cube khi nha nirfrc dpt 1dm nhung
> \

pham vat can dung.

Nhung cupc 4y khong cb qui lu£t chat chia nhir ede
hoi dong nghiep to hop o' Au-chdu vl doi phong kiln ,
vi nhung thp- thuyen cb lap khbng dir vao cube ndo
cung cb the idm viec vd chiu nhung trdch nhiem vd
-
dam phu nhu mbt ngirbi ddn thirbng.
Trong ede cong nghe thi co nghe muoi vd nghe khai
-
mb la theo chi dp dac biet, giong nhu che do chuyen
mai ngdy nay. Theo che db trieu Le thi nhtrng nguroi
tdo dinh ( ngirbi lam muli dupe mien dich. Ngiroi 1dm
muoi phai nop cho nhd nirfrc 2 phln mubi so muoi
ldm ra; cbn ngirbi buon muoi thi phai co diem bai roi
moi den trirong muoi md mua dupe, tnrbc phai mua
66
muoi nhd mrac roi moi duvc mua m li cua tir nh&n. 1

C6 dat quan Gidm-tri-dao vd Gidm 16c de kiem sdt

nghe ldm mu &i.
-
Ve viec khai mo thi c6 khi cho tu nhan khai khan , -
-
nhirng dat quan Giam-tir vd Giam dirong kiem sdt; c6
khi giao cho cac quan quan gidm , cho ho xuat vin roi
khien bon phien than tho muc thu 6 tha md khai khan.
Vi cac mo b Bac Viet dung nhieu thor khach, nha mrcrc
-
so d6ng qud khong the kiem che dutrc , n £ n dcri Vinh -
thinh ( 1717) dat le han che s6 thq, mo 1cm khong
dung qud 300 nguiri, mo trung khong du pc qud 200, mo -
nho khong dirge qud 100. Nhirng tvr dcri Canh himg -
cac mo giao cho quan to quan gidm , vi6c khai khan moi
ngdy moi them phdt dat, nhumg ngircri quan gidm
-
khong giir theo le han che nu a , md nhieu mo dung so
tha khdch den tren van ngiriri (1).

Trieu Nguyen, cdc che do ve vi c lam muoi vd khai

mo dai khdi khong khdc chi do trieu Le miy . ^
-
Cung c6 nhumg thu cong nghe do nhd nutrc tir
quan, nhu nghe d6ng tdu , due sung, due tien . Lai co
*

nhumg quan xutmg goi Id tiromg cu6c chuyen che tao

do dung cho nhd vua va nhd quan . Nhumg xutmg tdu ,
truimg sung, trutmg tien , ciing cac tiromg cuoc khdc,
dat b kinh do cimg cdc tinh Ion diu do b6 Cong gidm

( 1) Licn - trieu Hien - chuvmg, Quoc dung chi , Viet -sir thong-gidm
cirong - muc.
67
dSc.ThQ- thuy§n ldm <r ddy do cdc quan bat cr dja
phutmg. He cr mien nao thay c6 ngubi th<r kheo thi
cdc quan bat vao lam viqc o tupng cuqc cho den gid
'

icri. Nhu-ng cong tup-ng ay cung cr trqi, cung an lutmg,

va rung dupe liet vao hang mien sai nhu- binh linh.
Ngubi nao co tdi loi lac, nhd nube cdp cho bang cum
7 1 , ,
v
pham hay bdt pham ve vo giai.

TAI SAO C6NG NGHE KHONG PHAT DAT?

Nube ta la mqt nube canh nong, nhd nube chi cham

vao bao nghiqp, d6i vCri cong nghe khong nhirng khong
khuy£ n khich md lai cbn dp che nhd nghe , cho n§n cong
nghe xira nay khcing phat tri£ n dupe. Theo sdeh Ljch-
- -
trieu Hiin chmrng, dtri Le Du t6n dat le tnmg thu
hoanh lam khign nhieu nha nghe kh6ng kham n 6i mi
phai bo nghiep. “ Nhu nha nube doi son thi ddn chat
*

cay di, nha nube ddi vai lpa thi ddn phd khung dqt, doi
go thi dan quang bua riu , doi tom cd thi ddn xd lubi”( l )
-
Nha nube lai con c<5 th 6i bat ep thq thuyen vdo ldm
cong tupng cr quan xucmg, suot doi phai lam de cung
cap cho vua quan md chi dupe lmrng du an , vi the tdi
nghe cua ngubi thcr khong lqi gi cho ho ma lai chi ham
ho vao canh no Id lao d6ng cho den khi gia y &u tat
nguy& n bi thai thi moi dupe ve que. Muon tranh khoi
cai nan circrng trung ay, thp kheo khong giam tro tai,
*

hoac 16 n lam nhirng vat nho nho de dem b6n chung cho

(1) Lich- trieu Hien -chiroTig, Quoc - di^ng-chi.

68
de. C6 ngirbi phai mao hi£u ngoai qu6c( l ) de ngirbi
ta dirng d £ y. Nhi & u ngirbi thanh nien tuan tu phai
bo nghe sir trirbng cua minh ma lkm nghe khac de
khoi mang luy. V6i nhirng chch nhk niroc doi dai nhk
nghe nhir the , thi cong nghb phkt dat 1km sao n6i? Dan
-
ta xira nay thu bmg co thoi dau nghe cung tro- ngai cho
cong nghe khong it . Nhumg lang co nghe gi hoi tinh xao
thirbng muon giir 1km chuyen loi cho lang minh, cho
nen doi voi ngirbi ngoai ho rat giu kin . Con gki lkng
*

ay di lay chong noi khkc khong dirpc lam nghe <r

nguyen quan cua minh . Co lkng cam con gai khong du trc -
di lay chong ngoai ; lai co lkng buoc nhirng bi quyet
cua nghe chi dirge day cho dan ong vk dkn bk co con,
chir khong dirge day cho con gki. Nhirng tuc ay tuy
khong phai la do dac hira cua nha nxr&c thira nhan ,
the mk ngirbi ta van tuan thu rat nghiem , hi£ n nay
-
anh hirimg cua tu tirimg men vkn chira 1km cho suy
giam .
Nhung nguyen nhan trong yeu khien cong nghe
nurtrc ta khong phkt dat, tir xira den nay van cr trong
vong nhan tuan, la bbi nb chi la nghiep phu , mot

(1) & Bac Viet nghe lilm do sir tinh xao lam , nhirng do sih cua
ta lam do phai de hieu gia ] km do tau de cho cac quan khoi
mua re hoac lay khong. (Xem sach Souvenirs de Hue par Miche
Dire Chaigneau ). 6 Bac Viet co ng\roi bat chircrc lam men
*

sir cua T& u , nhirng ca gia dlnh cua ngirtri ay sqr vua quan bat
lam khong nen phai bo tron di xir khac ( Xem s£ch La relation
sur le Tonkin et la Cochinchine de M . de la Bissachfcre, fran ais
cua Ch. B. Maybon , ^
69
 -
nghiep b6 trp cho nong nghiep. Ngutri dan que 1dm
ruQng xong r6i m6i 1dm cong; neu lam rupng md nen
giau thi hp bo han cong nghe cho nhirng ngurii ngheo
can phai kilm chdc them vdo 86" dac cua nghe nong.
Ta thirfrn£ thay nhirng dodn thgr mpc hay thcr ne ,
nhirng buoi nong khi'ch thi di rong tim viec, md den vp
nong thi Ipi v£ que de lam rupng. Cung co lang chuyen
rieng m$t nghd nhir ldng Bdt-trang ( Bac ninh ), lang -
Birc- thp (Thanh-h6a ) lapo. d& g6m , ldng Thi£ n-khuc,
ldng Vpn -phuc (Hd -d6ng), ldng Bao-an ( Quang-nam )
dpt vai lpa, ldng Bpi-bai ; ( Bac- ninh ) due do d6ng , lang
Gb- gang ( Binh -dinh ) 1dm non dira , nhirng d6 phan
nhieu la nhirng ldng it rupng nen dan phai sinh hopt
bang cong nghe. Cong nghe dd Id nghg php thi ngutri
thp- khong liru tarn db lam cho nghe minh phat dpt . Hp
cung khong can uhilu v6n, md chi can tay chan va
mpt it khi cp tho phac la du. Nhirng v£ t lieu hp dung ,
phan nhieu la vpt lieu tp nhien, nhir tre go may hr
*

trong rung, hope dat da hr dong cr nui, hope bong hp

-
tpr trong, to- hp tp kbo, it khi phai mua vpt lieu hr xa .
Cac khi cu ay tir xvra deh nay vkn y nguyen nhir the.
Kinh nghiem cua ngircri tho chi don thanh ngbn khdo
1

ldo cua tay chan, chir khbng thanh diruc nhirng cuoc
cai lutmg hay phat minh ccr khi de dcr cho sire ngirfri
nhir b Au-chau. Cong nghe cua ngiriri Viet- nam Id todn
dimgnhdncongd ). Ngiriri thp thubng cb cdu “lay cong
*

( 1) Thinh thoang ngircri ta cung c6 dung sire sue vat nhu dung *

trau de keo true ep mi a hay k4o xe nirbr , hoac dung nu 6x chay

*

d§ keo xe mitre . Nhung khung det vai , det lua, gam , nhi £u ,
nhirng bkn ep dau , nhirng xe mrdc la khi cy tinh xao nhat .

70
 14m lai” de to y rang neu hp kh6ng lam thi cung phai
ngoi khong ( khi xong nong vu ), cho nen lam viec ton
bao nhieu c6ng, m 4 loi l't bao nhieu ho cung cir 14m. C 4i
ket qua ro ret cua sir tinh ay la canh ngh4o kho cua
bon thu cong. Nhirng ngirbi d4n b4 dan thung mung b
Nam -dinh 14m suot ng4y th 4 u dem m 4 moi ng4y chi
kiem dirge hai ba xu ; nghe det vai b Nam - dinh hai
ngircri d 4n b4 cung 14m kh6 nhoc nhir th4 m 4 moi ng4y
ca cap chi kiem dirge 5 xu rircri{ l ).
(y th 4nh thi c6 ng ngh6 cung khong phat
dat hon b
nha que mly, nhirng ta thirimg th 4y b d 4y nhirng
cong nghe cau ky thudt phien phire horn de cung cap
nhirng kh 4ch dung gi 4u c6.
So sanh ba xir Bac, Trung> Nam thi cong nghe Bac
Viet phat dat nhieu hem het , dieu ay vi hai nguyen
nhan trong yeu : mot 14 beri IBac Viet dat hep ngutri
nhieu , dan qu4 chi 14m nghe nong khong du s6ng nen
phai dua 14m du thir c6ng nghe( 2 ); hai 14 bbi Bac Viet
14 xir co d 4n cir tir dfri thirgng co, phan nhieu edng
nghe da c6 tir mot hai nghin nam nay cho nen tinh xao
hon cr c_ 4c xir kh4c. 6" Trung Viet thi ede tinh Thanh,
Nghe , Quang- nam , Quang-ngai , Binh - dinh, cong ngh4
I

cung kh 4; c4n c 4c tinh mien nam nhir Khanh-hoa ,

Binh - thuan thi cung nhir 6" Nam Viet, cong nghe chat
ph 4c au trT lam .
Ng 4y xira tinh trang thu edng cung da circ khd. Song
ng4y nay nhirng pham v4t hp 14m ra ph & n nhieu vi

( 1) Le Paysan du delta tonkinois efia P. Gourou .

(2 ) ( j Bac Viet ong P. Gourou tinh c6 hon tram nghe khac
nhau.

71
h 6avat ch4 tao bang ccr khi canb tranh ma m & t gia;
mot phirong dion khac , gid lua gao Id m 6n do an chu
ylu lai vi lien lac voi tinh hinh thj trmrng quoc te
md cao. & trurcrc tinh hinh dy, tinh trang thu cong lai
cang ham vdo canh kh6 n quan , md nhidu nghk phai
suy doi hay pha san ( nhir cac nghe dot lya dot vai).
Hion nay trong ca nuw, nhat Id or Bac Viet, dircmg cd
phong trao chdn hung cong nghe, Chinh- phu cung
dung nhieu phuxmg sach de co 1$ va ung ho phong trdo
ay. Myc dich chan hung mu6n co hi u qua thi nguxri
^
ta phai chu y hai dieu : Mot Id chi khuyen khich
y

nhung cong nghe co fch va co lcri , hai la to chuc each

*
-
tieu thy de cho ngu bi thu cong khoi bi nhung ke trung
^ lpi .
«

gian lung dogn hdt quyen

CONG NGHIEP HI N DAI

^
Ta biet rang dung trirfrc canh thu cong suy doi vd
pha san , hiyn nay ducrng c6 phong trao ch & n hung cong
nghe , nhat la 6" xir Bac Vibt. Thirc ra thi bu lai mot
it nghe khong the canh tranh voi cong nghe co- khi, ta
-
da thay sinh ra nhi& u nghe mcri , nhu nghe det dang
-
ten o Ha-dong, nghe lam chieu coi xe cr Ninh -binh ,
nghe lam ghe ton - ne, nghe lam mu trang v .v . ..
Song sy thay doi trong yeu cr trong cong gioi la cong
nghd co- khi bat dau thdnh lap gan day.
Tren kia ta da thay rang thu cong nghb vi khong
canh tranh noi voi nhung hoa vat che tao bang co- khi
nen suy d6i , song nhirng h6a v£ t ay Id hang niroc Phap
72
va hang ngogi qu6c nhap khau, chir khong phai do
cong nghe ccr khi ir trong nircrc che tao. Cong nghe tan
thirc a nircrc ta , vi muon trdnh su canh tranh vcri cong
*

nghe mrcrc Phdp nen chi chuyen ve mat nguyen lieu

vd vat lieu bdn che md thoi.
Vi§c khai mo dcri xira nhd nircrc van thmcmg chu
y , song vi each khai quat don gian vung ve nen khong
phdt dat . Ngay nay cac nha c6 ng nghe Phdp bo nhieu
tu ban, dung nhieu mdy mbc, kinh dinh nhirng sir mo
*

rat Ion, nhir cac mo kem cr chantg gitra song Chay vd

s6ng Nhi , vd ir tinh Bac-can ( Bac Viet ) , mo thiec ir
tinh Cao-bang (Bac Viet ) vd mien Cammoun (Ai-lao),
mo chi, mo vang, mo sat, mo phot-phdt ir nhieu ncri
khde . Song nhirng so mo phdt dat hon het ca la ede mo
than cr Bac Viet, nhit id ir mien tir dao Kebao den
Bong- triku. Mot minh sir mo than ir Hongay cua
Socidtd db Charbonnage du tonkin , nam 1930 khaidirpe
1 trieu 890.000 tan. Song cong nghe 6 trong nircrc chi
*

.
tieu thu dirpc 1 ph &n 4 so than khai dircrc nghia Id tir
4 d &n 6 ire t &n md thoi. Nhung sir cong nghe thiremg
ldp b gan ede mo tham de tien sir dung chat dot , cho
nen ede nhd mdy 16n nhirt trong nircrc la b vao mien
trung chdu Bac Viet, nhat la Hai -phong, Ha-noi vd
nam -dinh . Sb xi-mang b Hai - phdng xuat cang di khap
ede nircrc Viln- dong, c6n ede scr mdy sod vd may det ir
Hai -ph6ng, Hd-noi vd nhat la Nam -dinh thi cung cap
soi vai cho ca nirfrc.
Trong cac cong nghe tan thirc khac mot phan trong
-
yeu la che bien nhirng vat nong san , nhu- cac so mdy

73
gpo, may rirpri cr Bac Vipt va Nam Vipt. Ngodi ra
-
nhirng xircmg may sat , nhu ng so dong tau 6 Ha n$i ,
* *
-
- -
Hai phong, Sai-g6n, nhu ng scr may chai, so may diem ,
- - -
-
so may giay, so thuoc la, so thupc da, so may cura , so
*
-
ld gpch , 16 ngoi cung 16 due thi chi vira cung cap mpt
phdn nhu yeu o' trong nutre thoi. Den nhu c6ng cupc
may dipn dung ve vipc thap den va vipc thuy lpi thi
-
- -
du ong co co phat dpt de lam.
Hipn nay so thp thuyen lam hr cac so* cong nghe co -
kin co chirng 150 nguxri ma mpt phan ba la lam 6 ede
'
-
mo. Nhirng thp thuyen cong nghe tdn thu c ay tuy co
phap lupt quy dinh nghia vp va quyen lpi doi voi chu
-
-
thue, va co mpt vj quanh Thanh tra lao dong bao h$,
-
nhu ng vi hp khong co quyen tap hpp va ket xa cho nen
-
o' trong tinh trpng ra roi hp thu omg khong du su c dd -
-
ty bao vp quyen lpi. tir nam 1937 , Chinh - phu Dong
Phap cung
-
theo gutmg nuirc Phap ma thi hanh luat xa
hpi, cong nhan dupe hutnig them it nhieu quyen lpi
- -
moi, nhu ng ho van chira du pc quyen to chu c C6ng - -
-
doan nhu lao dong gioi cac mrcnc tan tien , md chi du pc -
to chirc mot thir lpi khi cua cong nhan the gioi
thuimg dung de doi pho voi chu thue, thi tuy nha
--
nu 6 c van cam , ma lao dong moi khi c6 di& u bat binh
voi chu van dung den de yeu cau chu thue doi dai
voi hp kha hon. Gan day Chinh - phu c6 y khuech
trvromg cong nghe ban qu6c d§ chong lai nan nhdn
-
mdn, nhu ng roi sir canh tranh v 6i cong nghe mrot
Phdp c6 de cho c6ng ngh§ ban quoc du oc tu do phdt
trien khfing?
- *

74
 ULTHUTTNG MAI
Thirong nidi mrfrc ta xira l$i c6n kdm coi hem c6ng
ngh$ nifra. Ngdy xira nirta ta ?r trong tlnh trying b4
quan toa cang, sir bu 6n ban vbi ngo i qu6c r4t It dfi
- ^
ddnh , md b trong nu fre thi cr xir ndy di qua xifr kh £c
dirimg giao thbng khbng ti$n , cho n6 n sir bufin bdn
thirimg h n trong ph m vi dia phircmg. ( j nha qud thi
^ ^
cfic chg la noi d £n vilng xung quanh hpp nhau m5i ngay
hay m6i phidn Ah ddi ch6c nhifrng dd thd san, ho$c vh
n 6ng nghi p hoac vd c6 ng nghidp, ckn dung cho sir
^
sinh hoat hang ngay . Ngoai nhfrng ngirbi nha qud d &n
chff de bdn th6 san , c6n c6 It nhidu ngirbi ldi buon
chuyen mon nhir hang vai , hang xdn , hang cau, hang
thude, hang thit, hang bdnh , cir gdnh hang di chg ndy
cho khde da bdn rong. ( j quanh ede chp lfrn lai thirtmg
* 1

cd nhirng nhd bu6n nho, nhdt Id b nha qud cung cb ve

ndo nhi t, nhirng gid tri cua nhirng cube giao hodn ky
^
chang Id bao nhibu. Nhirng hang rau co, c6 khi ca gdnh
chi ddng gid chirng dirge m6t vdi ddng bac. (} cho nhd
*

qud, chi c6 hdng vai thi von lieng Id ddng bac chuc hay
-
bac tram. Trong mdt phidn chp nhd c6 khi tong gia hdng
h6a dem bdn chi dirge chirng bon nam chuc bpc.
Sif bu6n bdn chi c6t de d6i chdc nhirng vdt tho san ,
md cong nghiep lai khbng phdt d$t, cho ndn thirong mdi
cung khong phdt dat . Nhirng ngirbi bu 6n chuydn 6 ede *

chg ph &n nhieu Id ddn bd nhd n6ng , khi ranh vide di

bu6n de kiem them ddng lbi. C6 ngirbi di ca ngdy ddn
toi vd nhd tinh chi lbi ddu vdi xu. (l chg ndo viec buon
75
ban c6 hoi quan trpng la th &y c6 mot vhi nha bu 6n bdn
Hoa- kieu lung dopn lpi quyen. M t mat ho mua
^
nhirng v£t thd san du- d & t, nhir lua , gao, bap, d £u ,
bong, san de bbn di noi khdc, hoac chcr ra ngoai qu6c,
mpt mat hp ban cho d & n que nhirng tap h 6a nhir vai
lqa , thuoc men cung do ngoai h6a khac, nhat la hang
thu.
(
^
thanh thi sir buon ban thinh hem he nha que vi
thanh thi thirung la trung tarn di6 m vh kinh t§ cua
mpt tinh hay mpt mien. Nhirng nha buon nho cbc chp-
nha que thirbng den do de l& y hang ve ban , hay la
dem do tho san mua hr c&c dia phutmg t£p trung 6" day.
Song 6 thanh th; cung nhu- 6- nha que, nguiri Viet-nara
*

chi buon ban vat , nhirng hang kha nhat la mly hang
t&m hang dong bdn le , chir c&c cupc buon si vh cat
hang to deu cr trong tay ngutri Hoa - kieu.
Vipc buon ban bang ghe thuyen thi 6 song cung chi
*

do huyen nay sang phu khac , xa lam lb do mot tinh di

-
sang tinh ben ma thoi; con 6 bien thi ghe thuyen nho
•>
khong the dtri xa ven b<y, cho nen nhirng nha hang hai
tao bao nhat cung chi di xir nby sang xir khac o' trong
pham vi Trung, Nam, Bac Vi$t thoi.

-
Trir mitre Tau ra thi nu frc ta xira von khong co
thong thircmg voi ngoai qu6c, song viec man dich nay
- ^
cung o' trong tay ngrnri Hoa- kieu, ho cho ph m vat
cua Trung-quoc sang ban cr mrfrc ta , roi lai cdt hang
tho san cua ta mb cho ve mrot ho.
*

76
 - -
Ti> nu a d & u thb ky 15 , co m$t it ngu bi Nh £ t cung
-
den bu6n bhn 6 nu crc ta, roi den the ky 17, cie Idi
*

buon Au-chau theo got cdc nhh truykn gido gia- t6 den
xin thong thu-cmg, tir d6 cube quoc ngoai mdu dich cua
ta mcri bat d& u mb rong ph m vi. Song sir thong
^
'

thirong v6i ngoai qu6c dirt noi khong chirng, cho nen
nd khong th & nh m$t cuoc lien lac thu-cmg xuyen vinh
ciru. Nam 1637 ngircri H6a-lan den dhng ngohi ( Bac
Viet) mcr thirong cuoc or Ph 6 -hi4n , ve tinh Hung- yen ,
chuyen mua ta lua gao bap cua ta de chcr di brin tr
-
Nam -du ong quan dao va Nhdt-ban , rbi nhap khau
-
nhirng thu- du ong hoa nhu sung, dan, diem sinh va cac
*

-
thu ni . & dhng trong ( Trung Vidt ) thi Hoi -an ( Faifoo )
tir nam 1640 cung thanh mdt do thi buon ban to, ngoai
-
nhirng hieu bu6n cua ngircri Tau , ngu fri Nhat , ngu ai
Xiem , lai co nhieu Idi bu6n Bo-dao-nha, Hoa-lan va
-
Phdp, canh tirqng buon ban phon thinh khdng kbm gi
Pho- hien. Nam 1750, m6t nha du lich Phap ten Id
Pierre Poivre den Thuan - h 6a yet- kien chua Vo-
-
virong. Chua hu a de cho ngircri Phap du ac quyen tir
do buon bdn o dang trong. Ve sau vua Gia- long nhir
*
-
Gidm - muc Bd- da -loc va cac vo quan ngircri Phap ma
-
ddnh du ac Tay-san , thong nhat nam bac, nen db cho
ngirtri Phdp tcri lui buon bdn de dang trong mrcrc. Den
dbi Minh -menh , Thieu-tri , c6 cuoc cam dao duoi sir
nen viec thong thirong vcri ngirtri Au bi dinh . Cdi chinh
sach be quan toa cang ay se thanh cdi ket qua mat
mrcrc a dai Tir-dirc.

77
 ^
THUTTNG NGHI JP HI$N BAI

Ti> khi nutJr ta ti4p xuc v6i cdc dfin tgc Au t&y, -
nh& t 14 tic khi thugc Ph 4p, tinh hinh kinh ti mcr mang
thi thutmg nghigp cilng nhfln th4 m 4 phdt dat rdt
chdng. tf trong mrfrc nhh dirimg giao thdng thuy lqc
mcr rgng v 4 tign lpi, su* bu6n b6n tinh n 4y sang tinh
-
khdc v 4 xifr n 4y sang xefr kh 4c du gnc d§ d 4ng, khi 4n
m 6i lign lac kinh t4 cdc dia phutmg v6i nhau mgt ng4y
mgt mgt thilt . Nhirng thdnh thi cr v 4o ncri kinh tl
trung tdm , nhir H 4- ngi , Nam-dinh, Hai- ph6ng, S4i-g6n ,
Chcr-16n da thdnh nhihig thutmg tnrtrng ph&n thinh
-
(

c6 thg so sdnh v6i cdc thutmg phq lfrn cr A dfing,

Ngeriri mrbt: ta xera kia chi cham n6ng nghigp v4 si
-
nghigp mb dg sv bu6n bdn lai cho Hoa ki4 u, nhxmg
ng& y nay da d& n d& n gi4nh lai quyln kinh t& ve
thutmg mai. tj Bac Vigt nhirng nh 4 buon Vigt nam da -
ddnh d6 dutrc doc quyen thutmg m 4i cua khdch tru,
c6n 6 Trung Viet v 4 Nam Vigt thi ngirfri ban xir cung
*

dutmg chan khcri.

Nhirng phutmg phdp doanh nghigp tdn ththc, nhir
-
su mo c6ng ty v4 giao thiep v6i nggn hdng, da th&nh
*

nhirng phutmg phdp quen diing cua nh 4 bu6n ta.

.
Nhirng cong ty cong thutmg d& u tien cr mrfrc ta von
gpi 14 hoi dbng loi , hgi thir nh£ t lgp b Kien an ( Bac
*
-
Viet ) v4o khoang nam 1903 dg mua bdn th6c lua v4 cho
hpi vien vay. Ve sau nhirng c6ng ty c6 phbn ( socigtg
par actions) theo c4c there hop tir (en participation ),
lutrng hop (en commandite), vo han tr 4ch nhigm (en
78
non collectif ) libril&n xuAt hi£n hr ba xir. Song 16i hiru
han vo danh cong ty (socidte anonyme ) thi chu-a thinh
hhnh . Ve ng&n hang thi cdc nhh cong thirong nirtrc ta
van dung nhung nhan hhng cua ngirbi Phhp va ngircri
-
ngoai qu6c. Tir mutri nam nay, 6 Shi-g6n c6 nha Viet -
nam nghn hhng (Socihtd annamite de credit ) thanh lap,
* *
-
do la so ngdn hang thu nhat cua ngu cri ban x \r.
Le giao dich vcri ngoai quoc phan nhieu do hai phu
d& u 16n la Hai-phdng vh Shi-gdn ; c6n cdc hai cang or
-
trung Viet, nhu Ben- thuy ,Tourane,Quy-nhcm thi hhng
hoa xuat nhap khong c6 bao nhieu. Mon hang xuat
cang nhieu nhat lh gao mot minh Sai-gon dir den 80
hay 90 phan 100 trong tong ngach . Hien nay Bong-
-
Phdp dung bu c thir hai trong the gicn (sau mrcrc
Dien - dien) ve sir xuat cang gao.
Sau gao thi cao su cung \k mot vht xuat cang quan
trong; ngohi ra c6n bap, tieu dira , son , qu§, ca kho,
trung gk , trau bo, da, ta, cung nhung khoang san nhir
than, chi, kem, xi mang. Nhung san vat ay, mpt phan
bdn di cdc niroc ldn c& n hr A- dong, m$t phan ban di
nutrc Phdp, deu lh v &t nguy§n lieu hoac vkt bdn che ,
chir nhung vht tinh che thi cong nghiep mrfrc ta sinh
san It , mh ph &n nhieu ta lai phai nhSp cang tir niroc
Phhp ( vai , lua , d& sat, mdy m6c, xe dap, xe 6- t6), mrcnc
Thu vh mrfrc Nhat.

TCr cu$c kinh te khung hoang, chmh shch thircmg

m &i mr6c Phhp chu trong ve thupc dia, nen sir buon
bhn cua B6ng-Phdp v6i mrfrc Phhp chng nghy chng
phdt dat th§m .
79
 IV. CANH SINH HOAT <X THON QUE

Cdch sinh hoat cua dan nha que don gian lam , song
trang thdi kinh tb tu c &p tir tuc doi tnrerc dd hori mb'
*

mang rbng thdnh sir thong thircmg vbi thdnh thi ,

nghia Id voi thi trirfrng toan quoc vd thi trirbng quoc
ti.
9
5 • \
Nay ta thvr xet qua ve ba phiromg didn cir tru , am
there vd y phuc cua dan qug .
Nhd b cua ngircri nhd que, ke hang trung binh tro-
xu6ng thi deu lam bang vdt libu tho san , nhu- cot keo
bang tre hay go soan , la nhu-ng thir c6 the lay b trong
verbal, trong lang; mai nha thi lop bang rom b ruong.
*

Nhu- ng vat phai mua b ngodi la may, mra , cot , thinh

thoang dd tang; db dac ddng trong nhd , gierbmg phan ,
riremg hbm , bdt dia , noi nieu thung mung, dao rera cimg
db ldm ruong thi cung phai mua.
An uong thi ho dung gao , bap, khoai, san , ddu cua
ho ter trbng, vd tom ca cua ho tir cau hay mua o trong
'

ldng. Thinh ‘thoang co le gi ho giet ga, vit, Ion cua ho

nuoi trong nhd . Ho chi phai mua muoi, rnrtrc mam,
dau, mdt , thuoc , cau, trau .
Ve db y phuc thi ho phai mua b ngodi nhieu hem ,
dbu co nha det vai det lua thi cung cbn phai mua soi
vd tor. Quan do khan kho ho deu phai mua vai , lua de
-
may, cung nhu non , du, guoc dbp . Song ngtreri nhd que
sam db mot lan thi dung rbt ldu, co khi hang nam ba
nam , chuc nam md db chtra her, cho n6 n ho it dung tibn
bac hon o' thanh thi. Bbn db nong san hay 1dm thue
80
lam murnm kiem duxrc dong nao hQ phai lo de danh
ma ngp sum thue.
Xem tinh hinh sinh hoat cua nguxri nha qu£ nhir th 4
thi thay phan nhieu vat can dung hQ vln tir cap nhir
xira , chi phai mua cr ngoSi mot so it. Nhirng xira kia
nhirng vat ho phai mua 6" ngoSi tobn la nhirng san vat
O' d;a phmmg, chir ng&y nay mQt nira nhirng vat §y
lai la v&t ngopi h6a , hay IS. nhumg vat can nguyen lieu
o- nir6x ngoai . GiS ca cac v$t Ay phai tuy theo thi gia
cua thi truxmg th 4 gioi chir khong phai tuy theo luat
cung cau cr thbn que nhir truxrc nira. Lai nira, lua gao
cimg cac nong san khdc ngay nay da thanh nhirng vat
xuat cang, cho nen gia ca cung quan h§ voi thi
truxmg, khien ngirbi nha que nhieu khi bSn san vat
giS ha roi sau lai phai mua lai gia cao. Nhirng sijr tinh
ay khien canh sinh hoat cua ngircri nha que ngby nay
thanh ch t vat hem ngby truxrc nira.
^
Trang thbi kinh the tir clip tir tuc IS cbi ccr scr cua
van h6a dinh tre vb bao thu cua ta ngay xira. Van h6a
ay gom nhirng phong tu tap quan khien cho nguxri
nha que trong bao nhieu ddi cr trong chi caph khon cung
het sux ma van nhan nai chiu dirox, cho nen xa hoi
van thirbng em dem lang le , trat tir chinh te. Ngby
nay , cong nghiep , thircmg nghiep phbt dat lam cho nen
kinh t 4 tir nhien cua dan que bi lay chuyen da khien
cho canh ho circ kho horn xira, ma nhirng tir tiremg men
thinh thoang ba dong den cbi nen van h6a co cum lai
lam cho ho cam giac ro rSng nhirng noi kho scr ay ma
.
khien ho phai cira quay The mb sir bien dong cua
th 6n que chi IS moi bat dSu.

81
 .
V CAC THANH THJ
Xa hoi ta 14 xa hoi nfing nghi£ p cho nen cac thknh thi
ng4y xira chi 14 nhirng'noi trung t4m ve chinh tri, song
vi dia vi trong ylu ve chinh tri ma thanh thi la nod
dan cir dong dao, cho nen dan dan cung thanh nhirng
noi cong thirong nao nhiet hern thon que. Vi le th 4nh
thi xira chi la noi chinh tri trung tam hom 14 kinh tl
trung tam, cho nen sau nhirng cu6c trilu d i bien di
^
thirbng c6 nhirng cuQc thay ch 4u doi chcr, thbi nhirng
co quan kinh te cung theo ccr quan chinh tri m 4 doi di
noi kh4c. Tinh the ay khien th4nh thi ng4y xira to
chirc rat so s4i. Moi th 4nh thi gom co hai bo phan :
th 4nh la noi cac quan ( b kinh do thi co ho4ng th4nh 14
nod vua d6ng) v4 qu 4 n linh b, xung quanh c6 th 4nh lily ,
b trong 14 c4c quan dinh binh trai, cung c4c kho lua, kho
muoi , kho tiln ; thi 14 noi nh 4n d 4n tu t 4p d£ 14m an ,
gom nhirng nh4 lop tranh v 4 lpp ng6i xen nhau , nhir
mot c4i cho lbn c6 nh4 buon b4n mb pho luon luon.
._
HU4 Kinh th 4nh Hul 14 c4i ti£u ban cua nhirng
th 4nh thi doi xira , nghia 14 nhirng th 4nh thi thilt lap
vi chinh tri. Ve phirong dien kinh te thi Hui 14 noi
rat bit ti£ n. Thuy thi chi c6 m6t dirbng theo s6ng
Hirong thfing ra bi£ n , m 4 cira Thu 4n-an lai hay bi tac;
ve dirbng bo thi chi mdt dirbng thiSn ly thfing vbi
c 4c tinh Quang- tri Quang-binh v 4 Quang- nam , m 4 lai
phai qua sdng qua d4o kh6 khan , cho n§n kinh th 4nh
khong phai 14 noi trung t4m ve kinh tl. Hul 14 m6t
noi hi6m ylu , m6t mat thi c6 bidn chirbng ngai, ba
mat thi co giai Truimg-son v 4 c 4c chi m ch 14m th 4nh
^
82
luy thien nhien, chinh vi dia the nhir vqy ma chua
Nguyen da chQn lam noi thu do, Khi Nguyen Hoang
moi vbo miem Nam thi dong 6• Ai - tir ( Quang trj), sau -
chua Hieu -van doi do vao An -phu , chua Hieu chieu -
-
doi den Kim long, roi chua Hieu - nghia doi den
-
Phu xuan la cho do thanh ngay nay.
©6 thanh gom ba bq phqn : hr trong la cung thanh ,
-
xay vao nam Gia- long thu hai, doi Minh -mqnh sii a lai -
-
goi la Tir cam thanh , co tam cira; cr ngoai la hobng
- -
thanh , co tam cira; cu a NgQ mon xoay ve hurmg nam ;
ngoai het la kinh thanh, xay theo kieu Vauban, chu vi
dirpc 2487 truvng, cao 1 tr. 5 th. 3 tac , day 5 thrnrc ,

(J trincrc co ky dai ( dai CQt ccr ) ; xung quanh co 11 cira

deu c6 chu bac qua ho. O' tren thanh co 24 dai , moi
dhi co kho thudc dan , xiromg sung, diem canh , cqng tat
- •f

ca lb 455 s6 . O’ trong kinh thanh thi co lqc bq , cung cbc

-
quan thif , truimg Quoc tir giam , viqn Tang thir, dai
Xa- tac v.v...
& ngoai thanh thi pho xa buon ban chi co hai pho
-
Bong- ba va Gia hoi la nhirng day nha tranh lup xup
cung mot it nha ngoi lb cua cac Ibi buon Hoa- kieu. &
-
gan cira D6ng- ba c6 mot cai chq . Theo doc song, ve
huu ngan , tir cira Thirung- tir den g6c thanh dong-
nam 1b nha virim cua cbc quan va nhirng ngutri hobng
toe; gan cira lb nha Thutmg-bac. Tir cu a Thurong tir - -
-
dln Phu-van lau lb ebe nha vutm , Vo lam tnrimg vb - -
dinh trai cua Long-thuyen ta -hu u -ve. Tir Phu van - - -
-
lau den goc thanh tay nam la Moc- thu ong ( kho go) va -
-
Cuoc- tircmg- ty hoac Nha do, do Trircmg sung vb cau -
- K

Lpi ti hay cau Bgch- ho.

'9

83
 ^
Ch6 c u Cl menceau, xira lh bin do Trirbng- tien.
^
Cho sau toa Kham -sir ngay nay la Sir-qu 6 n de tiep
sir- than ngoai qu 6c. Theo doc hum ngan , tir chd nh &
thuang lbn den nha ga bay gib lh dinh trai cua 15 doi
thuy binh; thuy binh thi a nhtrng trai lbn lap ng6i, con
gia quyen ho thi a nha tranh a quanh. ( j khoang giira
cdc nha trai Ih nhirng b£ n dau cua chien thuyen. Gan
nha ga ngay nay Ih trai voi va trirbng sung. Ngoai cac
so ay thi toan lh ruong nircmg va cac nhh vubn . Qua
song Phu -cam m6t doan Ih dan Nam -giao. Ngay nay
phia hu u ngan song Hu ong da thanh khu vnrc ngirbi
* *

Phap, toan lh nha cua , dinh thir va dirbng sd mbi ca.

(y t.a ngan thi cac nha vubn xira then nay dh thanh
nhirng pho buon bhn . Cdc dinh trai cua dpi Long-
-
thuyen bay gib chi c6n hai cai nhh. Cho Bong-ba da
dbi tCr cua Bong- ba vh Gia- hoi la noi bu 6 n ban thinh
-
nhat ngay tru bc da suy ma thhnh khu virc nha a, cbn
dirbng Paul Bert ngay xira la dirbng nhh a thi bay gib
lai thhnh noi buon bhn to nhdt a do thhnh , sir thay doi
ay nhb cau Tnrbng-tien nhieu lam.

Tom lai, quang canh do thanh nghy nay da khac voi

xu-a nhieu , song tuy rang vipc buon ban c6 thinh han
trirac mh do thhnh van khong mat cai dac tinh cua n6
la noi chinh tri thu phu , chtr khong phai la noi kinh
t4 trung tarn. Cac thhnh ph6 Ion khhc, nhu Hh- noi,
Nam -dinh, Sai - gon thi vi tri ve phiromg dien kinh te
thuan tien hon , vi a vko giao diem cua nhieu dirbng
giao thong. Nhb vay m & cdc thhnh pho ay phon thinh
hom thanh Hue nhieu lam .
84
 Ha -n 9i .— Ha- npi la thu do rkt xira cua nirbc ta , tuy
Ih noi trung tarn ve chinh tri , nhimg vi dja the giao
thong ti£ n lpi nen cung la ncri trung tSm ve kinh te
nira. Thhnh Long- bi6 n, thanh Bpi-la b doi Bac- thuoc
xira, tire la thanh Ha- npi ngay nay . Vua Ly Cong- Uan
-
bo thanh Hoa lir la do cua trieu Binh va Le ma dong do
-
6" B ii -la r6i dbi ten lpi la thanh Thang-long. Tu do den
^
cac trieu Tran , Le , thu do nirbc ta vhn la Thang-long ,
cho den tribu Nguyen moi d;nh do 6 Hue . Tir khi
*

- -
Cao Bien (869 875) xay thanh Bai la, roi tiep cac
-
tribu Ly , Trbn , Le , Mac, Tay scm , Nguybn , moi dbi
sira sang them bert , khong the phan biet ro rang rang
-
dbi nao xay nhu ng bp phan nao. Theo ban do thanh
Thang -long b dbi Hong-dirc thi phia dong khi tir lang
Bux-mon tong Bong-xuan ( pho Cua -dong ), bac den
-
song To lich ( ngay nay la pho Song T6-l;ch ) , tay doi vbi
-
Nhpt-chieu , nam den Van mieu. O' trong la cung
thanh , co cac dien cac cung b ngoai la hoang thanh , roi
den cac pho xa buon ban va cong nghe.
O' Thang-long xira cac nha cong thutmg thirbng theo
dong nghiep ma cr tirng pho phirbng, nhu pho hang -
gai, hang dong, hang thibc, hang buom , hang bo , hang
-
bong, hhng dho, hang dircmg , v . v... Nhung ngu bi dong
nghiep nhi& u khi lai la dong hirong, trong mot pho
thutmg toan la ngutri mot lang cung b. Nhung pho
phirbng ay trirbe kia chi la nhung dirbng nho hep,
hai ben nhh tranh nha ngoi xen nhau. Chi nhung pho
ngubi Hoa- kieu b thi moi thay co nha ngoi hai tirng.
& hai dau ph6 thubmg co cira cong, b tren co lau
canh , ban dem dong ky de de phong ke cu'bp , b quanh

85
 thanh pho Igi c6 nhirng cvra l£m, nhvr cvra pho Thanh -
ba ( pho Moi) hien nay van con. Btr song cai ngay xira
chira c6 bai cdt noi len , khi nircrc len thuyen be c6 the
ghe sdt bcr de dirge. C6n ho Hoan-kiem thi cr quanh
btr Id nhirng kh6m nhd la chen chuc each nhau bang
nhirng bai co xanh , nhumg bui tre va nhvrng chom cay
phan chieu tren gmmg nircrc . Chua Ngoc-scm n6i vao
bcr bang mot cai cau tre, veri dinh Tran- ba 6- giira
ho, la hai canh trang 16 nhat cua thanh Ha-noi xira.
Ngay nay thanh pho Ha - n6i dai de gom c6 hai bo
phan. Bo phan ngvroi ban xir thi cr ve phi a tay bac ,
vao khoang giira ho Hodn-kiem , ho Tnic- bach , ho
Tay va s6ng Cai . Khu ky la nod cvr dan tru mat va buon
ban phon thinh hern ca , ma noi trang tarn nao nhiet
nhat Id pho Hang Gai, Hdng B6ng, vd pho Hdng Bdo,
Hdng Ngang di thang ra chg Bong- xu &n . Nhd eira cr
khu ky phan nhieu lam theo loi cu , trvrcrc mat la cira
hdng buon bbn , cr sau la nha o', nhieu nha cd san va
virtm rat sau . Phan nhieu thi mat nhd ra vdo so le md
dvremg pho thi chat hep, quang canh chung nhin c6 ve
-
phire tap Ion xon lam . Ten cac du cmg pho cr day
thiremg con givr ten xira, ma nhirng cong nghe va
thiremg nghiep cung co nhieu ncri vln con phu hop voi
ten pho.
(J
phia nam ho Hoan - kiim Id khu thiremg m &i cua
ngvrbi Au-chau, trung tarn diem Id pho Paul Bert
( Tnrimg- tien ). ( j d &y cung c6 nhieu c6ng scr thuoc
ve Chinh - phu Bong-Phap thi o' rieng mot khu ve phla
ddng thanh xira , g&n virtm Bbch- thao. Nhirng biet
86
thv to Ion cua cac nha giau co sang trong cung phan
nhieu 6 ve khu ay.
"

Thanh pho Ha n$i so di la mot noi do hbi > phan Ion

*

la nho dia the tien lqi b chi'nh giira tim dat trung
*

chau Bac Viet. Tv xira Ha npi da lh noi trung tam ve

-
dirbng thuy dqo 6 hai he song Thai- binh va Nhj- ha ;
ngay nay nhung dirbng bg vh dirong sat cung lay
-
Ha ngi lhm trung diem , Boi vqy khong ke nhung dieu
ki£ n lich sir, chi xem dieu kien dia ly , Ha- nbi cung
dang Ihm thu phu cho ca xir Bac Viet vh coi Dong-
Phap.

VI . DUTTNG GIAO THONG

O' mpt nong nghiep, nhan dan chi song trong

mitre
vong kinh t§ tv cap tv tuc thi dirbng giao thong tat
nhien la it mcr mang. Che lang chc tinh giao thong voi
nhau chi cb nhung dirbng nho hep theo bb- ruong hay
Ih ber song, trbi moi mira thi da lay bun hoqc dut
quang. Con dirong cai quan to nhat tun la dirong
thuoc dia s6 1 nghy nay di su6t tu bac din nam
nguyen lh dirbng nam tien cua dan toe ta tnrcrc kia ,
xira chi la mbt con dirbng nho hep khap khenh , khi
thi treo gioc qua deo, khi thi bi ngat vi song. Dau the
ky 19 ,- vua Gia- long tu bo dirbng thien ly & y lai de lam
dirbng lien lac ba xir Trung, Nam , Bac , cir each
chirng 15 ki-16-met lai dat mot nhh tram , c6 phu tram
truyen de cong van vh khieng chng kieu hay do dac cua
cac quan.
Dirong hoi ngirbi Phap chinh phuc nutre ta thi chc
quan binh da bat dlu dap nhung dirbng Ion de tien
87
viec dyng binh , roi v6 sau Chmh- phu thuqc dja ti6p
tuc dap them nhieu dircmg de giao thong cho ti6 n. Cf
Nam Viet nhumg du-cmg sh rong rdi lam tir hem 25 nam
nay da giup cho sir khai khan mien dong vh sir khuech
-
tru cmg cua cac sir cao su. Nam 1912 quan Toan- quyen
Sarraut lap mot chiromg trinh dao 16 cho tohn hat
Bong- Phap , vh nam 1918 thi bat dau lam nhumg
dirbmg thu6c dia li£n lac nam xu\ Cu6i nam 1934 da
co hem 33.600 ki- lo- m 6t during lorn raa 15.300 ki-16- met
co lot da. Tir nam 1923 six chuyen chir bang o-to bat
dau phat dat , hien nay tat ca cac mien sinh san ir
Bong- Phap deu c6 o- to lien lac voi nhau .
Viec giao thong muon cho nhanh chong hom , viec van
tai muon cho manh me horn, can phai co xe lira. Ve
ducmg sat cung nhu vi du-cmg bo, xu- Nam Viet van
c6 serm hom Trung Viet vh Bac Viet. Bixbmg xe lira
Shi - gon - My -tho lam xong tu nam 1886 lh mot dircmg
co quan he kinh te; con dircmg Ha - n 6i - Lang-som cr
Bac Viet Ihm xong tix nam 1897 va nam 1900 thoi co
-
tfnh chat dung binh horn. Cai chu omg trinh dircmg xe
lira Xuyen Bong-Phap ( Transindochinois) quan Toan -
quyen Doumer dir dinh, thi nam 1904 da thirc hanh
diroc ba doan : Ha - noi - Vinh , Tourane - Bong- hh,
Sai-gon - Nha- trang . Nam 1928 lam xong them mot
doan Vinh - Bong-ha, con mot doan Nha-trang -
Tourane nam 1936 da khanh thanh. The la hien nay
dircmg xe lira da di song veri duimg thien ly suot tir
Nam -quan ( Lang-som ) cho den My - tho roi (1714km ) .
Bixbmg Xuyen Bong-Phap ay la giay lien lac chinh tri
va kinh te cua ba xir Nam , Trung, Bac. Ngoai diromg

88
ky , Chinh - phu con quan gidm dircmg Pnom-Penh -
Battambang dhi 340 km , dircmg Ben -dong- xo
ninh d i 69 km ; dirbng Hai- phong - Van- nam dai
Lqc-
* 1

-
^
859km lhm dircmg thong mi£ n thirpmg du Bac Viet ra
bi£ n vh lam dutmg xam nhap cho the life nirbc Phhp
O mign nam Trung-hoa, thi Chmh - phu nhircmg cho
'

mQt cong ty quan lanh .

Ngay xira nmcrc ta khong co duxmg xe lira ma
dirbng bo thi hiem hoi hiem tro , sif giao thong ph &n
*

nhieu dung dircmg thuy, cho nen cac thanh thi xu a tat '

-
hay dong cr ber song . C7 Bac Viet tu doi Bac thupc ,
Cao Bien da chu y ve sif pha thac xoi song cho thuyen
be di lgti du'erc tien( l ). Trai cac trieu Binh, Ly, Tran ,
Le, Nguyen , trieu nho cung chu y ve viqc thuy loi .
Song viec giao thong dirbng thuy chi hr cac mien lun
vifc song Nhi- hd , song Thai - binh 6 Bac Viet, song
*

-
Cun-long, s6ng Bong nai o' Nam Viet la mb mang du rc - ^
nhieu. Cdc phu dau trqng yeu o' cac mien ay la
- -
Ha- noi , Nam dinh , Hai phong hr Bac, vh Sbi gon, My- -
tho, Clin - thcr cr Nam ( 2). Cdc song ngoi xir Trung Viet,
-
trir song Ma 6 Thanh -hoa , con thi ngan va gioc ( tir
giai Tnrcmg-son chay ra bien ) chi co the dung cr mien
ha -liru , cho nen khong co gia tri giao thong nhir cac song
h hai xir Nam Bac .

( 1) Sir chep rang Cao Bien dung phep phii-thuy, sai Thien -loi pha
nhirng thde ghenh cr ede song de cho thuyen be di diror .
Thien-loi ay co le la Cao Bien dting thuoc sung chang? ( Tran
Trong - Kim , Viet-nam sir lirp ) *
( 2) Xem rai c “phij dau”.
^
^
89
 ! i

Nghy xira doc bcr bien co nhirng song dao thong cac
phh vh chc song Ion voi nhau , co the lien lac thirbng
xuyen Thuhn - h6a va Hh- n6i . Nghy nay vi c6 dirirng bo
-
vh dirbng xe lu a thuan tien, nhan dan cung Chi'nh-phu
khong chu y den con dirbng thuy ay , nen cac song dho
phan nhilu bi lay bun . Song chc ghe thuyen cua dan
mien bien van thirbng loi dung gib mua de thong
thirong trong khap ba xir. Ngoai ra cbn co nhung tau
bien cua c6ng ty Les Chargeurs rbunis su6t nam lien
lac chc hai cang Ion o' Bac Viet, Trung Vi$t vh Nam
Vibt. Song sir giao thong hai dao ay khong c6 co phat-
dat vi c6 dirbng b6 va dirbng xe lira canh tranh.

VII. SITU THUE

Ngirbi ta thirbng phan biet hai hang thub : thue

-
tru c tiep vh thue gian tiep. ( j mot mrcrc ndng nghiep
nhir nirfrc ta , thiromg mai chi la viec doi chhc vat vanh ,
thi thue gihn ti4p khong phai lh moi loi Ion cho nha
mrcrc, cho nen tir xira nhh vua nircrc ta chi chu trong
ve thu4 tnrc tmp, nhat lh thue dinh vh thue dien ,
vi ngirbi vh dat lb thi san ro rbt nh&t hr trong nirfrc.
Trong mrcrc, thi san liru thong khong tien cho nen
thue mh co the nop mot phan bang san vat , do la m 6t
dac tmh cua thue ma nirfrc ta .
M$t dac tfnh nira lh khi nhh nirfrc lhm so thue thi
b6 theo tirng lhng, roi lhng s§ chieu 1$ mh phan bo cho
dan , nhung ngirbi b&n cung thirbng khong phai chiu .
Nhir vay thi thue mh khong phai lh ph & n phu dam cua
90
 c lh mOt thifr tu4
mot ngutn aoi viri qu6c gia , mh thi
^
c6ng cua xfi th6n m6i nam phai npp cho nhh vua.
Lf trutmg vh hutmg chihc phai cA;u trdch nhi$m
v4 vi£c thu thu4 d4 dem n$p vho kho nhh mrbt , cho
-
n6 n nhh nu frc khdng phai diing nhi& u quan lai v 4 vi$c
- -
trung thu nhu 6 cdc nu frc Au-ch§u. 6* m6i tinh ly nhh
*

n\r6t c6 kho ti&n vh kho lua. Nhh kho lhm bang g6 vh

-
lq p ngdi, thirtmg lh nhh to nhlt trong tinh . M6i nhh
ngan thhnh hai bO ph &n : m$t b§n chira tien bac, m$t
- -
b§n chbra lua, cd quan Chu thu cr du di quyln quan
B6-chdnh , trdng nom hai kho.
Cdc l£ trutmg vh hutmg chirc dem ti&n vh gao thul
den trinh quan B6-chdnh vh xin gi & y roi dem nOp cho
-
quan Chu -thu . Ve cdc m6n chi thu, quan Chu thu cung
phai c6 gi &y cua quan B6-chdnh thi mdi dutrc xuat
nh& p. Mdi nghy quan Chu-thu phai khai r6 cdc m6n
xu 4t nh £p dd trinh quan Bo, vh mdi thdng phai de ttr

kho. Phdp ludt qui dinh |

^
b &m nguyet- d§ ve b$ Ho de bdo cdo tinh trang cua cdc
v thi chdnh rk\ ky chng, quan
Tdng- d6c cd quy 4 n b& t th & n khdm kho vh sd sdch, vh
nam nam m$t. Trieu dinh lai phdi mot quan Ngir-su -
khdm- sai di thanh tra. Cdch td chirc thi chinh chdu ddo
ky cot de cho quan lai kh6ng the dao dung cua c6ng
dirpn .

THUE DINH

Thud dinh , cung goi lh sum , thi theo dinh bo hay h$

tich cua mdi lhng mh bd . & mrfrc ta tit dtri Ly da cd
91
1Q m6i nam khai hp so ( xira gpi lk don s6), dkn 6ng 18
tuoi goi lk hokng nam, tir 20 tu6i trd lkn goi lk dai nam.
Trieu Tr& n cung m &i nam svra lai h6 tich. Song thue
thkn or hai trieu k y thi theo so ruling cua m &i ngudi
mk danh, ai khong c6 ruong thi khoi phai d6ng.
Tri& u H& (1400) mu6n trirng mot triku binh de cir
vcri quan Minh nen tra lai h6 so tokn qu6c, phkm con
trai tCr 2 tuoi trd len lk phai vao s6, sau tinh so ngirdi
tir 15 den 18 tuoi thay nhieu sip doi d ddi Tran
Thue dinh van theo ddi trifcrc , lay ruong 1km ngach.
.
Trong may nam noi thu6c nha Minh thi ho che cung
nhvr dien che , nirfrc ta cung phai theo le cua Trung
quoc, pham dan dinh phai co m 6t cai the bien ten tuoi
-
hutmg qukn , nhir the can cirdc ngky nay.
Trieu Le lai sira h 6 tich nhieu phen, den nam
Hong-dirc thir nhit (1470) thi dinh cir ba nam sira
h 6 tich mot lin goi lk tieu dien, sku nam sira lai mot
lan , goi lk dai dien. Moi lang phai khai so chinh ho va
khkch ho. Tnrcrc hit thi ti sl- tir ai biet chir kha thi
cho vao hang hoc nhieu; thir din xet hang chut: sac;
sau cung xkt cac hang dan dinh, chia lam : trang hang,
hay linh hang, qukn hang , dan hang , lao hang, co hang,
cimg hang. Tir doi Hong- dire , thue dinh khong theo
s6 ruong nira ma dinh nhat luat moi ngirdi dong
nien phai dong 8 tiin.
Den doi Huyen -ton (1664 ) thi bo ckch duyet tuykn
ngay trinre ma dung le khai d hai xu* Nghe an vk -
Thanh - hoa , vk le binh d ckc tran . Theo phep mfri nky ,
nha nirdc khong can theo dinh ky duyet lai ho tich
92
nhir trurfrc, mb chi lbm mot l & n nhit dinh , hoac bang
theo loi khai cua xa tnrcmg mb thbi . Thue dinh moi
su &t lb 1 quan 8 tien. Nam Bao- thbi thir tir, chua
Trjnh Cvrcmg sira lai ngach thue dinh goi lb dung , dinh
rang con trai tir 17 den 19 tuoi lb hobng dinh , tir 20
den 49 la chfrvh dinh , tir 50 den 59 lb lao hang, tir 60
tuoi trcr len lb lao nhieu . Hang chinh dinh phai nop moi
ngiriri 1 quan 2 tien va 4 bat gao, con hang sinh do
cimg hoang dinh va lao hang thi dupe mien thue.
* s 1

Ngach thue dipu la cbc thir thue phu doi trumc de

sung vao cac vipc te tp va cong tac cua nha mrot, nay
don lai thanh mot thir, moi suat dinh phai ngp 6 quan
tibn.
Den trieu Nguyen vua Gia - long binh npi loan va
d;nh cube thong nhat roi , thi lap lai hb tich ngay ; den
doi Minh - menh sira lai dpi khai chia nlian dan ra
nhirng hang sau nay :
a ) Trang hq,ng gom nhirng ngirbi circmg trang, la
hang phai chiu suu dich va cong ich .
b) Lao being gom nhirng ngiroi tir 55 den 60 tuoi,
phai nop nira suat sum va dupe mien thue.
c ) Tan tqt h.Q,ng la nhirng ngutri tan tat nhp dupe
mien dao dich , song phai nop nira suat sum .
d ) Ddn dinh hq,ng gom nhirng ngirbi trai tre tir 18
den 20 tuoi, phai nbp nira suat sum vb dupe mien dao
dich.
e ) Mien dao hang gom ngirbi dupe mien dao dich
nhirng phai nop nira suat sum , nhir h'nh le , linh lang
mieu , quan vien tir.
93
 Trdn nhirng h$ng phai nOp nira suit siru ky , c6
nhirng h ng dirp c miln tri> tohn suit \k :
^
*

a ) L&o nhiiu hqng g& m nhtt-ng ngiriri gi & tCr 60 tufo

trcr lin.
-
b ) NhiSu t&n t$t hq.ng g& m nhirng ngu bi tin t$t
n £ng.
c) Miin sai hq,ng gfem nhirng nhi§u km , l$i dich,
binh dinh , c6ng tirpng ( thp").
d ) Chitx sac hyng g& m nh Q-ng quan l ii, khoa mi c ,
^ ^
'

t$p km ( im - tir ) tit ca nhirng ngirtri c6 b&ng cip cua

nhh vua .
H6 tich ky ctr moi nam sira mfit lin , gpi lh tieu tu ,
nam n &m sira m6t lin gpi d$i tu. Den thdng sdu
nam kdn , thi nh & vua sai m$t quan kh & m - mang ra m 5i
tinh de xdt s6 tilu tu cua c£c l & ng trong miy nam
trircrc, roi chufin dinh nhirng dieu sira doi ldp thhnh
bd m6i, giao cho x3 th 6n m6t ban gpi \k ban thi ha.
Theo phdp lu &t thi phhm dan trong lhng , vo ludn ve
chirc nghidp gi , d& u phai cb ten trong h6 tich , do quan
kh &m - mang thfim xbt vjl chi dinh cdc hang . Nhung theo
sir thirc thi xa thfin chi ghi t§n nhirng ngirtri c 6 san
nghiep, cho nen s6 dinh in lSu r4t nhieu . Xd thon c6 >
nghia vu phai theo h6 tich mh nop cho nhh vua t6ng
s6 bao nhieu ti4 n v& thu 4 dinh , r6i do ly trircmg vh
hirong chirc tiiy libu ph& n bd cho ddn l& ng, tiiy theo
vdt lire cua mdi ngirtri , chir khdng theo lb nhh nurirc
m & b6 cho m&i ngirtri m $t suit nh£t dinh. (Theo 1$
nhh mrtre thi cr lhng khong c6 cong dien , m6i su & t dinh
94
lb 2 tien , co cong diin thi mbi suat la 4 tiin. Ngoai ra
cbn co tien dbu lpt hay la man tiin mbi suat nhat
lupt la 1 tien ).
Lg.i cbn mpt diiu nen chu y lb theo nguybn ly thi
si dan dinh trong hb tich khong khi nbo dupr kbm nam
-
tru or, cho n§n trong mot nam, neu c6 ngirbi bo di noi
khbc hay chit di thi xa thon cung cir phai lo nop du
ting suat cho nha nircnc, mb din dpi tu thi xa th6n
-
lpi phai lby ngu oi khbc ma diin vao cho nhu ng -
ngiriri ve dao hang vb tu hang ay. -
Ky thu thui thi tuy turng dja phumrg mb dinh. Tu -
-
Quang binh den Binh - thupn cir moi nam mot vp
thue , khbi dau tu- thang tu* din thang bay . O’ Nam
Viet cung moi nam thu mbt vp , khbi tp thang gieng -
-
din thang tu . Tu Nghp-an den Thanh hoa ngopi cung
*
-
cbc tran u Bac- thanh , moi nam thu lam hai vp, miia
- -
hp thi khbi tp thang tu den thang sau , mua dong thi
-
khbi tp thbng mirbi den thang muiri mbt.
-
Thui than lb thu thue danh dpi da so nhan dan
trong rnrcrc la nong dan . C6n nhu ng nguxri lbm cong -
- -
nghb , tire la cong tu ung , tuy du ou dir vao hang mien
-
sai , nhu-ng lai phai nop mot thu thui rieng nang hori
thue than . Cac nha cong nghe hop thanh cube , cu 10 -
ngirbi tru len thi to chut; diruc mot cuoc, c6 thui bo
-
ribng. Ngubi dung diu phu bng goi la cuoc trirbng
phai thu thui nbp quan . Thue ay hoac nbp bang tien ,
-
hoac nbp bang san vbt , nhir tho det gim v6c phai nop
m6i ngubi bao nhieu thubc, tho lbm qui u Nghb an - -
-
vb Thanh- h6a , thg lbm yen sbo u ebe dao ve hat
95
 -
Quang nam phai npp moi ngmri may can , hope may
lang.
Nhirng ngircri ngoai quoc, nhat la Hoa - kieu , b
nvrcrc ta phai d6ng thue nang hem ngmri ban qude. O’
-
thhnh thi cung nhir b thon que , chc Hoa kieu thiremg
theo tinh nguyen quan cua ho mb lap tung bang, co
bang trmmg dirng d & u de giao thifp veri quan lai.
-
Than thue cua Hoa kieu chia lam hai hang : hang
nhat gom nhirng ngiriri co tai san hoac cira hang bu 6n
ban , goi la htru vat lire, moi ngircri nop 2 lang bac (18
quan tien ); hang nhi gom nhirng ngircri ngheo, hoac
lam cong, lam cu ly , goi la vo vat lire , phai tra nira suat
thue. Nhirng qua hang ba nam , ho lai bi liet vao hang
nhat, thanh ra trong vong ba nam ho phai lieu tim chch
lam gihu . Den 60 tu6i thi ngircri Hoa-kieu khong phai
nop thue th &n nira , nhirng bang tnrcmg phai kiem
mot ngmri khhc the vao .
Che do thue than thi hanh ngay nay so veri che do
cu ay da co nhieu dieu cai each . Mot dmu khac nhht
lh thue dinh cung nhir chc thir thue khac, phai nop
-
bang bac, chir kho nha nu fre khong nhan tien dong
va san vat nira . Hien cr Trung ViSt, Bac Viet vh Nam
Viet che do thue than theo ba thirc khac nhau.
CT Trung Viet tir nam 1929 le thul dinh dinh nhht
luat dan ong tir 18 d§n 60 tuoi moi suat phai n6p
2$50, khong ke nhirng tien phu thu ve cong ich, tu- ich
va hoc phi. Cac quan lai va chirc sac ngay tnrdc dum
mien, cung phai dong thue nhir ngircri thiremg, song
diro'c goi lh hang tra-siru , duy chi c6 binh linh dmmg
96
dich, binh linh trir bi va ngutri tan phe la duvc mi§n
SITU . Hi £ n nay Chinh- phu lai dinh sum ngach thul
dinh de thi hanh tir nam 1939, dat ra mot ngach nhat
dinh la 0$60 cho hang ban cung, mftt ngach nhat dinh
la 1$50 cho hang c6 thi san; {dii it lam cung vay ) hang
co tai san , nhu c6 mieng dat , cb ganh hang buon bhn ,
*

hoac co viac lam an lutrng, phai theo it nhieu ma tra

them mot suat thue ty la .

^
C Bac Viet thi bat d & u tir nam 1938 ngach thu4
dinh cung sun lai theo tai san cua nhan dan mh chia ra
nam hang, tir hang vo san vh ngutri lhm cong ki§m
dirot: dutri 120 dong mot nam , nop moi suat 1$00 ,
den hang dai phu co 100 mau ruong tro len hoac nop
*

thue ruong hay thue mon bhi moi nam 200$00 trcr len ,
-
phai nop moi suat 50$00. Nay Chinh phu lai dinh chia
lai thanh mubi ba hang, tir hang vo san va nhumg
ngirbi an cfiiig an lircmg dutri 120 dong mot nam ddng
1$00, den hang dai phu co tir 300 mhu ruong dat trcr
len , hoac, nhumg ngubi dong 400 dong thue tho trach
hay mon bai cung nhumg vien chirc an lutmg 6.000$00
moi nam thi phai d6ng 200$00 .
( j Nam Vi£t thi thue dinh c6 hai hang : mot la hang
hum san moi suat la 5$50, hai, hang vo san , moi suat
Id 4$50. Tir l61 janvier 1938, lai dat ngach thu 4 lqi tire
chung cho t &t ca nhumg ngubi ban xir va ngoai quoc
hien lam an tai Nam Viet, song nhumg ngubi ma so
loi tux: phai ddng thu 4 khong qua 3.600$00 thi dutre
mien tru . -
C6n thue than cua ngutri Hoa- kieu cimg cac hang
^ A

ngutri tiremg dang, cung cua

^
ngutri Au -chau\k ngutri
(

97
 # ?

ngo i quoc tirong dang thi moi-

^ xu cung theo 1£ kh6c *

^ ? A

nhau , kh6ng the kb xiet dirge.

THUE DIEN THO

Thue dikn tho cung nhu thue dinh da lap le ttr -
-
trieu Ly. Vua Ly Thai to (1010-1028) dinh cac thu
thue racing, thue dam , thui ao, thu & dat tr& ng . dau
-
va bai phii sa. E)iri Tran Thbi ton (1242) dinh le m 6i-
mau ruong tir phai dong thue 100 thang lua , c6n ruong
c6ng thi dong nang horn . Bbi Hong-dirc nha Le, thue
ruong dat va bai dau da bat dau chia moi thu lam ba
hang, tiiy theo nod t6 t noi xau , nhirng khong ro each
-
trirng thu the nao.
-
Nam Canh - tri thu hai ( Le Huyen ton, 1664 ) svra lai
le thue, danh thue dat cong tho nh & t dang moi mbu
-
1 quan , nhi dang m 6i mau 8 tikn, tam dang moi mlu
6 tien. Thue nop bang lua dcri tru-oc , bay gio c6 the
nop bang tien , cir 100 thang lb 3 quan.
-
-
Nam Canh - tri thu tam ( 1670 ) lai su a ngach thul
-
dien tho, chia moi thu dat ruong cong lbm ba dang co
-
the d 6ng thue bang lua hay bang tien , con ruong tir
-
thi du gc mien thue. Ong Phan Huy-Chu, trong sbeh
Lich - trieu Hien-chircmg, cho rang che do thu thue
dcri ay rat lb ro rang chu dao va khoan hong cho nen
nhan dan deu vui nghe lam ruong ma trong mroc dirge
thai binh .
-
Nam Bao- thai thu 4 , chua Trinh Cutrng dinh lai cac
ngach thue (1), chia ruong cong ra lbm hai hang : ruong

(1) Ba ngach : To, dung dieu, (xem muc Thue dinh cr tren ).

98
mOt mua v& hai mua , mOi hang phai nOp thul bang
lua v& tien. RuOng dOu thi phai nOp thul mOt nira
bang tien, mOt nira bang to'.
RuOng tir cung chia ra hai hang nhir ruOng c6ng,
song chi nOp thul bang ti & n th 6i . Tir dly v& sau ,
trong ntrO'c khong duvc yOn tinh, ngach thue c6n sira
dOi nhieu lan , nhung den trieu Tay son rli sang -
trieu Nguyen, khong khi n & o ruOng tu' dirpt: miln thul
nhir cr dbi Canh - tri nira .

han^ trilu
( Nguyen dia bO mOi lhng ke ro dien tich v&
giOi cua mOi scr ruOng dlt cimg ten hp nguyen
chu v & hien chu , trirfrc het la cac hang thao dien
( ruOng bang ), den c&c hang son dien ( ruOng cao ), roi
din cdc hang tho ( dat hoa mku v k dat nha o'). Lay dia
bO 4y ldm chuan dich , mli nam cdc lang phai ldm mOt
ban sO ghi nhung dieu thay doi ve dien chu , gpi Id
tieu tu dien bp, roi cu nam nam mOt lan , phai idm
*

mot ban so ghi nhung dilu thay doi trong thbi gian
ly, gpi Id dpi tu diln bo. Ban sO ky ke cac hang ruong
thao dien , son dien , cdc hang dlt hoa mdu vd dat nhd
6 , thue suat moi hang cung dien tich vd tinh chit cong
*

tu cua moi so .
* *

trilu Gia -long Minh - mpnh thul 10 dpi dO chia ra

(
^ -
hai khu khdc nhau ; & Bo chdnh n$i chOu ( tir Quang -
-
binh den Khdnh h6a ), thi ruOng cOng tu dlu chia ba -
hang m 6i mlu ruOng phai nOp tir 10 den 20 thang. &
-
Bl chdnh ngoai-chdu thi cOng tir dien khOng chia dang
dO, dlu nhlt lupt phai nOp 15 thang mOt mau. Ngodi
99
suat chinh phai nop bang lua, m6i m &u c6n phai nop
bao nhieu tien th & p vht , tiln khohn kho v .v... lh chc
mbn phu thu. Vl thue dat dai khdi cung theo phhn 1$
nhir thul ru6ng.
Sang diri Phhp thu 0c thi thul 1$ theo tinh hinh
chmh- tri va hanh chinh mh chia ba khu theo Nam Viet,
Bac Viet vh Trung Vidt. 6" trong moi xir thi suat thue
dinh theo tinh chat cua moi scr dat ruong. Cf Nam Viet
thue dat rufing co ba thir : m6t la thue ruong lua ,
dbnh theo scr dac vh gia thue chia lam 6 hang moi mau
tay phai nop tir 0$10 din 2$ 00, hai la thue dat trong
chia Ihm 5 hang, moi miu tay phai nop tir 0$10 (dat
rirng , dong co ) din 3$00 ( dlt trong cau , tieu , thuoc,
trhi cay v.v... ), ba la thul dat nha cu-a danh theo dien
tich va gia thue, mSi ngutri chu it ra cung phai n 6p
0$10.
( j Bac Viet thi hien nay ruong lua chia lam ba hang,
phai nop moi mau tir 1$00, den 1$90, dat chia lhm 5
hang (ca dat cr va dat trong) phai nop moi mau tir
0$02 den 2$30.
( j Trung Viet thi ruong chia lam bln hang phai n 6p
thue moi mlu tir 0$78 den 1$95, con dat ( dat cr va
dat trong ) thi chia lhm sau hang phai nop mli mau
tu- 0$13 din 1$95.
Ngohi suat thue chinh, hr Bac Viet vh Trung Vi | t
con c6 nhieu m 6n bhch phan phu thue de sung vho chc
m6n chi rieng hoac cac ngan sach tinh hat va xa thon.
100
 Bit dai cr c&c th&nh thi o' Bac Vi$t vk Trung Viet
thi d&nh thue theo di§n tich v& gi& thuS, cung nhir dat
nh & cira O' Nam Vi£t. Thu thue 4y dung ve ngSn s&ch
*

cua thhnh th; hay cua tinh hat chir khdng thuic vi
ng& n s&ch dja phircmg nhir thue dinh v& thue dien tho
chung.

CAC THI? *
THUE KHAC

Ngohi thue than va thue dien tho, con cdc hang

thue khac doi vcri nhirng hang ngtrbi kh6ng sinh ton
bang nghe nong. 6* muc thue dinh , chung ta da thay
thir thue d &c bi$ t cua cdc nhh c6ng nghe . Suy r$ng ra ,
ta co the goi thue ay lh thue san vat. Tir doi Ly
Thai-ton, nhirng san vat 6 rung va cr bien, sung te,
*

ngk voi, hirong, tram, tre g§, hoa qua, mam, rauoi, da
bi d&nh thue roi. Trieu Tran cung d&nh thue du cac
thir san v£t. Doi Canh -tri trieu Le .(Hien- ton ) dinh
gia nhirng san vat nhir tor lua, vai, giay , mat, ruyu ,
hircmg, muoi, dau, son , lu gh6 , gach, ngdi , cui , go, bac,
-
dong, kem , sat de tru bcrt thue than cho nhirng
ngirtri nop mot ph & n thue bang san vat . Boi Bao
thai ( Le Du - ton ) lai chia san vat ra kim loai, moc loai,
thuy loai, hoa loai , th6 loai, dung v§t loai , thap vat
loai, phung sir thap vdt. loai, dg dinh gid mSi trir v &o
ngach thue nhir cr dtri tnrcrc. L6 iy cr trilu Nguyen
cung con thi hanh theo.
Ngohi thue san vat ra con co nhieu thir thue khdc
lircrc ke sau nhy, theo che do hr Nguyen trieu .
101
 Quan thul dinh cic thu bh ngoyi qu6c thing thircmg
-
6" cic cu a biln vh cic phy dlu mrfrc ta. Thul ly trai
mly trilu vln c6 m | t muc dich nhu nhau lh d§ hyn
*

chi sir xult cang cic san vit trong mrfrc.

Thul ghe thuyln di lai cic sing, mli thing phai nip
mit lln mli suit tvr 5 tiln din 10 quan , tuy theo ghe
thuyen nho 16n.
Thue dinh ci cr cic sing ng6i, ho dim cho tvr nhhn
hoac xa th6n trimg ; thul do chhi lir6i moi ngirbi ngir
thi
| p phai nip.
Thue d6, thue chcr cho tir nhin hay xa thin tnmg.
Trong cic thul san vht ci mly thu nhir thul que ,
*

thue muli vh thue kim thuoc ta c6 thi goi lh cic thifr

thul chuybn loi ( impits de monopole). & nhirng buoi
-
buon bin qul ty do, nhu dbi Vlnh - thinh ( Du - tin ) thi
ngirbi nho b6c que cr rung phai nop cho nhh nufrc mit
nu a si qul b6c diron , nhh nirfrc tfnh 100 can thi tra
*

cho 50 quan. Dbi Bao- thii ( Du- ton ) chua Trinh Circrng
cho que lh san vat cua quoc gia, khong thi di cho
ngirbi ta bu6n bin riing diryc, bin thi hinh phep
chuyen mai, bat ngirbi nho bbc qul phai cb clp bang
cua quan Gihm du-cmg , mh ngirbi nho mua qul cung
phai c6 giay quan cho phip. Gii qul dinh mli cin mli
quan , mh thul thi dinh 50 phln tram , chira ki cic sa
phi khic. Dbi Bao- thii cung dinh phip chuyin mai v!
muli. Ngirbi lhm muli phai nip cho nhh nirb c 2 phln
*

10 si muli lhm ra de lhm muli cing. Nhirng ngirbi

buin muli phai c6 giim bhi mbi diryc din tnrbng
A 4

muoi mua hhng, trirbc phai mua muli quan rli sau

102
mod dutrc mua muoi tir. Muoi or trong tinh thi nqp
thue 1 tien 100 can , or ngoai tinh phai den 3 tien 100
can. Ve cac mo dong cung mo bac mo v & ng, cac trieu
-
deu c6 dinh thue le ri§ng. Diri Bao th6i dinh phep
chuybn lpi v£ cac mo, pham cac mo or trong nutrc, giao
cho cdc nhh than qui dai than , hay cac tran quan quan
^ S / X 1

giam , de hq xuat tien von cho cac phien than tho myc
* ^
tiiy ti£ n thue phu ma khai khan . Ngutri nao muon buon
-
kim thupc nhu dong thiec phai xin cap bang cua quan
dinh ro so hang dutrc mua vk phai nqp thue cung str
phi nhat dinh .
Den trieu Nguyen khbng theo cdc ph 6p chuybn l(ri
6" dcri Le, Mac. Ve que thi tuy ngutri nho tim dutrc hr
trong rung phai trinh quan xin bang cap roi moi
dupe hoc, song bbc xong chi phai nqp quan mqt nu a so -
sir dac, roi dutrc dem ban ty do. Ve mu6i thi moi
rugng dong nien phai nop tir 6 den 10 phutmg, hay la
tCr 3 den 4 tien rutri . Cac mo dong, mo thiec mo kem ,
thi cho ngutri thucmg khai khan de d £ nh thub.
Ng &y nay ngoai thue dinh thue dien la thue chinh
ngach thuoc ve ngan sdeh dia phutmg moi xir, con co
- -
nhieu thu thue tru c tiep khac cung thuoc ve ngan
sdeh dia phutmg , 1& thue mon bbi ddnh nhung nha
thutmg mai , thue thuyen be, thue kiem lam , thue
cho , thue dd , thue cam do, cung nhieu thu thue vat
* *

vanK khac.
Nhung thue tr\rc tiep thupc ve ngan sdeh tinh hat
thi c6 nhung mon bdeh phan phu gia ve thue dinh ,
thu4 dien vk thul mon bki; moi nam quan thu hien
dia phutmg lai an dinh thui c6ng fch n$p bang tien.
103
 .Ve ngan sach thj xa thi c6 nhirng m6n bdch phan
phu gia thirbrng hay Id dac biet deu do Hoi dong thdnh
-
pho quyet nghi, ciing v6i nhirng thu thue dac biet
-
khdc, n ' j thue xe c6 , ngira, lira , thue mdi hien , thue
cir trv . v... Cdc thue ay khong c6 le nhat dinh , todn
do nhu ylu rieng cua moi thdnh thi md chirfrc dinh .
-
Ngan sdch chung cua D6ng Phdp thi todn do thue
-
gidn tilp sung vdo. Cdc thu thue ly dai khdi Id :
1) Thue thutmg chfnh gom co thue nhap cang
( importation ) , thue xuat cang (exportation ), thue
thong ke (statistique ), thul thong qua ( transit), thue
san phbng (entrepot ), thue hdng hanh ( navigation ),
thue thirong kho ( magasins ) , thue khai mo (extraction
des produits miniers ).
2) Thul tnrorc ba van khe (enregistrement ).
3) Thue tem ( timbre ).
4) Thul de dp ( hypotheque ).
5) Thue dong san loi tux ( revenus mobiliers).
6) Thue bao hiem ( assurance ).
7) Thue mo ( redevances minieres ).
8 ) Thul bum chinh ( poste , tdlegraphe et telephone ).
9 ) Thue tieu phi (consommation ).
10) Thue chuyen mai ( regies financidres ).
Trong cdc ngach thue ay thi c6 thul chuyen mai Id
trong yeu horn ca, gom co ba thu : Thul thuoc phien,
*

thue muoi vd thul nrom nam.

104
 Ve thuoc phiyn thi nha mrcrc gifr dye quyen
chuyen mai tryc tilp, viec mua, chi , ban dlu do nhji
nubc ty chu trircmg. Ngubi n &o muln nh &n thudc
phiyn cua nhh nubc m & ban le phai c6 gily chap
chieu ( licence ) hieu lyc myt nam .
Ve muoi nha mrdrc cung giir dye quyen. Ngubi
n &o muon l £un muoi phai co giay phep rieng cua nh &
nubc mji phai bdn het ca so muoi san xuat cho scr
Thuxmg-chfnh theo gid nhat djnh roi sb Thuxmg-chfnh
thdm tien thue vao md dem ban lyi cho nha buon theo
gia rat cao. Ngubi nao buon muoi cung phai co giay
vi bang cua so- Thmmg-chmh.
Ve rurcru thi nha nubc giao d £>c quyen chi tyo va
xuat mai cho myt ft cong ty chuyen biyn. Cac cong ty
ay err tfnh so nryu lam ra dem ban ma nyp thul cho
scr Thuxmg-chfnh .

VIII . TlfeN T?
Nghy xira tien ty nubc ta kh6ng c6 ban vp Dong
then Ixru hdnh nhfrng dfnh vdng dfnh bac, tien dong
tiln kem , bon thir ay deu c6 tfnh ch 4t phap dinh ca .
Cdc thu- tien | t ay khong ro bat dau cd ty ddi ndo ,
-
nhimg theo cac thu tien xira ddo diroc o' dubi dat thi
ta co th 6 dodn rang br doi Bac- thudc ta da dung nhfrng
tien ding cua Trung-quoc, nhur tien Hdn -nguyen
thong-bao cua trieu Hdn , tien Khai -nguyen thdng-bao
cua triln © ubng. Cdc dfnh vdng dfnh bac cua Trung-
qulc co le 6- ddi Bac-thuyc cung dung o' nubc ta . Tir
105
tribu Dinh v§ sau dbi vua ndo cung c6 due tien, nhu
dbi Dinh Tien-hodng due ti& n dong hieu Thdi-binh
thong-bao, dbi Le Dai- hdnh due tien dong Thien- phuc
tran-bao, doi Ly Thai ton due tien dong hieu Minh -
dao thong-bao, dbi Ly Than-t6n due tien dong hieu
Thien-thudn thong- bao. Cdc dbi vua Tran cung due
tien dbng nhu- cdc doi vua trieu trubc. Dbi Tran
Minh-ton (1323) bat dau due tien kem , nhung vi dung
khong tien nen lai bo. Dbi Tr &n Thuan- ton , Le Qui-ly
chap chinh , bat dau dung tien gi 4y goi Id hoi sao, co
cdc hang giay 10 dong ve cay dao, 30 dong ve thuy ba ,
1 tien ve may, 2 tien ve riia, 3 tien ve lan, 5 tien ve
phung, 1 quan ve rong. Nhdn dan ai co tien phai dem .
nop vdo kho nha nuox:, cu 1 quan tien dong thi doi
dupe 1 quan 2 tien gi&y. Ngubi ndo d & u diem cung
bi tu hinh nhu ngubi ldm giay gia. Dac tinh tien ay
cung nhu thu tien gi & y ( papier monnaie ) cubng hanh
cua Chinh - phu cdc nuox: Au -chau phdt hanh, la khong
c6 hidn kim chudn bi , vi vdy nen phai co nghiem ludt
de bat ep nhan dan tieu dung.
Trai may nam noi thubc nha Minh, den khi Le Thdi -
to len ngoi thi tien dong trong nuox: khong cbn , nen
due tien Thuan-thien thong-bao dinh moi tien Id 50
dong. Dbi Le Thai - ton due tien Thieu- binh , co lpnh
cam khong duox: tu tien xau ma cbn c6 16 xdu duox:,
*

va dinh gib moi tien Id 60 d&ng.

Dbi Hong-duc lai c6 lenh cam tu tien xau. Nam

*

1528 Mac Dang-dung due tien kem vd tien sat rat

nhieu . Den dbi Vlnh- tho (1658) lai cb lenh cam phan
106
biet tiln t6t x & u va cam dung tien kem tien sat. Che
doi vua sau van co l £ nh cam nbu- the. Doi Canh -
hung, vice dung binh khien nha mitre edn chi phi
nhieu nen lgii cho thong dung tien kem va phai mo "

nhieu sd due tien . Nam Canh -hirag thir 37 (1726) so *

due tien d Thugn -hoa thu rat nhieu binh khl va dai
% % ^ V

bac bang dong khong dung ntra de due 3 van dong

tien Canh- himg thugn - bao (1).
Trircrc kia khong ro gia bac the nao. Theo sir chep
thi ddn doi Canh - humg mdi qui dinh rang bac dinh .
moi luvng gia 2 quan tien qui ( 2).
-
Trieu Nguyen, cung nhu trieu Le t £r doi Canh-
himg, cho thong dung ca tien d6ng tien kem . Vua
Gia- long md sd due tien d Bac-thanh , d Gia '- dinh , cung
o cac tran de due tien Gia-long th6ng -bao, cir moi can
'

( 1) So sanh gia tien xira voi tien ng4y nay : Lu 4t Hong-dih:

d \ nh tien cong mpt ngay lao dich la 30 dong tien. Mot dgo
Chi - dy nam VTnh -th;nh thir hai (1654 ) danh gid mpt con Ion
to 14 1 quan , mpt con lpn Tiho 14 5 tien . Mot d$o Chi -dy nam
-
Khdnh dut: thir tir (1752) dinh gia 1 con trau la 5 quan, mpt
con de la 6 tien . Mpt dao Chi dy nam Canh -hu-ng thir tir
-
.
(1741) d;nh gia bo lorn 5 quan bb nho 3 quan , lpn 2 quan M$t
dao Sacdpnh nam Gia -long thir nhat ( 1802 ) d;nh gia bo 14 5
-
quan Hipn nay mpt con trau ia chu ng 40$00, m 4 doi tru-or
^
gi 4 14 5 quan , vay nay ta co the suy rang 1 quan cr doi trjrfo
c6 gid tri bang 8$00 ng4y nay.
( 2) Tien qui la tien xu a, moi tien gia 60 dong, tien gidn la tien
*

hien dung a d6i Hau -Le, moi tien la 36 dong , Cf Bac Viet
con co cho diing nhung tien ay.

107
dong due dvrpn 700 ddng tidn. Cdc dbi vua sau , db
ndo cung due tien dong vd thinh thoang tien kem theo
nidn hieu dmmg trieu. Dbi Gia-long cung cdc dbi
-
Minh -menh, Thieu tri , Trr-dirc cung due nhung dinh
bac vdng 1 ndn va 1 liromg vd dinh gid vang xap 17 l&n
gid bac vd m &i lang bac thi gid 2 quan 8 tien d &ng.
Tu khi mrcrc ta thuoc tri quyen nu'bc Phap thi che
*

do tien te lay bac lam ban vi (dtalon d’argent ), song

nhtrng thoi bac thoi vdng, tikn dong tien k§m cung
van cbn dung trong ddn gian, duy khong diro'c phap luat
cong nhdn . Hidn nay nhirng tien kem da bidn mat
khong con dau dung nira. ( j Trung Vi£ t van c6n dung
tien dong cu cua cac trieu vua ttr trieu Gia- long cho
- -
den trieu Bao- dai , nhu ng chi thay lu u hanh d cac cho -
-
nhd que, chu hr thdnh thi thi it lam . (J Bac Vidt gan
day co mot thir tien dcing hieu Khai -dinh gid Id 1/200
dong bac, hien tien ky l \ru hanh rat nhieu va dan
gian dung tien lam.
Song chd do tien te chinh thuhe ngay nay thi lay
-
dong bac B6ng dmmg lam tien chinh va nhirng dong
-
5 gidc, 2 giac, 1 giac 1dm ti & n phu ; ngodi ra cbn c6 thu
tien 5 xu, 1 xu, nira xu 1dm bang thau. Nam 1895, hr
- - -
Bong dmmg chi lu u hanh dong bac Me - tay ccr ( piastre
mescicaine ), nang 27 gr, 073, thdnh sac 0,902. Bbn nam
-
1895, Chinh phu thuoc dia bat dau chor vao, dong bac
Bong-dircmg due hr Paris, nang 27 gr, thanh sac 0, 900.
Sac lenh ngay 16 thdng 5 nam 1900 cho phdp nhd
-
Bong-dirong ngan hdng phdt hanh s6 sao phibu nhi & u
x &p ba so chuan bi kim , sao phieu ky c6 the dem den
108
ngan hhng doi lay bgc thgt dirpr. Khi bat dau cugc
Au -chau dgi chign thi Chinh - phu Phap Igi cho phep cac
ngan hhng phat hanh ( banque d’emission ) O' cac thugc
dia dirpx in so sao phiiu qud dieu kign hgn dinh. Nam
-
1920, Chinh phu lai cho sao phigu cua ngan hang dirge
-
cirbng bach liru hanh ( cours force ),roi tu do phat sinh
v§n dg cai each tg chg. Dgn nam 1930 , sac lgnh ngay
31 thang 5 cua T6ng-th6ng nirbx Phap qui dinh dong
bgc Dong-Phap la 655 milligrammes vhng, theo thanh
sac 0,900, tux theo gia 10 phat lang vang, tu* d6 tg che
Dong-Phap bo ngan ban vi ma theo hir kim ban vi . Sac
lgnh ngay 12 thdng 8 nam 1930 cho due dong bgc
Dong - Phap moi ngng 20 grammes thanh sac 0,900 ,
nhumg dong bgc nay chi co ti'nh chat tin dgng chir
khong phai la tien that dirge.

109
 SACH THAM KHAO
Qu6c - van
Viet- nam sur-luxrc.
* t

Khong -giao phebinh tieu -luan, Bho Duy- Anh .

Phuxmg sack tri thuy, Nam - Phong quyen XXIII .
i

-cd -luc, Nam - phong quy§n V.

i
^
Ton
Sdch lam ruong , Nguyen Cong-Tieu ( Nha hoc ch&nh ).
Bao chi : B6ng-dujong tap-chi', Nam - phong tap-chi,
Trung-bac tan -van , Khoa -hoc tap chi.

H n- van
^
Bai -Viet su -ky.-
Viet - sw kham -dinh.
«

Bai - nam nhat -thong -chi.

Gia- dinh Thong -chi, Trinh Hoai-Bu-c.
Lich -trieu Hien -chuxmg , Phan Huy-Chu .
Vu -bien tqp -luc , Le Qui- Bon.
Ban - quoc van - hda - sur, Dirorig Bong- Chuyen . ( Thiromg-
hai ).
Nam - phong tap -chi (Phan han van ) .

Phap- van
Llndochine , par Syvain Ldvy .
L’Indochine , par G. Maspero.
110
L’lndochine, par C. Teston et M. Percheron.
L’Indochine franqaise , par Ch . Robequain.
L’lndochine franqaise , par P. Doumer ( Vuibert et Novy,
Paris ).
L’lndochine orientate, par A. Agard ( Ideo, Hanoi ).
L’lndochine d’hier et d’aujourd’hui , par B. Alberti ( Edi-
tions gCographiques maritimes et coloniales, Paris).
Cours d’histoire annamite , par Trutmg Vinh -Ky.
Essai d’histoire d’Annam, par Ch. Patris.
Etudes d’histoire d’Annam , par H . Maspero.
Origine de la race annamite, par Aurousseau .
Au pays d’Annam, par Luro ( Leroux , Paris).
Cours d’administration annamite, par Luro
( autographic Saigon ).

L’Annam d’autrefois, par P. Pasquier (Challamel , Paris).

Les Ressources financiers et economiques de I’Ancien
Annam , par Deloustail ( Revue Indochinoise et Bulletin
des Amis du Vieux Hue ).
I

Essai sur les Tonkinois, par Dumontier ( Revue In -

dochinoise ).
Le paysan du delta Tonkinois, par P. Gourou (E .F. E.O.)
L’Irrigation dans le delta du Tonkin, par E . Chassigneux
( Revue annuelle de Geographie , Paris ).
Economic agricole, par Y ves Henry (Exposition coloniale
interhationale 1931).
Etudes des riz d’Indochine , par Carle ( Portail , Saigon ).
111
Quelques principes de colonisation , par Magen ( Bulletin
economique de llndochine).
LesArts decoratifs du Tonkin, par Bernanose ( Laurens,
Paris).
UArt et TIndustrie en Jndochine, par Capus ( Conferences
& l’Ecole coloniale, Paris).
LArt Indochinois, par De Pourvourville ( Imprimeries
rEunies , Paris ).
L’Essor economique de TIndochine , par E . Outrey ( Le
monde colonial illustre ).
Periodiques : Bulletin Economique de TIndochine ; Eveil
economique ( Hanoi ).
Bulletin de l’Ecole frangaise d’Extreme -orient ( Hanoi ),
Revue Indochinoise ( Hanoi ).
Bulletin de la SociEte des etudes indochinoises (Saigon ) .
Bulletin des Amis du vieux Hue ( HuE ) .

112
 THIEN THLT BA

XA HOI
•
CHINH-TRI* SINH-HOAT
•

I. GIA T6C
guyen buoi dau xa h6i chira khai h6a, tri thvrc
N ngirfri ta dirorng thap thoi, con sinh ra chi biit me
md khong biet cha, cho n§n biy gib chi c6 gia dinh mdu
hi. Sau van h6a lin lan mb’ mang, tri there ngirfri ta ;«
mcri nhan biit dupe mbi quan he cha con , Id vi nhtrng
nguyen nhan khde vi kinh ti, chfnh tri vd t6n gido md
gia dinh mSu he biin thdnh gia dinh phu hi. Trong gia
dinh ay, bao nhieu quyen uy deu b trong tay ddn ong,
ma ngvriri ddn 6ng c6 the lire horn ca cr trong gia dinh
Id ngirfri cha, tire Id gia truing.
Theo ong L. Finot ( l ) thi khi mrfre Van -lang bi ngirbi
Tdu chinh phuc ir thi ky thu III vd thu- II trucrc ky
7
*

nguyen thi to tiin ta dinmg cbn o’ trong tinh trang thdi

gia dinh mau he , ( matriarcat ) vd cbn c6 tuc dan ba g6a
phai tai gia voi anh em chong (levirat ). Song ti> buoi
Bac-thu6c trang thdi xa hoi dfri d6i lbn l& n vd phong
tuc lbn lbn dong hoa theo Tdu , cho nin gia toe mdu
h£ biin thdnh gia toe phu quyin.

(1 ) Les grandes 4poques de Tlndochine, Bulletin de la S. E . M . du

Tonkin, Tome XV - n° 2 pp. 281- 287 .

113
 -
Gia t$c Vipt nam xira nay c6 hai bye mot 16 nh6, hay
-
tieu gia dinh , g&m vp chong cha mo v6 con cdi, hai 16
ho, hay 16 dyi gia dinh , g&m ca d6n ong d6n b6 cung
m$t 6ng td sinh ra, k§ ca ngiroi chet v6 ngutri s6ng.
Thyc v£ y, trong gia t$c niroc ta ngirbi ch4t dSu cr
canh gioi cao sieu , song van thirfrng dy den cugc sinh
hoat cua gia dinh, va nhung ngay le tet thay deu tyu
t£ p 6 tu dutmg de cho ngirbi song te ty.
* *

THAN THICH

Gia toe phy he 4y tyc thinfmg goi 16 hg npi, gom

m$t chi triremg v6 nhieu chi thur. Lay mot ngiroi 16m
ban vi thi 6- tren minh c6 cha me , tren cha me c6 ong ba
n £» gpi la t6 phy mau , tren ong b6 co cy, goi la tang to
phy mau, tren cy cb ky gpi la cao to phy mau, roi den
cao cao to, cho den thuy to. (7 diroi c6 con , diroi con
cd chau hoac ton , diroi ch6u c6 chat hoac tang ton ,
dircri chat 16 chut hoac huyen ton; con ir dir6i nira goi
chung 16 vien ton.
Ty cao to d 4n vien ton 16 cu*u tyc.

Dong h6ng voi minh la anh chi em rugt. Anh ch; em

trai cua cha minh goi 16 b6c chu , noac b6 phu v6 thuc
phu. Chi em g6i cua cha minh gpi 16 co, hoac co m &u.
Con b6c v6 chu doi v6i minh 16 anh chi em thuc b6,
hoac t6ng huynh de v6 tbng ty muoi; con c6 doi v6i
minh 16 anh chi em con c6 con c&u, hay bidu huynh de
v6 bidu ty mupi.
114
 Ho ngoai thi g&m c6 nhirng thfin thfch theo phy ho
cua mo minh ; cha mo cua mo 16 6ng ngoai b6 ngoyi, anh
em trai cua mo 16 c£ u (ciru ), chi em g6i cua mo 16 di
( di ), anh em chi em con c6 con c$u cung anh em chi em
con di dlu gpi 16 biiu huynh d£ v6 bi§u ty mu$i.

-
Theo ludn thu irng trong gia t6c nirfrc ta thi ngirfri
ciing mot ho n6i kh6ng dirpc lAy nhau, pham diku
c&m 4y 16 t$i loan lu6n , phong tuc ch6 ciriri m 6 ph 6p
lu £t ciing trimg phat. Duy dbi nh6 Tr&n thi nguiri
con g6i t6n th &t khong dircrc l &y ch& ng ngoai t6c, dd
chi 16 1$ dat rieng de tr6nh vi$c con re cirfrp ngoi nhir
-
vi§c Tran Canh cu crp ngbi nh 6 Ly , chir kh6ng phai 16
tuc ph6 thong (1).
C6n ve ho ngoai thi con co con c6u hay 16 doi con di
cung khong c6 phdp lay nhau . Song den hire ch6u trcr
di thi khfing cd lp c & m nira, cho n£ n c6 c6u tuc ngir
rang : “Ch 6u c6u m6 lay ch6u c6, thdc lua day bo, lua
m6 nh6 ta”.

GIA TRirOTNG VA TOC TRUtWG 1

Theo nguyen ty thi trong che d0 phy quyen, ngirbi

gia trircmg c6 quy&n uy tuy$t doi hr trong nh6, vf du
nhir :

( 1) -
Tran Canh l&y Ly Chi4u-ho6ng 16 nil thdi tir cua vua Ly
Hue-t&n , rtri cirfrp ng&i nhft Ly m6 dung cor nghi$p nh6 Tr&n.

115
 1) Gia trutmg c6 quyen so huu vk quan ly tki san
*

-
cua gia dinh , vp con phai lam lqng cho gia tnrcmg chu
khong ai dupr dinh lpi ve phkn rieng;
-
2) Gia trutmg c6 quyen sa hiru doi voi vor con vk
c6 the bat di lkm thue hay dem bkn di dutrc.
3) Gia trubmg c6 quyen dpc dokn ve viec hon nhan
cua con cai , va quyln sinh skt mra .
Tom lgi or trong gia dinh , gia trmrng la mpt vi chu
nhkn chuyen che , cung nhu mgc vi qukn chu chuyen
chi or trong qu6c gia vqy (1).
Neu vi gia trutmg chet di thi cac con trai , tu con
*

trutmg din con thu, neu cd vcr c6 con roi thi khi ly
m6i ngubi thknh gia trutmg cua mbt gia dinh rieng,
doi voi gia dinh ly cung cd du nhumg quyen lq-c nhu
cha thucr trubrc. Ngutri. con trai trutmg , ngoai sq lam
*

chu gia dinh rieng lqi c6n phai thfr phqng cha mg,
nghia la ngoai tu each lam chu nhk , lgi con c6 tu- ckch
lkm trutmg cho ho glm gia dinh minh vk ckc gia dinh
cua nhumg em trai. Moi ngutri gia trutmg cua gia dinh
nho, neu sinh con trai, thi nhumg con trai ay lai lap
gia dinh rieng, roi cir the mai , chi ho se moi ngay dam
choi nay nhanh ma to lan mai ra. Xem nhu the thi moi
ngutri dkn ong deu c6 the lkm chii m6 t nha vk 1km
tnromg mot chi ho. Tat ca ckc chi ho ky hop lai thknh
ho 16m , tire lk dai gia toe, ngirfri dung dau chi tnrong
-
ggi lk toe truomg. Ve phutrng dien te tu thi t6c trubmg

( 1) Gia hmi nghiem quan, phy m&u chi vj gia.

116
phai phvtng sir t6 ti§n ca hi? b nh & thir hp. Tpi nh & thir
-
Ay thir td tien cua chi tru ong v£i t6 tien ngu dai tro
-
lbn cua cdc chi nhdnh; c6n td tien tu dai trcr xudng thi
thir cr nh £t ridng cua ngirtri chi tnrbng. V& phtrong
didn phdp luat thi tdc trirbng c6 quy& n du tit ca ckc *

cudc hdi nghi gia toe cua ebe chi ho, ph & n xu nhu ng
viec tranh chap trong ho, dinh doat hoac khuyen bao
- -
khi ho hbng co viec hon tang hoac viec quan hd loi hai
khbe. Neu toe trutmg con tre tuoi thi thu ong dng chu-
rupt giup da hoac thay the. ( j Nam Viet thi toe trutmg

-
-
lai la ngu tri Ion tuoi hoac cb dire vong hon het a trong
ho, chu khong theo nguyen tac dich trutmg nhu cr Bac *

Viet vk Trung Viet.

BIA VI BAN BA

Trong gia dinh, chu quyen cr trong tay gia tru ong thi -
dkn ba tat \k khong c6 quyen gi ca. Khong giko chu
trutmg nam ton nir ty (1), trong nam khinh nu ( 2), lai *

vun dap them quyen uy cua gia trutmg mk dd nen dia

vi cua dkn b&. Theo luan ly tam cutmg ngu thirfrng (3)
thi dkn b& nko cung phai tuy thu6c dkn 6ng. Kinh Le c6
thuyet tam t6ng, bat ngirfri dkn bh , khi c6n nho thi
phai. theo cha , khi l &y chong thi phai theo chong, khi
ch6ng chet thi phai theo con, su6t diri \k ke vi thhnh

( 1) B&n ong Ik cao quf , dan bk 1 k thap hen.

( 2) Trong dkn dng mk khinh dkn bk ,

( 3) Tam cirorig ngil thirtmg, xem 16i chti 6 trang 121

*

117
nh§n phai dga vko mOt ngiriri dan 6ng lam chu ch6t,
chit khbng bao gib dugc dbc l£p. Ciing trong kinh 14
*

didu thdt xuit cho rang dan 6ng cb bay cb d§ bo vcr *

1k : khbng con, dbm d$t, khbng thb cha mo ch&ng, lam

*

mibng, trbm cap, ghen tudng, c6 kc t & t (1). Nhu thd thi *

ngirtri dan 6ng mu6n bo vcr khi nko cung cb thb tim ra
mot cb 6 trong bay cb dy dugc.
* * *

Tuy nhibn phap ludt vk phong tpc doi vbi d &n ba da

hba hoan bbt cbi tinh cbch tan nhln cua d$o di>c. Theo
phap lu&t (lu&t Gia-long ) thi dan bng vln cb quy&n thdt
xudt, nhimg lai c6 ba tririmg hpp khidn ngirfri ch&ng
khbng the bb vcr dugc, tru khi vp cb tbi ngoai tinh ,
* *

lb : ndu vp da de tang cha mp chdng; ndu vp d & lbm

* *

nbn gibu cb; neu ngoai nha ch & ng ra vp khong cbn chb
*

nbo nutmg tvra nira . Ndu ngirbi chong vb cb mb bo *

vp , hay ndu or trong ba tnrfrng hpp Ay mb bo vcr, thi

*

phbp lu$t trOmg phpt .

Gia df phbp ludt tuy cho phbp chdng cb quydn dung
cua cai cua vg mb vg khbng bao gib dirge kien chong ,
*

nhimg theo phong tuc thi chong chi dirge quan ly cua
ay , neu mu6n cat nhugng thi phai cb vg thu £n tinh.
Ndu chong tu tien bdn tai san cua vg thi cha me vg
*

cb the truy to, cho nen nhung tai san ay ban mb vg

khbng ky ten hay dibm chi vao van khd thi khbng ai
giam mua. Theo lu &n ly xira thi chong cb quydn dem
ban vg mb phbp lubt thi c dm chdng khbng dugc bbn

(1) Th&t xuat : v6 tu*, dam dafc, bkt sif c&u c6, kh&u thi§t, dao
.
thi£t, d6 ky, Ac tftt ( Nghi 15 stir )

118
vg, bat vg lam thue, hay la ha vg chinh xuong hhng
vp" h & u v& dem vg hau len hang vg chinh.
Phbp luat lai nhan cho ngirbi vg c6 dia vi tirong
dircmg voi chong a trong gia dinh (1), ma theo tuc
thirbmg thi viec quan ly gia san khong nhirng lh vg
giup chong ma lai chinh vg tir dam dirong, cho nen
khong nhirng ngirbi ta goi ngirbi chu phu la noi trg,
ma lai thirbmg goi lh nbi tirong.
Nh & t Ih khi chong chet thi quyen cua ngiriri chu
phu lai ro ret lam . Luan ly buoc ngirbi dan ba chet
ch & ng phai a vay voi con, ngiroi nho di lay chong
khac la that tiet. Theo nguyen ly thi ngirbi qua phu
<r voi con la phai phu thuoc theo con ( tong tir ), nhirng
theo sir thirc thi ba me goa co quyen quan ly gia chinh
vh cb quyen giam doc con chi cung nhu ngirbi cha khi
con s6ng. Neu con trircmg cua ba la toe trirong ma con
nho thi bh cb quyen thay the con ma te tir to tien , song
khi hanh le thirbmg cb mot ngirbi dan ong trong ho
( 6ng chu ) giup da.

Dia vi cua dan bh nhir the cung la cao hon dia vi do

luhn ly chi dinh nhi£ u, song neu ngirbi qua phu bo
con chi vh gia dinh chong ma di lay chong khac thi
-
nhirng quykn ke tren tu nhien mat het. Ngirbi dhn
ba tai gia d6i voi gia dinh chong da dirt het quan he
cho nen doi vbi con cai cung khong quan he gi nu a.
Neu con cai cbn nho thi tai san cua chung ciing viec
-
(1 ) The gia te da, nghia 14 : vo" la ngang h4ng veri chong.

119
nu6i d$y chung co ngutri chu bdc bay ba con gan cua
cha chung trong nom. Ngutri con gai xuat giala bo gia
dinh minh md vao gia dinh chong; ngutri qua phy tdi
gid Id bo gia dinh chong cu md vdo gia dinh ch6ng m6i .
Nhung cr trong gia dinh chong, ngutri dan ba vdn co
dia vi tucmg dutmg.
Cung co nhieu khi, ne gia dinh khong co con trai
^ -
thi ngutri oon gai trutmg dupe giu cua hutmg hoa va
thcr phyng cha mo to tien nhu con trai trucmg. Theo
^
ludt H ng-dirc dtri Ld vd m t dyo sac chi dtri Quang-
^
thudn ( Le Chi§u-ton , 1517), thi ngirfri con gdi tnrcmg
ay co du cac quan hy nghia vy ve phdp luyt vd ton giao
nhir mot ngutri gia trutmg vdy. Ngdy nay “khi ngutri
cha chet khong c6 ngutri thira ty con trai thi phdp luat
vd phong tyc cung cho con gai dupe hutmg cua hutmg
hoa de phyng sy to tien... Theo thyc te, neu chi co con
gai thi ede con gai van duyc hutmg di san vd cua hutmg
hoa, duy•>
khi nao khong c6 con hau thi mfri nudi con
nuoi de lap tu (1). Cdu tyc ngir ”V6 nam dyng nu'“ ta
-
thutmg nghe lai lam chu ng ro ret cho tap tuc ay.
Phdp luyt lyi trung phyt nhCrng ngutri thdt kfnh
-
voi dan ba . Theo luat Gia long (.dieu 17 khoan 168) thi
ngutri nao dung loi tho tuc dam dang lam cho ngutri
-
dan bd den xau ho ma tu* tu thi phai xu den hinh giao
giam hau. Dieu 12 khoan ay thi dinh rang neu ngutri
ndi leri tuc tiu dam dang ay ma khong co y 1dm nhuc,

(1) Tran Van Lien, Les institutions fid6icommissaires en droit

annamite .

120
 - y

nhimg ngu iri dan b& nghe thay cung lay lam xau ho
4 A y *
*

-
mh tu tir, thi phai xu* hinh tnromg nhat bach liru tam
thien ly.
Dau ve thirc te thi nhirng dieu k y khong khi nho
thi hanh , nhimg trong phap luht c6 nhirng dieu ay
cung du to rang dhn bh cr xa hoi ta khong den noi bi
-
khinh miet qua nhu theo dao dire nho giho.

DIA VI CON CAl

( y trong gia dinh con cai lh mot vat scr hiru cua cha,
bcri the cho nen ngay xira cha khbng nhirng c6 quy£ n
ban con , ma co khi dhnh chet con cung khong co toi .
Theo luan ly tam circmg ngu thircmg (1) thi con cai
ma c6 cha thi khi nao cung cr dia vi phu thuoc. Cha da
la cirong cua con , cung nhir vua Ih cmmg cua toi , thi
quyen uy cua cha la tuyet doi , ma con thi khong co chut
quyen gi ca. Cha d6i vcri con cai phai nghiem , ma con
doi vcri cha phai het sire hieu. Theo nho giho thi hieu
la dung d& u tram net . Cot tir cua hieu la “v6 vi” va

( 1) Tam cirong la cirong vua toi , cirong cha con, cirong va chong .
Theo thuyet ay cha co quyen uy tuyet-doi doi v<n con , chong
co quyen uy tuyet- doi voi va, cung nhu vua co quyen uy
*

tuyet- doi doi vcri toi . Ngu thircmg tire la ngu luan , ] k “cha
con thi co tinh than , vua boi thi co nghia , va chong thi co phan
biet, Ion nho thi co thir tir , b& ban thi co long tin”. Luan vua
toi thuoc ve luan ly quoc gia; luan ly ban b& thuoc ve luan
ly xa hoi ; con ba luan ly kia thuoc ve luan ly gia dinh. Luan
cha con thi cot cha nghiem con hieu , luan va chong thi cot
chong xirang va theo, luan anh em thi cot anh than em kinh .

121
“vo cai”, nghia 14 “cha sbng thi lay le ma tho% chet thi
lay le mA tAng, lAjr le ma te” vA “cha con thi phai xem
cai chi cua cha , cha mat roi phai xem vipc lam cua cha ,
trong ba nam khong dirgrc doi dpo cua cha” (1).
Luan ly ddi v6i con chi tuy c6 khac bpc nhir vpy ,
song phap lugit va phong tpc thi co hoi khoan. Theo lugt
Gia-long, cha ma dAnh chet con thi bi phot 100 trupng
( dieu 288). Theo tvic 1$ thi cha v & n co quyen bat con
di 6 thue, nhimg khi n6 da tnncmg thanh hay da ket
*

h6n thi cha khong c6 quyen quan ly tai san cua cAc con
thir ntra, duy con tmtmg thi phai hr mot nhA voi cha ,
cha co bang long moi duvc 6" rieng. .

Vb vipc hon nhAn cua con chi thi cha ma c6 quyen

dpc doan. Neu con cai khong bang long ngirbi vp hay *

chong cua cha mp lay cho minh thi chi co mpt cAch doi
ph6 1A bo nhA mA di. Song ngirbi con bbt hibu nhm thA
thi b; gia dinh tir bo . Tuy vpy ve thyx te thi ta thay
it khi cha mp d6i voi con chi phai dung thu dopn quyet
liet nhir the, ma chi dung ngon klieo leo de ep uong cho
chung chiu mA th6i. Nhieu con cai vi sor that hieu ma
phai vang menh cha me, roi suot doi chi ngam dang
nuot cay ve cuoc circmg bach hon nhan.
-
Theo phAp luAt cung nhu phong tpc, con cai khong
co quyen truy to cha me. Dii doi voi con cai cha me co
khac bac tAn nhan the nAo, nb cung phai chiu , chir
circmg lai la bat hieu , tire 1A loi dao lAm con .

(1) Sinh sir chi dt le, tir tang chi di le * Phu tai, quan ky chi ; phu
m$t , quan ky hanh; tam nien bat cai ir phi; chi d o.
^
122
 Cha mg gik ylu thi con cki phai phpng dir&mg , nlu
kh6ng thi phkp lu$t ph$t 80 tnrorng. Bli vfri con cki
thlt kinh , lkng m $ cha me , phkp lu t phat din t6i
^
giao, nhimg nlu cha me kh6ng truy t6 thi phkp lukt
kh6ng can thi | p.
Cha me c6n sing thi con cki khfing dirpc chia gia san ,
trir khi cha me tir chia. Cha me chit mk gia san chira
chia thi con cki phai chfr ba nam man tang roi mcri
diroc dem chia . Trki nhung dieu ly ma c6 ngirtri truy
-
to thi phkp lukt phat din 100 tru pmg.
Theo lukn ly phong tuc vk ton giao, con trai von quy
hon con gki , mk gia dinh chi hy vong vao con trai , nhat
-
la ngirbi con trircmg , d@ giu pn ccr nghiep ink liru
truyen gia thing. Song dli v6i con gai cha me cung
kh6ng den nli ghkt bo nhir lk a it nhieu dan t6c da
man. Ve ton giko tuy con gki khong dirpc chu tnrorng
viec te tir to tien, nhimg neu khong co con trai , con gai
-
cung dirpc quyen thu a tir. Tuy theo nguyen ly thi con
gki khong dirpc chia di san , nhimgtheo tuc thirfrng thi
trir mot phan hircmg hoa ve con trai trircmg, ngoai ra
thi con trai con gai deu dirpc chia phan deu nhau ,
kh6ng phan bi£ t thir tir 16n nho hay con va chi'nh vp
hau . Nlu cha me khong c6 con trai thi c6 khi ngircri
con gai trircmg cung dupe hiring ca phan hirong hoa
nira .

H6N NHAN

Muc dich hon nhan lk cot duy tri gia thong, cho nen
viec hon nhan lk viec chung cua gia t6c chir khong phai
123
vi c rieng cua con chi. Bcri v$y
| dinh vcr ga chong cho
con cdi 1k quyen cua cha me, chur con cai chi biAt
phung m$nh mh thoi. Ai tinh cua con cai, cha me khong
can biet den, chi cot dirpu noi xvrng dang, dupnc noi
“ mon dang ho doi” thi cha me hai ben trai gdi nhtr m 6i
lai dieu dinh ma dinh hon. Boi v£y co khi con cai c6n
tre dai ma cha me cung dinh mere, thanh ra cai te tao
hon . Lgi nhilu khi con con trong bang m & cha me da
mere hon cho chung no, tire la tuc chi phuc hon.
Nghia vu cua ngubi ta doi vcri gia toe va to tien la
phai truyen gidng ve sau de vmh truyen t6ng toe, cho
neu lnan ly cho ngubi vo hau la pham dieu bat hieu
rat to( l ). Dan png a.ixung phai lay vo de sinh con , mh
*

nhtrng ngubi doc than chu nghia lh dac toi v6i to tien
vh gia toe. Song ngubi con gai nlu vi gia dinh ma cr vay
de nuoi cha me gia yeu va em ut nho dai thi lai la chi
hieu , vi trach nhiem truyen chung thu -a gia la 6 dan *

ong, chu- con gai thi xuat gia roi moi co nghia va doi
voi gia toe. Khi ay ngubi con gdi khfing cb quan he gi
v6i gia dinh cua cha me minh nira , ma thhnh m 6t phan
tir trong gia dinh cua chong.

Viec hon nhan khong nhumg chi co nguyen nhan

huyAt thong ma c6n cb nguyen nhan kinh te nira.
Ngubi vo- khong nhumg la ngubi phai de con cho gia
dinh chong, ma lai con lh ngubi phai lam lung vh coi
sbe viec nhb cho cha me chong. Boi the nhieu khi con

( 1) Manh -Tu- : Bat hieu gia tam , v6 h$u vi d#i .

124
trai cdn nho, dutmg ham chcri hay dvrcmg di hoc, ma cha
me cung cir6i vp cho n6 di* c6 ddu md sai ldm viic.
Cdi hy vong ldm nhbt cua mit cap vp chong Id sinh
dupe con trai cho nen niu vp lby da ldu md khong c6
con thi chbng c6 quyen di ra, hay phai lby vp le ( hau ).
Neu vp chi c6 con gdi thi chong cung phai ciroi thiep.
Nhung phap luat buic rang phai c6 vp chinh bang long
thi chong mcri du-pc lay vp le. Theo thdi thutmg khi
vp chinh khong con hay la lay chong lau ma khong co
con trai thi tu minh di hoi va cufri thiep cho chong,
chir khong dpi chong phai doi .
Bdn ong cirfri thiep, nhat Id o cdc nha giau sang ,
cdn co nhieu nguyen nhan khdc nguyin nhan truyen
thong nua. Nhung nhd gidu co cbn nhieu ngutri ldm
viec, ddn ong thutmg lay nhieu vp hau giup dcr cing
viec gia dinh de khoi phai nuoi day ter. Th6i thutmg
lai lay nhieu vp lam con lam dieu vinh dp, cho nin
o cdc nha giau sang dan 6ng thutmg lay nhieu vp le
de sanh con ddn con lu ma lay tieng veri dtri. Co khi
vi vp chinh de nhieu md than thi tieu tuy, hay vi binh
tat ma khong thoa man dupe tinh due cua chong, hay
vi hin nhan cirong but; ma vp chong khdng thutmg
nhau , nhung nguyin nhan by cung hay khien ddn ing
lay vp le.
Doi via vp chinh vp le phai phuc tdng nhbt thibt .
r
(! nhibu gia dinh ngutri vp le chi Id dby ter khing
cong. Con edi cua vp li sinh ra phai xem vp chinh Id me
dich cua minh md phai di dai tang, cdn chinh me minh
lai xem Id me thir, khing dupe di dai tang neu me

125
mi ah chit trubc me di'ch . Lay thidp khOng can phai
16m li cirfri; vi ngubi thiip khdng phai 16 mdt phan
tir trpng yiu trong gia tdc cho nen chong hay vg chinh
mu6n duoi di khi n 6o cung dirge. Thirc ra, ngubi
thiep chi 16 ngubi d6n b6 ma chong hay vg chinh xuat
tien mua vi dd sai 16m vide nh6 v 6 bat sinh de , cho
nen c6 the dem di tang, hay la b6n lai cho ngubi khac
dirge.

KE THtTA - HUTXNG H6A

Sir ki thira trong gia dinh co hai thir : mpt la ke
thira ton thing, tire 16 tren ti tir td tien , dubi lum
truyen huyet thing; hai 16 kd thira di san , tire 16
thira hubng tai san cua cha me ong b6 chet de lpi .
Trong gia dinh php he thi vide ki thira la thugc vi
con trai O' giong dich ma ngubi di'ch truirng lai dumg
trubc hit . Con g6i khdng c6 quyen ke thira , cho nen
du nhiiu con g6i bao nhieu ma khdng co con trai thi cung
nhir khong con. Tuc ngir c6 cau “nhat nam viet hiru ,
thdp nir viit v6” , chinh 16 £ ay . Mot ngubi chet ma
khong c6 con trai thi di san tuy do con g6i hiremg, nhimg
huyet thing se khong ai truyin , v6 te tir sd khdng ai
giir, cho ndn du c6 nhieu con g6i cung khdng khoi 16
ngubi vd hdu hay tuyet tir. Bdi the ngubi ta lay viec
hau tir 16m toi trong. Neu vg chinh vg le deu khong
c6 con trai ca m 6 ngubi chong da gia thi phai nudi mot
ngubi con trai trong hp h6ng lam ngubi thira tir, xem
nhir con dich cua mlnh. Neu ngubi lap tir cr chi thir
thi phai liy ngubi thira tir cr chi tren ; neu ngubi 16r>
126
tu i tQC trvcmg thi phai liy ngvbi thira tv cr chi gan
him het, nhu thi li cot cho he th6ng than thubc trong
*

sir te tv khoi 16n xbn.

Ngvbi nio lap tv roi mi lai sinh dvgc con trai thi
ngvbi thira tir kia vln dvgc xem nhv con mi c6
quyen thira hvcmg di san , nhirng cung c6 thb tuy £
trcr ve vcri cha me minh. Neu cha me ngvbi thira tv
mi chet het cbc con trai khbc, thi ngvbi thira tv co
quyen bo cha me nubi ma ve voi cha sinh. Nlu
ngvbi lip tu* khong bang long ngvbi thira tu* thi
cung co quyln cho ngvbi ay ve voi cha me sinh ma
lap ngvcri khic.
Trong gia dinh nubrc ta c6n cb le lip dich khic vcri
le lap tv. Khi vg chinh khbng c6 con trai thi con trai
dau cua ngvbi vg le dirge lap lim dich tv, c6 du ca
quyen Igi vi nghia vu nhv con trvdng cua vg chinh .
Khi cha chit roi thi ngvcri dich tv Ien lim gia trvcmg.
Sau het ta con co tuc nuoi con nuoi, v6 lu £n con trai
hay con gii. ( j trong gia dinh con nuoi cb khi cha
nubi thvcmg mi dvgc xem nhv con de, phai de tang cha
me nuoi vi dirge hvcmg mot phan nho di san. Nhvng
nhilu khi con nubi chi la mot thir day td khong cong.
Mot nhi muln nuoi bao nhieu con nubi cung dvgc,
phip luat khbng han chi . Con nubi cb the li con tre vo
thira nhin ngvbi ta dem ve nubi lam phuc, cb the li
con anh em hay be ban vi tinh than ma xin ve nuoi de
them than , cung c6 khi \k con ke mac no , ngiriri ta nu6i
*

db bat lam viec trir ng, hay li con ngvoi ngheo kho
ngvbi ta xuat tien mua ve de bat lim vibe nha.

127
 Vi sv nuoi con nudi khong c6 qupn he gi d 4 n ton
thong cho nen phap lu t khong hpn che nhir viec lap
tv- ^
vTec ke thira di san cung lay con trai lhm chu. Vi
jaan niem trQng nam khinh nir, vi con gai khong c6
trach nhi$m t£ tv to tien , cho nen phap lu £t khong cho
hp co quyen ke thira di san. Them nira , phan tr£ch
nhiem te tir to tien va liru truyen huyet thong thuflc
vl con tnrtmg cho nen le tat nhien la chi ngvbi con
trvrcmg dirpc hircmg di san ma thoi. Nhirng phap lupt
vh phong tyc nurcrc ta khdng giu* dung theo nguyen ly '

4y, mh cho chc con trai khhc cung nhv con gai, deu c6
quy§n cung chia di san v6i con tru 6 ng. * *

Ngiriri gia trvcmg hay ngu bi qua phy co quyen

*

phan xu gia san, hope chia phan cho con cai 6 rieng,
* *

hope Ipp di chuc, con cai khong co quyen phan doi. Tru *

ra phan tv san thi cha me co quyen chia cua cho nguxri

ngoai , nhirng di£ u ay ft th &y c6. Neu cha me chet mh
chva chia gia san ma cung khong co di chuc, thi trong
ky gian tang che, con cai khong (Ivor chia . Khi chia cua
thi cai nha cua cha ma 6 ngvri ta thvong de ve phan
*

ngveri con trvcmg lam nha tho , ma chi chia nhu ng cua
*
*

cai, ruong nutmg va nha eva khhc thoi.

Nlu di san ay
khong c6 ai du tv each thua hutmg
thi sung cong ve nha nvoc. Nhvng nha mrtrc chi lay
bay phan, c6n ba phan thi giao cho mot ngvdi , hoac
mot dohn the hay co quan nao giu de lam phf te tv chu
* *

nhan . Theo l£ thvcmg thi ph &n ay ve lang hutmg , mpt

128
nira bo vho cua cong, mOt nira de mua hgu dinh hay
hau chua cho ngirbi tuyet tir Ay.
Trong di san c6 mot phan khong ai dime chi a ma chi
ngiroi toe tnrcmg dime giir de te tir to tieif, tire la
phan hirong hoa. Phan ay lh cua chung ca ho, hay lh
cua to tien , ngiroi toe tnrbng chi dime giir mb hircmg
hoa lpi, chir kh6ng cb quyen scr hum. Phan ay khong
7 v

the nhircmg hay bdn cho ai dirorc. Nhirng neff hoi-dong

O 7

gia t6c thuan tinh thi cua hmrag hoa cb the doi lam cua
thuimg ma ban di db \ Ay ti&n lhm cbng viec chung cho
ho, vi du nhir de sira tir dutmg. Nbu trong ho khong
cb dhn ong k4 tir nira thi cua hirong hoa cung thhnh
cua thirbng.
Phbp luat khbng buoc nhh n &o cung phai dat ph & n
himng hoa, nhimg theo phong tuc thi nhirng nha gihu
cb, khi chia cua cai cho con thirbng de ra mot phan lam
cua hirong hoa , de con cbi du khong giir dime di san du
cb thhnh nghfee kho, thi to tien cung khbng den nbi mat
gio mat tet. Xem the ta th £ y rang lb hirong hoa la
mot dieu rat trong yeu trong sir sung ba.i tb tien.

CHE ©0 NO-TV

O’ nircrc ta cung cb che do no ty , nhir che d6 n6 le

cr Hy -lap va La -mh xira.
Nguyen xira chi chc nhh quf tbc vh quan lai m6i cb
no ty , hoac la nhung ngirbi bai trbn bi bat, hoac 1k
nhirng ngirbi pham tbi. May lan nirbt: ta dbnh dime
nircrc Chiem -thknh, nhirng ngirbi Chibm bi bat tu

129
thudng phai di khai khan dat hoang hay phai ldm n6
ty cho cac nha quyen qui. Vp con cua nhtmg ke phan
*

than ban nghich , cung vq con nhtrng ke tqi nhdn , deu

bi bat lam no ty 6" nha cdc quan . Nhumg ke giau co
cung co the xuat tien mua con cdi nhb ngheo bat lam
no ty suat doi.
E);a vi cua no ty khong durqc ngang voi dia vi lutmg
ddn. HQ thutmg khong dutm ket hon v6i lutmg ddn ,
va vipc h6n nhan cua no ty lgi hodn todn do chu nhan
dinh doat. No ty md phqm tpi thi phai chju hinh phat
nang horn lutmg dan . Neu n6 ty danh lgd chu nhd , thi
vo lu$n bi thutmg hay khong, phap luat xira deu bi xir
tu hinh. Nhumg n £ u chu nhd md giet no ty thi chi bj
*

phat 60 tnrpng. Neu ngudi no ty bi giet co anh em

ba con cung lam no ty thi nhtrng ngudi ndy dirpn giai
-
phbng ma tro lai lam lutmg dan.
Hipn nay che do no ty nhir the khong con nu a , song
*

cdc day t& trai gai cung khong duvc phdp luat xem Id
binh dang voi lutmg dan.

NHIEM VU CUA GIA DINH

Gia dinh Id co scr cua xa hpi cho nen nhi$m vu cua
*

gia dinh doi voi xa hoi rat nang ne. Trudc phap luat,
ngutri gia trircmg phai chiu trach nhiem ve het thay
hanh vi cua ngudi trong nhd. Ngudi ddn anh cung
phai gidm d6c em ut. Con em md ldm dilu phi phdp thi
phu huynh vi khong cam che dupt: chung cung bi hdnh
phat. Neu ngudi gia trircmg pham tpi thi con cdi bi
130
bat lam no ty. Mot ngtrbi ph$ m toi phan rnrcrc phan
-
vua thi ca gia toe bi lien ddi trach nhiem , tu c la hinh
toe tru. Co khi trach nhiem khien lien den ca ho ngoai
vh ho vo", khi ay la hinh tru di tam t6c.
Tuy nhien cung c6 khi ph & p luat khong din n5i ha
khac veri gia dinh nhir the ma lai bao ho db duy tri gia
dinh. Vi du ngiroi bi xir tu* hinh m & cha me gib qub 70
tuoi , hay cha me tan phi mb khong co con khac nu a , *

- --
thi ngu bi ay du o c tha t6i o' nhb nuoi cha me. Neu tat
ca anh em mot nha deu bi an tvr hinh thi co mot ngu bi-
diror mien toi de nuoi cha me , hay de l \ru truyen gia
- -
thong. N£ u ngu bi dan dng bi toi lu u thi phap luat bat
- -
ca vo chinh vo hau cua ngu bi ay phai di theo de khoi
chia lia gia dinh . Cha me va con chbu ngu'bi bi toi thi
diroc tuy y . So di phap lubt thi nhfrng dac an ay la
cot de gia dinh khoi bi dieu tan .
Muon bao ve quyin uy cho gia dinh va gia trircmg,
phap luat qui dinh nhieu dieu rat nghiem khac. Vi
nhir danh chxroi hay mum giet cha me ong ba cua minh ,
hay cua chcing, giet chu bbc co di cua minh hay cua
chong, giet chong, cac toi ay deu bi xir tu hinh ca .
*

Cha me ong ba con song ma con cai chia gia san , hay
cha me gia yeu mb con cai khong nuoi , hay c6 tang cha
me va vui choi hoac ket hon , cac toi ay deu thuoc ve
toi thap ac.
-
Quyen uy va trat tvr cua gia dinh da dirp c phap lubt
-
bn can bao ve nhu vay , lai them luan ly va phong tuc
-
boi thu c, cho nen dia vi gia dinh 6* trong xa hoi la toi
trong, ma ca nhan chi la nhung phan tir vo danh hr
131
trong gia dinh thoi . Cai ket qua ro rang cua ch§ dp Ay
la khien ca tinh cua ngmri khong the n £o phat trien cr
trong phgm vi gia dinh dirpc. Ngu-bi ta da hoan tohn b;
chim dam o trong gia dinh , thanh ra chi bilt co gia dinh
'

ma khong biet den quoc gia xa hpi ; tinh thin gia tpc
cang dam dh chimg nao thi tinh thAn quoc gia va xa
hpi cang bpc nhirpr chumg ay .

CAI TAO GIA TOC

Tur khi vi anh hcrcmg Au hba ma trang thai xa hpi
7

nuxrc ta thay doi thi trong xa hpi phat minh nhieu van
k /

dfi , ma vAn dh gia dinh \k mpt di £ u nit trpng ygu .

Nhirng nguyen nhan khiAn van dA gia dinh ph &t sinh ,
dpi khdi nhir sau nay :
1 ) Ve phutmg dipn kinh te , tir khi c6 chA dp cong
xirorig khien mpt s6 dong ngirbi or thanh thi , truth:
kia chi lam thu cong or gia dinh, phai vho lam thue trong
cong xircmg; dan bh con gai tnrcrc kia phan nhiAu chi
cr nha coi soc viec gia chanh , cung phai bo x6 buong goc
bep ma di lam cong : vi the dai gia dinh lan lAn lia tan
ma thanh so nhieu tieu gia dinh, roi nhan d6 ph&t sinh
nhirng vim de khac , nhir van de ph§n cir, van de
phu nir lao dong v . v . . .
2 ) Lpi them hpc thuat , luan ly , phong tpc cung lAn
lan chiu anh hutmg cua Au-chau ma doi men , nhirng
thanh nien 11am nir doi v6i van h6a cu co th &i d6 hoai
nghi v& doi voi nhirng dieu chuyen che cua gia
trutmg sinh long phan doi, nhan thA ma nhirng vAn
132
de cd nhan tir each, tir mr quyen lpi , tv do luyen di,
tir do ket hon, nara nir binh dang, l & n lirod phdt sinh .
3) Nhdn anh hiremg tir tiremg va van hda mod , nen
thai do cua thanh nien d6i vfri nhibu quan digm or gia
dinh cu , nhir trong nam khinh n £r , nam nu hiru biet,
*

cung nhirng tdp tuc cu nhir viec xuat the, nap thiep,
-
lap tu v.v... cd cai thdi d6 khac han xira , thai do ay lam
cho v£n de gia dinh edng them nghiem thiet .
Hien nay nhat Id or thanh thi, ta thircmg thay van
de gia dinh bieu hign bang nhirng cuoc xung dot cua
con edi vd cha me, nhirng cu 6c dg vp cua ddn 6ng lam
nen, nhirng vu trai gdi tron nha, nhirng an tir sat cua
thanh nien nam nir. Nhirng viec ay tren nhat bao va
tap chi' thircmg thaiy dang luon. Cac tieu thuyet xuat
ban gan day , mot so nhi& u cung liy v & n d & gia dinh
lam de muc. Cir hien trang ay thi ta thay rang che
d6 gia dinh nircrc ta can phai cai tao m&i thich hop
vfri thdi dai mcri nay.

II . XA THON
Ta da thay rang gia dinh Id co thg nen tang la xa
*

hoi. Bu6i dan thi cd le mot so it nhieu gia t6c cimg 6 *

trong mot khoang dat de canh khan lam an roi t6 chirc

thanh dodn thg dg doi pho voi quoc gia, tire la lang
hay xd thdn. C6 lang chi duy m 6t ho t6 chirc thanh.
Ldng 4y cd thg khai khdn nhirng d &t hoang phe b *

xung quanh md md rong pham vi d & n ra. Bln khi dan

s6 dong lgn thi ldng cd thg xin nha mroc chia ra ldp
mdt ldng mdi gpi Id bigt trien . Nhumg xa thon d&t
rudng cd chirng md s6 ngiriri cir mot ngdy dong them ,

133
thi c6 ngudi phai di thvrc noi khdc. Mot ngirdi gia
trirbng nham tim mot khoanh dit hoang nho d trong
vung lan c in roi lam don xin nhh nirdc cho tnmg khan
^
d £ lap lang, khi duxrc nha nude cho phep thi ngudi ay
dem gia dinh va chieu mp them nhieu gia dinh khhc de
khai khan cho dat dirprc tnmg vh to chirc thanh mpt
thon ap. Theo le thutmg thi trong ba nam dau nha
nutrc con tha thud Ruong dat ngudi nao vd dupe thi
ngudi ay co quyen so- hum.
Nha nutrc cun thutmg khlch le nhung cupc khan
- ^
hoang nhu the de mo- mang them bd coi. Uch tri &u
dbi nao cung co chinh sach khai hoang. Nam 1803 trieu
Minh-menh sac rang : pham ruling dat hoang vu nui,
rung, go, dong, bo song, bd su6i, bd ruQng, bd
*

dudng, tom lai phdm nhung noi hoang phe , ai xin

-
tnmg cung dupr. Trieu Tp dirc thi thutmg vinh ham
hoac mien dao dich vb binh djch cho nhung ngudi mp
dan khai khan dat hoang. Theo lp dinh nam Tv-duc
thu 28 thi ai khan dup-c 20 mau ruong vh mp dupe 10
dan dinh thi co the trinh vdi quan dia phutmg tir bo de
xin l& p mot lang.
Doi voi nhung mien hoang vu ipng rai nhh nudr
thutmg dung chinh sach dinh dien vh din dien. (X
Bac Viet mien dat boi d bo biln hai tinh Ninh- binh
va Thai-binh , trieu Minh- menh dat quan ( Nguy & n
Cong-Tnr), coi viec dinh dien, md them dirot; hai
huyen Kim son vk Tien- hai. Mi& n nam Trung Viet va
tit ca mi&n Nam Viet tohn khai khin bang phutmg
phhp dinh diin va din dien. Tai chc sd dinh dien thi
nha nirdc thirdng chieu mo nhung hang liru dan rii
dat quan trong nom cho hp canh khin; d chc sd don
134
diSn thi nha nwc bat binh linh , hogc tu binh, hodc
toi nhdn khai thac.
Ve trieu Tu-dirc hr Nam Viet con co nhieu scr don
dien do ong Nguyen Tri- Phuomg to chirc, sau bi cac
quan Thuy su- Tong -doc Phap giai tan.
Nhumg dat ruong khai khan dirge or cac scr dinh
-
dien va d& n di& n deu la cua so hiru cua nhu ng -
ngutri khai khan , qud han ba nam thi phai n 6p thue.
-
Nhd nucrc lai cbn dat le xd t6i cho nhu ng ke toi nhan
nao trong vong ba nam khan dirge ba hay nam m & u dat
hoang. Nhirng dan dinh , binh linh cung toi nhan canh
khan phai to chirc thdnh thon ap. Nha nircrc ( vua ) cap
cho mdi lang hay moi ap mot dao sac chuan nhan
thdnh lap .
Theo phong tuc vd tin ngubmg cua nucrc ta thi lang
nao cung thir mot vi than Thdnh- hoang. Nhu-ng lang
mod neu do tu- nhan dung lap thi thuomg thir ngutri
khai canh , tuc la ngiriri sang lap 1dm tien hien . Nhirng
ldng do nhd nucrc dat ra thi thuomg thir ong quan dinh
di& n hay don dien ndo dan men nhat , hay Id mot vi
an nhan ndo cua xa thon.

XA THON T6 CHUT
Dan lang thuomg chia ra hai hang : noi tich va ngoai
tich . Chi dan noi tich m6i co cac quy& n lgi dan dinh rr
trong ldng, co the ganh vdc viec cong vd dugc chia cong
dien cong tho. Hang nay gom nhumg van than, chirc
sac, hao muc, nhirng ngutri dia chu giau , cung nhumg
135
 -
ngiroi tnrfo giau ma bay gib suy. Cdn hyng dan ngoyi
tich , cung gqi la dan lyu, thi g6m nhCrng ngiroi bstn
cung , v & nhirng ngiroi ngy cir ( khach tich ).
H ng npi tich trong lang lyi chia ra nhidu bye, c6
^
quyen lpi nghia vy kh &c nhau :

Byre thu nhat la chirc sac, la nhumg ngiroi khoa

*

*
*
-
myc churc tu oc, van thi thi dyu tu tai hay c6 ham cun
-
pham tro len , vo thi thi dyu cur nhan hay la ham-
sudt-dpi tro len.

Bye thu hai la nhumg tan cyu chanh pho tong,

*

chanh pho ly , hirong triremg, khan thu , tnrerag tudn ,

vh cac ngiroi co tien bo ra mua nhieu mua xa v.v.. .
Bye thir ba la cac thi sinh , khda sinh, hoyc ngiroi
khao trung hach cr nhirng lang hiem ke van hoc.

Ba bye ky hop lyi lam mot dohn goi la hoi ty van

hay 1& quan vien , song phai lhm du 1§ khao vong , nghia
Ih lam le te than va don tiec dai lang, thi m6i du pc
dy vao ngoi thy ay . ( l )
-

(1) 14 khao vyng nay, nguyen trieu dinh d$t. gian tiyn , dai de nhu-
do tu -tdi thi khao myt con gh, myt dia xoi \k ba quan tien; do
cir-nhan thi khao myt con lyn , myt mam xoi vh nam quan tien
.
v.v .. Nhumg nhieu lhng dat ly rat n ng den noi co ngiriri
^
phai b&n ruong ban nhb, hoac vay mirem mft lam 16. Tuc ngir
ta c6 nhumg cau r “Ph6 p vua thua le 16ng” v6 “Vo vong bat
th &nh quan”, du to r&ng 6- chon xa th6n ngirfri ta cho le khao
vyng 16 tryng lam .

136
 Bijrc thir tir Ik lao h ng, gom nhumg ngirfri tir 50
^
hay 55 tuoi tra len . Lao hang cung co lo khao vpng .
Trong lao hang tir 60 tuoi trd len du-ac mien tru-
het siru dich , goi la lao nhieu, hoac la bo lao. Gia hem
nira thi dirac vao hang tir tru , gom cu ca , cu hai ,
cu ba , cu tu . L£ n hang tir tru cung phai vpng mot
*

l & n, roi den khi len ngoi cu ca lai phai vong mot
lan nCra .

Birc thir nam Id dan dinh , gom nhirng ngirdi tir

18 tuoi tra len den 49 tuoi. Ngirdi a hire nay phai
gdnh vdc siru dich va het thay nhirng viec nang nl
trong lang.

Birc thd sdu Id hang ti lu, tir 6 , 7 tuoi den 17

tuoi . Hang nay phai vpng ng&i hutmg am rfei thi mfri
dirac du din viec hdng phe hang gidp.
*

Ngoi thir d trong ldng thi cir chilu so huemg am ,

-
tru ra nhirng ngircri a ede birc quan vien , c6 khi dirac
virat len tren, con thi cir theo thir tir ghi ten d trong

^
s6 ay. Con trai 6 , 7 tu 6i thi phai c6 tr u rirou ll than
vd trinh ldng dd xin bien ten vao so hircmg am . Tir do
den khi len birc tir tru thi phai l& n lirot 1dm le vong
nhieu lan , va phai theo phien md chira trirdng hay
chira dang cai mot lan, holic trong mot nam hoac
trong ba nam . Khi chira dang cai thi bao nhigu le vat
tl tir va ede khoan nhu dung an uong d lang phai
thira bien ca , c6 noi lly tien edng giao cho dang cai
137
 7
'
bipn , co ncri dang cai bipn trircrc roi
4

irng lbng se bo
thu ve sau , co noi dang cai phai chiu rigng mpt minh .

Doi voi nhb nuxrc thi xa thon lb mpt don vi, ve vipc
cong nhb nuvc chi biet toan xa chir khong biet timg
. ngirbi.

Nhir vi £ c sun thue, nha nirfrc bo cho m6i lbng m$t

s6 nhirt dinh , roi lbng lo phan bo cho dan , theo each
nao cung dirpr, mien la thu du so mb npp vao kho.

Cong vipc trong lang thirbng do dan lbng ban dinh ,

-
chu nha nircrc ft can thipp den, mb nhieu khi nha
nircrc co can thipp cung vo hipu qua, cho nen cr nunc
ta co cau tyc ngfr rang : “Phbp vua thua lp lbng”.

Nhirng vipc lang da ban dinh thi co vien chire thi

hbnh. Tren het co mot ngirbi tien chi vb mot ngirbi
thir chi . Tien thir chi thirbng la nhirng ngirbi hiru
-
quan tri si, hoac ngirbi khoa muc chu c sac , neu
khong thi ngirbi ky cum Ion tuoi nhat hr trong lbng.
-
Tien thu chi co quyen quyet doan moi viec, vb viec gi
cung tkt phai hoi dbn tibn thir chi ca .

Song phan nhieu khi tien thir chi , chi trong nom
viec dai ciromg, con viec thirbng thi do ky muc ban
dinh. Ky muc la nhirng ngirbi ciru chanh phb tbng,
-
cp u chanh phb ly, hope lb ngirbi ky cpm va hbo

138
tnrcmg, ph &m vipc l &ng l6rn hay nho, bon dircmg thix
ly dich t t phai trinh v6i hp r&i mcri thi hhnh.
^
Dirdi hpng ky. muc Id hpng ty dich dircmg thu , moi *

lhng cd m£t ty tnrongd ) vk m$t phd ly. 1$ tnrcmg ph6

ly do d&n lhng c6ng cir roi trinh quan xin c&p bang dk
thay mpt d&n l&ng mh d6i v6i nhh nird'c. Ph &m vi £c
quan , nhir thue md , binh lircmg, phd ly phai hi$p tror
v6i ly tircmg ma chiu tr &ch nhiem . Lai c6 mot hmmg
trirong de hiep trcr vcri chdnh phd ly ma d6c bien cdc
vi §c tap, ciing do dan lhng b&o cir . Ngohi ra lai cd m 6t

( 1) Dfri x\ra cdc xa thon khong cd ly-tnrcmg do dan cu nhir ngay

*

nay , m & chi c6 quan lai do trieu dlnh dat, goi \h xa quan . Theo
sdch Lich - trieu Hien -chmmg thi bu 6i Tr & n scr dm Thai - ton
d & t chirc ty xa, ngu pham trcr len Urn dai ty xa, luc pham trcr
xuong lam tieu ty xa, cting voi xa chihh , xa giam la cac xa quan ,
-
phai cham viec tu tao ho tich, chu c nhiem ciing xem \ k quan
trong. Dhi Tran Thuan -ton thi cdc chihc ay bi bai, nhirng
sang trieu Le, sau khi khai quoc, lai dat xa quan trcr lai , dai
xa ba ngirfri, trung xa hai ngudi, ti6 u xa mot ngircri . Dm
Thanh- ton thi doi cdc xa quan l & m xa tnrcmg , Sau khi nha Le
trung hirng, nhk vua khien c6c chau huy£ n chon cac nho sinh
-
v6 sinh do dat cdc chu c xa tnrcmg, xa sir, xa tir , giao cho chinh
ly viec lang v£ xet hoi kien cao. Den d&\ Canh -tri lai chon
c6c liromg gia tu de cho \km xa tnrcmg de huan hoa xa dan,
*

or ba nSm thi x4 t h &nh trang, neu tot thi cho thfing 16m huyfcn
quan . Tir buoi trung hung, chih: xa tnrcmg da do quan dia
phircmg chon c\r, th£ 1k Trieu -dinh khong can thiep tnrc tiep
den viec xk thon nhu xira mra . Tti day uy quyen cua
* *

Trieu-dinh lai mot ng&y mot giam, cho nen den dtri Long-dih;
VTnh-hiru thi xa dan tir hanh b&o cd lay xd trirong, rii chi
*

trinh quan tren phe chuan m thoi. Le ay van cdn cho den nay.
^
139
vdi ngiroi khan thu , tnromg tu &n de coi viec tu &n
phbng trong ldng , vd d6c thue phu ldm dao dich.
Ngodi hang ly djch , c6 ldng lyi dyt th§m mpt thu
khodn de giir khoan iron trong ldng. C6 noi cir den vy
*

doc thu thue md.

-
thue thi cir 6 moi hQ m$t ngu tri goi Id phan thu de

Xet nhuTig hang vien chirc trong lang , tren thi tien
-
thu- chi la ngu oi , hoyc vi chirc pham cao sang , hoyc
la gia ca , khong mu 6n ban minh den 'd$c lang md de
mac bpn ky myc khu xir, dutri thi bpn ly djch chang
qua la con em hoac day ter bon ky cyu hao tnromg,
thubmg a dua v6i bon ay de kiem l(ri lye, vi the ma
bon ky myc o- giira quyen hanh rat 16m , th4 lye rdt
to. Trong bon ky myc thi lai chi co do mpt hai ngutn
-
goi 1d nhat nhi hang ky myc , phi tay hao cu bmg hach
d;ch thi la tay gian giao dieu ngoa , hay ket phe lap dang
de lung doan Ipi quyen trong dan xa .
Ve vien chirc cr ede xa thon, khong phai lang nao
cung nhat luat theo mot each thirc ay , song dai khai
-
cung theo mot nguyen ly to chirc nhu the, md chi khac
nhau cr ten goi thoi.
Nhumg xa 16m thuhmg chia ra nhieu thon , moi thon
dat m6t ph6 ly de phu dich voi ly tnromg. Cung co
ldng 16m chia ra nhieu gidp, md moi giap co quyen tir
tri nhir mot lang, duy ve viec quan thi phai do ly
triremg giao ti£ p v6i nhd nircm . Ngirhi dirng d & u lo
lieu cong viec hdng gidp Id gidp tnrong.
Nhieu xa thon hop lai thdnh m6t t6ng, co cai t6ng
vd ph6 t6ng, do cac ly tnromg bao cir. Thinh thoang

140
moi tong lgi c6 mot vien bang bi§n do nhh niroc bo
dirpc cap lircmg. Nhieu t6ng hqp thhnh m$t huyen hay
m6t phu c6 quan tri huy£n hay quan tri phu cai tri.
Nhieu phu huyen hop thanh mdt tinh, c6 quan tong
d6c hay tuan phu lh quan dau tinh , ciing quan bo
chinh coi viec ho, quan hn sat coi viec hinh.
Tong, phu , huyen va tinh chi la nhumg khu vtrc
hanh chinh hay Id nhirng ccr quan trung gian de khien
cho xa thon H6n lac vcri qu6c gia , chu* khong phai 1k
nhumg to chtrc dac bidt.

SIT SINH HOAT CIJA XA TH6N

Ta da biet rang moi xa thon la mot dohn the tir tri
a trong pham vi qu 6c gia, doi vcri nha nubc chi can
lam tron nghia vu nop siru thue , lam giao dich , ngohi
-
ra c6 thb tu do xu tri cong vide trong lang, nh & nunc
*

khong can thiep den.

Mot van de mh ngu-cri trong lang cho la quan trong
nhat la van de ngoi thu, khi lang hop cr dinh de bhn
viec cong hay de an c6 sau khi te than , thi ngubi nao
phai theo ngoi nay mh ngoi neu ngoi sai thu- ter thi
lhng bat va. ( j nhh que ngubi ta thubng tranh rhau
“an tren ngoi trubc” rat kich liet, hoac dung tien bac
de mua km mua nhieu voi lhng, hay quyen mua phbm
ham vbi nhh mrcrc, hoac dung th & n thd hay m \ru mo
de gihnh lay m6t chirc dich trong l&ng. Cau tuc ngu
“Mot mi£ ng giira lhng bang shng xo bip”( l ) du midu
-
ta xdc dhng cai tinh than tranh ngoi thu a huemg thon .
*

(1) Hay iil “Mieng thit lang, sAng thit mua”.

141
 T'heo lp nam Ty-duc thu 14 thi ngoi thu cr trong
lhng dinh nhu sau nay : Van tir nhat phhm trcr len ,
hm sinh , gihm sinh va tu thi xuat thfin mh dupt: b it
cun phhm ; vo tu su & t dpi trcr len , khoa myc ti> cu
^ *

nhan trcr l£ n , thi ngoi gian gicra dinh. Huong 1§0 70 tuoi
trcr len , vo th £ t phhm doi trircmg, van bht cun pham
1h tap( l ), bht cun pham thien bhch hp , chhnh tong, am
sinh , gihm sinh , tu tai , vien tur, thien bhch hp nyp quyen ,
mien sai, mien dao, deu ng6i gian ta. Pham tr£t dong
nhau thi ai hon tuoi ngoi tren . Ly truong, hucmg
chuc , cung dan lang thi ngoi o gian hun , lay tuoi lhm
'

thu ty O nhung lang theo le thien tircrc thi ngoi thu

' *

dua theo thu ty cr trong so hucmg am.

Khi co vipc lang thi ly truong va hucmg chuc sai
ngutri mo lang, thutmg gpi la thang mo (vi ngutri ta
cho chuc mo lang la vi tipn ) di khap lhng d§ dhnh mo
mcri lang ra hop cr dinh. Nguriri mo lhng dup c it sao *

ruong cong, vh den mua gat thi nhung nha gihu co

trong lhng cho anh ta mot vhi bo lua .

V§ vipc tulin phong trong lang thi co nhung ngutri

tuan dinh do ngutri khhn thu dung dau . Che tuan
phien phai canh ban dem cr chc diem canh; den ngay
miia thi hp phai di tuan cr deng de giir gin mua mang
cho dan lhng. Moi mua cac chu ruong moi ngutri phai
cho doi tuan phien it nhieu bo lua, gpi lh sutmg tuc .

( 1) Khong phai khoa ITUJC va sinh, gihm sinh xuat than.

142
 M6i xa thon phai tif lo vigc tri an l & y , cho n§n su
ph6ng ng\r trong ldng phai to chirc rat nghi m cdn. O’
^
hai dhu lkng cung cr nhirng cho nga ba nga tvr deu phai
dat diem canh . Nhieu ldng tr& ng luy tre rat cao rao
xung quanh, hai d &u ldng l&m cvra cong r&t chac c6 gdc
canh cir t6i l u thi dong chat.
^
C6 khi nhiku ldng giao ket vcri nhau goi Id giao hi &u
d6 givr gin bao ho lan nhau, khi ldng ndy c6 ke cvrop
qu&y pha thi lang kia phai tilp cun. Cube giao hieu
ay thirtmg Id do ldng m 6i ldp con it ngirfri khong du
sire tvr ve nen phai ket hop veri lang Ion de nhfr cay
trong khi nguy cap. Cung c6 khi hai ldng d & ng thin do
mot ngtreri hay do hai anh em mot nhd dung ldp, roi
lien lac v6i nhau de giu than tinh cho nen ngiriri ta
*

thvrimg th &y ede ldng giao hieu cung thh m 6t vi than ,

hay Id thtr hai vi than anh em . Khi lang ndy te than
thi ldng kia phai rvrcrc than hoac phai dai bieu sang
du le.
*

Thvrimg m§i nam ede lang & y co mot ky h6i t£, cir
iudn phi£ n m5i lang phai dung Idm chu m 6t nam . Gap
nhirng liic tai hoa, nhir dich le , ccr can, hoa tai, thuy
tai, thi nhirng ldng giao hieu phai cu u giup nhau .
*

Cung nhieu khi cac lang ay khong c6 quan he gi von

nhau mdt thi4t, md chi vi van de ngvr dich md phai
dodn ket.
-
(7 trong mot ldng, ngvrcri ta lai thu img thay nhirng
cuoc dodn ket nho, nhvr hoi tvr van gom nhirng ngvrcri
c6 chifrc tircrc khoa danb, hoi van pha g&m nhirng
ngvriri nho hoc md khdng c6 phdm hdm khoa muc gi ,
143
h$i vo pha gom cac quart vo, hqi dong mon gom tdt ca
hqc tro cua mqt thiy hqc. Ngoai ra con vo so nhirng
dohn the khdc, nhir hq mua bhn dung cdch gap tham
hay bo tien up bdt mh lan lutpi gop tien cho nhau , hq
hi4 u de giup nhau trong CUQC tang ma, hq hy de mirng
nhau trong cuqc khanh hy , cung lh nhirng hqi bach
nghq hqp cac thu cong dong nghiqp, hqi chir ba hqp
nhirng ba vai le phqt, hqi dong quan hqp nhirng ba
dong thcr th &nh , hqi bat am hqp cac tai tu- am nhqc ,
...
cho den hqi chqi ga , hqi chqi chim v.v Xem the thi
th &y rang ngircri nhh que ta rat ham lap hqi. Trong
lang thutmg nam c6 nhieu ky te le de dan lang c6 dip
“an u6ng” vh vui choi. Nhung cuqc te le 1cm nhdt lh
le ky phuc ve mua xuan va mua thu de cau binh yen
cho d &n lhng; le nhap tich hay vho dam vao khoang
thhng gieng thang hai , khi thuirng thi chieu le t 4 le
dam bay ngay , nam nao hoa coc phong dang , dan gian
lam an thinh virqng hay nhan le nr6c sac cua than ,
hay nhan le khanh thanh dinh moi , thi mir dai hoi , bay
nhung cuoc vui choi hat xircmg den nira thang hay ca
thang; le ky an co nha sir chay dan de thu tinh c&m
gi6i( 1) va tyng kinh cdu Ph§t.
Ngoai nhirng le Ion cua lang con c6 nhung le cua
cbc doan the nho nhir thon, gihp, va cdc hoi chc hq ke
trgn kia . Lai con nhirng le mua nhieu mua am , le khao
cua nhung ngircri chirc sac khoa tririmg, le vong cua

( 1) Thu het thach tinh cot khi , y4 u ma le qui md ngfin cam khdng
cho xam phgin den gifri han trong l £mg.

144
nhung ngirdi len lao len bo, 1$ cdo sac phong tang cua
cac quan , lg ky hau d dinh mieu chiia chien , dku Id
nhtrng nhip cho dan que c5 b& n ch & ch6 n .
Tmh het ca cac cuoc te le h$i h6 Ion nho trong lhng
thi thay dan que ta hang nam c6 nhieu co hoi de tieiu
pha xa xi lam .

SIT cAl LirCTNG TRONG HITCTNG THON

Tinh trang hiromg thon nirdc ta von co nhieu dieu

hay mh cung co rat nhiku di £ u te lam can phai cai
-
lu ong, day chi xin lirpc cu nhung dieu trong yeu .
*

Ve viec hanh chinh d hirong thon , tren kia ta da

thay chi nan ky hao t&c te, nhirng ke giau co thu cme
k£ t bfe ldp dang ma lung doan quyen loi vh & p che dan
em. Nhan cai tdp tuc “ph6p vua thua le lhng” ma chinh
phu khong he can thipp d§n viec dan, nen moi lhng
thanh ra mot tieu giang son o trong ay bon ky hho la
co quan chuyen che. M6i te ky , gkn day nhan si trong
node da nhin thky ro, cho nen tu hon hai miroi nam
*

nay dd thay nh6m thhnh cai du* luan cai lirong hircmg
chinh mot ngay mot manh. 6* Nam Viet va Bac Viet,
chinh phu da thi hanh viec cai lirong , duy d Trung Viet
thi hirong chinh dai khai van nhan tuan loi cu.
y Nam Viet hien nay chc xa co mot ban quan tri goi
(
la ban Hoi te do nghi dinh quan Tohn -quyen nghy 30
Octobre 1927 dinh r£> chirc vu quyen han . Dung dau
ban ky lik Hirong ca Id chu tich , roi den Hirong chu Id
ph6 chu tich giir cong qui, vik Hirong sir giam sdt cac
145
huong chut: khac; Huxmg trucmg thi trong nom vice
hpc; Huong chdnh thi ldm co van cho Huong thOn , Xa
trucmg va Huong hdo, Id ba vien chut: chap hdnh.
Huong than dung dau ban chap hdnh , c6 ph£ n s \r hen
Igc a giira ban Hoi te v6i quan tren ; Xa trunrig hope
Thon tnrcmg thi lam moi gioi giira xa thon va nha
nutre , con Huong hao thi coi soc vice tuan sat cr trong
-
xa . Ca ba huemg chuc chap hanh ay phai hipp trp veri
vien Huong quan ve vice canh sat hanh chinh va tu
phap, va dupe sai khien nhung vien chuc ha cap Id
Ph6 xa, Ph6 ly, Ly truong, Bipn lai , Cai tuan , Cai
th6n, Cai thi, Cai triim va Truong v.v... Tren va duOi
Huong quan c6n co Huong gido phai day ve chi bao cho
ede vi§n huong chuc nhd, va Huong bp hay Thu bO
phai giu thue bp, dia bO vd so sach cua lang. Chanh
Ipc bO va PhO lpc bp cung thupc ve hang huong chuc
cao cap, nhung khong dupe dp- vao ban Hpi te. Nhung
-
vien chuc ay thubng do quan tren lp a chpn cr trong
nhung nguoi dien ehu gidu co va nhung nguoi quan
lai huu tri. Trong ban Hoi te chua man khoa ba nam
ma c6 chan thieu thi cac huong chuc khac co quyen
lira nguiri the vao roi trinh quan tren tham xet. Xa
trucmg cung do ban Hoi te cir ra , roi do quan tren phO
chuan. Vi chuc Xa trucmg chang qua Id mpt tay thira
hdnh cua quan dia phuong de 1dm viec lang, nen nhieu
khi nguiri c6 hoc thuc hoac due vong khOng chiu ling
cu*, thi nhd nude phai tuyOn b6. Nhung Bang biOn vd
Sung biOn Id viOn chuc chap hdnh ede tong cung do
nhd nufre nhiem mOnh chir khong phai do dai bieu

146
cua xa thon bao cir nhir cdc Cai tong Ph6 tong ngdy
tririrc.
Ta xdt cdch to chirc hircmg chinh nhir the thi thdy
rang su gidm doc cua Chlnh- phu ddi vcri hmmg thon
*

nghidm nhat hem xira nhieu , There ra thi cr Nam Vidt,

ngay tir buoi d & u cuoc chinh phuc Chinh phu thude
dia da can thiep din hiremg chinh nhieu roi , nghi dinh
nam 1927 chi la qui che mot edi tinh trang da san cd
vay.
.(y Nam Viet moi ldng co mot cong qui de sung vao
viec chi tieu ve td tir , vide dirong sd cau cong, vide
hutmg hoc, viec tra phu cap cho hirong chirc va tra
lirong cho phu tu&n . Nhir cd cong qui ay md cdc xa thon
-
kien thilt va kinh dinh du oc nhieu cong cudc lorn.
(y Bac Viet cai lutmg hircmg chinh do nghi dinh
quan Thlng-sir ngdy 12 Aout 1921 cung chu trong
nhdt ve hai van de c6t ylu nhir vide cai lircmg or Nam
Viet Id to chirc hircmg hoi vd dat sd chi thu ( cong qui ).
Theo nghi dinh ay thi moi lang do Hirortg hoi quan tri ,
gdm tir 4 din 20 ngiriri toe bidu Id dai bieu cua ho
cir ra, cir 100 ngiriri di bdu thi diroc cir m
| t ngirbi tdc
bieu. Hircmg hdi cd Chdnh vd Phd hircmg h 6i, dai khdi
chirc vu Id phai coi vide quan tri trorig ldng, thi hdnh
menh | l nh vd huan thi cua quan trdn , lap khodn le,
dir dinh so chi thu , cung Id edr hai ba ngiriri de hda giai
nhirng viec tap tung trong dan. Vi bpn ky hdo xira sp-
milt the di
| n, khong ai chiu ra gidnh chdn toe bieu, ndn
trong Hircmg hoi todn Id nhirng ngiriri tre tudi khong

147
c6 danh VQng va the lire, thanh ra vige quan trj xd thon
thuhng cung bj bQn cutrng hdo ldm kh 6 khan vd phd
hogi. Muon tranh dieu tg Ay , nam 1927 nhd nircrc dgt
them mqt hoi dong Ky mge de lam co quan co van
*

cho Hutmg hoi. Song bon ky ciru van thirfrng dung

the lire md can thigp trirc tiep din vice Hutmg hoi
md Chdnh hutmg hoi nhieu khi phai egy vao the lire
cua Tien chi ( lg xu a ) va Ly trutmg men c6 the lam vige
*

dirge. Ly trutmg thi van la ngutri thira hanh cua

quan tren hr trong lang, edeh bao cir c6 gicri hgn chgt
hgp horn xira chirc vg dgi khdi Id lam moi gi6i gitra
-
Chinh - phu vd xa thon , giu thui bo, dia bo, cong van
va coi vige tri an cung thue mb v. v ... Ly tnrbng c6
-
nhung ngirfri giup vi$c nhu : Pho ly , Hgi lgi, Chutrng
bg , Trutmg tuin, Xa doan v.v... Theo nguy£ n ly thi Ly
trirong co quyen dg- Hutmg hgi , song phai theo huan
Ignh cua Chanh hutmg hgi ma chap hanh nhung diiu
quylt nghi cua hgi dong. Nhirag theo thirc te thi
nhieu khi Ly trutmg la chu ti trong hutmg chi'nh.
So chi thu buoi dau chi dgt o nhung ldng c6 it ra la
*

500 dbn dinh . Nam 1927 lai dat thgm o' ebe lang nho
hem , nhung phai co so chi thu it ra lai 500$00 m$t nam .
Vi ph &n nhieu cong qui chi co so thu ve ngach thue
bdeh phan phu gia cho nen ddn liy 1dm bat mdn lam.
Va lai th <3i hdo cirfrng nhung lam cr hutmg thon edn
thinh , md Chinh- phu thi khong kiem sdt xue , n§n
nhung vi6c hdo ly dao dung cong qui thirbng xay ra
lu6n. Vi thi viec cai edeh theo nguyen 1# thi rat tot
md theo thirc hdnh thi sinh ra ket qua r & t hu .
*

148
 ,
%

Ve phircmg dien tap tuc thi cd nhirng Id hirong am - , 3

le khao vong, le dinh dam qua xa xi doi vcri tinh canh

1

nghdo kho cua dan que , cung nhirng thoi tranh gihnh
-
ngoi thu va phe dang ky thi , khien cd ngirtri phai vay
miron hoac ban ruong ban nh3 nun lo viec an uong,
cung cd ngu-cri khanh kiet gia san vi mot viec “the dien”
con con . O’ Nam Viet cac dieu te ay hinh nhu- da bdt
nhieu vi le hirong am va khao vong da bo, viec dinh
ddm an uong khong xa xi phien nhieu nhir xira nu a , -
-
cho nen van de ngoi thu cung it ngirbi quan tam .

& Bac Viet thi tir nam 1921, le cai luong dat cong
qui b cdc ling va dinh le nop tien de thay le khao vong,
the ma thoi an uong a hutrng thon van khong bo diroc,
vi rang tuc “tra nq midng” va long ham ngoi thu van -
nhir xua. Bln nhir Trung Viet thi cac moi te b hu ong -
thon chira he vi anh hirong van hda mdi ma giam dirpc
chut nao, cho nen van de cai lirong hirong tuc b day
lai cang cap thiet hem b Nam va Bac .

Song trong viec cm lirong phai xir trf than trong, ma

khong nen nhat thiet mat sat tiit ca nhirng le xun .
Nhirng phircmg phdp ciru te vh tiremg te trong hiremg
thon nhir che do nghia thirong , che do khau phan
dien , qua phu dien , co nhi dien , nh &t 13 chi do xa
thon tir tri , deu Id nhirng Id hay nen duy tri hoac khoi
-
phuc lai. Nhirng che dd x3 thon tu tri muon ket qua
my man thi phai kit hop xa thdn lai th 3nh nhirng dohn
the cd du lire lirong tir tri. Bbi xira trinh do sinh hoat
cua x3 thon con don gian, nhirng lang nho nho cung cd
149
the tv man tv tuc dutrc. Ng4y nay, tinh trang sinh boat
1
* *

cua hutmg thdn khong the or nhan tu&n 6 trong pham

*

vi c6 hii dvpt: m 4 tat nhien phai d6i m6i. Muon cho

CUQC tiln bp dung gap tro ngai thi chi c6 hai dvimg :
*

m$t 14 nh 4 mr6c trvc tiep can thi$p dd khoi c4i nan

*

h 4o cmfmg chuyen che, hai la 14m cho hutmg thon co

\\?c hrcmg sung tuc de t \r tr . Trong hai dutmg ay,
*
dutmg thir nhat la mqng tutmg vi Chinh- phu kho
long co sire quan co dirgre d4 n mQi viec cua xa thon,
con dirfmg thir hai thi c£c mrcrc van minh van theo,
ngutri ta da thay duve ket qua tot dep. Nhung muon
cho xa th6n c6 lvc lu *png sung tuc d§ tv trj thi phai t6
hpp nhung lang nho lai thanh nhvng do4n the 16n ,
nhv 6 Nam Vipt da lam. Nho sv to hp p ay m 4 6 Nam
* * * *

Vipt ngay nay cac xa thon deu c6 cong qui it ra 14

20.000$00, cho nen lang nao cung co the 14m du 6ng, *

bac cau, lap trutmg hpc. Cung nh 4n the m 4 vipc kinh

phi cung giay m 4 vipc quan giam dutre r £t nhieu . M$t
-
tinh My tho, tu nam 1880 den nay , nguydn 14 1000
*

lang m 4 giam xuong 90 14ng, moi 14ng c6 tu 1000 den *

1.500 raau tay dat , v 4 it ra 14 600 dan dinh. & Bac ViSt
va Trung Vi6 t thi x 4 thon nho nho rat nhieu, m 4 c4c
quan tren lai thvfrng c6 y hoan nghinh nhvng dom xin
*)

bipt tri n d£ chia nho nhirng 14ng Ion ra cho d£ yen

^
nhvng m6i tranh chap quyen loi hoac dat dai. Hi§n
nay, mot dieu cai c4ch can kip 6 Trung Vi$t v 4 Bac
*

Viet 14 n6n theo gvong Nam Viet m 4 ket ho p c 4c hutmg

*

thon th4nh nhvng xa do4n ldn, nhv thi m6i c6 thg

150
th \rc h6nh vice hirong thon tv tri m6 khong trb- ngpi
cho cube tien b6. Sir ket hop ay lai cdn m6t dieu loi
16m nfra 16 16m tieu dirac nhirng thien kien dia
-
phirong khien ngu 6i nh6 que ta hi di ra khoi 16ng 16
co' h& th6nh that cirPc.
Sau hit , mot dieu nSn chu y lam 16 xa thon v6n 16
-
cor so cua quoc gia , cho nen neu m5i xa th6n vien le
tir tri m6 chi hanh dong theo phhp rieng, khong can
theo nhip nh6ng chung, thi quoc gia se thanh nhir dong
c6t riri. Boi v6y muon quoc gia co lire liromg co kit
thi c6c xa thon tuy khong bo quyen ter tri, ma phai t6
dnre theo m 6t che do chung va phai hanh d6ng 6 trong
*

ph 6 p luit chung , nhir viy thi che do xa thon tir tri mfri
c6 the c6 ket qua my man dirtre.

LANG THUY CCT

(? nircrc ta c6 nhieu 16ng cr tren mat nirfre, goi la
16ng thuy ccr, hay l 6ng ch 6i, gom nhirng ngutri lam
nghe ch6i luPi hay chcr do. Theo nguyen ly thi 16ng
ch6i n6o cung phu thuoc veri m6t xa thon a tren dat.
Nhirng cir thue ra thi 16ng ch6i von 16 16ng rieng m 6
nh6 nuPc chi bat theo ve m6t xa thon tren dat de tien
viec thu thue, cho nen nhirng dan thuy ccr tuy phai
d6ng sun thue cho ly tnrcmg m6 van khong c6 lien lac
gi v6i xa th6n ay ca. L6ng thuy ccr thirPng 16 m6t don
vi h6nh chinh d6c I6p, c6 du to chirc nhir m6t x6 thon ,
ho6c thing thuoc v6o mpt ting v6i c6c 16ng o’ can ,
hoac nhieu 16ng hop thanh mot t6ng thuy co rieng ( nhir
*

6r Thanh-h6a).
151
 L4ng thuy ccr thinh thoang co mot d4m dat dl lam
dinh v 4 chon cat ngrnri chit , nhimg nhieu khi vi
khong c6 dat nSn cai dinh 14 mot cai thuyen lorn hay
mot c4i nh 4 b6. Dinh ay vira 14 mot ncri tho than, vira
*

14 noi b4n dinh |vi c I4ng. Khi lang d <ri ch6 n 4y di cho
kh 4c thi cdi thuyen hay cai nha be 14m dinh 4y cung
phai doi theo.
Ngay xu a c6 nhilu lang thuy co dirtrc nh4 nude cho
* *

-
chuyen quyln ch 4i lu oi or mot khuc song nao, nhimg
ng4y nay chi d$ ay chi thinh thoang c6n di tich trong
phong tqc thoi.
-
Dan cdc king thuy co khong phai la mot thu dan dac-
bi
| t khac han voi dan or can . Dan or nuhr cung dan cr
can v 4n khong c6 thoi ky thj nhau, ma mot nguxri lang
ch 4i nlu c6 ccr hpi thi thutmg vui long DO nghe cu m 4
-
tau vu on mua rubng.

in. QU6C GIA

y
/
^
Tr6 n kia ta da thay rang xk th6n 14 mpt doan the tv
tri, c6 qui che rieng. Song c 4c xa thon deu o trong pham
'

vi cua quoc gia v 4 phai theo ph 4 p luat chung cua ca

mrirc. Ngoai gia dinh ra co hai doan the 14m hoan canh
v 4 han gioi cho ngrnri ta hanh dong , la x 4 thon v 4 qulc
gia, m6i do 4n the c6 phep tac rieng. Quoc gia tuy 16m
m 4 thirtmg kh6ng lan lurirt din x 4 thon . Nhu ng cau -
“14ng nirtrc” , “ ph6p vua le lang”, to rang hai do4n th§
4y van co phan hang tmmg dirong.
152
 -
Nu frc ta thanh rriQt quoc gia , nghia la dan ta co cai
quan niem va tinh than quoc gia tir khi nho ? Sir ch£ p
-
rang rnrcrc ta ngay xira la nircrc Van lang roi doi la
nirox Au-lac, O dbi ky xa h 6i la xa hoi phong kien ,
'

goi \k nircrc chi co ten trong, chir there ra thi nhtrng

Lac- hau Lac- tircmg \ii chua te o trong phong tho cua
*

minh. Dan cr trong phong thfi chi bilt co lanh chua chir
khong biet Lac- vinmg 1& ai , chi biet gia dinh chir
khong bilt xa hoi quoc gia la gi. Vay ta c6 the n6i rang
a trirox tay ky nguyen ngutri Van -lang Au -lac chira co
quan niem ve quoc gia , ma nircrc cua Lac-vmmg,
nircrc cua Thuc- vmmg cung khong phai la quoc gia . (T
cudi the ky thir ba trutrc ky nguyen, nircrc Au-lac bi
-
sap nhap v &o nutrc Nam viet cua Trieu-Ba, roi lai bi
noi thuoc lam chau qu &n cua nirfrc Trung- hoa , trong
suot thcri ky ky thi nuxx ta chi la bo phan cua mrcrc
khac , khong thanh quoc gia da danh, ma quan niem
quoc gia cung van con bac nhutrc , Cuoc khoi loan cua
Tnmg-virong v & Trieu -Au ngmri ta xem la sir boc phat
cua tinh than quoc gia thi thirc la khien cmhig, vi hk
Trirng d6 nh To-dinh chi 1k dai bleu cho c&c phong kien
chua bay gio cir lai cai chinh sdch vk cai van h6a moi
duxng lam nguy khon cho che do phong kien , ma ba
Trieu d £nh quan Ngo cung chi la the lire phong kien
tah dir chbng voi the lux thong nhat dirong trmmg
thanh .
Nam 264 nhk Ngo lay dat cac quan Hpp-pho, Giao-
chi , Ciru -chan va Nhat- nam, tux Ik dia phan mrcrc
Van- lang xira ( trir Hqp- pho), dat lam Giao-chau, d6 la
manh nha cuoc thong nhat sau nay. Tir do quan niem
153
qu6c gia moi nh <5m d & n d & n, den the ky thu s£u, ta
*

m6i thiy cube van dong doc l & p cua Ly Nam de lh -

mpt cube quoc gia van dpng phoi thai. Sau den nhung
cube khcri nghia cua Mai Thuc-loan va Phung-Himg,
-
cung CUQC chien tranh bao phqc cua Ngo Quyen, dieu
la co tinh than quoc gia . Nhung tinh than ay thhnh
mpt thu th 4 luc co ket manh me lb ttr khi mrcrc ta
thodt ly cuoc Bac thupc ma dung nen dpc lap. Tuy
rang trai non mot the ky nay co luc thjnh c6 luc suy,
-
nhung chinh nhfr nb m & Dinh Bb linh xung hung vcri
nu£rc Tau, dqt tbn lb nubc Dgd Co- Vibt, mb Ly
Th \r£mg-kibt dbnh dupe qubn T6ng, Tr 4n Hung duo -
- -
dbnh dirpc qubn Nguyen, Lb Lp idbnh dupe quan Minh ,
Nguyen Hup d &nh dupe qubn Thanh. Chinh nhir nb mb
mrcrc ta lan lirbl dupn mr6t Chibm - thbnh vb Chan -
lap mb mo mang bo coi tir Quang- binh cho den
* *

Ha- tien. Cung vi tinh th&n quoc gia ma khi nude ta bi

quan Phap chinh phyc, tuy trieu dinh da nhubng d 4t
va ch;u bao ho r&i, ma nhbn dan vbn con phan khbng.
Ngay nay trong nude ta chia ra ba xir Trung Viet, Bac
Viet vb Nam Viet c6 chinh the khbc nhau , nhung cr
trong tu tubmg cung nhu or tren sir thirc, ngirtri ba xu *

vln cb quan nibm cung mbt quoc gia.

QUAN CHU CHINH THE

Dung d£u qu6c gia xua la vua , hay quoc virong,

hay hoang de. Theo nguyen ly cua thuyet quan chu thi
vua la thien tu% Ik ngirtri thay mat cho troi de tri dan ,
cho nen vua chi phai theo m$nh trtri, edn bao nhieu
154
nh & n v&t qui thin b trong nirac deu o' dircri quyen
vua hit. Cung nhir gia tnromg o' trong nha doi vcri con
cdi , vua co quyen tuyet-doi doi vcri than dan. Vua 1&
cha me cua dan , cho nen pham tai san v & sinh menh
cua dan, cung 1£ cua vua het. Theo nguyen ly ay bao
nhieu dat ruong trong nircrc deu la cua vua , m& vua
co quyen sinh sat doi vcri het thay moi ngiriri trong
nircrc. Vua la vi phap quan toi thuyng, mh cAc quail
lai lh ngircri thay mat. Vua 1& chu tl b trong nircrc,
cung nhir gia trircmg lh ngvrfri chu te o' trong gia dinh.
Gia trircmg phai te to tien b tir dirimg thi vua cung
phai te to tien b ton mieu , va te vi to cao hem ca lh
triri b dhn Nam- giao.
Vua \ A thi6n tir cho nen than the cua vua la thin
thanh bat kha xam pham. Phap luat doi vcri nhirng
ke phan than rat la ghe germ . Xdm pham den minh
vua , den ton mieu hay lang t & m thi xem nhu tpi phan
nghich mh bi xir din hinh lang tri vh toe tru.
-
T§n vua cung ten cha me vh t6 tien cua vua 1& hiiy,
khong ai diror n6i va viet. Trong tat ca cac gily tb -
cong hay Ur, neu viet den vua vk to tien nha vua thi
phai viet dhi len mot chu\ Pk&m c£i gi thuoc ve cua
vua deu c6 them tieng “thanh” “long” hay “ngoc” v.v...
de to y ton kinh( l ). Noi vua 6 goi la cung cam hay cam
*

thanh , ngirtri nao khong phai ph&n sir ma vao do thi

bi tir toi tnrpfng den toi giao. Khi vua ra ngoai , nhan
dan d £ u phai tr6n , nhk hr hai ben dxrimg phai d6ng

(1) Thanh y , Thanh chi , Thanh gia, long nhan, long dmh, ngoc ty.

155
 - -
cu a, ai l <r gpp vua giira du img thi phai phu phuc
xudng 6 hai ben dirbng. Phpm cdc dieu cam ky Id tpi
*

pham tat.
NhiTng le nghi 6 tribu mi4u qui-dinh rat ty-my,
*

nhCrng cir chi cua vua vd toi doi voi nhau r 4 t Id phien
phirc, song bat ngoyi cai t6n chi giir ve ton nghiem
than thanh cua vua.
Che dp quan chu chuyen che o' nircrc ta c6 t\ jr bao
gi<r ? O' then dpi phong kien vd thfcri dpi bac thupc ,
nghfa la tir the ky thir mutti ve tnrcrc, mror; ta tat
nhibn chu-a c6 che dp quan chu , dibu ay khong phai
ban nhieu. Den khi Dinh Bp-Linh hoan thdnh cube
thong nhat va dpc lap mbi bat chirfrc che dp quan
chu chuyen che cua trieu Hdn trieu Bircmg mrcrc
Tau , mb dvrng nen quan chu the tap, “xdy cung dipn ,
A V 1

che trieu nghi, dinh pham ham quan van quan vo”( l ),
lap phdp lupt nghiem mat va quan ch 4 chinh t§. Cdc
-
trieu Ly , Tran, Lb, Nguybn , trieu ndo cung c6 su a doi
trieu nghi trieu chinh de them ve ton nghiem cho quoc
wrong vd them uy the cho nen quan chu .
Tuy or che dp quan chu chuyen che thi vua cb quyen
tuyet-doi , khong co co- quan chinh tri ndo giam sat nhrn
a che do quan chu lap hien, nhumg a nirbc ta xira nay
van bat chu’crc Trung- hoa ma dat nhumg chirc quan
rieng de can gian vua khi thay vua lam bay. Trieu Ly
thi dat quan Ta- hiru Gidn -nghi dai-phu ; cdc trieu
Tran , Le, Nguyen deu dat Ngir-sir-ddi hay Bo-sdt

( 1) Vi £t- Nam sir lirpr: .

156
vi£n, c6 cdc quan ngv-sir de gidm -sdt viqc hknh chi'nh
cua cdc quan, mk cung d£ giir cho vua dirng 1km dieu
qud Lam.
(y dbi Trln , vua Trln Nhan- ton tu ng h6i phu lao *

trong nirfrc hr Dien- hong- giai de hoi y-kien ve viec

danh quan Nguydn , d6 cung lk mot dieu dac bidt it c6
6 che d6 quan chu chuyen che vky .
"

QUAN CHE

Pham mot xk hoi da dat din m6t trinh do tirong

- ^ y

dvrcmg thi co quan chd d£ duy tri t6 chxrc vk sinh menh

cua xa hoi. O' thbi dai phong kiln thi cdc Lac vuxmg, -
- -
Lac-tir6ng, Lac hau, Bo chinh Ik phong kien chua ,
-
tux lk cdc quan chu c hr dai bay gid. Sang dbi Bac-
- - -
thuoc thi Giao chi bo c6 quan Thu' sxr, cac quan thi co
quan Thdi - thu , cac huyen thi tvr dbi Dong Han bo
-
quyen thi tkp cua Lac-tu dng Lac hau mk dat quan -
-
Huyen lenh. Nhk Ngd chia Giao chi bo ra lam giao
- - -
chau vk Quang-chku mfii noi dat chau muc (sau dat lai
-
quan Thir sir ) cbn ckc quan cdc huyen cung van c6
quan Thdi thu vk quan Huyen ldnh nhir tnrbc. Bbi
- -
Birbng dat An nam Bo ho-phu or Giao chau vk dat -
-
quan Bai tdng quan dd cai tri , sau ddi 1km quan Tiet -
-
dq sir. Bit Giao-chku chia 1km chau vk huy | n c6 cdc
-
quan Chau muc vk Huyen lenh . -
Bln d c lap, vua Binh Tidn hokng bat
trieu Binh | -
chu'dc chi dd dbi Bvrdng Ngu cung cdc trieu Hdn vk
-
Bu bng a Tku mk dat quan chi vk dinh giai pham cdc
157
quan van vo, nhir cdc chirc Bo-hO si-sir, Tircmg-quan ,
Nha -hiOu .
Trieu Le Dqi -hanh thi dat cac chirc Thdi-sir, Thdi-
uy, Tong-quan va Bo-chi - huy-sir la quan dai than van
vo. BOn trieu Ly thi quan che dai lirpr co cum phdm ,
turn trung cac chirc Tam thdi ( Thdi -sir, Thdi- pho, Thdi -
-
bao ), cung Thai uy , Thieu - uy va KiOm- hieu binh-
chirong-sir Id chirc dai than van vo. O' diroi thi van
-
ban cd quan cdc bO, nhu BO Thupng- thir, Ta hum
Tham - tri, BO Thi - Iang, Ta hum Lang- trung; lai c6 Ta
hum Gian-ngh; dai- phu de can gian v ia, cung Bien
^
hqc- si vd Han-lam hoc-si la nhumg chirc quan thircmg
dung cdc bvrc danh nho. Quan ngoai chirc thi 6- cac bO,
phu , chau co Tri -phu , Phan -phu , Tri-chau. V & vo ban
thi c6 cac chirc Bo- thong, NguyOn-siiy , Tong-gidm ,
-
Khu -mat sir, Thong- tirong, Bai-tir6mg, Chi-huy -su
Id nqi chirc, con o' tran trpi cac 10 ddu c6 dat quan binh
-
dong giir.
Trieu Tran thi dai khai cung co cac chirc Tam thai
va Tam thiOu nhir Tri & u Ly , lai dat thOm cdc chirc
tarn Tir (Tir do, Tir ma , Tir khong) lam chirc van vo dai
than . Chirc TO- tutrng giir viOc bao cir bach quan thi
them Ta hum Tirrmg-quoc de giup viec. & diroi van
ban thi luc bo Thircmg-thu' dung dau sau bo, Ta hum
-
Boc-xa Id chirc A tiromg , Gidn -nghi dai- phu, luc bO
Lang- trung, trung thir Lang- trung deu Id quan trong
chirc. Ngir-sir-dai dd cu sat ddn hach bdch quan thi c6
cac chirc Thi- ngir- sir, Gidm -sat ngir-sir. Chu- thir Thi -
-
ngir -sir, Ngir-sir trung-tan , Ngir sir dai - phu, cung chir
dao Gidm -sdt ngir-sir. Lai c6 cdc vien , nhir Khu- mat-

158
vi£ n de tham nghi trieu s\r, Hdn ldm vien de nghi - -
soan chieu thir, Qu6c sir vi | n dl so n sir ky, Qu6c - - ^- - -
-
tlr gidm vidn xem viec gida due, Thdi y vien xem vi£c
y dirge cr trong cung. Ngoai chin; thi c6 ede quan
- -
An phu , Tran phu, Tri phu, Th6ng phdn , Ki6m phdn , - - -
Tdo v £n |- -
l nh, cung Chdnh Ph 6 str hd de vd don dien -
cr ede 16. Ve v6 ban thi cd ede chirc Phieu ky thirgng- -
-
tir6ng quan (chi c6 Hodng tir m6i dirge sung chirc -
-
4.y ), Kim ng6-v6 dai tiroaig qudn , Vu ve dai tirong - - - - -
-
quan, Thdn v6 tirdng quAn , Bo th6ng-chl Id quan - -
binh n6i nhiem. C6n ngoai nhiem thi c6 ede chut: Kinh -
- -
lirgc su , Phbng ngy' sir, Quan sdt sir, Thu -ngcr str
*
- - - -
vd ede Bo hp, Bo th6ng , Tong quan.
- - -
DM Hi dat quan dai khdi cung theo Trln che, duy
d it them quan Kiem -van trieu chinh cung Phong
| - -
-
qulc gidm c6 Quan cdo quan, Bai ly tg c6 Phdn - - - - -
chfnh-quan vd Quang-te-thir co thira thude.
Ben trieu Le buoi dau cr birc van v6 dai than thi
dai khdi cung nhir cr trieu Tran , c6 Ta hiru tutmg - -
- -
quoc, Bai tir do, Bai tir khong, Bai tir ma , Thdi pho, - - - -
- -
Thdi bao, Thdi uy, Thilu - ph6, Thieu -bao, Thieu- uy,
nhumg chirc ay chi ngirbi than huan mod dirge. Lai
-
c6 Chinh sir-vien de coi vide chinh yeu, c6 ca quan van
quan vo deu dir. Ve van ban thi co quan Bai hdnh - -
khiln vd Ngu-dao hdnh-khi6n dtrng dau, rli Bo
-
Thirgng thir (Bau chi c6 b6 Lai va b6 Ll ), thir nira

vi
| - -
-
din quan N6i mdt vi6n, Hdn ldm vidn, Ngu hinh -
n, Ngir sir ddi, Qulc tir gidm, Qulc sir vi§n, Thdi - -
- - - -
- -
-
-
y vien v.v... Cl ede 1$ ede trin thi c6 An phu sir,
* A

- -
- - -
Tuyen phu sir, Tri phu , Bing tri phu , Chuyen vdn - - - -
159
sir . 6 1$ lyi c6 dyt GiAo- thy 1A chirc hoc quan . Ve
*
vo
-
ban thi c6 Ngy tien lye quan , Thiet-dpi ngu quan , -
- -
Ngu dqo chu, ve-quan , deu c6 Byi- tong-quan , Byi-do-
-
doc, Bo tong- quan dung dau . O' lp thi c6 Tong quan , -
-
Bong- tong quan ; 6 tran thi c6 Tran -phu-sir, Tuyerx
*
-
-
uy- sir; o' chau thi c6 Phdng ng\r-sir, Chieu thao-sir. -
-
Ben doi Le -ThAnh Ton thi ngoai cAc chirc Tam -thAi
-
Tam thieu lg.i dyt them Lyc bp (Lai, Hp, Le, Binh ,
Hinh , Cong ), cung nhtr b trieu Tran ; Lyc ty ( Thypng
-
bao, Quang lpc, H6ng-lo, Thai thirong, ThAi boc, Byi -- -
ly ) chirc chirong khdng ro rAng, dyi khai xem vi £c l£
-
nghi; Lye khoa ( Lai khoa, Hp- khoa, Ll khoa, Binh - -
-
khoa , Hinh- khoa, Cong khoa ), de giAm sAt cong vipc cua
Lye bp.
Quan ngoai chirc thi o’ cAc dyo dat quan Thira -
-
chi nh sir b Thira- ty xem xdt chinh sy- cAc nha phu
'

huypn chAu, moi nam phai trinh bAo vd bp , ve Hi & u-

sAt- sir b Hi§n - ty( l ) de dim hych cAc quan nha ban
hat, phiAn phuc tung An cua tran quan; lai doi lo lAm
phu, tran lam chau, vA doi An- phu lam Tri- phu , Tran -
^ ^
phu^ lAm Bong- tri- phu^ vA Chuyen -vAn -sir lam Tri -
ll uyen .
Trieu Nguyen thi vua Gia-long cung theo tri§u
trirdc, dat Luc bo, moi b6 c6 Thirong-thir, Ta hiru -
- - -
Tham tri , Ta hiru Thi Lang; HAn lam vien c6 Chirong - - -
-
vien vA Trurc hoc-si dung dau, va so thuoc thi cd Thi - -
-
doc hoc si trer xuong. Lai dat B6 s6t vien de thay cho - -
(1) Xem myc Ph6p-che cr sau.

160
Ngpr-sir-ddi dcri tnrcrc, c6 Ta- hiru Bo-ngy- sir va
Ta -hiru Ph6 do-ngir-sir; cdc chirc Clp-sir-trung ve
Luc- khoa vd Giam-sat ngir-svr or cdc dao cung thong
thubc ve vien ay. Ngoai ra, ngdi con dat Noi -vu - phu
de giir vang bac cua cai b trong cdc kho nhd vua,
Tdo-chinh - ty de coi viec van tai cung thue md tdu be,
Quoc- tir-giam de xem viec giao due va dao dircmg nhdn
tai, Kham-thien-gidm de xem xet thien tirgng vd lam
lich, Thai-y vien de coi viec y duu-c b trong cung. Quan
7

ngoai chut: thi b Bac-thdnh va Gia -dinh thanh dat

chirc Tong-tran vd Ph6- tong- tran ; b cdc tran thi cung
theo 1§ trieu Le md dat quan Liru - tran hay Id Tran -
thu , quan Cai-ba vd quan Ky-luc; cr cdc phu huyen
chdu thi cung vin c6 Tri- phu , Tri- huyen vd Tri-chau.
B6i Minh -m§nh thi dinh ro pham cap quan che, tir
nhat phdm den ciru phdm . Lai dat Van-thir- phong dd
thay cho Thi- thir- vien cr dtri Gia- long, roi sau lai doi
ldm Noi - cdc, tire Id phong bi thir cua vua; Ccr- mat-vien
de coi viec quan qude ccr yeu , c6 b 6n vien dai th & n
sung chirc; Biru -chinh -ty de coi viec chuyen de cong
van. Lai chdm chircrc ch& do Luc tir diri tnrcrc md
» « ff

dat Thdi-thirfrng- ttr de xem viec nghi van tran thiet

-
cac dai le , Quang toc-tir de coi soc le pham vd Bai-ly-
tir cung v6i Hinh -bo vd Bo-sdt- vien hop ldm Tam - phdp
ty Id tda dn dac biet . Lai theo che d6 dbi Tran , Le
md dat Ton- nhdn phu de coi moi viec trong hodng toe,
c6 Ton -nhan-linh m 6t ngutri vd Ta -hiru Ton-chinh hai
ngirbi. Ve quan ngoai chirc thi b ede tinh ( trirdc kia
Id trdn ) dat quan T6ng-doc coi viec quan ddn, khao
hach quan lai, Tuan phu coi viec chinh tri gido due vd
giir gin phong tuc, Bo-chdnh-sir coi viec binh linh thue

161
md va dinh dien , An- sdt-sir coi viqc hinh luqt vd kiem
ca viqc tram djch.
Trai cdc triiu sau, den khi c6 CUQC Bao-bO, dai khdi
quan chi khong thay doi khdc triiu Minh-m$nh miy.
Quan chi vQ ban o trieu Nguyin thi trong ngu qudn
nidi quan c6 mOt ch \rc Chutmg- phu hoac Do-th6ng.
M6i v$ thi cd chirc D6- th6ng hoac Thong- che. Thuy-
sir thi co Do-thong vd Di-doc. CT cdc tinh thi co Di
doc vd Lanh -binh de cai quan co binh ( l ).
-

Ngoai cdc chtrc quan chinh thi Ijch triiu lai cun
theo che do Trung-quoc ma dqt ra cac tuthc cap de
vinh phong cdc vi than thin vd cdc quan van vo c6 cong
^
l6n. Triiu Ly thi dat cac tudx Vutmg C6ng dirng dau
byn than hudn, con sau Id tuxrc hiu ca. Triiu Trdn
thi tirfrc Vutmg hoac Qudn -vutmg dung de gia phong
7

ngirtri ton that, c6n doi v6i cdc quan van v5 thi cung
cd cdc tuxrc h& u. Le Thdi-to dumg nircrc, dung tirtrc
Vutmg Cong de phong Hoang- tu- vd chin birc terirc hau
de phong therong cac cong than. Doi Le Thdnh -ton thi
-
ngodi tirirc Virong gianh cho Hodng- tu , c6n co nam
tirdx Cong, Hau, Bd , Ter, Nam de phong cho cdc burc
hodng ton tro xuong, vd cac quan van vo c6 thu dire thu
cong. Trieu Nguyen cung dung nam tirtrc de phong
cdc bye than huan .

( 1) Xem myc Binh-ch4 cr sau.

162
 Xet phirong phap dpng nhfln cua Ijch trieu thi la
-
thay dAng thin vln cb hai du img : mot 1& theo the
tap , hai la theo nhan thi . Che trieu Ly , Tran , Le van
c6 le thira Am , hi con chc quan thi lai dirpx bo lam
quan. O' trieu Le lai co khoa nhiem tu% cot lay con cac
quan ma b6 dpng. Trieu Nguyen cung co le tap am ,
phhrn quan chmh nhat pham thi con du px tap am theo
*

ham tung luc, goi la am tho, do la hire cao nhat ; con

hux thap nhat thi cac quan ham tung ngu du ox mot *

ngu'iri con thp Am goi Ih Am sinh .

Tuy nhien , phdp the tap cr nude ta khong giong nhur
ph6 p the tap cua qui toe c6c mr6 c Au -chau , vi le tap
*

am chi hu 6ng dircrc mot hai doi , ma le tap tircrc thi

'

tircrc cao nhat cung tap dirac bon doi 1k cung. Bcri
vay cho nen cr niroc ta tuy co phep the tap ay ma van
khong thanh mot giai cap qui tpc co dac quyen nhu- cr
Au -chau.
Cach chon nhan tai thi moi doi moi khac. Ngoai che
do khoa cu dat tu- trieu Ly( l ) thi cac trieu Ly , Le lai
*

co ph£ p tien cu va phep bao cir , pham cac quan to, ai

*

cung phai cu mot ngutri co tai due hoac ngiroi co

*

danh vong de Trieu - dinh bo . dung. Biri Le lai co khoa

-
Si vong de chon lay nhirng ngu iri danh si, khoa
Hohnh - tir d£ chon lay nhirng ngu'iri di dat, va le
-
Tu 'trong moi nam bon lan •>khao nho sinh de ken chon
nhan tM. Phep thuyen tuyen nhu vay cung co the goi
*
i

(1) Xem muc Khoa cii hr sau.

*

163
 la rpng rai thp-c. O' cac trieu trvrcrc Iqi con co lp khao
khoa xet xem chinh tich c 6c quan xau tot th 6 nao de
thang thutnig cho nhirng ngircri gioi.
Che quan tai trieu la nhung ngircri giup do vua mh -
dam dutrng quoc chinh . Cac quan ngoqi chut: ( Tinh ,
phu , huyen, chau ) la nhung ngircri v &ng m§nh thay
mgit vua de cai tr; nhan dan . Bcri the nen cac quan cung
nhu vua , ngubi dan thircmg goi lh cha me dan. So vcri
dan , cac quan lh mpt hang ngucri c6 nhung dac quyen
xirng dang vcri tu each “dan chi phq mdu”. Quan khong
phai chiu thue than ; ngoai tien luemg quan con c6 ti £ n
dutrng liem ( l ) cung IQC dien ( 2). Ngucri nao xhm phqin
den danh du hay sinh menh cua ong quan thi bi xir tdi
nqng hon la xam pham ngircri thircmg; miru hai ong
quan tu ngu pham trer len Ik mpt tpi thqp he. Quan lqi
pham tpi , phai co chieu vua thi phap quan mcri duerc
7

tham van. Cha me quan lai cung dupe phong pham

f
7

ham ngang vcri con . ©6 la luvc cur mpt it cac quyen ro

rhng khien quan lai tuy khong phai la mot giai cap qui
t6c ma cung la mot hang ngucri cao qui dime thien ha
ton kinh vh them thuong . Boi the ngircri nao cho con
di hoe cung hy vong cho n 6 ducrc lam quan , mh dua
tre dutrng de trai dao mcri cap sach di hoc cung da
hohi bao mot ong quan d trong mong tuemg.

( 1) Tien diremg liem cap cho cac quan dia phirong nhirng khi
ho tung thieu de ho khoi nhung lam cua dan .
( 2) Rupng cap cho nhirng ngutri c6 tiroc ]QC.

164
 Quan lai tuy co nhieu d &c quyen , song cung khong
-
phai 6 tren phdp lu & t. Nh & vua so cac quan lam dung
nhurtg dac quyen ay ma vu uy tac te, cho nen da dat
nhieu dieu le de che tai cac quan . Vi du ph6 p luat
cam quan dia phirong khong dirac thu nhiem a tinh
nha , hay a noi each tinh nh & khong day 500 dam de
cho than thich bang hum khoi cay the cay than ma
lam ngang; cam khong dirac lay vg trong tri hat vi sg
gia dinh nha vg nhung nhieu; cam khong cho tau
ruong virem nh & cira a trong tri hat , vi sa quan hiep
bach ke tri ha de mua re; cam khong dirge tir giao voi
dan bk con gai tri hat de dtrng treo girong xau cho nhan
dan ; cam quan lai hoi him khong dirac lui tai cira cong
de thinh thac cau canh, Ngoai ra nhieu dieu tnrng
tri cac quan h6i lo va nich chirc, neu thi hanh cho
»

- -
nghiem mat thi cung co the tranh du qc nhu ng te tham
quan 6 lai ma ta thircmg thay lam circ kho nhan dan.

'
PHAP CHE
O then dai phong kien t6 tien ta chira c6 phap luat
-
thanh van , sir cu xir va giao thiep cua ngiriri ta o' xa
hoi chi can cir vao phong tuc. Sen thoi dai Bac thuoc
thi ede quan T& u cai tri ngirdi nuxrc ta, han lh vira
theo phong tuc ban xur, vira theo phdp luat cua Trung-
quoc bay gib'.
Den din Dinh nircrc ta dqc lap, Dinh Tien -boang
theo che do le nghi cua Trung- quoc de sap dat quoc
chfnh, nhirng vl phdp ch£ thi chi thiy sir ch 6p rang
165
hky gio co hinh phap rat nghiem khac, nhir dyt vac
*

diu vh nudi ho bdo de xu tgi , d6 la nhumg hinh d&c

»
*
1
bigt de uy phyc nhan dan trong buoi dap loan mcri yen.
Ben doi Ly Thai - t6n vua sai soan ba quyen Hinh -thu *

djnh cac bvrc hinh phyt, cdc each tra hoi, va dyt lg cho
nhirng ngirbi gia ngubi tre tnr khi phym tgi thap
dc( l ) thi drnpT lay tien ma chupc tpi , niroc ta mcri bat
dau co phap lugt thanh van la tir d6. Boi Ly Than - ton
vua hai lan ha dy qui djnh vige mua ban vd tranh tyng
vg rupng ddt , do la manh nha cua bo lugt niroc ta .
-
Sang trieu Tran , doi Thai ton lai soan bo Qu oc trieu
hinh -luyt . Boi Tran Dy - ton soan them mgt bg bo
-
khuyet. Hinh phat trieu Tran cd ba hang tpi nyng;
mot la tpi do, khac chu- vao trdn va bat cay cay c6ng
dien; hai la toi liru , dem dai hr chau Ac-thuy ( huygn
An - bang, tinh Quang - yen bay gia), ba la tgi chgt .
Pham tgi dai nghich thi b; chem. Ctr sach Co-sy-sao
( do Lich - trieu hien - chrnrng vign dan ) then hinh phap

( 1) Thap ac Id miriri tpi ldn . Mini ban ( mini 1dm hai xa -tlc);
mini dq.i nghjch ( pha buy lang mien ); mini phan ( theo dich ma
phan quoc); ac nghich (ddnh hay mini giet cha me ong bd...);
bat dao ( giet ba ngircri vo tQi trong rngt hp, hay cat da th \ t
ngircri song de lam thuoc dpc hoac bda...); dai bat kinh (that
kfnh doi voi vua, nlnr an trpm do thcr hr lang mieu, do xa gia
cua vua...); bdt hieu ( chinri mang hay noi xau cha me ong bd ,
khong de tang cha me ong bd...); bat muc ( mini sdt hay Id ban
.
bd con trong hang ty thoi trer len . .) bat ngbia (dan giet quan
phu mau ; binh lfnh vd ha lai giet quan tren ...); n6i loan (tire
la loan luan).
166
doi Tran t & n khoc lam , vi nhir ke trpm bi bat thi
phai chat ngbn chan va dem cho voi day , hoac cho chu
mdt trdm mu6n xu each gl msic y.
*

Sang trieu Le, vua Thdi- t6 theo phdp luat nhd

Dirtmg ma dat ngu hinh la : xuy , tnrong , do, lu u , ter, *

va le bat nghi lh : nghi than, nghi co , nghi hien , nghi

nang, nghi c6ng , nghi qui, nghi can, nghi tan( l ). Lai
co le trirng phat nhirng ke ruvu che cor bac rat
nghiem khac, nher vo c6 ma tu hop che chen thi phat
100 tnrong, d & nh bac thi xer chat ngon tay mat mot
phan. Doi Le Th &nh-ton cham chuxrc phap luat nha
Tuy va nha Dirdng soan thanh bo luat Hong-duc gom
ca hinh lu &t v& bo luat, lai dinh rieng ky xu- viec nho
-
va ky xu viec 16m. Doi Le Chan - ton (1643 - 1649 ) chua
Trinh dinh ro lai c&c tham cap, viec kien cao ve ho thi
dau do Xa - tnrcmg, thir den quan phu huyen , roi den
Thi>a-ty( 2 ) va Hien-ty( 3) xet lai . Neu Thira- ty va
Hien - ty xu ma ngircri diremg sir khong thuan tinh thi
*

(1) £>ieu *bat nghi ” chi tam hang ngutri neu pham toi thi diroc
hircmg dac an , khong phai khao tan. Tam hang ngircri ay la :
Bk con gan cua vua ( nghi than ); ngircri co ciru trong hokng
gia thutmg hau ha b6 n vua ( nghi co ); ngiriri c6 cong trang
l,6fn ( nghi cong); ngirfri hien dire (nghi hien ); ngircri co dai
tki nang kh4o phk ta vua ve viec quan viec chfnh ( nghi nang);
ngirtri 1km quan to mh can ckn gian lao ( nghi can ); ngiriri 1km
quan vao hire cao quf nhat (nghi quf ); ngircri ton that tien
trieu lk khkch cua ban trieu ( nghi tan ).
( 2) Quan -sanh ve hanh chinh cr cac 16 hay dao.
( 3) Quan -sanh co trach nhiem gikm skt tkt ca cac quan nha trong
16 hay dao.

167
 -
co the thu ong cao len quan Ngu su 6 dpo, rbi den - * *

-
Ngu-su dai cr Kinh - do chung thbm . Ve trong tpi ( nhir
*

sat nhon ) thi do huyen vb phu de bien ban khbm

-
nghiem lbn Thira ty vb Hi§n - ty , ca quan Tri huyen vb -
-
quan Tri phu phai hoi dong thbm tra roi d£ hd so" len
Thira -ty xet xu% sau den Hien- ty chung tham . Boi Le
- -
Thtra -ton , Le Huyen ton, Le Gia ton , Le Hi ton , dbi -
-
nao cung su a lgi thu tpc phbp cho chu dbo them . Ta
xem the’ thi thay rang phap lu§t cr trieu Le , nhat la
buoi chua Trjnh chap chi'nh, da tutmg tat lam.
-
Ben trieu Nguyen vua Gia long sai cac quan tham
dung cbc phap lubt Ijch trieu, nhat la lubt H6 ng-dirc ,
cung voi lubt nhb Thanh mb so$n thanh bp lubt mcri
-
( Thuc ra thi lubt Gia long sao tup lubt Thanh nhibu ).
Cbc dbi vua sau, moi dcri Igi co sac chi bo sung nhcmg
-
cho bat tuc, hp p vcri lubt Gia -long thbnh bp Hoang-
trieu lubt - lp . Lubt ay cung theo ngu hinh ntiu luat Le
vb Thanh : tpi xuy, co nam but: tir 10 den 50 roi ( dan
-
ba co mang dirox hoan den 100 ngay sau khi sanh de
-
men chiu toi ) ; toi tru ong co 5 bux tir 60 den 100
- -
trerp ng; toi do, co 5 birc, tu 1 nam den 3 nam , nhmig
bux nao cung co kem them t6i trutmg ncra ( ngertri bi
toi do phai lam kho sai, do than thi'ch va xa thon cap
deroug; t6i luu c6 ba bux, moi bux kem them toi
tnrpng : luru hai nghin , hai nghin ru eri va ba nghin dam-
( t6i luu phai chiu chung than, ngutri bi tbi phai dem
theo vo" con db khai khan dit hoang cr cho bi day , va
- -
du px an 6" ter do ; lai c6 khi du ox cap nguu canh dien
khi) ; toi ter co hai bux, giao la that co vb tram lb chem

168
d & u (chkm dau mk beu lk nang va nhyc hem ca ). T(>i
giao vk t6i tu lai c6 le giam hau, cung hoi gi6ng nhu
* -
le kn treo cua phap luat tay phirong. Nhirng ke bi toi
giao giam hku hay tram giam hau thi trircrc khi hanh
1 ^
hinh con dune giam d6 chor den ky thu tham . Moi
V

—
nam , noi trong thkng nam, cac quan tinh phai xet nghi
- -
tinh thu c cac an tilt ay xem dang xu quyit hay dang
giam hau ma tir ve b6 , roi trong thang tarn Hinh - bo
phai thkm nghi de tau vua vk xin hop hoi dong de doan
len hoan quyet the nko. Nhirng an dune hoan thi dune
cai sang toi do hay toi sung quan , phai suot dbi lam
kho dich , hay lam linh tai cac don ai cr noi bien thiiy
xa va doc .
Ve t6i nhe thi ke giau co, c6 the dimg tien ma chuoc
dune ( le nap thuc).
Ve tham cap thi cr trieu Nguyln cac quan ph \i
huyen Ik quan toa sa cap; tnrcrc khi chieu luat dinh
t6i thi phai xu- hoa giai. Quan An -sat vk quan Bo-chmh
la quan t6a dp nhi cap hay la phuc tham , mot nguui
xem viec hinh , mot ngutri xem ve ho. Sir phan quyet
cua quan tinh lk nhat dinh , nhirng ve an do trer len
thi phai tir v& bo vk tau vua. Ngiroi nao khong phuc
ckch phkn xu- cua quan tinh thi c6 the thirorng khong
ve bo , nhirng neu xkt don keu khong can cir thi lai
phai toi nang them . Sau khi tinh b6 phan quyet roi
neu ai con co dieu oan ire thi c6 the khong cao len ty
Tam - phap, gom Bai-ly -tir, hdi dong voi Hinh-bo vk
-
B6-skt-vikn . Cir moi thkng, ngky mong sku, mu bi sku
169
 -
vh hai mutri shu toa Tam ph & p khai hoi dong 6 Cong
•>
*
-
- r
chmh dutmg de thu c&c kh 6ng don , ho£c khong g£p ba
ngay ay thi ngiroi khong c4o d4 n trircrc cu a toa danh
*

-
trong de dira dcm xin t6a tham nghT. Nho thu tyc dye
bi§t ay m & tr&nh duyc nhieu dn bat cong.

Xet phap luyt xira nay cua nutre ta co bon tinh chat
sau nhy Id dye biet :
Dieu thu nhat : vua la chu t6 trong nircrc cho nen
*

^
chu quy n chi 6" trong tay vua. Vi cai nguyen ly chu
quyen duy nhat ay cho nen cac quan , nguxri phyng
m$nh thay myt vua , dong thbi giir ca quyen hanh
chlnh va quyen tu phap. Song ve nhirng an tube doat
*

ty do trer len thi phai tdu vua; ong quan nao lam an
*

khong theo phap luyt thi bi trirag phyt .

Dieu thir nhi : phdp luyt mrfre ta chi trong ve hinh
luat , chtr khong can thiep den dan luat, than hoac co
nhirng dieu thuoc ve dan sir thi chi thay dinh each
-
trirag phat chu khong dinh qui tac cho dan theo. Bcri
v&y nhirng chuyen ve dan sir thi thiremg do gia dinh
-
va tong ly xu phan, chirc huyen gi m & da kien den
quan phu huyen la thhnh hinh sir ca .
Dieu thir ba : nhirng dieu phdp lu§t qui dinh
ph &n nhieu thubc ve nong nghiep , muc dlch la chan
hirng va khuech tnrong nong nghiep la nghi§p goc cua
dan.
170
 Bieu thu tu : nh 6 l &p phdp dyng t 6m 16m cho d§n
* *

bfrt ki£n tung, nhir gia t$i nhirng ngvrtri ch6ng 6n

kh6ng can cir, c& m nghk thay ki£ n th &y cung. Sir di
c6 dieu n6y 16 vi d6n nh6 qu§ ta rat hieu tyng, d6 cung
16 mot anh hirimg cua nong nghiep.

Ngay nay nircrc ta hr dirtri tri quyen cua nu 6 c Phap,

* *

-
ba xu Trung Viet, Bac Viet va Nam Viet theo c6ch to
chirc chinh tri kh 6c nhau , cho nen phap che cua ba xu *

cung kh 6c nhau .
Trung Viet may lau van dung luat Gia -long. Nay co
bo hinh luat va mot phan bo luat dan luat m6i ban
h 6nh , dai kh 6i ch 6 m chircrc theo luat Gia-long , phong
tuc ban xu v6 phap luat nirfrc Phap ma thanh. Vi viec
*

tham phan , thi dai kh 6i v 6n theo quy tac xira, quan

hanh chinh va quan tu ph 6p van 16 mot ngu 6i ; quan
* *

Tri-huyen , quan Tri- phu la quan toa so cap co quyen

*

tham s6t tat ca nhirng viec nang nhe cr trong ban hat,
ri>i de 6n len quan tinh phuc thim, c6 quan C6ng-su *

kiem sat. T6i hau quan tinh tu 6n ve bo Hinh haj' bo

*

Ho de chung tham , co quan Kh &m - su kiem duvet .

*

(IT Bac Viet thi co bo Hoang-viet t &n - luat, ban hanh

tu nam 1918 dai kh6i cung cham chutrc theo luat
*

Gia-long, phong tuc ban xu v6 ph6p luat nutrc Phap.

*

Vi$c tham phan thi 6 tren hit c6 quan Tu -ph6p giam -

* *

doc kiem s 6t, 6 moi phu huyen co t6a 6n de nhat cip

*

do quan Tri-phu v6 Tri -huy6n 16m quan tda duy nhat,

co the xet xu nhumg viec vi canh cimg nhirng viec nhe
*

171
 -
ve dan sp vd thircmg sp ; hr cdc tinh co toa An dg nhj
*

- ^
/ \

cap gom co quan Cong su ldm quan chmh thdm

* , cung
quan Tong-doc hay quan Tudn - phu ldm quan b6i
-
tham , c6 the xet xu nhirng dn dan sp , thuxmg sp , chng
* *

nhirng khinh tgi vd trpng t§i; sau h 4 t c6 toa dn dg tam

cap 1d phong thir nhi toa Phuc- tham hr Hd- npi, g6 m
1 , » V *
mpt vi chanh tham ngutri Phap, vd may v\ boi tham
- >
ngircri Vigt nam , phuc tham nhirng dn da do toa dn so *

cap vd dp nhi cap xu ly. *

& Nam Vigt Id xir thupc dia thi khong co toa an ban
xu ma chi co toa an Phap, ve dan sp thi chieu hanh
* *

phap luat vd tap qudn xu-a , ve hinh sp thi chidu bp *

Hinh -lugt nircrc Phdp do sac lgnh ngdy 31 Dgcembre

1912 sira lpi.

BINH CHE

V6 lugn b xa hpi nao dii dd man , du van minh , ta cung

*

thay cd qudn Hnh 1dm loi khi, hoac de bao vg loi quyln
vd lanh th6, hoac de chinh phuc de mb mang the lux *

vd b£r coi. 6" dto thirong c6, khdng ro binh che cua tg
tidn ta the nao, sir chi chep rang ngirbi Van-lang xira
ra tran thirimg dung nhirng cung dai cd tgn bit dong
vd nhung thuoc doc. 6 ddi bac thuoc thi cdc quan Tau
*

c6 dat quan don tru , vira ngutri Tau vira ngutn ban
xir , o cdc qudn ly de giir tri an , song ta khong ro to
'

chirc cdch the ndo. C6 le quan don tru ay cung khong

dong cho nen khi ngirbi ban xir Trimg Trac, Trieu Au ,
Ly Bon , Mai Thuc-Loan khcri nghia thi quan ay thua

172
 - -
ngay, phai chcr quan dgi o Trung qu6c keo sang cac
quan T4u moi phan cong dirqc.
-
Nh 4 Dinh lap quoc, Dinh Tien ho4ng bat chirfrc
-
binh che cua Trang quoc dat thap d§to quan , moi dao
10 qu4n, mSi qudn 10 l \r, moi lir 10 tot , m 5i t6t 10
ngu , moi ngu 10 ngirbi. Do la qui che dy dinh , chir
sir thirc thi bay gib dan so dirong it khong c6 the dat
*

du 10 dao gbm 1.000.000 ngirbi dirge. Trieu Le Dai-

hanh thi dat tuc ve binh goi \k than -quan , dinh quan
ngu va chia tircmg hieu lam hai ban. Trieu Ly thi binh
che dai lirac bat chircrc phep phu vA nhh Buimg va
phep cam sirong nhk Tong : cam binh 10 quan moi
quan 200 ngirbi lam quan ho ve kinh thanh ; sutmg binh
9 qu 4n, khi co vi6c thi tri6u tdp de kiem diem , xong roi
l?i cho ve nha lam ruong. Lai dat thuy quan gitr vai
tram chien thuyen va luc quan chia 14m bon b6 ( ta,
hiru, ti£ n , hdu ) ldy quan ky xa lam ngach thu* nhat.
Binh che trieu Tran, cr kinh do thi dat c& m quan
tire 14 quail tuc ve, ngo4i thi dat qudn cac 16. Khi nha
niro'c hiru sir thi ph 4m trai tr 4ng ai cung phai di lmh ,
dai khai binh thoi thi cr nha 14m ru6ng lam nghe ma
khi hum nan thi trirng trieu ra het , nhfr the ma binh
nhieu phi it, cho nen binh lux dbi ay rat thinh, ngirtri
ta thircmg goi 14 che do bach tinh dai binh.
Nha Ho thi dat nam bac quan chia ra 12 v$, dong
tdy qudn chia ra 8 v6 , m§i v6 18 d6i, moi doi 18 ngirci ,
do Dai tirong quan tong quan ; lai dat Thuy- binh
do-tircmg, Bo-binh do- uy, tang bo ngach lircmg binh,
lay ngirbi co tircrc cai quan , vh mo nhirng ke vong
-
menh lam dong han quan dat Tir-thien ho cai quan.
173
 Tri£ u Lk , khi vua Lk Thki -T6 dknh dirpt quan Minh
thi thai b&t qukn vb lkm ruong ( thai 15 van ) chi giCt -
10 van dat 1km 5 dao vk qukn , moi vk crt tong quan, lai
-
dat Ngy- tien lye qukn vk Ngy tikn vu dki. Bbi
Thknh- t6n thi dat ngu phu qukn ( trung d6ng, tky, nam ,
bac), m 6i qukn c6 B6- d6c- phu , vk quan cim vk gom
co Kim - ngo-vy Cam -y-vk , Than - vu- vk , Bi n - tien - vq .
Lqi djnh ngach qukn hku bi ba nam mot Ikn duykt, c6 ^
viac thi bat ra.
-
Boi Le V ton dat phep lu omg binh doan ket , or moi
-
lang 10 ngu bi dinh trang thi lay bay ngubi ty sam
binh khi, hoyc bkn nam xa, hoac sau bay xa theo dia
phyn lien tiep ket thknh mot doan do doan trubng
thong suat, hk cd viec thi hiqp nhau cy dich .
Bbi Le Hien - ton luxmg binh 1km linh phu vy , cir 5
ngubi dinh , bat 1 ngubi 1km linh vk quan ckc phu.
Triku Nguykn thi vua Gia-long dat phep gian binh ,
dinh lk cu* 3 hoac 5 hoac 10 ngu-bi, tuy dia phutmg
-
khkc nhau , kkn lay mot ngu bi lam linh. & kinh thknh
thi dat thkn binh , cam binh vk tinh binh, chng sau ve
thuy quan. CT ckc tran thi dat linh cor va linh mo. Lai
dat ra bien -binh ban le , nghia lk ckc quan linh cir chi a
lam 3 phien , 2 phien ve qu &n, con 1 phien cr lai ban , roi
-
cir luan phien thay doi nhau. Vua Minh menh sira binh
che lai, dat bo binh, thuy binh, tiromg binh, ky binh va
ph £o thu binh.
“Bo binh thi co kinh binh va CO' binh. Kinh binh do
quan Thong-che chi huy ra lam doanh , ve do, hoac de
dong giir kinh th&nh, hoac sai di d6ng giu cac tinh co
*

174
 - -
cac quan Chanh quan vp, Pho quan vp va Suit- dpi . - -
Moi doanh co 5 ve, moi ve c6 10 dpi, moi dpi c6 50
ngmri. Trong dpi con co nhirng ha si quan lh Boi- - -
-
tru'ong va Ngu trircmg. Binh khi cua m6i ve thi co 2
khiu sung th&n cong, 200 khau dieu sang va 21 ngon
ccr.
“Ccr binh lh linh riing cua timg tinh, cung chia ra
lhm co" va doi, cd cdc quan Lanh binh , Pho lanh binh - - -
-
Chanh quan-ccr , Ph6-quan ca vh Suat doi coi soc.- -
“Moi ccr c6 10 dpi , moi doi c6 50 ngubi chia thhnh 5
thap 10 ngu oi, va 10 ngu 5 ngutri. ( j nhvrng tinh Ion
*

-
thi tren chu c Lanh - binh c6n c6 chu c De doc. - -
“Tirong binh thi chia thanh dpi , moi dpi la 40 con voi.
So voi cr Kinh - thanh c6 150 con , or Bac thanh 110 con , -
-
cr Gia dinh thanh 75 con , cr Quang nam 35 con , cr -
Quang-binh 30 con, cr Nghp- An 21 con , b Quang binh -
- -
Quang nghla, Thanh hoa moi ncri 15 con, Quang-tri ,
Phu yen , Binh -thuan , Ninh -binh moi ncri 7 con”( l )
Thuy binh co 15 ve , chia lam 3 doanh. Moi ve co quan
-
Chiromg v§, moi doanh co quan Thong che; tren het -
ca, c6 quan Thuy sir do thong. - -
( j trgn cdc binh thi c6 bon quan Bo- thong :Tien -
- -
quan , Hau quan , Ta quan , Hiru qu & n , ca b6n deu cr -
dirfri quy& n quan Trung- qu & n do- thong \h chu c quan -
cao nhat trong binh che.

( 1) Viet -nam sir lircrc , Tran Trong - Kim.

175
 Cac quan vo thi ho$c do nhimg ngvbi binh h'nh co
dgic tai va l$p d i cong ma cat, nhac len , hoqc l & y
^ -
nhtrng ngircri d£u tu thi cir» nhan hay tien -si vo cr
nhirn* noi khoa thi vo mh bo di ng. Nhtrng ngrnri dqr
^
thi ‘ x.ai gioi vo nghp , nhirng cung phai biet chtr it
nhieu , vi ngoai cac mon thi vo thuat con co mon thi binh
phap ntra. Song cac quan vo thirtmg khong du rc ngiroi
^
ta ton trong bang quan van, cho nen nhtrng ngmri gioi
van hoc thutmg khong tu giang vo thuat, thanh trong
ngach quan vo rat ft ngiroi van vo kiem toan.

Ngay nay binh quyen cua mrtrc ta tohn thupc ve

Chinh - phu thupc- dja , cho nen quan che cu hoan toan
-
bai bo ( chi giu lai mQt it linh Hp thanh giir vipc tuan
*

phong trong kinh th &nh va mpt it linh gian vh linh ccr

de hau ha cac> quan ). Binh -che cua Chinh- phu thu$c -
dia dai kb hi to chirc nhir sau nhy :
Quan lpjc xir Bong-Phap gom mpt quan khu do mpt
vi Tong- tir-linh ( General commandant suphrieur ) chi
huy, va chia ra hai sir doan vh mot hr doan . Sir dohn
-
Trung Bac Viet do mot vi Trung tircmg chi huy, gom
co hai Itr doan bo-binh, moi lir lai c6 5 dai dpi nguiri
Phhp, 1 dai dpi quan tap hop, 8 dai doi quan ban xir;
sir dohn Nam Viet Cao- man do mot vi Trung- tirfrnp chi
huy, gom bo binh va phao binh, chia ra ba dai dpi bo
binh ngu-fri Phap , 5 dai dpi bp binh ban xir, 3 su doan
*

phao thu tap hop; lir doan Tong do mot vi Thieu -

-
tirong chi huy, gom co 2 dai dpi bo binh ngirfri Phhp
va 7 dai dpi bp binh ban xir.
176
 -
Phdo binh do mot vi Thilu tirtrofe chi huy, g6 m co
1 doi phao- thu co 4 doan va 2 sir phao-binh quan - doc.
Khong binh thi gom co 4 phi doi, do mot vi Trung- ta chi
huy . Con hai quan thi co it nhieu bao tin ham , phao
ham , tuan dutmg ham , tiem -thuy dinh, ciing mot sir
Thuyen - xirimg, mot sir Tao-Thuyen giam - doc ir Sai-
gon , vh mot trai ( Caserne Francis- Gamier ) de chira
nhirng thuy binh ban xir 6 Sai-gon, deu ir dircri
*

quyen mot vi Hai -quan tir-lenh.

9

Ngoai ra lai c6n nhirng quan lu c bo trq cot de* giu-

/
*

tri an ir trong nircrc, gom co ban xu ve -binh ( linh kho

*

xanh ) ir cac xu- bao ho ( Trung Bac Viet vh Ai -lao

Cao- man ), Cong- dan ve-binh ir Nam Viet, va Du-kich-
binh ( partisans) ir chc tinh ir bien gi6i Bac Viet.

CACH TO CHlJ C CHINH TRI

'

vA HANH CHINH NGAY NAY

Cdch to chuc chinh tri va hanh chinh nghy nay , vi
nircrc ta ir dircri tri quyin nrnre Phdp, cho nen so ven < *

ngay xira c6 doi kh &c it nhieu. Ve phirong dien hanh

-
chinh thi xu An - do chi- na hoac Bong-Phiip, ir diroi
quy n cai tri cua quan Toan -quyen , gom c6 sau xir :
^
Nam Viet , Trung Viet, Bac Viet , Ai-lao, Cao-mai ' va
Quang-chau-loan, tiru trung chi c6 ba xir ve dan toe
Viet- nam : Nam Viet la thuoc dia vh Bac Viet, Trung
Viet lh xu bao h6. ( j hai xir nay dong thcri co hai ra
*

quan hanh chinh Phap vh ban xu . *

Co quan hanh chinh Phap ir Bong-Phap gom co hai

*

hire, m6t la toan hat ccr quan chung ca coi, hai la chc dia
- jhiromg ca quan rieng cho moi xu . *

"77
 Ccr quan hdnh chinh toan hat hr dutri quyen bi'nh
cua quan Toan-quyen ( Gouverneur General ) Id dai bidu
cua Chmh- phu Phap, c6 quyen lap quy ( pouvoirs
reglementaires ) vd quyen tq y xir ly cdc viec hdnh
*

chmh , tdi chinh , kinh te va tri an. Thir den mot vi

Tong-bi -thvr ( thirbng gqi Id quan Ph6 Toan -quyen ), xu
ly mqi viec do quan Toan -quyen uy thdc. Ngodi ra ,
quan Toan-quyen con c6 nhirng ngirbi giup viec khac
dung dau nhirng nha mon toan hat (Services
gdndraux ) Id cdc quan Tdi -chinh gidm -d6c, Hoc-chinh
gidm -doc, Tir- phap gidm - doc, C6ng-chinh t6ng thanh
r 7
-
tra, Cong-khoang t6ng thanh -tra , Y te tong thanh -tra ,
7

Nong-ldm tong thanh -tra , Biru - chinh giam doc, Cong-

*

an gidm -ddc, Qudn - sy- tong tir-lenh va Hai-qudn tu - -

lqnh.
Trong viec cai tri, quan Toan -quyen cbn co hai nghj
hpi Ion hiep trq : mot Id Hoi -dong Chinh - phu gom cdc
quan lai thirpng cap, nghi-vien Nam Viet vd cac uy -
vien 6 Thirong hoi -d6ng thuoc-dia ; hai la Dai hoi
*
-
dong kinh -te tdi-chinh , gom nhung dai bieu do cdc hoi
nghi dia phircmg cua ngirbi Phap va ngirfri Nam cir
ra. Ngodi quyen han tu- van , Dai hoi- dong cbn c6
quyen thao nghi ve nhirng van de gian tiep thue,
trir ra quan thu £.
Ve phutmg di§n hdnh chinh dja phircmg thi m6i xir
c6 mot quan thu hien, <r dirbi quy& n quan Todn -
quyen Dong-Phdp, nhung cung c6 du quyen tir y xir
dodn v£ nhirng van de hdnh chinh , kinh te va tri an ,
& Nam Viet, quan Th6ng-d6c c6 hai nghi hfti hi£ p try *

178
trong viqc cai tri , mpt 14 H$i-d6 ng tir-m t chi co quydn
^
tir van, hai 14 Hoi-dong thuoc-dia (quan hat) c6 quyen
thao nghi.
(y Bac Viet, quan th6ng-sir c6 ba h6i nghi tir vein
hiep tror, mot 14 Hqi-dong bao- h6 do Chfnh -phu air ra ,
hai 14 Hoi - dong phap- nh 4 n quyen lai do ngirbi Ph 4p
bao cvr, ba la vien Dan-bieu do ngirbi Viet bao cvr. ( j
Trung Viet cung c6 H6i dong bao- ho v 4 Hoi- dong
Ph 4p - nhan quy6n loi nhir a Bac Viet, con vien
Dfin-bieu thi tir nam 1932 khong trirc ti & p th6ng
thu6c ve quan Kham sir m 4 lai thong thuoc ve Nam
trieu. Dircri quyen quan Thong-su v4 quan Kham -sir
*

c6 nhirng nha mon dia phircmg, moi nha c6 m6t vi quan

cudc trircmg.
Ccr quan h4nh chfnh c4c tinh thi c6 nhung quan cai
tri ngirbi Ph 4p dirng dliu , ir Nam Viet thi goi 14 quan
Chu tinh , cr Bac Viet v 4 Trung ViM thi goi 14 quan
Cong-sir, & moi tinh Nam Viet, quan Chu tinh c6 m6t
H6i- d&ng tinh -hat giup sire, con cr c4c tinh Bac Viet
v4 Trung Vidt thi c6 H6i- dong h 4o- muc tinh- hat ( Con -
seil provinciaux des notables ) 14m ccr quan tir vin.
Ve phvrcmg dien h4nh chfnh ban xir thi xir Nam
Vidt chi co nhirng thuoc vien ngirbi Viet, nhir c4c vien
Chu quan , Bang-bien , Sung- bien v4 c 4c Hircmg-chirc
-
tru c ti§p or dircri quyen quan Chu tinh ngirbi Ph 4p.
(J Bac Viet thi quan Th6ng-sir cb danh nghia 14 quan
Kinh - lirac thay mat cho Hoang- de Viet-nam de gi 4m
doc tat ca c4c quan lai ban xir. (l Bac Viet c6 hai
ngach quan lai , ngach h&nh chinh gom c&c quan Tong-

179
 - -
doc , Tu & n phu , Bo-chinh , Tri phu , Tri- huyOn vh Tri -
-
chau, ngach tu phap g6 m c&c quan tham ph6n 6 c£c -
-
tinh va cac phu , huyen , chau, 6 dubi quyen cac quan
hanh chinh.
O’ Trung Vipt thi or quan hanh chinh ban xu c6
Hoang- de la nguyen thu , co vipn Ccr- mat coi vipc xung
-
yeu . Quan Kham - sir Trung Viqt c6 the ngoi v\ chu
t;ch nhirng ky hpi nghi cua vipn Ctr-rngt. 0* dubi
quyen Hoang - de , co cac bp Quoc-vy. ( bO Lai , bo Thi -
chinh, bO Tir- phap, bp Hpc-chinh , bp Cong- nghp my -
thu§t, bp Xa-dan Kinh- t§), m 6i bp co mpt quan
Thuxmg-thxr hay hai quan Tham - tri, mpt hay hai quan
Thi-lang vk Th -ly, cung chc thupc quan cr chc ty tho. O’
ben chc co- quan hhnh chinh trung u-ong ky thu-cmg gpi
la Nam trieu, co vipn Dan -bieu thay mpt cho dan de
dpo dpt y nguyen voi Chinh-phu, tryc tiep thong
thupc voi bp Lai.
0 ckc tinh thi c6 chc quan Tong- doc hay Tuan -phu
*

la quan dau tinh , quan Bo-chinh coi ve viec ho, quan

An-sht coi ve viec hinh. ( j nhirng tinh nho thi co quan
Quan -dao. 6" chc phu , huyen , chau thi co Tri - phu ,
Tri- huyen va Tri-chau. Nhirng quan lai ay kiem ca viec
-
hhnh chinh vh tu phap. Theo nguyen ly thi cac quan lai
ban xir cr dirfri quyen trtrc tiep cua Nam trieu ,
-
nhirng theo sir there thi chc quan Thiro ng-thir ckc bo
phai cr dubi quyln gi &m doc cua quan Kham -sir,
cung nhir ckc quan tinh phai cr dubi quyen giam doc
cua quan Cong-sir, cho nen ta c6 the cho rang nhirng
quan lai Nam trieu cung chi la chirc viOn thira hanh
cua Chinh- phu bao hO mi thoi.
180
 IV. CUTJ Tfe VA TUTTNG T£
( j cac nircrc van minh ng4y nay, sir nghiep xa hoi
cum te v 4 nhan dan tiromg te da thanh viec rat pho
thong, ( j nirbc ta ngay xira nhirng sir nghiep ky cung
-
thinh lam, m 4 theo each thu c rit thlch hop vcri tinh
hinh kinh te va chinh tri cua ta.
Day xin liroc cir nhirng chinh sach ciru te cua nh4
nirbc tir trieu Gia -long ve sau.
1) Cl tinh ly va cac phu huyen deu c6 lap nghia
thiremg la nhirng kho tnr sue, hoac trich mot phan lua
thuei hoac lay lua nghia quyen cua tir nhan bo vao de
din thbi ccr can thi dem lua ay giup cho dan ngheo,
2) Binh chuan thiremg, 16 p tir dbi Tir- dirc, la
nhirng kho lua tirong tir vcri nghia thirong, chi kh 4c
14 lua ay nh 4 nubc xuat tien mua roi den thbi co
i s

can dem b4 n theo nguyen gia cho d 4n, de tranh c 4i nan

lung doan cua nha buon.
3) Dirbng te sor la nhirng sir, giong nhmo c 4c scr
-
hospices b t4y phu cmg, lap tir dbi Gia -long, de nu 6i va
cho thuic nhirng ke cung kh6 tat nguyin . Moi sir c6
mot vien y sinh san s6c. Cac tong ly phai tim nhirng
ngirbi dau 6m tan tat ma ban cung cr trong hat dem
den dirbng ti sir.
4 ) Le khuyen quyen nap co tir dbi Minh -menh,
khien quan lai cac tinh co hoang xuat lua giong va
tien b kho cho d & n ngheo vay de 14m mua sau , v 4 dat
le thirong pham phuc, bai bien, cung cho mien sai miin
181
dao de khuy & n khich ngudi hao tdm quyen tien ggo
de cuu ke doi kho.
5 ) Tir ddi Gia - long c6 |
1 chdn tai thutrng de cum tl
nhirng ke bi ngn thuy hoa dqo t$c.
-
6) Bdi Minh menh d £ t le cap tuat phdt cho nhu ng
-
ngu oi mac benh on dich va giup tien chon cdt cho
-
-
nhu ng nha co ngutri chit ve on dich .
7 ) Boi Gia-long dat |
1 tuat co cung, bat cac chirc
-
djch tong ly phai cum giup nhu ng ke lir hanh thinh
linh mac benh , va phai trinh bao vdi quan phu huyen ;
quan trQ ndo co khach lir hdnh dau 6 m , cung tong ly
so- tai phai san soc dieu trj can than. Bdi Minh-menh
lai l &P qui cum te or tinh ly va phu huypn de aru
-
nhu ng ke di dufrng bi | -
b nh va de chon cdt nhu ng ke
chet duimg.
-
8) Boi Gia long dat | 1 phu phong nan, chan cdp
- -
lu omg tien cho nhu ng ke bi dam tau , dam thuyln , vo
-
luan Id ngu oi nude nao. Bdi Minh - menh dat moi hai
cang mot quy cum te de giup nhirng tau thuyen bi

- - -
du ong nhu ng ngu di bi thuy nan.
-
dam dat vao bo . Bdi Tir-dirc lai lap mot so de thu
*

Ngoai nhirng sijr nghiep quoc gia cum te da ke qua

d6, or ede xa thon cung c6 nhirng cuoc ciru te rieng, nhu
qua phu dien Id ruong cong lay hoa loi cap cho dan bd
goa ; co nhi dien lay hoa loi cap cho con tre mo c6i ; trq -
sum dien lay hoa loi giup cho nhirng ke kho nop sum ;
khau phan dien chia deu cho dan trong lang; cung la
cuoc cap tuat tuan phu g6p tiln cho nhirng ngu-oi
182
tuan phu bi thiromg vd cho gia dinh nhirng ngirbi tu n
phubi chet vi phan su ; xa nghTa thiromg hoac lay m 6t
*
^
phan strong tuc ( lua tuan phu ), hoac lay hoa loi cbng
dien bo vao de chan dip nhirng ngirbi ban cung, hoac
cho vay md khong lay ldi. Sau het, cbn c6 cube xa dan
giao hieu, do nhieu xa thon giao ket v6i nhau de cum
giup nhau bang ti&n bac, lua , gao, trbu, bb khi lbm nan .
Ve phiromg dien cb nhan , dan ta c6 rat nhieu hoi
tmrng te, nhir nhirng ho ng&i tham do mirbi hai
ngirbi hop lai gop tien moi thdng de lan lirpt cho mbt
ngirbi trong ho I k y mot so tien 1dm ma Idm von buon
bbn; ho hibu do nhifeu ngirbi trong ldng hop nhau, khi
mot ngirbi c6 tir than phu mau mat thi trong ho phai
gbp tien hay th6c gao de giup tang chu , cung Id phai
mac do tang phuc md te vd dira ddm; ho hi cung do
ngirbi trong lang to chirc db khi mot ngirbi c6 viec hon
nhan hay viec vui mirng khdc thi trong ho g6p tien d£
sam le vdt di mumg; ho an tet , ngirbi c& m cai ho moi
thdng di thu moi ngirbi choi ho vdi ba tien, hay mbt
vdi quan , I k y so tien ay ra sinh loi roi cu6i nam dem
het ra de hdng hbi mua bo Ion , dong gao lam banh , mb
phan phdt cho mbi ngirbi mot phan db an tet.
Cir xem nhirng each lap ho tu cdp nhir the thi thay
*

tuy xira kia phbp lu$t han che ( dieu 158 luat Gia-long )
quyen tu tap b dan thon , the md dan ta cung lap diroc
nhieu dodn the de giup db nhau. Duy bbi nirbe ta la
mot nirbe nong nghibp chb nen sir ldp hbi ket xa ay
it chu y ve dirimg hoat dong kinh te, md thirbng chi
trong sir tirong te thoi.
183
 Ti> khi nutrc ta thubc Phap thi nhung svr nghiep
cun te va tmmg te xua dan dan tieu tan. Nhung sir
nghiep men cua Truy§n - gido- hoi , cua Nha nude , cung
cua tir nhan thi diromg phat tribn ddn , nhung thirc ra
thi chira du thay dupe nhung svr nghiep xira phan
nhi£ u ldy xa thon lam goc. Hien nay Truyen-gido- hpi
thien chvia da mcr dupe nhieu so• de cun giup nhung
tre con dau om , tre con mo coi , cung nhung ngiroi gia
yeu t £ t nguyen. C 6ng CUQC cun tl cua Nha nude thi
-
co nhung benh vien , du trng lao vien, tan phd vien, nha
thirong dien, nha thuvmg phung, trirong hoc ngirdi
mil, so- bao hp nhi dong v.v... Cong cube tu nhan thi co*

nhung hbi Hpp- thien 6 Ha -npi, hoi Hong-thien hr

*

Nam - dinh , hoi Lac- thien cr Trung Viet , h$i Dpc-anh

o- Nam Viet. Nam 1929 nha nude dat so- “Xa - hbi cun -
te” do Chinh-phu va tu nhan hop tac dd cum giup quan
*

chung ngheo kho va t £t b nh , song sir nghiep cua scr

ay duxmg con O' thoi ky ph 6i thai. ^
V. PHONG -TyC

An -
u6ng. - Tu xu a nguiri nunc ta van sinh hoat
*

bang nghe c&y cay va nghe chai lirdi ,cho n§n hai thu *

do an chu yeu cua ta la gao va ca . Gao te dung de nau

com \A m 6n an chlnh hang ngay, vh xay ra bot de l & m
bun vh cAc thu bdnh te (1). Gao nep thi dung de nau
*

(!) Bdnh te nhir : bdnh la , banh banh due, bdnh tr&ng.

184
xoi , d6ng san, lam cdc thir bdnh chimg, bdnh tdt , banh
tdy, vd xay ra b6t de ldm rdt nhieu bdnh man hay ngot.
Cd song vd cd dong cung tom tep, 6 song ng6i ao*

ruong ndo cung co, la thir do an thirbrng cua ddn ta ,

nhat Id ddn nhd que. Cd thi thirlmg kho, rdn , ndu canh,
h & p , nircrng, thinh thoang 1dm cha; tom , tdp, cua thi
thuhng rang hoac nau canh. Cd , t6m , cua muc a bien
-
thi ngu fri ta chi dupe an tuxri a nhfrng mien lan can
bcr bien, con cdc mien cr xa thi chi an ca , tom , mux kh6,
cung mam (1) v6i ruoc ( 2 ) md thoi. Ca bien c6n dung
ldm nirfrc mam Id thir gia vi th6ng dung nh &t 6 rnrox *

ta , neu khong c6 nutrc mam de kho nau va cham thi

do an khong cdn cd “ mdu mb ” gi nfra.
Ngoai hai thir do an chu yeu ke tren , ta con an
nhieu thir rau dau trong b vxrcm hay mpc tu nhien *

cr dong ( rau cai, rau diep, rau den , rau day , rau mong
toi, rau muong, rau ngo, dau, ca, khoai , san v .v ...), thit
cdc thir gia sue ( gd, vit , 1pm ), vd thinh . thoang thit trau
bo cung mot ft da cam da thu ddnh hoac sail dupic (co,
chim nghich , mo nhac, le le, cun cut, da da , hircru
.
nai chon cao, tho, lorn rung ). Thux ra thi ngutri nhd
^
qud ft an thit c m thu , c6 ngirfri suot nam chi nhfrng
ngay te tir cr nhd, hay nhumg ngay vide ldng cr dinh thi
-
moi du ox an mot chut thit. Nhfrng ngdy gifi tet, hay
hoi hd dinh ddm ay thi khi te xong th£ ndo cung c6 co

( 1) Mam nem , mam mire , mam moi , mam thu , mam vanh ,
m &m ruot.
( 2) Cung goi 1& mam tom .

185
bhn , co xoi oan, cac thir bhnh myn banh ngpt , va ca thit
nhu theo nhung chch dye biyt rat ngon . Nhung nhh
sang tryng thi dung son hao hai vj (1) nau tohn cac mon
do tau . NM ngheo kho bao nhieu cung gang kiem con
gh gib hay mieng thit lpn dem lupc len ma cung tb tibn .
Ve vibe lhng thi nhung ngirbi dinh trang dan em tuy
khong dircrc dy nhung mhm cao co day nhu' cac cy lao
*

-
nhieu vh chu c sac , nhung it nhat cung dirpe mpt
mieng thit va mpt nam xoi de bu lyi chut dinh su an *

kham kho ca nam .

Nhung do uong cua dhn ta thiremg dung la nircrc
lynh < la ), nunc voi , nubre che (che xanh , che hat, che
man, che tau ) , nircrc la mung nam va rirpu gao. Nhung
ru p y uerp hoa sen , hoa cue, hoa hong , hoa cau , hoa lai
* *

goi lh ruvu hoa , ty u trung qui nhat la nrpn sen , rirpn

*

cue. Lai co mpt thir nrpai nep hoyc ruvu chi lhm bang
gao nep u men roi de ca cai ma an. Khi u 6ng rircru
thubng hay dung do nham nhu nem , cha , thit niremg
*

v.v...
Bira an thirong hay co bhn deu dyn tren mhm dyt
tren giircmg, ngirbi an ngoi xung quanh mam . Chi moi
ngirbi c6 mot cai bat va mot doi dua , thinh thoang mot
chi chen runu la do rieng, con che thirc an thi deu de
chung 6 tren mhm ca.
*

Khi an thi chu nha phai moi khach, ngirbi nho,

ngirbi dinri phai mbi ngirbi Ibn , ngirbi tren. Cac nha

( 1) Da te, gan hireni , hung chircmg, yen sao, bao ngir, hai sam , bong
bhng, vay v.v .
186
gidu sang thi ddn 6ng ddn bd thirbmg ngoi an ridng. Cbn
c6 bdn dlnh ddm thi chi ddn 6ng duyc dy, bob vi ddn bd
khong cd quyln tham dy vi £c ldng.
Ngdy nay b cdc nob thdnh thi cdch an uong dS chiu
it nhi & u anh hvrong cua tdy phiromg. Ngodi sy an u6ng
hang ngay van dung nhirng mon an dac bi6 t cua ta , thi
nhirng khi c6 tiec tung ngirbb ta thirbng don tiec tay
b nhd hay b khdch san de thlt dai khach.
An trau. - Ngirbi nirbrc ta co thbi an trau , nhai mot
mieng cau tiroi hay kho voi m 6t mieng la trau quet
voi, phu them mot mieng vo cay chat hay mi 4ng hot
may, hot moc. An trau co vi cay thorn , trir duyc mui
xu ue trong mom, chat du pc chan rang, lai lam cho m 6i
*

do tiroi, dan ba lay the lam dep.

-
Trau cau lai Id vat dau cdc su le nghia va giao du.
Pham viec te ty, viec tang ma, viec cirbi xin , viec vui
mirng , viec gi cung lay mieng trau 1dm trong. Te ty
thirfrng dung ca buong cau de le; tang ma thirong dem
trau ma bieu tat ca nhurng ngirbi di dira vd ngirbi di
xem ; ciroi xin , nhd gai thirbrng thdch nha trai may
nghin qua cau va la trau de chia cho than thich bang
hum. Khdch den choi nhd , ngirbi ta phai dem trau cau
ra thet dai. ©4n nha ngubi ton tnrcmg hay vdo cua
quan , cung phai co trdu cau mcri Id giir le .
Trong viec giao thiep, viec buon bdn , ngirbi ta da an
mieng tr& u cua nhau thi phai ne nhau , cho nen c6 cdu
rang : “Mieng tr&u Id d& u thuoc cdm ”. Lai cb cau
“Mi4ng trdu Id dau cau chuyen” de to rang trau cau
la vat rat thirbrng dung trong cuoc thii tac vang lai.
187
 Nincrc ta hau het ngubi nho cung biet an triu ,
nhat Ih dan ba thi c6 nhi6 u nguhi nghien trau , an luon
ca ngay, Igti thirfrng nhai kfem v6i mieng thu6c.
Theo cdc nhh sir hoc thi tyc an trlu cua ta c6 tir dot
Van-lang. Sdch Linh- nam trich-quhi chbp sy tfch trlu
cau dyi khai nhu sau nay :
Bbi thirpng co c6 m§t 6ng quan hq Cao sinh duyc
hai con trai ; con ca la Tan, con thu la Lang, myt mui
*

giong nhau nh \r het. Den khi 17 , 18 tuoi cha me mat,

hai anh em dem nhau di noi khac, theo hoc mot ong thay
* S ?

hp Liru. Nhh ong thay co ngutri con gai 19 tuoi, trong

thay hai chang kia dep trai va hi6 n lanh ben dem long
yeu men, muon ket lam vy chong. Nhung nang khong
biet ai la anh , ai lh em , ben bung mot bat chho vai doi
dua ra moi hai ngutri va de y xem ai an trucrc. Khi
nang da biet dich Tan la anh, ben xin v6i cha me cho
lly ngutri ay .
Tir d6 hai vy chong dam tham vcri nhau mh tinh
anh em lat leo, ngutri em phan chi bo anh m & di. Di
din nira during gap mot khuc suoi s§u chay manh
khong the nho qua duyc, ngurii em m 6i ngoi cr bd ma
kh6c cho den chet roi hoa ra mot cay cau . Ngutri anh
thay em di m &i khong ve ben bo nha di tim , den bd
suoi ly thi thay em da chit, xdc nam durii glc cay
cau , anh thutmg tinh qua, dap dau vho goc cay tir tir
roi h 6a ra mot h6n dh. Ngurii va thay chong di tim
em mh khong try ve, cung ra di tim , den noi ay thay
chong da chet bbn | v t minh vao hon da mh chit theo,
rli hoa ra mot cdy trau- khong bdm quin quit vao hon
dd vh leo len cay cau.
188
 Cha ngirtri con gdi cam mli tinh quyen luyen
cua ba ngirtri, lap den thir or do.
Ve sau , vua Hung-Viromg (1) di qua xir ay , thdy
din c6 cdy xanh Id tot moc tren m6t kh6i dd , vua ngoi
nghl mdt cr day roi goi ngirtri ban th 6 ra hoi tham sir
tich. Nghe cau chuyen ay vua bdn sai ngirtri b6 qua cau
lay mot mieng cap v6i mot Id trau md nhai , nho
nirtrc ra h6n da thi thay do oi. Ngdi mcri truyen cho
thien ha lay giong cau trau md trong de dimg ve viec
le nghi te tir. Nircrc ta co , tuc an trau la tir day vay.
Hut thuoc lao. - Tuc but thuoc la va thuoc phien
thi kh6ng rieng gi cho ngirtri nirbc ta , nhirng ta lai co
thdi hut thuoc ldo la dieu dac biet .
Thuoc lao Id mot thir Id cdy phoi kho xat ra cho nho
roi dung dieu ma hut. C6 ba thir dilu hut thuoc lao,
dieu cay bang 6ng tre , dieu bdt bang sanh hay bang
sir, vd dieu d6ng bang go hay bang ngd. Cdc nhd sang
trong c6 nhirng thir dieu bdt co, hoac nhirng dieu
d6ng cham tro vd bit bac, hay can xa cir , cho Id vdt r & t
qui. Khi co khach den nhd , ngoai coi trau cau, ngirtri
ta c6n dem dieu ra miri khdch . Khi di dirtmg !cr khong
co dilu thi ngirtri ta thutmg dung mieng la chuoi
cuon lai nhir hinh cdi ken to sdu vd ngam mot hop
nircrc de hut thu6c.

Thir thuoc ndy c6 le la nguyen tir Ai-lao, do mien

thirong du md truyen sang nirdc ta, cho nen goi Id

(1) -
Lac-Vu ong.

189
thulc ldo. Bu6i dlu ngubi ta cho thuocly trtr dirpt:
son lam chubng khl md hut, sau din din thdnh | m t
th6i phi thong 6 khap ke chp" nhd qu§. Thule ldo hut
*

thubng sinh dbm sinh ho, nhung c6 ngubi nghi | n

n
| ng kh6 thi ndo bo
ng dupe , th m
| chi din nhir cdu
tnc ngir : “Nhfr ai bang nhb thuoc ldo ! da chon dieu
xuong lai dao dieu Jen”.
.
Chi tdu - Trong trubng giao te nubc ta chd tdu
chilm |m t dia vi trpng yeu . Cdch uong chd tdu Id mot
thir ngh
|thu | t ngubi Trung-quoc nghi§n cun tit
xira rlt tinh vi, nhung din dbi Ting mcri thly bdy
ra do chd am chen vd hoa 16 clp thidu . Den dbi Minh
thi edeh ulng che edng them tinh. Nhung tit dM
Khang-hy nhd Thanh m6i doi edeh ham chd bang!m
to ra edeh pha tirng chdn nho. Ngubi Tdu thubng kdn
chon nhung thir am chen va sieu 16 rat ky. Ngubi
nubc ta cung theo thoi ay, ede bi c c6ng hlu, ede nhd
phu qul, c6 khi bo din bac tram ra^ md mua chulc mpt
bo do chd . Ho lai dua nhau mua cho dune nhtrng tint
chd qul, nhir chd Vo-di , chd Long-tinh. Tham chi c6
ngubi dat tien san dd mua cho dune chd chlnh son.
Ngubi ndo mua dune chd dlu xudn thi lay 1dm hdn
hanh lam. Nhieu ngubi uong chd gidm thubng rat
sdnh thir chd ndo c6 hirong vi thi ndo, hop v6i khl
chit thi ndo, phai pha chi edeh thi ndo, am pha thi
ndo thi thorn , chdn ulng thi ndo thi ngon , 16 than vd
sieu phai thi ndo thi nlu nubc mau s6i, ede dilu ly
ngubi sdnh chd phai nghidn ciru vd phdn biet cho tinh
tubng.

190
 ( j nirdrc ta u6ng chd tdu sdnh Id mgt bieu hi | n
phong hru . Nhilu ngiriri nghien che tdu, he sdng ddy
ma khong c6 mot chdn d m thi khong lam gi dircrc ca.
^
C6 ngiriri nhin an thi diroc md khfing th§ ndo nhin
diroc chd.
%

.
Quin do - Theo sdch Sir-ky chdp thi ngiriri Van-
lang xira . tire Id to tien ta , mac do gdi vl bdn ta ( ta
nhiem ). Sir lai chdp rang hr thi ky thir nhat, Nham
Didn day cho ddn qu | n Ciru-chan dung kieu quan do
theo ngiriri Tdu. Theo nhung liri sdch chdp d6 thi ta c6
thd dodn rang trarcrc hoi Bac thudc thi dan ta gdi do
ve tay trdi, md sau bat chirirc ngiriri Trung-quoc moi
mac do gdi ve tay phai.
Tit d6 vl sau, khong thay sir sach chdp ve kieu
quin do, duy sach Vu- trung tuy-but cd m6t doan ve y
phuc, dai khai noi rang :
Din xira hoc trb vd ngircri thirimg, khi c6 viec cong
thi mac do xanh lam ( thanh cdt ), luc thirimg thi mac do
mui tham (chuy y ), ngircri 1dm lung thi mac do mui
sung (qui sac ). Tir dcri Le ve sau thi sac trang it
dung. Cu trang thdi y phuc gan nhat cua nguiri
nudrc ta thi cdc quan hay mac do xanh lam , hoc tr6 cung
nhumg chirc vien tong ly vd h lai thirimg dung mui
^
sung vd mui den; ngiriri nhd que vd ngircri 1dm lung
thi thirimg dung mui ndu. Ngiriri gidu sang thi
mac the lua glm vbc, cbn ngiriri nghdo hbn thi chi dung
vai to.
Quan thi chi dung sac trang vd sac ndu. Nhumg
ngiriri gid ca md gidu sang thi ngdy hoi hd tet nhat
mbi dung quin do.
191
 Vdo khoang nam 1744 chua Vonvirong 6 phinmg nam
*

bat diin gian cai each y phpc (1). Theo gido si Koffler
thi chua bat bo loi quan do tho bi cua ngirbi dirbng
ngodi, ma cham chircrc theo l6i qu & n do cua ngubi Tdu
( 2). C6 le tOr b&y gitr, ngiriri ddn bd dirbmg trong bat
d & u mac do gai khuy vd mac quan, md khbng mac do
that vat vd mac vay nhir ngircri dirimg ngodi nira.
- ^
Deri Minh m nh co l§nh cho ddn bd dirfrng ngodi phai
mac qudn , nhurng chi nhumg ngutri giau sang o’ thdnh
thi tuan theo, chir o' nhd que thi den nay ddn bd cung
van mac vdy.
Ngdy xira , trir cac quan cung nhumg ngirbi gidu
sang 6 thdnh thi thi m 6i di gidy ha , con ngirbi thircmg
*

chi di guoc hay di chdn khong. Ddn ba dirirng trong

thircmg di guoc son . O’ dirbmg ngodi thi ddn bd
thircmg di giep.
-
Ddn ong 6 dirfrng trong cung nhir o' duxmg ngodi
d£ u b6i t6c vd chit khan; ddn bd 6 duxmg ngodi thi bao
*

t6c hoac chit khan , edn or dubmg trong thi ho boi toe vd
triim khan .
Ve cac thir non dqi thi dai khai dubng trong chi co
n6n Id vd n6n bai thcr o' Hue, vd non du a hay nbn *

-
Go-gang 6 Binh dinh. ( j dmcmg ngodi thi dbi tnrcrc co
*

rat nhieu thir non. Theo sach Vu trung tuy- but thi
-
cac cu gia doi non men giai ( ngoan xac ), hay la non tarn

( 1) Dai Nam thirc luc tien bien*

( 2) Description historique de la Cochinchine par Koffler ( Revue

indochinoise , 1911 ) .

192
giang; con nha quan\k hoc tr6 thi d$i n6n la ( phmmg
d & u dai ). Ngirbi Ion vd tre con nhd thirbng cr thdnh
thi thi doi non la sen (lien diep). Cf Hd-thdnh thi dan
ong ddn bd deu doi ndn ddu (c6 chfiu ), tre con thi doi
ndn nho khu6n ( tidu lien diep). Dan ong ddn bd nhd qu§
thi ddi ndn so nho ( xuan loi tieu ). Ngirbi h & u ha thi
ddi ndn khua (vien ddu ). Ngirbi c6 tang che thi ddi non
cap ( xudn ldi dai ).
( j doi gan day thi ddn 6ng thirbng dhng nhat lh
ndn dira, ndn son vd ndn ldng, con dan ba thi b dircmg
trong hay dung ndn dira , ndn kinh, ndn bai tho , cr *

dircmg ngoai hay dung ndn nghe, ndn nam va ndn

thi rung quai thao.
Trrr len Id ndi ve edeh trang phuc thirbng dung,
ngodi ra edn cd nhung thir trang phuc dac biet, dai
khai vua quan thi cd pham phuc, qudn linh thi cd lihung
phuc, thiremg dan thi cd le phuc.
Pham phuc la do mac nhirng khi triku ha le bai,
gom cd ao mu, dai mdng, xidm , ling, t.ir vua den quan ,
tu nh &t pham d£n ccru pham , cd phan biet mau sac ,
*

ch&t to lua gdm vdc cung kieu ve edeh

* * >
theu . Nhung
9
phuc cua vo quan thi cung tuy pham tircrc ma phdn
biet. L£ phuc cua thirbng dan thi cd mu, 6 sa, do giao
linh, hia ung vai, md thir gi cung todn sac tham.
Sen d& hieu phuc thi khan do toan dung do so gai
chain xdm , hoac do vai tham vai trang.
Tir khi phong hda d6i mbi, edeh trang phuc cua ta
da thay doi it nhieu , nhat Id cr ncri thdnh thi. Ddn 6ng
lan lan it doi ndn md dung 6 ( du ), edn nhung ngiroi
193
tin hoc thi phan nhieu bo lbi quan ao cu mb dung
qu & n ao kibu tay , cho den giay mu cung theo kieu tay
ca. Nhung dbn ba con gbi tan tiln cung khong doi n6n
mb chi di o vb m c mot kieu quan bo goi la t&n thoi,
^
c6 ve yeu kieu diem| 1 hon lbi cu.
Ve pham phuc, nhung phuc, le phuc vb hieu phuc
? 7
-
thi b trieu dinh cung nhu b dan gian van giu theo lbi
co, duy nhung ngutri an m £ c kieu mcri thi cung dung
-
lb phpc va hieu phuc cua tay, nhu kieu smoking, kieu
spencer cung quan ao ni den va bang den b tay va mu.
Be toe. Tpc mrbe ta, con tre mbi sinh dirp c mpt
- -
tbbng thi got het toe cho such tbc mau ; den 3,4 tuoi tro -
len , con trai thi de^ toe tren dinh dau
^
^
, goi lb cai chom
( ch 6 p ), hay hong mao, con gai thi de it t6c b tren thop
vb hai ben dau,goi la cbi cun cut ( hay cbi vb) vb hai trbi
dbo. Ben chimg 12, 13 tu6i trer len thi con trai con gai
deu de t6c. Bln khi t6c dbi, dbn ong thi boi trbn mot
ham b sau dbu , roi chit khan bit b ngoai; dan ba thi
-
co noi boi toe, nhu b mien nam , co not thi cuon toe vho
khan roi van mot vanh trbn tren dau nhu b mien bac.
Ban ong thi lby c6 bbi toe to lam dep, dan ba thi lay
cb duoi gb lbm xinb, nen nhieu ngubi it toe phai muon
the don.
-
Tuc db t6c nhu the theo ong H . Maspero thi ngubi
nubc ta cb tir dbi thuong cb, duy co nhb su hay ngubi
lbm an lam lu thi mbi cao troc dau.
*

-
Gan day , dan ong trong nutre, tu thbnh thi den
thon que , da bat chucrc loi tby mb cat ngan toe, chi
tru ra mot so it cu gib lb con de toe dbi thoi.
194
 ~ de toe dbi, nhung ngby nay hp
Con dbn ba thi van
1

it
chuong duoi ga va hay bao toe khong cr quanh dau roi
-
gai lupc. S6 dbn bb cat t6c ngan theo kieu tby thi c6n
it lam.
—
Nhudm rang. Nhieu ngiroi ngoai qu 6c cho rang
ngubi Viet - nam vi an trau cho nen co rang den (1).
.

There ra tuc an trau va tuc nhuom rang khong co quan

he gi voi nhau , duy hai tuc ay deu khien cho rang
thanh vung chac. Theo 6ng H. Maspero thi tuc nhuom
rang cung nhu tuc an trau , dan ta co tvr thbi dai
Van- lang Nhung hai tuc ay khong phai lb phong tuc
dac biet cua ngubi Viet - nam , vi ngiroi Cao-man ,
ngubi An -do, ngubi Ma-lai, an trau c6n nhieu hem
-
ngu oi Viet- nam , ma rang nhuom thi ta thay ngubi
Nhbt-ban xua cung ngubi Ma-lai vb it nhieu giong tho
dan o' Nam -duong quan - dao cung co tuc ay .

^
Nguoi Vi6t -nam b t ebu nam nu , chung 16, 17 tuoi
thi deu nhuom rang. Vi nhung chAt dung d§ nhuAm
la nhumg chat nong vb cay, nen moi vb lutri deu sung,
khien ngucri nhuom rang phai nhin com vb do an
cirng dAn nua thbng , chi an do long ( chao ) hoac do
khong nhai mb de nuot ( bun ) ma thoi. Va chang trong
thbi ky nhuom phai de cho thuoc an chat vao rang,
n6 n cung vi le Ay mb phai ki£ ng nhai do cung.

( 1) H . Maspero ndi rang a mrfa Van-lang xira “tuc an trau cung

tuc nhuom rang lh nhirng tuc pho thong lam ; ngxrfri T&u cho
rang vi an trau mh sinh ra tuc nhuom rang”. Phan nhieu
ngirfri Au-chau tiep xiic vhi ngu-hi Viet-nam th- the ky 19
trer ve tnrcrc, cung cho rang vi an trau cho nen rang thanh
den.

195
 , >
Theo thoi thircmg cr nirorc ta xuti thi ngxrbi nao de
rang trang la ngircri bat chfnh, bi thien ha che cutri
Nhirng cau : “Rang trang nhir rang ch6”, “ Rang trang
nhir rang ngo” deu co ham y bi b$c. Rang den 1& mbt
yeu to cua nhan sac dan ba con gai (1) ,

Dau ngircri dep den the nao ma rang khong den

nhanh thi nhan sac cung giam . Bcri v§y cho nen ngircri
nutrc ta, nhuri la dan ba con gai , nhupm rang roi con
phai dung nhuiig thuoc goi la thuoc xia de giir cho
rang duxrc den luon.

Hi£ n nay cr cac ncri thanh thi hai tue an tr u v &

nhupm rang da suy nhieu, cac thanh nien nam mr ^
phan nhieu khong an trau , ma rang trang ngay nay
lpi la mpt yeu to cua sac dpp va mpt bieu hipn van
minh.
Trang sire. - Ve trang sire thi dan ong gibu c6
thircmg deo nhan vang cr ngoai ngon tay , va tra mpt bp
nut vhng vao ao. Dan ba thi tai deo khuyen hoac tram ,
hoac cu6ng gid; cd deo chuoi hat huy£ n hoac hat vang,
hoac gifiy chuyen ; ng6n tay thi deo nhan khSu hay nhan
la he; co tay thi deo xuyen bac hay vang, hoac trem hoac
cham , hoac nhan mat kim cutmg hay thuy soan. & Bac

( 1) Co nhung cau ca dao : “ Lay chong cho dang tSm chong, bo

cong trang diem ma hong rang den ’ va “mpt thircmg t6c bo duoi
7

ga; hai thircmg an noi man ma co duySn; ba thircmg m A nung

dong tien; bon thirong rang nhanh hot huyen kchn thua ..."
C6n dan ong thi c 6 thoi de mong tay dai . Mong tay cang dai bao
nhieu thi c& ng to rang ngircri ay phong liru bay nhieu.

196
 Vi£ t dan bd con deo b day lirng mpt bp xd ti'ch bpc, co
6ng dirng thu6c va dirng voi de an trau. CT dau thi
cdi tram hay chi lupc, tuy theo ngiroi bdi toe hay bao
t6c.
Tre con thir'omg deo v6ng co bang bac hay bang
vdng phu them cai khanh co khac bon chir “Trang sinh
ban menh ” , hay dong tiin bac, tien vang, hay Id mot
mieng ngoc thach, migng liroi tarn sdt , cai vu6t cop ,
vai cai long voi , deu la nhirng vat co tdnh chit “khircrc
ta”. Vdng tay vong chan thi thu'Cmg co deo them cdi
chubng hay qua bau nho bang kim thude.
Nha 6*. - Nhd b cua nguxn mr&c ta co the chia thanh
ba hang, ngmri ngheo thi 6 nhd tranh vdeh dat ( ngirtri
*

ban cung lam thi 6- tup b leu ), nghta Id nha 1dm bang
tre, mai lap tranh , vdeh tret dit tho, nen bang dat
nen ; ngirfri trung binh thi b nhd go ( thirirng thvrfrng
Id go xoan ), mai loi tranh co hay la kd , vach bang phen
hoac bang go, nen bang dat ndn hay Idt gach ; n girth
giau c6 thi b nha ng6i, gian nhd bang g6 tot ( go mit,
go gy hay kien kien ), nhieu khi c6 cham, mdi lop ngoi ,
tirtmg xdy gach , nin lat gach. Song c6 nhieu noi den
thtr thin Thdnh- hoang md khbng 1dm bang ngoi thi
.
dau nha gidu den bao nhieu cung lop nha bang Id ke,
nhimg b trong thi muon lam bang go tot va cham tro
trang sire den the nao cung dupe.
Trir nhumg nha ngheo thvrtmg co ba gian hep hay
mot gian hai chdi, con nha trung binh vd nha giau c6
thirfrng 1dm ba gian hai chai, hay nam gian .
Mot ti'nh chat pho thong cua tit ca cac nhd ay la It
cira, cho nen trong nhd khi nao cung toi. Mat sau cua
197
gian gitra th khong khi nbo c6 cu a s6, vi gian by
^
*

thutmg lb de dpt ban thb to tien. Trutrc bbn thcr lb

noi tibp khbch. Cbc gian ben thi dung lam noi an cr.
Nhung nhb kha thi co buong de cho dbn bb con gai ngu
vb db cbt tai san. C6 khi ngoai nhb chlnh gpi lb nhb trbn ,
con c6 nhb dutri hay nhb ngang lb noi dan ba con gai cr.
Nhb tren vb nha durii thutmg lbm tiep nhau theo
thutri: nbch 6 hai canh m$t cbi san vubng. Bep nuc lb
*

mot cbi nhb nho cr sau.

-
Cu a ngo thutmg khong lam dung chlnh gilra nha va
san db cho ngutri ngoai dirng nhin thang vao trung tarn
9

nhk. Ngiroi ta cung thutmg kieng khong ngn de cho co

dbn dutmg dam thang vao nha, hay la c6 den chua cr
.

truric nhb. Niu bbt dac di khong tranh dupt nhuaig

dieu d6 ky by thi ngutri ta chon cr trutrc nhb mpt con
cho da hay la treo mpt cbi gutmg a tren cu-a chlnh de
yem tb khi. Lbm nhb thi phai trbnh “goc ao” vb “dao
dinh” (1) la nhung noi bat lpi. Huong nhb cung quan
he lain , Phan nhieu nhb xoay ve hutmg nam vi theo
phong tuc thi hu-cmg ay t6t hem ca , cho nen c6 cau tuc
ngir rang : “ Lay vp hien hba , lam nha hutmg nam ”.
Trirfrc khi lbm nhb, ngutri ta phai mbi th & y dia ly
dinh phutmg hutmg , roi lai phai chon ngby de thupng
lutmg ( 2 ). Khi dinh dupt hutmg tot , chon dupx ngby
lbnh roi, thi dobn thp moc lbm li phat m 6c roi chu

( 1) Thu nhat goc ao , thir nhi dao dinh

( 2) Dirng ddn dong.

198
 -
nhk lkm le thirp ng lircmg (1) Trong khi lam nhk ngirbi
ta phai doi dai tir te vfri thor moc vk thg ne, vi scr neu
ho b4 t binh mk lkm phan thi nhk ky se mang hoa .
Cach there lkm nhk vk nhirng phong tuc ve sir lkm
nhk there lk bach quang thkp sac; tir nhk ngheo den
nhk giku, tir mien nky sang mien khac, tinh nay sang
tinh khke, nhat lk xir Bac so voi xir Trung va xir
Nam , ta thay khke nhau rat nhieu ; nhimg tiru trung
cung co nhirng dieu dai dong tieu di. ( j tren lk mieu
ta nhirng tinh chat vk tir thuat nhirng phong tuc ma
ta cb the xem la pho thong horn het.
-
Tir khi mrcrc ta chiu anh hu img cua van h6a Au-
-
chan khong nhu ng trong ckch an vk mac hr thi thanh c6
doi theo miri nhieu, ma ve mbn kien true cung theo
kieu mcri. & ckc thknh thi nhirng cong scr cung nhu ng
nhk tir giku cb, cho den ckc nha bu6n bkn a pho, deu
-
'
lkm theo loi tay. Nhk c6n theo loi cu thi cung cham
chircrc loi moi mk bo bdrt cot va lkm nhieu cvra sb de
nha dirqc rong rai sang sua.

NHtTNG CUOC TIEU KHIEN

-
Ngirbi giku cb phong lu u, nhu-ng khi phbng khoang
nhkn ha, cb may ckch tibu khien, thirbaig goi lk tii*
thir nhir sau nky :

( 1) Khi dirng d&n dong, ngirbri ta thirtmg viet nghy thang ay vko
ddn dong roi treo mot mieng vai do c6 nam ch\r
“Khirong -thai -cong tai thu ”
*

199
 Gay dhn (chm ) lh mot 16i choi thanh nha , ho§c gay
mot minh , ho&c hop tau voi bon be. Nhirng dan
thirbng dung la : dan bau , dan nhj, dan nguyet , dan
tam , dan ty , dan thqp loo hay dan tranh (1).
Bhnh ccr ( ky ) cung lh mot lQi choi cao thirpng,
khi§n trf ta phai suy nghi nhieu. Ch hay nhat la ccr
tuimg dung 64 con, chia ra lam hai phe, nhir hai quan
d£i chien dau voi nhau. Ngohi ra c6 thu ccr vay ,
*

nhirng nha quyen qui hay choi; con nhir ccr ganh , ccr
6, ccr chieu tirong, phan nhieu chi thong hhnh cr nhh
que.
Ngam tho ( thi ) lh chi thu cua nguoi van nha, hoac
mqt minh xuc canh sinh tinh ma ngam vinh , hogc khi
h$i anh em vui ve ke xirfrng ngirbi hpa, hay la chcrj loi
lien ngam .
Uong rirpu ( tun ) lh chi thu cua ngirbi hope buon
by-c vi canh nhh , hoqc bat dac chi vi cong danh, hoyc
ve gia da chhn cuoc dcri, ben miron chen nrcra de giai
khuay. Cung co khi ngubi ta gap ban be dung chen
rirpu de tro hung, trong khi to bay tam tu, hoac ban
tan cuoc doi. Song cai thoi uong rumi nay , neu lam
dung ma sinh ra nghien thi la rat bay .
Chch choi canh cung lh mot loi tieu khien ly thu .
Nguoi ta thirbng xay be can, dap non bo, xung quanh
trong cac cay coi co hoa, cr trong chau sanh nhir lan,
cue, son tra , mau don, hong, soi, nhai , hue la nhirng

( 1) Xem myc Am -nhyc cr sail .

200
thu co hoa thorn , hay la nhirng cby xanh , cay sy, cay
tiing, cay mai, co cbnh la dep, u6n thanh nhirng hinh
long phiromg r§t kheo.
Ngobi ra con nhirng each tieu khien khbc, nhir nghe
ca , nghe hat a dao, xem tuong, hat xam , cung la nhirng
thu- co thu vi , neu khong qua lam . Den nhir loi tieu
khien bang thuoc phien thi thirc lb hai Ion chu*
chang phong liru gi.
Ngirbi ta lai con choi bai bac, hoac de giai buon ,
hoac cot an tien , nhung gioi han tieu khien va vu loi
khong biet cr ch6 nao ma nhan ro diruc.
CT thbnh thi ngirbi ta thircmg choi to tom , kieu tai
-
bbn , it xi, chan phong, thang quan , tam hu bng, tao cbo,
dbn ba thi hay dbnh tir sac. CT nha que ngirbi ta
thubrig danh tam cue, danh bbb danh chan , danh
chan le , danh quay dat , danh tho 16 . Nhirng loi cb bac
*

dong ngirbi thi c6 x6c dla hot me ( dirong trong) hay

phbn than ( dirbng ngoai ), nhdt luc v .v ... Con each danh
thai va dbnh thcr cung lb ebeh danh bac dong ngubi ,
nhung c6 tbnh chat tao nha mb chi nhung ngubi van
hoc moi choi dircrc .
Nhirng each choi cua tre con thi co : danh mang,
dbnh vong cau , danh dao, dbnh 6, danh khang , danh cii ,
danh vong , danh du , tha dieu , db kien , choi bit mat
bat de, bat ca, di tron v .v.

VE SIT SINH BE

Sinh de lb mot viec rat quan trqng cr trong doi

ngubi cho n6n chi ve viec ay ta da thay co nhieu

201
phong tyc v 6 le nghi phien phirc lam. Trong thfri ky
thai nghen ngubi d6n b6 phai kieng nhi6 u di 6 u , nhu -
khong an cua (sq de ngang), khong an tho ( sq sirt moi ) ,
khong ng6i lech ( sq con khdng dung dan ... ) Cac nh 6
phu quy lyi bat dan b6 c6 thai phai kieng ca nghe va
nhin nhung di6 u |b ty ba , sq anh hubng den tinh tinh
cua thai nhi. Trong phbng ngubi d6n b6 chu a neu *

kiem dirqc nhung tirqng cua cac v; hi§n nh6n hay anh
himg ma treo thi ngubi ta thubng cho 16 hay lam.
Khi dan ba de thi thubng co ba my 6- lan c&n do cho. *

Cat r6 n thi kh 6ng duqc dung dao sat , ma phai dimg

lach mra hay manh chai. C6i cu 6ng ron kho ngubi ta
thubng cat de danh de 16m thuoc dau bung. Ngubi
-
d 6n b6 de phai uong nu crc tieu v6 nam tren 16 than ( vi
the gQi 16 nam bep), ng6y thir ba thi phai .chubm vu
bang com nong voi hanh de cho nhieu sira . Ngubi
nao it sun thi phai an chao nep , d61cm , do nai , vay trut.

Khi c6 ngubi de thi ngubi ta treo q trubc nha mpt

vat gi (1) 16m hipu de ngubi ngo6i dung den tham , vi
sq ngubi xau via se lam cho dua con hay khoc, hoac
dau om . Bai kh6i trong vong m 6t th6ng sau khi de thi
phai kieng nhu th 6. Trong han ay, nhung ngubi cr
*

nh6 ngubi de cung kh 6ng dumc den nh6 ai, sq dem

phong long xau den cho ngubi ngo6i thi hai cho ho. ( j
nh6 thubng dan thi han kieng ngubi tham va kieng

( 1) Thirfmg mot cai la mon bu6c vdi mot cue than vk 7 hay 9
dong ti §n.

202
phong long ay chi la bay ngdy ve con trai vd chin ngay
ve con gbi. (1)
Vi ngirbi ta can biet ro gib de de chAm s6 Tu vi ,
*
--
nen khi c6 ngirbi de, ngirbi chu nhd ra vircm birt l y
-
mot nam Id , hay xuong bep vo l&y mot nam dua, roi ^
lay s6 Id hay so dua md tinh phong thbi khac.
Ngirbi ta tin rang than thb cua thai nhi Id do Ba mu
nan thdnh , vi the nen bay ngay hay chin ngdy sau khi
de , ngirbi ta lam le dhy cir de ta on Bd mu ( 2 ), va xin
ba phu ho va tap day cho dira tre bilt cirbi, lat , bb,
dung, di, an , noi v.v...
Dirge mot thdng thi co le day thdng, le nay cung dd
ta on Bd mu, thirong cung xoi gac bay hay chin nam ,
cua be luoc bay hay chin con , tnrng luoc nhuom do bay
*
hay chin cai . Trong le ndy ngirbi ta xin phdp Ba mu de
dat ten cho dira tre. Vi trong nam Aku sau khi moi de ,
tmh menh dira tre rat id mong manh , khong nhung
than the nb yeu crt md xung quanh n6 lai day nhung
ma qui vd hung th & n cham cham rinh cor hoi de hai n 6,
cho n £n ngirbi ta thutrng dat cho con nit nhung tbn
xau xi ky cue (3) de cho qui td che bo. Ngirbi hiem
-
ma sinh du gc mbt dira con trai thi thirbng lay ten con
gai dat cho n6 ( 4 ) de d6 nh lira qui Six chep rang

(1) So bay v& so chin tuy theo con trai hay con gai . Xem muc
Hon -ph&ch cr sau .
( 2) Theo tuc truyen thi co mirta hai Ba mu .
(3) Nhir nhirng ten ; Cho con , Ven, V6, Thui v .v .
(4) Vf nhu ten : th&ng g£i .
*

203
chua Vo-vmmg hr ni>a thd ky 18, vi sinh nhidu con trai
- -
ma khong nuoi du px, nen djnh dung tieng xirng ho con
gai ma gpi con trai. Tu day con trai trong hoang phdi
deu gpi la “cac me” “cac mi;” chu khong goi Id “cac ong”
nhir xira nira .
Noi den con nit ngvrbi ta lai dung nhu ng tieng rieng
( 1) cot cho qui ta dung chu y. Ngubi ta c6n dung vo
- .
so each trir yem de bao ho no, nhu dvmg mieng da
hay mieng gqch co ve bua hr trircrc cira, cho no deo bua
va thuoc tru cr co , treo 6" trirox nhd nhung xdc ran
*

cilng do ue tap .
Ngircri ta lai thuxmg dem con nit gia bdn cho ngircri
-
thp ren roi deo vao co chan nd mot vong sat cho den
khi nd Ion moi ldy di . Cung co ngubi dem bdn khodn
con tre cho Phqt hay Thanh cr chua den roi xin do ddu
mac cho no.
Ngubi de nhieu ma khong nuoi du px la mac “con -
ranh con Ion”, nghia la con ranh dau thai sinh ra roi
chet di , sau lai dau thai lan nira roi chet, cir the
-
mai mai. Muon tru nan ay co ngubi lay xac dira con
tre moi chet ra chat nhieu doan roi moi chon, cot
de lam cho con ranh scr ml khong giam dau thai Ion lai.
-
Co noi cho nan ay la do ta Pham Nhan, thi ho 11m 16
cau dire thanh Tran( 2) de trir ta ay.

( 1) Nhu ngu thi noi tbet, an thi noi liem , dau thi noi gao, noi thi
*

n6i 6 v .v .. .
( 2) Ngu-cri nu*6r ta cho rang ta Pham Nhan la Nguyen Bd-Linh
myt ngircri tutrng Nguyen b; Tran Himg-B o gi&t ch £ t .
^
204
 Neu dira tre song duvc day nam thi cha me lam
le “day tuoi toi”, cung theo cdch thirc le day thdng.
Dira tre da “day tu6i toi” men la ngircri, chu tru crc *
-
kia chira thanh nhan each , cho nen tre con chira day
mot nam ma chet thi thdnh “ ranh ” chir khong thdnh
ma. Neu dira tre la con gdi thi khi cung Ba mu roi -
ngiroi ta dem xdu tai cho n6( l ). Neu la con trai thi
-
ngu oi ta dat n6 xudng dat roi de tnrcrc mat n6
nhumg do dung trong ede nghe nghiep, nhu con dao, edi *

kdo, edi due , edi hdi, edi cung, ttr giay, cai but , roi khan
Ba - mu de ba xui no chon lay mot cai do. Tiromg lai cua
dira tre se dinh theo cai do no cam lay do.
-
Khi ndo vo chong cr v6i nhau lau ma khong co con
thi ngirtri ta ebu tir. Chu tir cd nhieu each : ngiriri thi
uong thuoc cho b6 khi huyet; ngiriri thi cho rang mo
ma cha me de phai cho tuyet dinh nen nher thay phong
thuy dich ma ; ngircri thi di le chiia nay mieu no de
cau con . Cir den ngay hoi Ion thi nhirng ngircri ay

(1) Ngirfri Moi Banhar co tuc de con diroc mot vki tuan hdy mot
v&i thang thi dem le Thoi tai ( nlom don), roi sau do ft lau cha
me phai xo lo tai cho con. Ho tin rang ngiroi ta khi song mk
khong co lo tai thi khi chet bi hk Diu dai tai tob duoi di cr voi
cac loai khi ket. Nhirng tre con chira xo 16 tai mk chet thi khong
diroc hircmg cac le tong tkng nhir ngirtri Ion , ma cha me cung
khong diro c khoc. ( j nirot: ta thi dun tre nko chet mk chu a
' *

dat ten thi goi la *111101 vi vo daub”, thuoc ve loai uranh” chcV
khong phai la loai ngircri , cho nen khong diro'c chon lan Ion voi
ngircri Ion . Cha me khong khoc va khong thcr t\r gi ca , hoac
chi thtr rieng chir khong thh chung v6i to tien ( Moi Kontum
cua Nguyen Kinh Chi vk Nguyen Dong Chi ).
- -
205
 -
keo nhau di le chua Hircmg tich, ddn Kiep bgc, phu
-
Dhy o' Bac Viet, den Ph6 cat o' Thanh- h6a, d£ n Hon
-
ch6 n b Hue, de cSu Phgt cung Thanh do cho c6 con . CT
-
*
nui Hutmg-tich co mot cai hang dh , thgch nhu moc lom
chora hai ben, tuc gpi la nui Co nui Cau. Ngiriri c&u tv
deni ) e v £ t lam le o' trong chua r6i dem quh bdnh d£ n
-
cung 6 hang nui ay , xem hdn thgch nhu n &o vu a mat -
thi xoa tay vho dau ma khan : “Cau v§ 6 voi VQ chong *
-
nha toi nh 6”. Ai nhieu con trai mh muon cau con gai
thi lgi khan o' day nui Co. Le xong ngviri dan ba diu
tv lgi xin rnrcnc thai , mua bua va mua y4 m d & u de
mang a minb .
1 v ?

O' rnoi nhh co mpt cai kham ghc tren xa nha de thcr
ba Bon- menh, hay ba Boai-cung thanh- miu, hay la
mircri hai Ba - mu , la nhirng vi than dkn ba phai thcr
de cau sinh de cho lanh .
-
O' trieu Ly dcri xu a nha vua lai thvcmg thcr mot
vi than goi la Cao- moi cr dan Nam -giao, cir moi nam
vho khoang thang hai thi vua va hoang- hau cung cac phi
tan lam le de cau con cai cho nhieu. Tuc ay tir trieu
^
Tran trcr xuong khong th y nva. Trieu Ly scr di co
tuc ay Ih nhcr lai viec sir chep vua Be- coc o' Trung -
- -
quoc xu a cau ter O' den Cao moi ma sinh ra ong
Hau - tac. Xem the ta lai thay rang tuc cau tir 6 *

Trung-quoc co tv din thirong co ma cr nvo c ta thi co -

tuc ay chac la tv khi ta theo van hoa Tau.

Cr nvcnc Tau, con trai con gai qua tuoi bo toe xoa thi
7

phai doi mu vh cai tram de to rang da la thanh nhan

206
r6i , nhung vi$c ky dku c6 1§ nghi long trpng. ( j nufrc
ta thi v6n khong theo le gia quan
»
va le cap ke
,
cua Tjku ,
nhimg theo 1§ thubng thi tuoi thanh nhan cua con trai
\k 18 tuoi, \k tuoi ghi vbo dinh b6; con gdi thi chung 16
tuoi thi th6i bo tdc xoa m & chit khan.

Cach tinh tuoi cua ngiroi nircrc ta khong giong nhuj

ngiroi phutmg tay . Tre con mcri de ra , ta da cho la mot
.
tuoi , het nam ay thi ke la hai tuoi Bin th6 nen dira
tre de vao ngay cuoi nam thi s&ng mung mot Tet moi
c6 hai ngay ma da hai tuoi roi.

-
Ten cua ngirbi Viet nam thuong gom ba chu : chu - *

-
- - ^
dau la chu ho, nhu Nguyen, Tr n, L6 ,( l ) chu thu hai
\k chu l6t ngu oi ta thuong dung nhung chu van, dinh ,
-
viet ve dan ong, va chu thi ve dan ba; chir thu ba la
chfnh ten . Cach dat ten thi trong dSn gian ngubi ta
-
thu bng goi con tre men sinh 1& thang Do, con Do, hay
thang Cu, con Di , thang C6, con Him . D§n khi dat t£ n
thuc thi cr nhh que thuong dung nhung tieng nom na
tho tuc, co khi lay nhung tieng gan voi ten cha me ,
nhu cha me lh Lan thi goi con la Than , cha me la
Nhang thi goi con la Nhit. Nha co hoc thi thuong dung

(1) Ong Gourou tfnh hr mot tinh Bac -ninh ( Bac Viet) c6 den 93
ho, mi ho Nguyen chiem 54 phan 100. Nhu-ng ho thu-img
thay la Nguyen , Tran , Le, Pham , Vu, Do , Ho&ng, D&o, Dang,
Dirong, Dir h, chiem 85 phan 100.
.

207
nhirng chir dep de dpt ten, lpi hay dung nhirng chir
cung mpt bp ( bp thuy, bO spn , bp ngpc v.v... ) , nhir cpn
dim dpt la Giang thi chc cpn sau dpt la Ha , lh Hdn lh
Hai v.v... Nhirng ngircri tri thirc, ngoai ten tpc hay ten
-
huy cha mp dpt chp, lpi thirimg dpt ten tp vh t£ n hipu
de dung khi viet van Cac nha van si dbi nay cung
.

thutmg xurng ho nhau bang bipt hipu nhir cac nhh nho
dcri truth:. Den khi lam chung ngirbi ta Ipi thirhng
dpt ten thuy cho nguiri chbt de lam ten thb.

VE VIEC HON NHAN

O' chircmg “Gia tpc” da noi qua ve quan hp cua vipc

h6n nhan doi voi gia tpc la the nho. O’ day chi thupt
qua mpt it phong tpc va le nghi ve hon nhan.

Viec gih thu o ' nircrc ta lam theo qui thirc nhir nghy
nay la bat chircrc le tpc cua Trung-qu6c, do Nham Dien
la ngirbi thir nhat dem day cho dan ta . Theo shch xira
-
thi viec hon nhan nguyen c6 sau le nhu sau nhy :

1) Li nap thai la sau khi hai nhh , ben trai va ben gdi ,
da nghi hon thi nha trai sai moi dem con nhan den nhh
gai de to y da kbn chon o' noi ay ;

2 ) Le van danh la le do nha trai sai moi din hoi ten

tuoi vh ngay sinh thang de cua ngirbi con ghi;

3) Le nap cat la li cao cho nha gai biet rang da boi

nhit dinh ;
dirpc tripu ( que ) tot , the la vipc hon nhan

208
 4) Ll ngp t£ hay nap tnmg 14 npp do sinh ll cho
nh 4 g4i , the 14 vile hbn nhSn da th 4nh;

5) Le thinh ky 14 xin dinh ng4y gib dl rirfrc d4u;

>

6 ) Le th 4n nghinh 14 ho nh 4 trai mang le din nh 4

-
g4i de ru bc d 4u ve.

Trong s4u le ay 6" nirbc ta thirbng giam bat v 4 chi

dung ba le 14 : Ll giam hay le van danh , le hoi hay le
nap tl v4 ll th 4n nghinh hay 14 rirfrc d 4u.

Vile hfrn nhln a nirfrc ta , chi do cha me dinh doat

( phu mau chi mlnh ) v 4 do lbi n6i cua ngirbi m6i lai
( moi chirfrc chi ngon ), chir ngirbi dirang sir khong co
quyen gi ca . Khi cha me nh 4 trai d 4 tim duw mot
ngirbi con g4i con nh 4 xirng d 4ng thi nhb ngirbi mli
( mai dong, hoac bang nhan ) dieu dinh . Neu nh 4 g4i
bang long thi ngu'bi moi lai dem le den xin loc mang
hay b4t tir, tire 14 giay chip gib ng4y th 4ng nam sinh
cua ngirbi con gai. Do 14 le giam hay le van danh . Nha
trai dem tudi con gai v 4 tuoi con trai nhb thay so xem
so mlnh liy nhau cb hop khfrng. ( j nh 4 thirbng dan
thi ngirbi moi chi den hoi tuoi ngirbi con g4i chir
khdng cln soan le. Neu hai tuoi tuxmg hop thi ngirbi
mli ciing cha me ngirbi con trai dem sinh le den de
giao iron nhlt dinh, the 14 ll hoi hay nap te. Tu do *

ngirbi con trai phai theo nhumg ngay le tet trong mot
nam m 4 di xlu di tet nh4 gai, lai phai nha nhumg ng4y
ky huy m 4 dem ll din ciing. Cf nh 4 qu§ thirbng c6 tuc
209
bat con trai phai din nha gii mi lam dcr cong vice , gpi
li “lim re”.
Sau le hoi, nha gai dem trhu cau di bieu hp hang va
bpn b£ de bao tin murng. Tir 11 nay den le cum , thbi
gian lau chdng khong chung. Ci khi gap viec trer nggu ,
nhir viec tang chi , thi phai chcr hai ba nam moi lam
le cu-cri du-px . Cung co khi vi hai nha dinh hon cho con
chi tir khi chung c6n nho tuoi, nen phai chfr hing chpc
nam m6i cho chung thanh hon. Nhtmg lpi c6 khi ll
cum chi lim sau le hoi vai ngiy , nhit li gip dip phai
cum chpy tang.
Truxrc khi cix hanh le cum ( than nghinh ) thi nha
trai nher ngutri moi trao tho hoi nha gai ve mon tiln
*

vi le vit thach cinfri . Viec ga chong cho con gai thi tir
xira da thanh mot viec ban con gai de lay tien( l ), cho
nen nhieu nha gii thach cum rat cao, mi doi cho du-QX
du tien du le moi chiu cho cum.

Den ngay thin nghinh thi chu re ciing hp hang mpe

quin ao dep hop thanh mot doin , chon gicr hoing dao
kio sang nhi gai de ruox dau . Trong doin ly, ngum
chu hon ( thuimg chon nguiri gii vp chong c6n song
toin ) mac io le cum bung qua hop ( hop dung trlu
-
cuoi vi tu trang cua co dau ) di tru ox , rli den cic
ngum dan le; sau den chu re cimg hai ngum phu ri ,
roi den cha me vi ho hing nha trai. & cac dim cuxri

(1) Ga ban *

210
to, di trirfrc hbt co hai dira tre bong mot cgp ngong
vh hai dira tre mang mot cap long den , hai dieu ay la
theo tuc xira, mot la lAy chim nhan la thu chim khi -
nho cung co cap doi db to y h6n nhan ben chat, hai la
ngay xira le rirfrc dau cir hhnh ve buoi chieu hom( l )
nen phai dem dbn.
Khi ho nha trai dircmg di den nhh gai thi b giira
dircmg thircmg gap nhtrng ddm giang giay( 2), phai
nop tien thi ngirfri ta mcri mb' giay cho di. Tuc ky
nguybn or Thu goi la lan giai nghia lh chbn dircmg.
Nhimg b nircrc ta hai chir lan giai lai dung de chi le
nop cheo. Theo le nay thi nhh trai phai nop mot m 6n
tien cho lang ngirfri con ghi nhir mot thir thue hon
nhan . Co noi, khi ho nha trai di den cu a lang nha g&i
*

thi ngirbi lang d6ng cira lai d6i cho dirac tien roi mbi
-
mb’ cu a cho di. Tuc ay cung giong le lan giai. Dan dan
-
tuc giang giay vh dong cu a de don dirtmg thhnh mot le
cua lang, do phhp luat cong nhan, tire lh lb nop cheo
vay.
Lai co ncri chinh ngirbi nhh d6ng cu a nhh gai, hay
*

-
chinh ngiroi ho dong cira tu dircmg db doi tien. Song

(1) Chir hon nguyen nghia Id chieu hom , sau moi viet
; xira lam le ciroi vdo ltic chieu hom la liic dirong qua
am lai, am dirong diromg giao hodn v6i nhau .
( 2) Ngirbi cr cac l &ng doc dirfrng hay lang nha gai dat mot edi bdn
-
or ben du bng, c6 hirong hoa trail phdo, vd giang ngang dirfrng
mot cai giay. Khi dodn nhd trai di den do thi nhfrng ngirbi giang
giay dot phao dk mirng, c6 cho ho tien thi ho moi mo giay *

md cho di.

211
nhumg tpc ay khong pho thong bang tpc giang gi& y
don dutrng kia.
Khi hp nh & trai den nha gai thi ong chu hon , r&i den
1

chu re , lam le gia tien . Doan bhy hutmg an giira s n de^

^

- -
hai vp chong lam le To h6ng. Sau db chu re lam le cha
*
^
me vcr, roi ho hang an uong xong roi rincrc dau ve.
Khi du-a dau , nha gbi chpn mot ong gia c £im bo hutmg
-
di tru crc , roi ba con hp hang dan co dau theo sau.
Den nha trai thi mpt ba gia dan co dau vao lg.y gia
tien , roi di le nha tho- hp , doan trcr ^ ve le cha mp
chong.

( trau le To -hong
V m
'
-
Den toi hom cmri , ngu cri chong lay trdu tham
jy

) trao mot nira cho vcr, rot mot chen

'

-
nrpoi moi ngiroi uong mpt nu a , gpi la le hpp can hay
giao duyen.
Ba ngby sau, hai vp- chbng trcr ve nhh cha mp vp-
lam le “lpi mpt” hay le “tir hi”. Khi ay vp" chong dem
le lay gia tien va di chho hp hang nhh vp-. Xong le ay
*

thanh mot ph & n tu- trong yeu trong gia toe cua chong
-
hai vp" chong trcr ve nha chong , roi tu d & y ngu cri vp"

mb khong co quan he mat thiet vdi gia toe cua cha me

minh nira.
Cb mpt dieu can phai chu y lb ve moi mpt le ke
-
tren, ngu bi ta phai chpn ngby chpn gib- tot de cho
- -
duyen vo- chong dirp c hoa thuan. Ve 11 cu tri c6 khi
ngirbi ta chpn ca nara ca miia vb ca thbng nira.

212
 -
Ngay nay cr cac gia - dinh tan tien , cha mg da biet
trong den ai- tinh cua con cai trong viec hon nhhn , de
cho con cai tir do lira chon lay ban lira cua minh ,
-
nhirng phan nhieu gia dinh vlin con theo cai loi “ phu
mau chi menh" “ moi Chirac chi ngon” nhu xira. Duy cr
*

thanh thi thi nhirng le tuc ve hon nhcm co cai lirong it

nhieu, dai khai bo boi. nhirng dieu phien phirc , bo
tuc giang giay don dircmg, va bo te thach ciroi qua cao,
cung co it nhieu gia dinh “ van minh ” b thanh thi lam
le hon nhan theo loi tay, khong nop cheo cho lang nhu *

xira , ma nhcr quan Thi - tnrcmg (Doc-ly ) lam chirng.

VE TAT BENH

Khi mac benh thi ngircri ta thircmg tin la bcri than

thanh hoac ma ta yeu quai lam , cho nen ngoai sir tim
thay xin thuoc, nguiri ta con 1§ bai cau khan . Khi
trong nha co ngtrbi mac benh thi ba con thircmg cau
to tien pho ho roi di boi de xem benh nguyen la cr dau .
Khi thay b6i noi benh do vi thian cr den nao, mi§u nao
lam , vi khi di qua ngiroi ay co Ihm di& u gi thdt kinh ,
thi ngircri nhh phai sam sira le v$t den le b dly de
ta toi. Neu b§ nh boi th ma yeu quai , hoac cr cac am nho
ben dircmg, hoac cr goc da goc de lam hai, thi ngiroi
ta lam le cung do an va bac vhng neu khong khoi thi
phai nhcr th & y bua thay phap cau voi than thanh ,
nhat la cac vi oai linh nhu thanh Doc -cu-crc, thanh
*

Hung- dao , thanh Lieu hanh , bat cac ta ma yeu quai

ay di , va cho num: thai va bua de trir yem . Nhirng
ngu^ bi bi ma am cung phai le bai theo each ay . Neu vi

213
 1 \ f

Tho'Cong hay Tao-quan c6 dieu bat binh raa ngirbi ta

^

benh ( thirbng gQi la d(mg ong Cong, dong ong Bep), thi
cung phai 16 ta nhir doi voi cac vj thanh than khac.
Gap buoi on d;ch liru hanh thi ngirbi ta thirbng viet
may chir “thien hbnh di qua ” trich trong bhi Chinh-khi-
ca cua Van-Thien -Tirbng, gian or triroc cira , y la de
ngan ta khi on dich , khong cho xbm vao. Ngirbi ta lai
lhm le Quan -6n, cung d6 giay vb hinh nhan the mpnh .
Cung co khi gap nam xung thang han , khi ay co
nhumg vi sao dir chilu m <? nh , nhir sao Thai-bach , sao
La -hau , thi phai lam le nhirorig sao giai han . Ban ba
dau thi hoac la vi ta Pham - nhan thi phai cau den
thanh Tran bat no, hoac vi ba Ban - menh bat binh thi
phai le ba , hoac vi co so thb ma khong biet thi phai
den cbc tinh cac phu thb chir vi de xin bat hircmg ve
thb. Con tre ma dau thi hoac vi gap ngirbi xbu via quo-
( nhir khen dep , khen beo ) , hoac vi nga mb mbt via , thi
cha me phai 16 Ba - mu hay lb hu via cho n6. Nhir no dau
lbu khong khoi thi cha me phai dem ban khobn b chua
den nao de nhb Phat Thanh phu ho cho.
N§u vi hircmg nhb hubng ngo khong tot , hoac vi
nhb or gan dinh mieu, hoac vi co dirbng dam thoc vao
giu-a nha, thi phai nhb thay phong thuy xoay nha cira
sang hirbng khac, hay doi di noi khac. Neu vi dong
mo ma ma sinh benh thi cung phai nhb thay phong
thuy tim dat tot de cai tang.
Cung co khi ngirbi ta cho rang c6 ngirbi bo bua lam
hai, hoac la trii eo ma bi dau om, khi ay thi phai nhb
thay phap cau thbn thanh chi cho dau bua ma lay

214
di, hoac dung phu phbp ma pha Ibb tru eo. Neu binh
sinh ra »vi co ngubi Muong ngubi Moi thir vSt gi vao
,
th &n the thi phai tim cho dupe ngu bi thu ay ma xin
-
ho keo thu ve thi moi khoi benh dutrc.
- -
« I V

-
Ngohi nhu ng each chu a bbnh huyen--\ *
bi ke tren dan
-
ta cbn co nhieu thuat chu a nhu ng benh vat , nhu khi -
tre h6c xuomg thi go vao dau ong Tao, co bui vao mat
thi doc mot cau chu roi thoi phii vao mat , mat moc leo
thi lay gau quan dan ba dl vao , khi co on dich thi deo
may cu toi vao minh de khoi nhiem benh.
Muon tranh khoi benh hoan hoac tai hoa, dan ta lai
co nhieu each kieng khong sao ke xiet , vf nhu kieng
ngay xau , kieng khen con nit beo tbt , dan ba chira kieng
-
g& n chong, va chu a thi chong kieng sdt sinh va dong
-
coc, ngu oi xau via thi kieng vao nha ngu bi de, Jam -
nhh thi kieng chan gian va kieng dung cot ngu oc dau
v.v...
-
VE TANG CHE

Tang le la le dat ra de to long thutmg xbt va kinh

-
thb ngubi chet. Theo Khong- tu thi tri thien ha “trong
*

nh & t 1k ba viec : an, tang va te” (1). Theo Manh - tu thi -

“dao tri thien ha c& n nhat la khien dan nuoi ngu bi -
s6ng va tang ngubi chet ma khong cb dieu gi di ham ”
( 2 ). Boi the or xa h6i ta cung nhu or xa hoi Trung-quoc ,

( 1) Str trong gia : thvrc, tang, t£. ( Luan - ngu-).

( 2) -
Dirfmg sinh tang tu vo ham , vmmg dao chi thuy gia.

215 >
vi§c tang cbn cb phong tyc va le nghi phien phurc hem
vige h6n nhan nira .
Vige tang trgng nhat la tang cha m?. Khi cha mg
hap hoi thi phai dem ngay ra giira nha de to rang cha
.

me chet vi le quang minh chinh dang. Bay gicr phai

dyt ten thyy, tyc ggi la ton hem , hay t£ n cung com , roi
thira cho cha mg biet. Lgd phai lay mgt mieng lya
trang dai 7 thumc de len mat , sau ket thanh hinh
ngu'M, goi la hon bach , de cho vong hon ngircri chet
y y vao do. Khi tat hoi thi phai lay mot cai khan hay
mgt ter giay de phu tren mat, khieng xac dat xuong
dat roi l $i khieng len gixrong, co y de cho ngiriri chet
hap thy sinh khi cua dat may ra co song I $i du \rc.
Doan mot ngircri cam c i 6o cua ngircri chet , tay ta
^
cam co, tay hunj cam lung, do dirong trirerc treo len
mdi nha d£ ggi ten va hu hon ngircri chet ba lan, roi
do dircmg sau nha ma xuong, do Id le phyc hon . Bay
gicr con chau men khoc va thay bo het do trang sire
ma quan toe va di chan khong, cung an chao de to y
dau thircmg . Sau khi lap ngircri tang chu ( thuimg la
ngircri con truimg hay Id ngutri chau truvng thira
trong) va ngircri chu phu ( vq ngu-iri chet hay vq tang
chu ) thi phai lo viec tri quan , nghia la sira soan quan
tai theo nghi tiet nhat dinh , roi tarn goi va thay quan
-
do m 6i cho ngu cri chet de sap sira lam le phan ham .
Le nay thi dung mot chen gao nep va ba dong tien ,
chia ra ba lan ma bo vao mieng ngutri chet. Bay gicr
den le tieu liem ( mot manh doc ba manh ngang ) va dai
liem ( mot manh doc nam manh ngang ), theo nghi tiet
ma lay vai hoc lay xac ngircri chet cho kin .

216
 Khi nhgp quan thi con cai sap hang cr tru crc quan -
•>
^

-
tai de khoc va lam le. Nhu ng ngirori giup viec khieng
xac bo vao quan rbi khieng quan dat b giua nha . Tir
bay gib, con cai phai trai rcrm b hai ben linh ctru ma
thay phien nhau ngoi hau suot dem ngay.
-
Khi dat cu u da yen , nha giau sang thi dat linh sang
or phia dong, c6 du mimg man chan gbi. Nha hep. thi chi
- -
dat linh toa b tru ac ctru ma thoi. Cu s& ng va toi thi
lam le trieu tich dien , rucrc hcin bach b linh sang ra
linh toa , roi lai rircrc ttr linh toa vho linh shng.
-
Tru crc khi lam le thanh phuc, con phai lap minh tinh
-
Ih mot thu ccr lam biet hieu cua ngu oi chet. Ccr ay -
lam bang lua do co cLir ten ho cung thuy hieu va chirc
-
tu crc ph & m ham cua ngucri chgt viet bang ph £ n
trang. Khi lhm le thhuh phuc thi con chhu va than
- -
quyen ngu bi chet cu theo nghi tiet ngu phuc ma mac
do tang roi qui lay va khoc cr trucrc linh ccru .
-
Tru ac khi tong tang thi co le thien cu u ( dcri ctru di -
cho khac , hoac xich di mot chut ), va le yet to ( rucrc
hon bach den tir dutmg de cao to tien ).
Den ngay phat dan thi phai lam le khien dien , tuc
la le tien biet, roi rucrc linh ctru len dai du. Khi phat
-
dan thi di tru crc het lb phucmg tucmg ( ngucri mac ao
mu dao si, deo na, c& m dao) de khu true ta qui; thu
-
hai den co dan trieu ( dan ong thi viet chtr “ trung tin”
-
,

dan ba thi viet chu “trinh thuan ” ), thu ba dem cac do -

minh khi cung doi truemg cua ngucri phung dieu , thu
-
tu den minh tinh; thu nam den linh xa de rucrc hon
bach ; thtr sau den cong b6 de lam hieu cho phu khieng

217
dai dir biet duxmg md di; thir bay den dg.i dir. Con
trai thi chdng gay tre ( cha ), hay gay vong ( me ) di lui hr
trircnc linh ctru , con con gai thi di theo sau linh ciru cr
trong mpt cdi man trang ( bach mac ). Sau cung thi den
cdc ngircri ton trutmg cung ba con hp hang xa va ban
- -
hu u di du a.
- -
Dam tang nha phu quf thi cr giu a du ong cb ldm nhd
tram trung do ( dao trung) de dung linh ciru md dipn
te . Den cho huypt lai co mpt tram t6 ha huypt. Tru crc -
-
khi ha huypt thi co le te Tho than. Khi dpt quan tai
vao huypt roi thi nhcr thay phong thuy phan kim giong
huimg cho ngay ngan, trai minh tinh len mat quan ,
roi cho dap m 6. Dap xong thi lam le thanh phan .
Doan ruirc hon bach hay than chu len linh xa ve nha,
rune h6n bach hay than chu vao linh tpa , r6i lam le
phan khoc { khoc lai ) va le so ngu (cau cho vong hon
*

dirpc an tinh ). Sau gap ngdy nhu nhat ( at, dinh , ty ,

tan, qui ), thi lam le tai ngu , gap ngay circmg nhat ( than ,
binh, tuat , canh, nham ) thi ldm le tam ngu.
Tong tang dirpr ba ngay lai phai ra tham mp, lam
-
le “mcr cu a ma” . Nhumg nha theo Phat gido thi cir bay
ngay lam m 6t tuan chay , lam du bay tuan, den ngay
thir 49 thi lam le chung tat. Nhirng nha khong theo
Phat gido cung lam le 50 ngay roi d4 n le 100 ngay .
Duxrc mot nam thi lam le tieu tutmg, tux Id gio dau ,
sau mot nam nun thi lam le dai tubrng, tire la gio het.
Khi da du 27 thang roi thi 1dm le doan tat , hay le tnr
-
phuc, tux la h§t tang. Tu do ve sau cir moi nam den
ngay ky lai phai lam 16, cho den khi ngirfri chet len
218
den bq c to ngu dqi thi chon than chu khong lam gio
*

nu-a ma chi thcr chung cr tvr duirng thoi .

Trong khoang tieu dai tircrng, cir den tuan trung
nguyen ( ram thhng bay ) ngirbi ta thirbng dbt do ma
cho ngirbi chet hai ky , ky dau goi la ma bilu , ky sau
mcri there la ma cung cho ngu-bi chet dung . Cung co
nha dot ma vao ngay gio dau va ngay gio het.
Do ma la nherng do thubng dung cua ngirbi ta ma
lam bang giay . Ta tin rang co dot nhirng do ay thi
ngu-bi chet mcri co do ma dung, cho nen nhieu nhh
sam do ma cho cha me rat ton kbm , tu-bng the la bao
hieu.

*
Sau ba nam doan tang, hoac vai nam nera , ngu-bi ta
therbng lo den viec cai tang. Khi ay phai mbi thay
phong thuy tim lay huyet tot roi lam le boc ma ( cai
-
tang ). Trercrc het la khai ma nhat lay xu cmg xep vao
mot chi tieu sanh , roi day thux kin . Nha phu qui thi
dung quan quach kham liem nhu- khi hung tang .
-
Su cai tang c6 nhieu cb :
Mot la khi cha me chet nhh con ngheo tung khong
-
sam diro c quan tai tot , nen hung tang qua loa de chb
het viec thi cai thng keo so vhn xau hir nht thi hai den
*

di hhi;
Hai lh vi khi cha me chet voi vang chira kip chon
-
dat, nbn khi chon diroc cht huyet thi cai tang;
219
 Ba la vi theo me tin cho rang mo ma khong yen , nen
•7

phai cai tang de trong nha khoi sinh hpa hai ;

Bon la vi mula cdu cong danh phu qul nen nhir
thay phong thuy tim cdt huypt ma cai tang de mong
mp ket.
-
Tyc cai tang 6 Bac Vipt rat pho thong, nguiri ta
thuimg gpi la lam ma kho, doi vdi le hung tang la lam
ma turn . Ti> hoanh scm tro vao nam thi trir khi ngucri
’ *

ta tucmg rang mp dpng thi phai cai tang, con thufrng

thi chon cat mpt lu-pt la yen .

TANG PHVC

-
Tir khi lam le thanh phyc thi vp con cung than thlch
-
gan cua ngu cri chet phai mac tang phyc. Do dai tang
doi voi cha me la ao tram thoi , nghia la ao vai su -a chyt
-
bang dao ma may chir khong dup c cat bang keo, co
mieng vai may them d sau lung gpi la phu philn , hai
mieng d hai vai gpi la thlch. O' lung phai that mot soi
giay chuoi hai vong. Ngoai choang mot cai ao rong bang
vai sua. Tren dau thi buoc mot cai khan bang vai sua ,
bo mui ra sau gay . Con trai con co mu vanh bang be
chuoi va gay tre deo Iron ve trd cha , gay vong deo
vuong ve trcr me. Con gai thi dpi mu nhon bang vai to
che hit ca mat . Neu me chit trudc cha thi con cai chi
«
^
mac do ti thoi cung may nhu ki iu tram thoi, song gau
co vien qua loa. Ve tang ong ba, anh em , chi em , chu
bac, co di thi cir theo thu tur thdn scr ma may do ca
phyc ( trd mpt nam ), giong do ti thoi do dai cong ( trd
220
chin thang ) bang vai tho, do tieu cong ( trcr nam thang )
bang vai hoi tho, va do ti ma ( tro ba thang) bang vai
*

nho . Nam hire tang phuc ke tren goi la ngu phyc .

Ve dai tang thi sau khi chon c£t yen roi , con cai dem
mu gay va ao rong treo 6 ben linh tpa, khi lam ie thi
*

moi dung den , con lue thirong thi chi mhc quan ao va
chit khan tang thoi . Trong han dai tang con cai khong
phai chi mac tang phuc ma thoi , ma con phai an cr theo
le. Cir sach Gia-le thi con cai c6 tang cha me phai nam
ram goi dat, khong dirac vui choi, khong diror nghe
dan nghe hat , an thit uong rirou , khong dirac lay vo *

lhy chong, phai kieng phong sir ( dan ba co thai trong

ky dai tang thi phai va ). Ngu oi dirong lam quan ma
*

gap dai tang thi phai xin nghi de err tang, goi la “ nghi
dinh gian ”, het han moi xin bo lai .

NHtmCx TAP TUC VE VIEC TANG

-
Le tang la cot de to l6 ng thu ong xot doi vai ngu ai*

chet. Song le phai lam theo nhirng nghi tiet nghiem

-
mat , thanh ra trong viec tang chi thay nhu ng dieu hu *

sire mien circmg chir khong thay chut gi la bieu lp

* * -
tinh cam tu nhien. Vi nhu khoc ih do su xung dong cua
long thirong x6t , th§ ma con chi khi lam l§ phai theo
lenh ngiroi thay cung ma cir ai hay chi ai. Khi phat
dan thi le bat con gai va con dau trirong phai Ian
dirtmg, nghia la nam lan ra giira dirong ma than khoc
»
de cho phu khieng dai dir bu 6r qua minh. Tir nha ra
*

den huyet, cu di dirac mot doan thi con gai va con dau
*

lai phai lan diremg nhu the. Trong khi cir tang, con cai
*

22 i
nara rorn goi dat, hay ft ra cung phai an mpc nh6p
7 %
7 t

nhua de to^ rang vi thirong cha me mb than the den

tieu tuy. Ngirtri c6 tang cang an mgc toi tan chirng
-
nao thi cang du pnc thien ha ngpi khen chung ay . Xem
qua vai ba dieu ay thi thby rang dgo hieu cua ngutri
minh vi theo nghi tiet te tobi va cau ne qub nen da
thanh nhir lam tro chir chang co chut chan tinh .
Ngutri minh lpi con c6 thoi dua nhau lam ma to tbt
linh dinh , nhb giau thi lam cho dirp'c nha tang (1) vb do
minh khf dang bac tram trcr lbn , lam cho dirqn nam trau
bay bo , de mbi rat nhieu khach den an. Lam ma ton
tibn nhieu chumg nao, c6 nhieu ngutri an u6ng
chung nao, thi dirp"c ti£ ng khen churng nay. Cau tnc
ngu- “ nhbt nhbn tvr , van nhan tuy ” lb cb y mia mai cbi
toe nhan ngutri chet ma an uong bay ba nhir vay. Vi
th 6i hieu thang ay ma co ngutri mang cong mac •n• (r,
\
< f

cam nha ban dat dg lbm ma, tuy be trong thi lo lang
kho scr ma tr bb ngoai thi cho la da “che dirov migng
the gian ”

TCr khi ngirtri chet moi tat hoi cho den le dam
tat thi moi lan lam 1§ phai co thay phii thuy hay thay
tu tung kinh va lbm phep. Neu ngby chet la ngay x£u ,

( 1) (y Quang-binh trcV vao thi nha tang bang go oh am vh son son

thiep v&ng, c6 h6i l &m san de cho thue , dai khai c6 ba hang :
nhat, nhi , ba . 6* Bac thi nhk tdng bang giay, dira ma xong thi
d6t di .

222
 nhir ngay trung tang trimgphpc ( 1 ) , thi phai mbi thay
phu thuy lam phep, dai khai la bo bua vho quan thi va
yem bua b cira de cho hung sat sa ph6p ma khong dam
lam hai. Muon trir hung s& t mot chch chac chan thi
-
mbi phap sir lap dan lam chay va nhb \ han , Phat cu u
ho cho vong linh. Khi co ngircri chet oan hay chet bat
-
dac ky ter , hoac khi vi tang le lhm khong du nghi tiet
hoac klii dong mo d6ng ma , thi cung phai lhm chay de
sieu do vong hon. Ll Ihm chay la dung hop ca nghi
there Phat giao vh nghi thirc Lao giao. Tren te dan , vi
thu* nhat thi bay tupng tarn bao ( 2 ), roi d4n tupng
tam phu ( 3); cr hai ben la tranh thap dien ; b gitra con
- -
co tupng Thien quan , tupng Thanh hoang, ciing tupng
Di-da. Le lam chay rat phien phirc, nhu ng dai khai
thi trircrc het co le cau Phat de xin pho do, le tam phu
-
de xin xa toi, le cau vong de goi hon ngircri chet ve,
le pha cera nguc de giai thoat cho vong hon co toi , le
giai oan cat doan de irtr moi oan ire cua nhirn hon
bat dac ky tir, cung le phbng sinh phbng dang de mua
phuc qua .
^
THirONG THO
Nhu-ng nhh phu qui khi cha me gia bay tam miroi thi
con cai lam le mirng tho, goi la thupng tho.

(1) ' Tuc tin rang nha nao c6 ngirbi chet phai ngky ay thi thirong
bi nhieu ngiroi chet luon mk thirong cir moi nam dung ngay
ay lai co ngiroi chet , Ngiroi ta tin rang ng&y ay co than
triing hay la hung sat lam hai .
( 2) Phat , phap , tang.
( 3) Thien phu, dia phu, thuy phu.

223
 Horn an immg, trwc het , con cai bien le vat ho |ic
ga xoi, hoac l(m bo, hoac tam sinh , dem ra dinh le than ,
goi la ta than hiru, nghia la ta cm than da phu hq cho
cha me minh du-qc song ldu .
Doan rube cha hay mg an mac chinh te lbn ngoi
tho tich dgh cr chinh giu-a nha , con chau lay roi moi
ngutri dang mot chen rirq u hay mgt qua dao chuc thq .
*

Sau do thi bay tiqc mung moi than thich bang hun
cung lang mac den an , co khi nam bay ngay mcri xong.
-
Nhumg khach khu a dvr tiqc deu dem le vat cimg
ddi tr unrig den mung.
Nhung nhh phu qui moi nam con cai thircmg lam le
sinh nhat cua cha me. Ngay le con cai cung bai lay va
khoan dai khach khira nhu- le mung thq .

PHAN HOANG

-
Ngutri nao lam quan tic ham du bng trcr len thi nha
vua ban sac phong tang cho cha me, ong ba , cu ky tuy
then pham tune cua con chau . Quan nhat pham thi
dune phong tam dai , nhi pham thi dune phong nhi dai ,
tam , tir pham thi dune phong tang nhat dai.
-
Sac cua vua phong, dai de ke cong trqng chu c tunc
cua nguxri lam quan , roi suy an truy phong cho tien
dai. Dan lang so tai pliai rune sac ve nha chu , roi
*

nha chu chon ngay lanh thang tot lam le cao gia mieu
va an mumg.
Trune het sao ban sac cua vua vao mot ter giay
vang roi de ca hai ban chinh va ban sao tren mgt cai

224
mam , dat len hutnig & n b&y du le vat, ngircri chu dot
hutmg l &m le , r&i tuy£ n doc mot bai van ke dnyen do
to khao diroc phong tang; doan tuyen doc ban sac
phong, roi dem dot ban sao bang giay vang , goi la
“ phan hoang”.
Le xong thi don tiec an mirng de khoan dai khach
khira , cung nhir cac viec an mu ng khac.
*

.
VI TIN NGITTTNG VA TE TIT
Ve phmmg dien ton giao, ctr theo cac truySn ky
dbi tnrcrc thi ta co the doan rang to tien ta o' doi
thirong co tin ngircmg mot thir tur nhien da than giao ,
tin rang pham cac hien tu'qng va the lire tir nhien cr
trong vu tru, nhu treri dat , mu'a gio, nui song, deu co
*

than linh chu trirong. Co le ngu'cri ta tirong rang linh

hon ngirbi chet thiremg di lai voi ngircri song , neu
c6 cung quay thi vong hon phu ho , neu khong thi vong
hon lam cho dau 6m . Nhirng tin ngircmg ay ve sau
chiu anh hu img cua nhirng dieu tin ngiromg qui than
'

cua Trung-quoc ma thanh nen goc ton giao cua nircrc

ta.
Sir te tir o doi thirong co thi phan nhieu co tinh
'

chat nong nghiep , cot de ky niem nhirng thoi tiet

quan trong ve nghe nong o' trong mot nam, nhat la &
mua xuan va miia thu. Hien nay ft nhieu dia phuxmg
van con co nhirng le , nhirng hoi tinrng to , nhir hoi
*
,

*
-
Chua Lim 6 lang Lim, tinh Bac ninh la mot hoi ve loai
ay . Cir d6 n ng& y ram thang gieng thi dan mo hoi, con
*

225
trai con gai trong ldng thircmg chia nhau ra hai phe de
hdt doi, v& dung trau cau de choc gheo nhau, hay de
tim vcr tim chong.
( j lang Dong-vi va lang Bvch -dgi, phu Vinh- tircmg ,
tinh Vmh - yen , thi co toe l & m le trinh nghe. Cir ngdy
mung bon vd mung nam thang gieng thi moi nha nong
nao c6 mbt con trau ma khong co tang phai lam mpt con
trau gia bang rom dem ra san lang de lam le. Ngutri
ta bupc con trau gia vdo mot cai cay co lutri bang go,
mot ngutri ddn ong kbo trdu , mot .ngutri dan ong khac
cam cay. Bong thoi mot ngurii con gai dutri 17 tuoi
bung mot thung trau de gia edeh vai giong. Hai ngutri
dan ong thi cai trang lam dan ba, con hai ngutri con gai
thi cai trang 1dm con trai .

Bdn ve ton giao cua ngutri Viot-nam ngutri ta

thutmg cho rang nubn ta co ba ton giao : Khong giao,
Phat gido vd Ldo giao. Song that ra thi ton gido cua
chung ta phut: tap horn the nhieu. Ba ton giao ay do
-
o' Trung quoc truyen sang, khong nhtrng da anh
hutmg lbn nhau rat mat thiet , ma lai cbn dung hoa
v6i cac tin ngutmg cr d <ri thirong co, dan dan thanh
-
mot mb tin ngutmg va te tvr Ion xon , trong ay khong
th£ ndo phan biet diron ph &n ndo thuoc ve loai nao.
Theo dai khdi thi truth; khi co cor doc giao du nhap ,
ngirbi nircrc ta dong thbi sung bdi ca Trfri, Phat , cac
than linh cr trong vu tru, ede qui than hay la linh hon
ngutri chgt. Muon chia ra cho de nghien ctru thi ta co

226
the phan biet nhirng tin ngircrng te tix thuOc ve gia
-
dinh , thuoc ve h u ong thon, thuoc ve quoc gia , vh thuoc
ve phutmg thuht.

NHO~NG TE TIT CT GIA-TOC

Ve gia- toc thi sir siing bai to tien Id quan trong hon
ca. Theo tin ngirong ky thi ngiroi ta song 1k nhcr hon
phach phu vao than the. Hon la cai linh phu vao phan
khi cua ngiriri , Id phan khinh thanh, ngiroi ta chet
thi bay len khong; con phach la cai linh phu vao phan
hinh cua ngiroi, la phan trong troc, khi nguiri ta chet
thi tieu xuong dat. Dan ong co ba hon phu vao tam tieu
( 1) va bay phach ( via ) phu vao that khieu ( 2 ) , dan ba
thi c6 chin phach ( via ) phu vao cun khieu (3 ). Nhirng
so muc va vi tri cua hon va phdch nhir the chi thay
a trong sach dao giao chlr dan chung thi chi tin rang
thSn the ngiroi ta co tinh than phu vao, tire la linh
hon . Khi ngiroi ta bat tinh thi hon ay thoat ra khoi
than the trong nhat thoi , khi ngiroi ta chet thi hon
ay lia ban x &c mk thanh ma qui ( 4 ). Vong hon doi voi

(1 ) Tam tieu la : mien mieng tren da day la thmrng tieu , mien

giira da dky la trung tieu , mien tren bang quang la ha tieu .
(2) That khieu la bay cai 1< > tren mat : hai mat , hay tai , hai 1< >
mui va mieng .
Cxru khieu la : that khieu voi hai khi 4 u : lo sinh th \rc khi
*
( 3)
wk 16 dft .
(4 ) Theo quan niem pho thong thi hon ]% tinh than cua ngmri
chet ( doi v6i ngirbd chet thi c6 le phuc hon le goi hon ) , con
phach la tinh than cua nguiri song ( doi voi nguiri song thi
co le dot. via nhirng ngiroi xau vfa , le hu via nhirng dira tre
vi nga mk dau om , le goi via song).

227
 ngmri song la hai dubng dircmg gian dm phu kha
nhau , nhirng van thirbng san soc den con chau luon^.
Moi khi gia - dinh co di 4 u vui. dieu buon, dieu mtmg,
dieu scr thi linh hon cua to- tien thutmg cung dv mot
phan . Con chau lhm an to tien thirbng phu bp, khi co
vipc gi nguy hiem sap toi , to tien thubmg bao mpng
de con chau tim chch ma de phong. Bbi d6i vcri gia
dinh, linh hon to tien co quan he mat thiet nhvr the ,
nen con chdu phai cung cap t6 tien. Khong- tir noi
rang : “Ngmri ta phai tho ngirbi ch4 t cung nhir thir
*

ngubi s6ng” ( str tir nhir sp- sanh ) , nghTa la cung phai
cap do an, do mpc, do dung cho ngubi chet nhir la
doi voi ngirbi song. Doi xua ngubi ta cung toan do
that ( bay giir khi nhpp quan ngubi ta cung con bo theo
quan ao va do dung vao quan ), nhirng v§ sau ngubi ,
ta tuy lam co ban de cung , song chi de cho to tien hubng
lay hrnmg vi ma thoi, con qu & n ao va do dung thi lam
bang giay va dot di (1). Con chau mubn trpn
dao hieu
vcri to tien thi nhirng ngay ky , chgp, tet nhirt phai
cung cap tir te . Nhung ngu-cri bo gio bo tet la hkt
hieu chi cuc> cung nhir nhirng ngu-cri vo hau ( bat
hieu hiru tam vo hau vi dai ) de den doi to tien khong
c6 ngu-cri te tir ma phai truy lac thanh nhirng co hon
doi ret tham sau . Muon tranh noi nguy khon ay cho

( 1) Nhung vong hon khong co ngirrri te tir thi phan nhieu thanh
ac qui hay lam hai ngirfri ta de bat ngmri ta cung cap. Theo
Phat giao thi nhirng co hon ay phai giam b dia ngue , or moi
*

nam den nghy ram thang bay la ngay vong nhan xa toi thi cac
co hon dirrrc thoat nguc . Ngay ay tai cac chua cac cho ngirth
*

ta lam chay de cung cap do an va quan ao cho co hon .

228
 <>

to tien thi ngiroi nao khong co con trai phai nuoi mot
ngiroi trong ho hay mot ngiroi ho khac lam con thu-a
tir , de cho sir te tir to tien khong doan tuyet.

Viec te tir to tien khong phai la chi cot cho linh hon
7 7

to tien khoi kho ma con co mot y righla sau xa hem nira

9

Id nher on sinh thanh cua to tien ( phuc ban phan thuy ),

va liru truyen noi giong mai mai ve sau ( vinh truyen
ton thong ), cho nen ta co the cho rang te tir to tien la
lay sir duy tri chung toe lam muc dich .

Nhh nao cung c6 ban thcr to ti£ n a gitra nha. Nha

ngircri toe trircmg thu'cmg de gian giira lhm nh & thcr
ho ( tir dirorig ) .

-
Nhu ng ho giau sang lai co tir dirimg rieng de thcr
to tien chung cua ho; moi chi lai c6 nha thcr rieng cua »>

ban chi; con nha gia triremg thi c6 ban thcr de thcr
phung cha me rieng cua moi ngircri . Tren ban tho , *

ngoai chc do thcr, nhir dinh tram , cay sap ( do tam sir
hay ngu sir ), mam bong, da chen , thi cr giu-a co bai vi
(1) cua to tien . O' nha giau thi cac bai vi ay de trong
mot cai kham sem son thep vang. Nhirng bai vi ay cua
to tien tir dai trer xuong, vi bai vi cua to tien ngu dai
-
thi phai chfin di. (X nhh thcr ho thi c6 than chu cua

( 1) Cung goi linh vi , moc vi , than vi , than chu .

229
thuy to de thb mai - mat , gpi la “ bdch thi bat dieu chi
chu”.
Nguxri chu tri vipc te tv to tien la gia truxmg or
trong gia dinh nho, va toe truxmg 6 trong gia tpc. -
Nhirng ngay phai tl t \ jr la nhirng ng& y gio va ng&y tit.
Moi nam , ctr dung ng& y thp chung cua mdi v to ti£ n ,
*
tire la ngay ky hay ngay huy , thi gia truxmg phai lieu
huxmg vang trau rup u c6 ban de cung gio. E)au thi
*

f X 7 ,
khan toan the to tien , sau khan ribng vong linh vi ay
A

ve huxmg le. Ngoai ngay gio la ngay cung rieng moi v;

tiep nhan , con cac ngay tit Han thvc ( mung ba thang
ba ) tit Thanh -minh ( thang ba ), tit Boan ngp ( mung 5 -
thang 5 ), tet Trung- thu ( ram thhng 8), tit Trung ciru -
( mung 9 thang 9 ) , tet Ccrm - mdi ( thang 9 ), tet Thirpng-
nguyen ( ram thang gieng ), tet Trung- nguyen ( ram
thang bay ), tet Hp - nguyen ( ram thang muxri ), vh
nhat la tit Nguyen - dhn thi c6 le te chung ca to tien.
Ve tit Nguyen - dan tir ng& y 30 thang chap ngiriri ta
da lam le “ ruxnc ong ba”. Trong ba ngay mung mot,
mung hai , mung ba thi suit dem ngay luc nao cung c6
hirong den va le vat de cung to tien . Den chieu mung
ba hay sang mung bon thi lam ! -
l “du a ong ba ” vh dot
vang bac va dot quan ao giay da cung trong ba ngay
tet.
Ngobi cac ngay gio tet ra , moi khi trong nha c6 vi| c
vui mirng, nhu' le cuxri , le tho, an mOmg thi dau , khao
vong hoac co viec buon , nhir le tang, le chay , thi cung
dpt le de cao to tien.

230
 Nhirng ngay tet Ion, ngiroi gia trircmg lam le cr ban
thfr nha minh , roi con lai phai den nhh thfr ho de lam
’le nira.
Vi viec te tir to tien la mot nghia vu nghiem mat
(1), con chau khong khi nao dirtrc bo, cho nen chc nha
khh trcr len , ngiroi ta thircmg trich trong di san m6t
ph & n tir san goi lh “ phan hircmg hoa” hoac “ruong ky”
£iao cho ngiroi toe trirong hoac ngirtri chi trircmg giir
dl lo te tir td tien cr nha thfr ho vh nhh thh chi.
» 7 /

Thirbmg c6 m 6t quyen so ghi chhp the thir vh t6n ho

cung ngay thang sinh tir cua t6 tien goi lh gia pha.
Nhirng nha phu qui thi gia pha thirbmg chep ca cong
>
nghiep sir trang cua to tien, tire nhir mot ban sir ky
cua gia toe.

Trong gia dinh, ngoai sir sung b&i to tien ngircri ta

c6n thcr than Tho-cong \k than ban tho cling than
T&o-quan \k than bep nuc. Khi trong nti& c6 viec rui ro,
ngiriri ta thirbmg \km 11 cung tho-cong de cau phu ho.
Pham nhirng tuan tiet trong nam khi nao trong nha
cung bhi to tien thi cung co le rieng de cung Tho-cong.
Le Tao-quan thi nghy 23 thang chap la le quan trong
nhat goi la le “dua ong Tho”. Tuc truyen rang nghy
ay Tho quan len chau treri de thu vific thien he cua

(1) -
C6 sach Gia-le cua Chu Hy va sach Tho-mai gia le cua Ho
Gia-Tan qui dinh ro rang.

231
nhan gian , ngircri ta thu-cmg mua ca chep ma le de lam
ngva cho Tho-quan ccri ma len trcri .

TE TIT O HUTXNG THON

'

-
Te tv 6 hmmg thon thi co syr thcr than Thanh -
hoang, thcr Tho-dia va thcr Phyt. Lang nao cung co mot
-
cai nha chung vu a la ncri thfr than , vira la noi ty hyi
-
cua dan . Boi vcri dan lang, than Thhnh hohng la bieu
-
hiyn cua l;ch su , phong tyc, dyo dire, phap le cung hy
vyng chung cua ca lang, lyi cung la mC> t thcr quyen uy
sieu vipt , mpt m 6i lien lac vo hinh , khien cho hu-erng
thon thanh mot doan the co to chirc va he thong chat
-
chja . Binh lang Ion thu cmg co mpt toa nha hinh chu
T, phan doc la dinh trong ( hau cung hay npi dipn ) la
-
cho tbam nghiem de thcr than , phan ngang la dinh
ngoai ( tien te hay dai bai ) chia lam ba khoang , giu a -
gpi la trung dinh la noi te ty, hai ben goi la ta gian va
-
hum gian , cr trong co ban thcr Tho dia , hoac thcr bo ha
cua th 6n , hoac thcr Hau -than . (7 hai ben ta hum co
hai hanh lang lb cho dan lang sira soan le vat de cung.
Trong hau cung co tu-png hoac bai v; cua than an
phung hr trong long ngai hay long kham , tren hmmg an
co horn sac chira sac phong va kim sach , cung nhtrng
.
do thcr nhv tam sir ngu sir , dai rirou , qua trau v.v . ..
(y trirbc thi cac do nghi trutmg va 16 bo. nhir loan gia ,
long dinh , bat bum , ccr quat , tan tan v . v...
-
Vi than thb- 6 dinh co khi la thien than , nhir than
-
Tan- vien , than Phu- dong, than Su* B6ng tir, c6 khi la
232
 V x

nhan than hay phuc than , nhir Tnrng Trac ^ , Trirng

- -
Nhi , Ly Ong Trpng, Pham Ngu Lao. Nhirng ngu hi *

sang lap ra lang, hay nhirng ong quan co cm vcri lang

khi chet thirimg cung dirge thcr lhm than , nhir
Nguyen Can lap ra lhng Dong- lam a Hai - dircmg, Hoang
-
Cao Khai lap ra ap Thai- ha a Ha-dong, Nguyen Cong -
Trir lap ra cac lang a hai huyen Kim -scm va Tien hai -
- -
cr Ninh binh va Thai binh. Lai con mot thir than la
ngirbi thiremg ina chet bat dac ky tir duyc gicr
thieng thi cung dirge ngmri ta thcr lam than , vi the
-
ma co nhirng than An trom ( Long khe , huyen Phu -
-
dirc, tinh Thai binh ), than Tre con ( lang Bong- thon ,
huyen Hoang-long, tinh Ha-dong) than Chet nghen,
than Ta dam v.v...
Sir tich cua moi vi than co ghi chep cr trong than
tich ( hay kinh sach ) , dan lang giir rat kin cr mot noi vcri
than sac cua vua ban cho . (Than sac co ba bye :
Thirong-dang than, Trung dang than , Ha dang
than ). Thinh thoang co lang khong co vi than nao cr
trong cac hang thien than vzk nh &n than ke tren ma
thcr, thi tha tam vi tho th &n cr ban tho.

-
Cung nhu gia dinh doi vcri to tien , hu cmg thon doi
vcri than lang, gap nhirng ngay huy cung cac ngay
*

tuan tiet trong mot nam thi phai cung cap. Thiremg
trong mot thang co hai ky le soc va le vong , ngoai ra
-
con co nhirng le Ha dien cr dau miia cay cay , le
-
Thirgng-dien o cuoi miia, le Thuyng- tan hay Ccrm -
mcri vao thang chin, le Thuyng- nguyen hay le Ky - yen,
-
le Trung- nguyen, le Ha-nguyen , le Han thyc, le Boan-
233
 -
ngo, le Trung thu , le Nguyen-dan, va hai ky Xuan te
Thu -t§. Moi nam, hogc nam ba nam mOt lhn , ngiroi
-
ta lam le nhap tjch hay dpi hoi ( vao dam hay vao hpi )
de ky niem nghy sinh hay nghy ky cua than. Ll nay
thirtmg lam to, cb nhieu nghi tiet long trong vh nhieu
CUQC vui choi , nhir hat cheo, chay chir, danh ccr, cirop
cau , choi ga, chpi trhu v.v...
Trong lb vho dam hay vao hoi cua it nhilu lhng, co
mot nghi ti&t d£c bipt goi la hfem , ngirbi ta thirong
bay mot tro de nhac lai tinh tinh siy nghipp hope sinh
binh cua vi than Ihng thcr. Vi dp khi vao dhm ll than
an trpm thi ban dem con trai con gai trong lang dot dude
di xung quanh dinh gia tim ke trpm , trong khi ky ngirtri
thu tir lay tirpmg than dira qua 16 ngach, co ong
-
tien -chi dirng chirc san 6 phia ngoai nam \ky co
tirpmg than dam ba dam roi bo len kipu nrot lai vao
dinh . CT lhng thtr than cat dau ( lang Khac nipm -
thirpmg , huypn Vu- gihng , tinh Bac- ninh ) thi den ngay
vao dam , ngiroi ta lay mot con Ion song, mot ngu-cri
cam girerm chem dirt dau Ion lhy bo vao noi ninrc
mam diromg s6i, roi dat len hurong an de cung.

Vi dinh 1k quan hp mat thiet v6i ljch sir va sinh

hoat cua hirong thon , nen lhng nao cung co; c6n chua
thi b£t tat moi lhng moi c6, vi sir thcr Phat khong phai
la viec cong cua lang. Chua Phat c6 khi thi do dan lhng
xay dirng hr mot cho phong canh thanh u , each xa vimg
nhh cr, roi giao cho mpt thay chua trong giir, cb khi thi
234
do tir nhbn , ho$c m$t ngmri giau c6, m $t ong quan , mqt
vi thay tu , lay tir each cb nhan ma thiet lap , roi chieu
mo tang ni den cr.
Ng6i chua thirfrng co mot toa nhb chinh a giira la
cho thir Phbt, c6 tmmg bang go hoac bang dong, vb
ebe thir do thir nhir dinh hirong , cby den v.v... (J birc
-
tren het lb tirong ba vi Phat Di db , Thich-ca va Di lac -
( tuc goi la tam bao). O’ hire dircri thi co tircng Quan -am
-
la mot vi bo tbt , tirong Van- thu va Pho hien lb hai vi
d@ tu cua Thich -ca . 6 hai gian ben thi thir cac vi kim
*
*

-
cu ong la nhtrng vi bo tat ung ho phbt giao cr Trung-
quoc, va cac vua Thap- dibn . Cung co khi chi thir cac vi
- ^
than cua dao giao, nhir Thanh m u vb Quan de . Mat -
tmmg hai ben thi ve tranh thien phu va tranh thfip
dien . Sat hai tirimg ay hay trong hai day hanh lang tir
nhb chinh thang ra la tirong thap luc La -hbn la 16 vi
bo tat cr luon tran the de te do chung sanh. CT phia
- -
ngoai co hai tu ong Ho phap, tuc goi lb ong Thien va ong
Ac.
-
Phan sau chua thi c6 tinh thir chu vi la nhung vi
-
than ve dao giao, nhb thb to thir nhirng vi tang ni
-
diri trirdc a chua ay, va nhb hau de thir nhu ng ngmri
mua hau chua; Iai co phong rieng cbo sir cr , goi la tru
tri , va cho tiep khach goi la phmmg- trir <mg.
& trmre ’ iua thi co cu-a tam quan , tren co gac
chuong.
Trbt tir cua tang d & thi dai khai trirdc het lb hang
-
sa di hay tieu sa mon, tuc goi la chu tieu , hay dieu , thir
den hang trung sa- mon tuc goi la sir b6c , thir nira den
235
hguig thu-png toa la bvfc ky ecru trong tang hpi , tpc gpi
la sir ong. Cao hom het thi co kiet ma ( kiet - ma-a-do-le ),
tpc goi la sir cu .
Cac tang ni khi thircmg thi ban ao miii nau ( o' bac )
hope mui mire ( o' nam ) . Khi lam le thi thay tang ban
-
1
m s
ao cam sa , dpi mu ty lu , tay htru cam phap truvng,
tay ta cam bong sen ( gia ). Moi ngay or buoi scrm va
buoi chieu ( trieu mo) cac tang ni phai thap hucmg den
le phpt va danh chuong go mo tong kinh. Moi thang or
ngay soc ngay vpng , cac thipn nam tin nu- dem hirong
\
^ 9 \

hoa cimg do chay den chiia lam le de cau nguypn , xin

Phat phu hp do tri . Moi nam den ngay mong tarn thang
tir la ngay via Phpt to, va ngay ram thang bay la le
Trung- nguyen , thi cac chiia lam le rat to, le tren la de
ky nipm ngay Phat dan , le diroi la de giai oan va sieu
dp cho cac co hon.

Ngoai vipc le Phat o' chiia cac thay tang cung di cung
cr cac nha rieng, nha cb nguth chet thircmg moi thay
tang den lam le sieu do hay lam le trai tieu , nha co
-
ngu cri dau thi mcri thay tang den tung kinh niem
Phat de cau binh yen. Lai co nhieu thay tu cung ban
biia ban phep nhir cac thay phap va thay biia .
Cac thay tang tu hanh theo phap gioi thi co di le cr
nha tir cung chi tung niem chu- khong lam phu phep.
-
Ngu fri moi di tu la bux sa -di thi phai giir th $ p gicri
ngirbi tu den bux sa -mon thi phai giir den 250 gioi ,
gpi la cu tuc gioi . Moi nam c6 hai ky cac thay tang
phai cam tuc luon , nghia la phai cr luon trong chiia ma
tang niym , tir ram thang tu- den ram thang bay , vh
236
tu- ram thang mirbi den ram thang ch # p , tu c la *

tuan ket ha va ket dong. Thinh thoang tang chung t6

chirc nhirng cuoc hoi Ion goi la Tnrong - ky , min cac
vi hoa thirong co danh den tho gioi cho nhirng hire
sa-di de len sa- mon .
1

- - -
A

' Phat giao la do Thich ca mau ni dirng len . Ong

ngnyen la mot vi ho& ng tu% con vua Tirh - phan -vircmg

( Sudhodana ) a nmre Gia - ti-la ( Kapila ) , sinh vao
khoang nam 500 trircrc Gia- to. Khi tre , th &i txr di chcri
cr ngoai thanh , mat diro c thay nhirng canh kho so cua
* '

ngiriri ta , roi moi suy ra rang coi doi la kho nao : “sinh
la kho , gia la kho , khong ira ma hop la kho , ira mk phai
d <ri la kho , muon ma khong dirpc la kho , hru luyen
trong ngu troc la kho”. Thdi- tir b& n sinh long yem the
va quygt. bo ncri phu qui vao nui de tu gang tim ra
?

dircmg giai thoat cho loai ngiriri khoi kho nao. Khi thai
-
tu da dai ngo ddc dao, nghTa Id da thanh Phat roi , thi
bat dau thuyet phdp de truyen bd dao ly cua ngai
md cu- u nhan do th£. Phat gido thdnh lap tu do vay .
*

Nhirng ngiroi tu hanh phat giao chin ra lam hai

hang : mot hang xuat gia tu dao la hang tang ni, muc
dich la tu hanh cho dac dao; mot hang nira la nhumg
ngircri van b db*i ma co long mo dao la bon thien nam
tin nir , tuy khong mong tu toi birc vien man duyc, song
cung co the nhd sir thi hanh cong du c ma giam nhe
*

edi phep nghiep bdo dircrc it nhieu.

237
 -
Tir khi Thich ca thuyet phdp thi ph$t giao gap
nhieu noi gay go, cho den the ky thir ba trudc Gia to -
moi thinh hdnh. Hai tram nam sau , ph £t gido lai chia
i

ra hai phdi dai thira ( mahayana ) va tieu thira

( hinayana ). Ve sau phai tieu thira do phirong nam
( nam - ton ) ma truy§n sang Xiem -la , Cao- man, tuy gi\r
-
theo chinh truyen cua Thich ca nhuiig vi cau n$ qud
thanh ra hep hoi can c6i lan di . Phai dai thira thi do
- -
phu ong bac ( bac ton ) truyen sang Tay- tang, Trung-
- -
hoa, Viet nam , Cao ly , Nhat - ban , trai nhieu ldn bi4 n
cai ma nghiem nhien thanh m <? t ton giao moi , la giao
A -di - da ( amidisme ) , khac han voi ph$t gido cu ; giao ky
-
lai pha lan v6i mat liru cua dao giao b Trung quoc va
-
nhirng tho giao o Tay tang ma thanh mpt thir phu
'
-
-
chu giao ( tantrisme ) thien ve me . tin va le bdi.
Phat gido ve phai dai thira truyen vao nude ta vao
khoang th§ ky thir 2 thir 3. CT doi Budng Bo-ho phat
giao o' nuw ta da thinh , cho nen cd nhirng vi cao tang
vvra gioi thien hoc vira thong han hoc, nhir Vd.ngai
thircmg- nhan, Phung-dinh phdp sir va Duy - gidm phap -
su'. Ben khi nude ta doc lap thi phat giao hr trong dan
-
gian da thinh lam, nen vua Binh Tien hoang moi dinh
>
-
giai pham cac tang, dat Ngo Chau 1iru vd Truong Ma -
Ni , hai vi sir co tieng b duong thcri, lam tang- thong va
tang-luc. Vua Ly Thai - to khi nho b chua nen r & t sung
bdi phat giao. Nha vua rat trong dai nhirng ngircri tu
hanh, thudng ban y phuc cho tang ni, lai dung cung
-
Thai thanh , lap chua Van -tue cung vo s6 chua khdc
khap trong nude. Nam 1018 vua lai sai cac quan sang

238
Tdu thinh kinh tam tging. Den doi Tran, tuy nho hpc
da thinh md phdt gido cung d& ng thinh. Vua Nhan -ton
lay tir each mot vi thien tu ma di tu lam hoa thuomg;
hodng hdu cung di tu ldm ni co, cung cac viremg cong di
tu lam tang chung; th& du th &y phat giao bay giir
thinh hanh thb nao.
Sang trieu Le thi phat gido bat dau suy, ma nho
giao doc thinh . Su6t trieu Le den trieu Nguyen , tuy
trong phat gido cung thinh thoang xuat hien it nhieu
vi cao tang ma dan gian cung van sung tin , song trieu
dinh thi doc ton nho giao nen doi voi phat giao cung
nhir doi voi dao giao c6 y ky thi. Chd do trieu Le
-
bi’dc nhung ngu cri theo phat giao va lao giao phai thi
kinh dien cua cac gido ay, ai thi trung thi men dutre
phep lam thay tang va th & y phdp , neu hong thi phai
vl tuc 1dm an. Vua Le Thdnh- ton lai cam khong cho
ldm th£m chiia mod. Phdp luat trieu Nguyen cung
buoc rang thay tang va thay phap phai co phep bo Le
mod duo c tu hanh( l ).
*

Gan day b trutre canh tuyng suy don cua phat

gido, mot s6 ngiroi tri thirc va phu qui dung ra chu
truemg chan hung phat giao. Hien nay cr khap ba
phan deu c6 hoi xa lam co quan cho viec chan hung
*

ay. ( j Bac Viet thi co Phat -giao- hoi , cr Trung Viet thi

(1) Ho&ng trieu luat le , dieu 75.

239
co Ph t- hoc- hoi, cr Nam Vi £ t thi vice chan hirag ph$t
^
giao khong duo c thong nhat nen dong then co r&t
*

nhieu ton phai.

Xet thong thutmg cua tin do ph £ t giao

tin ngircmg
nutre ta ngay nay thi thay khac han d $o ly cua
Thich-ca truy£ n day Ve thu}'et luan hoi hp tin rang
*

ngircri chet thi hon phai xuong dia nguc, gom c6 th$p
dipn. Ong vua dipn thir nhat c6 c&i giremg soi thau
dirpr nhung dieu thipn ac cua moi nguiri da lam cr
nhan gian de theo tpi n £ ng nhp ma chi a c&c vong hon
ra tam dipn kh6c. tj cac chiia lem thuimg co ve nhimg
hinh ph t germ ghe cr dia ngi<ic goi la tranh thap dipn .
^
Vua di0 n thir mircri thi coi vipc hoa kilp cua cAc vong
hon sau khi da chiu cac hinh ph$t germ ghe , cir theo
tpi n§ng nhp ma cho th &c sinh thanh ngiroi sung
sutrng , ngiroi circ kho , hay la thanh cam thu .
Muon tranh nhumg hinh ph t cr dia ngyc thi cr nhan
^
gian nguiri ta phai het sire lam lanh. Neu ngirfri ta
het long tung kinh niem Phat va bo thi thi cung co the
nher Phat ciru cho nhe hot toi loi . Bcri the nhung
ngiroi an chay le Phat phan nhi§u la mong giam toi
chtr chang ai nghi den viec diet nghiep va giai thoat
dau .

TE TIT CUA QUOC GIA

Tu trieu Le trer xuong, phat giao da suy lan thi
V
*

"x '1
khong giao lgti dirpe Trieu dinh dpc ton Khong giao la
*

240
do Khong tir Igp ra hr Trung- quoc vdo khoang the ky
thtr sau , trvrcrc Gia-td. Nguyen Khong giao la mot thir
hoc thuyet ve chinh tri vd ludn ly chir khdng phai id
mot tdn gido theo nghi a thirimg, dau rang Khong giao
van thien trong nhirng le gido rat phien phirc Mot
dac diem quan trong cua khong gido la le thien nhan
cam irng. Phdm nhirng hibn tvmng trong vu tru nhir
nhat nguyet tinh van , tir then hru hanh , cung nhirng
hien tirorng trong xd hoi , quoc gia vd gia toe, deu co
mot cai ly hon nhien chi ph6i. Song ngirbi ta khong
phai ai cung c6 tmh chat hop veri thien ly ay hoan
todn . Ke tieu nhdn vd hire quAn tir vd thdnh nhdn khde
nhau Id theo cai trinh do khne phuc nhdn due md theo
thien ly . Trong lodi ngirto gan veri thien ly nhat Id
thanh nhan roi den qudn tir , cho ndn thdnh nhdn Id
ngirtri dime treri uy cho cai thien chirc thong tri nhan
-
dan , tire Id thidn tvr, c6n quan tu la nhirng ngimi giup
vua ma cai tri nhdn ddn , tire Id ede quan . Theo hoe
thuyet ay thi quan lai chi bi£ t mdnh vua , md vua chi
bi4 t -mdnh Trtri , cho nen chi vua vd cac quan dime te
Trtri , c6n nhan dan chi dime thcr to tien vd qui than.
-
M5i nam vua phai ngir den dan Nam giao la te ddn
hinh tron xay or phia nam cung thanh d§ te trtri Id goc
sinh thanh cua van vat. Nghi thirc l£ Nam - giao dai
khdi nhir the ndy :
- -
Trirtrc het tba Kham thien gi am phai chon ngay tot
trong thdng hai tau len vua roi vua uy cho mot quan
kham -sai 1dm 1§ cdo tnroc vtri Trtri Bat. Bo Le bat
- -
dau svra soan b &i tri T§ dan va Trai cung, cung chuan
hi nghi truyng de rircrc vua ngu tk . Bon ngay trow
*
^

241
ky dai Id thi bo Ld rude tvpmg dong nhan ( bieu hipu
trai gi6i ) yko hokng cung vk tku vua bat givr trai gidi.
Trudc mpt ngay cac quan van vo rutrc tirpng dong
-
nhan cung vua tv didn Ckn-chknh den Trai cung, nghi
trvcmg rat long trgng. Den giir t\ (mra dem ) ngky dai
le, cac quan bp Ld chinh bi ld vat hr Td dan roi den
canh nam thi vua mang con mipn, hai tay c& m h6t trln
- -
khue, ldn kipu tv Trai cung sang Te dan de hanh ld .
Le thirc nay rat \ k nghiem trpng vk phien phirc , d i
khai theo thxr tir sau nay ; ^
-
Rva tay ( qukn tay ), dang tram ( thu png hvong),
dkng tor lpa ( hien ngpc bach ), dang do cung ( hien
pham nghi ), dkng rvou ( hien tvu ), dpc chuc ( tuydn
chuc), chia do ciing ( phan hien ), chia th;t cung (tri phuc
to ). Trong khi hknh ld , phai lay mOt con trku cung dd
dot 6 mpt cho tren Te-dkn gpi lk “ phan ski”. Khi con
*

trau ay chay gan het thi ckc quan npi tkn xung “ld
tkt” , r&i vua len kipu tru ve hokng cung. Nghi trirpng
luc ve cung long trpng nhv luc di, chi khkc la khi di thi
yd n tinh mk khi ve thi c6 cv nhac.

Sau triri la nguydn to chung cua loki ngvtri , vua c6n

phai thd t6 tidn ridng cua nhk minh , tire lk le ton
mieu, 6 Thai- mieu vk The - mieu. Vi nude ta Ik nude
*

nong nghipp, ndn vua lai c6n phai te tur ckc thkn dat,
th &n lua cung than tv thin . Bkn Xa- tac hinh vudng
cr phia huu cung thknh lk noi diu mua xukn vua ngv
d£ n de te tho thkn vk c6c th &n . & ckc tinh cung co
dkn &y, thudng lk quan B6-chmh thay mat vua ma
242
 -
ldm le. Khi te Xa tac xong thi mot vi quan kham mqng
dim cay, cay mot lu6ng 6" scr tich dien de lam hieu mir
dau nong vu. ( j cac tlnh , cdc quan Bo chfnh cung phai -
-
cu hanh le tich dien theo nghi tiet ly
Dau mua xuan lai con mot li 16n nira Id le Nghinh
xuan hay Du xuan. Cuoi moi nam t6a Khdm-thi§n -giam
phai dinh nhat ky vd le thirc nam ay roi bd Le va
cdc tinh phai theo d6 md chuan bi.Bau mua xuan, hr
kinh d6 cung nhur hr cdc tinh , den ngay da dinh cac quan
phai bdy nghi tnrpng de nrirc tu png Mang- than -
dirong dat trau vac cay, di khap thdnh thi. Sac da trau
vd sac ao cua Mang- thdn moi nam moi khac, nhan dan
-
thu cmg theo sac ay md dir dodn nam ay nong vu se
dirpc mua hay mat mua.
Nhtrng viec t£ tu thudt hr tren deu theo dien le rat
*

xu a cua Trung-quoc, do Chu-cong va Khong-tu qui

* *

dinh thdnh he thong. Hai vi thdnh nhan cua nho giao

ay xvra nay vua quan va nho phdi mrirc ta van thtr lam
gido chu . 0 kinh do va moi tinh deu c6 nhd Van- mieu ,
moi nam xuan thu hai ky, cdc quan 1dm le rat trong
thd. ( j thbi dai nho hoc thinh hdnh moi nam nha vua
-
v

tu thdn hdnh le goi la thich dien.

Ngodi Van-mieu Id noi nhd nirfrc vd hdng tinh thfr
-
Chu -c6ng vd Kh6ng-tu cung tir phoi vd that thap nhi
hien( 1), hr cdc phu huyen , cdc tong , cdc ldng, lai

( 1) Tu phoi ] k bon ngirta thfr chung vfrj Khong- tu 16 : Nhan

* *

Uyen , Tir-Tu\ Tfing Sam , Manh Kh«t That thap nhi hien la
bay mircri hai vi de tu gioi cua Khong-tu-.
*

243
thirimg c6 nhirng nha thir hay dkn thir 10 thien , g<?i Ik
van tir va van chi , de thir Kh6ng- tir vk cac but: khoa
hoan dfri tnrcnc cr trong hat goi la tikn hiOn. Moi nam
or xuan thu hai ky thi nhirng ngiriri trong hOi tir van
hkng xa , hay hkng tOng, hkng huyen , hop nhau lkm le
te thknh vk bkn chuyOn van hpc. Nam nko co khoa thi
-
thi ca sf tu hkng tOng hay hkng huyen lai lkm 10 ky
khoa .
& cac van mieu vk van tO- van chi, ngiriri ta c6n thir
nhirng ngiriri co cong voi nen nho hpc or nirbc ta, nhir
- -
Sf Nhiip vk diri Bac thupc da dem tir thir vk .ngu
-
kinh truyen day cho dan ta xira , Chu an Ik nhk cao si
cr dcri Tr&n da noi tieng ve khi tikt va hpc nghipp.

TE TV TRONG DAN GIAN

*

( y
trong dan gian thi co nhi£ u tin ngircmg vk te tir
rat phirc tap liru hanh mk ngiriri ta thirimg dung
danh hieu dao giko de triim phu ca. Thirc ra , dao giao
hay lko giko, nguyen chi lk mot hoc thuyet ylm the
goc cr triet ly huyen tich , vk lay thanh tfnh vo vi lam
chu dich cua diri ngiriri. Ve sau , nhirng nhk dao hoc
thien ve than tien hoc chuong phkp thukt huyen bi vk
tin rang Lao- tir la mot vi dai tien thinb thoang hien
ra diri de day nguiri ta ckc phkp tu luyen . Nhan bon
phircmg sf hay dung nhirng phkp than tien de nhirtmg
tai tri benh, lai nhan c6 phat giko tir An do truyen
sang Trung-quoc dem nhirng phkp thuat phu chu
truykn bk moi moi, nen dan dan dao giko bien thknh

244
mqt thir phircmg thudt, tha ho cho nhirng bqn gian td
loi dung de vu ddn hoac the .
Bao gido ttr dfri Duong, Tong da thanh hinh thirc
nhlt dinh. Bao ky cho rang Ngoc- hoang Thirong dl -
Id vi than sang tao ra troi dat vd chu td ca thk gian ,
or du'oi co chu tien bach th& n , moi ngufri gi£r mot
-
chu c vu rieng, dai khdi nhu vua quan cr tran gian vay .
Ldo-quan Id hua than cua dang Ngoc hoang , moi thbi -
-
hidn ra mot kiep, b doi Xuan thu thi thdc sinh thanh
- -
Lao tir, sau sinh cr Thien truc Id Thich -ca mau ni. The -
gian chia 1dm ba gioi Id thien dinh , am phu , vd thuy - -
phu . & thien dinh thi cb Tu dai Thi§n - vu ong, Nhi thap *

-
bdt - tu, Lbi - thlin, Bien than, Vu than , Van- th &n , -
-
Phong than, coi nhirng viec cr tren triri, Nam -tao coi
vide sinh , Bac -dau coi viec ter, cung Ngu phutmg- -
- -
than, Tu thcri than , Bircmg nidn - th & n, Butmg- -
-
canh than, Thdnh -hodng- th&n , Tho-cong, Tao quan , -
-
M6n - th &n, Tai- than , Van Xucmg de quan , Quan - -
-
thdnh de quan, coi ve nhirng vide hdnh dong cua loai
ngirbi. 6" am phu thi cung nhir ve phfit gido, c6 Thap- -
-
dien Diem vutmg vd Bia- tang-vucmg( l ) coi viec ngirbi
ch £ t. ( j thuy- phu thi c6 Tu hai Long vucmg cai quan -
-
moi viec o du'oi bien . Diem vutmg vd Long-vucmg deu
*

cr diroi quy& n Ngoc hodng. -

Ngoai ede vi th& n tidn , o' trong the gian con c6
nhirng hang ydu qudi hay quay nhieu lam hai lodi

( 1) Diem -vu-omg coi ve ngvfcri lmmg, c6n Bia - tang - vrramg coi ve
ngirfri thfeh.

2
'
ngiroi, nhimg cac vi thiln ti£ n deu c6 phdp thu $t cao
cinmg de tri giong ay. Song le bi4t dupt vigc qui
than , giao thong dupe voi qui than thi chi co mot
hang ngirtri rieng Id bpn dqo si , co phu chu va an quyet
de gQi dupe qui than , trOr dupe yeu qudi. Nguyen cdc
phu chu an quyet ay la do An do truyen sang Trung -
quoc, bon dgo si moi mirpn de lam thugt riSng cua
minh
_ , cho ndn trong chir X viet bua vd cau thdn chu
(
/

— iV

thuimg cd chir va tieng An do lan vdo, cac dgo si

tay vi£ t mi ng doc ma khong hieu gi ca.
^
Nhirng tin ngutrng va phutmg thudt k y truyen
sang niroc ta tir lau ( doi Ly da c6 nhirng tay phu thuy
--
co tieng la Bgi-Bien va Tu Bgo-Hgnh ), nhung hi$n
-
nay 6 mrcrc ta khong co bon dgo si ma chi c6 nhirng
thay phdp. Thay phap chia ra hai phdi : phdi dao noi
goc tp An - do, chi dung phep tarn nipm de tu luygn , it
thpih hem phep dgo ngogi la phdp cua cac bon thay bua
( phu thuy ) luygn am binh am tirong va dung phu phdp
de true ta , khu qui, tri binh ntnrcmg tai . Nhirng thay
bua thiremg co tmh hay dien 6* trong nhd de thcr
Thai- thupng Lao quan, cung thanh Boc- cunc va than
-
Ngu - ho, thanh Himg- dao va bo ha , thdnh Lidu hanh
va chir vi , co khi thcr ca Quan am phat ba ..

- -
Nhirng ngu oi chuyen thcr thanh Humg dgo ( thanh
Tran ) thutrng goi Id thanh dong hay ong d& ng.
Nhirng ong dong thcr ngai phai lap tmh trong nha. Moi
nam den ngay 20 thang 8, la huy- nhat, cac ong dong
phai te tiru a den Ki 4 p- bac tinh Hai -duimg, hay 6"
den Bao-lpc , den Tirc- m c <r Nam -dinh de le bai.
^
246
 Nhtrng ngirto thcr chvr vi thi goi la dong cot , hay
bb d6ng . Bbn bb con gbi, nhat lb bb gba hay gbi gib , neu
xem b6i hay nam m6ng mb th & y cb so thfr thi phai
den lbm le d6i bbt hmmg o' tinh hay phu , de xin lam
con c6ng de tu . Ngxrdri bi cbc bb cbng chua (con Ngoc
*
-
hobng ) bat lbm con dong thi goi lb dong Birc me; con
dong cbc 6ng hobng ter thi goi lb dong Birc 6ng; lai cbn
d &ng Cbu qubn vb dong Co lb con d6ng cua nhu ng
vong hon cbc con trai con gbi nho chet nham gitr
-
thieng. Trong hbng chir vi dirac nhan dan sung bbi hon
-
ca la thanh Lieu hanh , hay thanh Mau, la mot vi cong
-
chua (con gai Ngoc hoang) giang sinh o' huyen Vu ban -
-
tinh Nam dinh. Moi nam cer mimg 8 thang 3 la ngay
via Mau then cac bb dong hop lai o hoi Phii Day de
le bbi vb len dong , tuc goi la hoi Ba cot . ( j hoi ay cac
-
bb dong lai thi nhau vb gieo am du ong xin thanh cir
ngiroi trung tuyen lam ba Bong quan. -
Bao phu thuy vb dong cot rat thinh hr dan gian .
Nhtrng nha co ngircri benh hay ngirtri chet thutmg
mbi thay phu thuy ve de tri benh , hoac duoi bat ma
qui. & cbc chua chien tuy cot thcr Phat, song thmmg
%

c6 phu them tinh thcr chir vi de d&n ba con g&i me tin

den le cho dong. C £c nh& sir tuy tu dao phat ma cung
lam thky cung, cung lam bua lam phep nhir cac thay
phii thuy va phap sir . C£i trang theii dao gi£o O nuve
'

ta ng&y nay t6m lai chi Ih mot ma me tin nham nhi.

Ve dao gi£o ta nen ke them phep phii co hay phii ke ,
*

tuc goi la phu tien . Nguyen ngiriri ta l &y mot c£i gio
c6 cam mot cai que vao lam but , hay lay mot miSng g6

247
dho lhm hai chn cam va mpt chi mo nhpn , do hai ngutri
cam, roi dgLt hutmg hoa or trutrc va dQC mpt bai van.
Ngirbi ta tin rang dpc bhi van iy thi cac vi tien dbi
trirbc, hay vong hon nhirng ngirbi hay chir ma ch4 t
bat dac ky tu , thutmg hipn vao or vh viet tha van
*
i

vao mQt chi mhm ggio hay mam cht, hogc de bai cht
hung, hpa phuc, ho&c de hpa tho" vcri chc nha van. Nhh
\ i

nho ta xira thtrcmg dung phhp cau tien de choi van

-
chu omg.
Hien nay 6 cac thanh thi ngutri ta thutmg dung
*

phep phu co theo ^ loi moi, lam mpt mieng g6 hinh trai
*

^ £ .* *
«

tim (coeur )( l ) dgt tren mpt manh giay viet may chir
ty mau quoc-ng\>, roi do hai ba nguiri de tay len
mihng go ay va ngirng thhn cho den khi nd van dpng
ma chi nhirng ch £r o' tren gihy. Phep php ccr ay cung
gidng nhir phep php ban xoay ( table toumante ) ma
ngutri ta cung thutmg lhm .

Trong dan gian con mpt sir sung bai rat trpng yeu
lh sung bai cac to sir bach nghe. Moi nghe nghiep deu
-
phai thtrmpt vi to su , hoac la ngutri thuy to phht minh
^
ra ngh 4 dy , hoac la ngutri thir nhat dem nghe ay o'
noi khhc truyen lai cho dan lang nao hay mien nho.
Nhirng phan nhieu ngutri ta chang biet vi to su ay -
\h ai , cho nen ngirfri ta thutmg xem to sir \<i mot vi

(1) Ngirfri ta nhan thay tieng c< r cung doc ttnmg tir voi tieng
cocur , ncn, lAm con or hinh tr£i tim.

248
than bao hg cho ngh§ nghigp. M 6i nam , ddn ngay
nhat dinh, cac nhh nghe thircmg theo phirbngil ) hop
nhau lai de lhm le t6. Moi khi bat dau kinh dinh mot
vide quan trong cung khi hohn thknh cong viec, ngiroi
ta d& u phai lhm le tb sir. Thg moc, thg ne lam nha,
thg ghe d6ng ghe thuyen , thg xe nircrc cr Quang- ngai ,
ngoai hai le khcri cong vh hoan tat , con phai lam nhieu
li trong khi dmmg lam cong viec. Lb te ca cua quan
linh ta ngay xira, cung co the gom vho loai le t6 sir nhir
the ca.

-
Trong su tin ngircmg qiu than cua dan chung , con
c6 mot thvr than rat pho thong ta c6 the goi la than
tir nhien ( esprits de la nature ) de phSn biet vcri cac
hang qui than da ke hr trbn , tire nhir than da than
cay. Ngirfri ta tin rang c6 nhieu hon dh c6 than cr,
nhat 1& nhumg h &n dd ky hinh qu £i tirgng b hang d6ng
hay cr tnrcrc cira den chua, hoac nhirng hon da cr giira
ghenh hoac b bfr bibn thircmg nguy hiem cho ghe
thuyen. Nhumg cay da, cay de , cay si , cay thi , cay dai
-
la nhirng cay hay co than cr, ngirin ta thu cmg goi la
tinh ( moc tinh ). Nhirng con tinh ay, co khi khong phai
lh than tir nhien, mh lai la linh h6n cua nhirng ngiriri
con gai chet phai gib thieng, thirbng hay hien hinh ra
db choc gheo con trai .

(1) Xem muc “Cong nghe td chu-c”.

249
 ,
> V 1 1
Ve than ty nhien ta cb the ke nhung ba Ngu ~ hanh ,
nhat la ba Hoa hay d6t chay nha de ra oai, ciing la
nhvrng than Son Xuybn , Tinh Tu , Nh§t Nguy$t, V &n ,
Vu, Phong, L6i , Ky, Lang, Phan, Dien mil nha vua te
o' le Nam - giao.
Cd voi cung duxrc thcr nhir m$t vi thdn bao hp cua
dan mi£ n bien, cung nhtr CQP ( ong Cpp, Sng Ba muni )
thi dirge dan mi bn rung thcr.

Tu the ky 16, 17, crr-doc-giao do cac giao si Bo-

*

dao- nha va Phap -lan- tay truyen sang thi cr nunc ta lyi
c6 them mpt thir ton gido moi theo nghi thirc La - ma
giao-hbi Bau tien co c6 Diego Advarte ngu -bi Tay-
-
ban -nha nam 1596 den xu Dang ngodi , lan mo dirge
vua Le cho phep truyen gido, sau vao Dang trong cung
dirge chua Nguyen cho hanh dpng ty do. Nhirng tiep
do vi co tau binh Tay ban - nha ton cira Han , chua
Nguyen sinh nghi ben duoi co Diego Advarte va bon
ngirdi khac ciing thuoc ve Dong Ten (Jesuite ), nhcr
each giao thiep kiion ngoan mem mong ma du-oe giang
dao or Dang trong. Nhu-ng sir truyen dao cr nu*6e ta ma
co ccr scr vumg vang la tir co Alexandre de Rhodes la
mot ngyoi tdi nang loi lac den mroc ta vao nam 1624,
khi 6- Bac, khi Nam ; trong khoang 22 nam da hoa diroe
rat nhieu ngircri vd da khao sdt ky edng ve ngon ngir,
lich su- dia ly cua nuwc ta de mach bao cho cac dl
quoc Au - chau . Nam 1649 , ong ve Paris lap ra hoi
Truyen giao ngoai quoc (Societe des Missions
btrangelres ), tir do cac linh- mpc va giam myc cua hpi
250
phdi sang rnrbc ta m$t ngdy mpt dong, va the lp c cua
*

gido si mrbc khdc.

-
Khoang nam 1680 1682 b Bdng trong da c6 din
600.000 va hr Dang ngodi din 200.000 tin do ca d6c - -
gido. Tuy nhien cuoc truyln gido khong phai la de ddng
thuan tien luon dau . Vi cac gido si thirbng dem dirbng
cho nha de quoc va thirbng can thiep den noi chfnh
ban xir, cho nen nhd cam quyen ta or Bang trong cung
-
nhir cr Dang ngoai, thu bng co linh cam che va bach
-
sdt cdc giao do. Song dau su nghiep bi nhieu lan don
toa va gian doan , cdc gido si van khong nga 16ng, cho
-
nen khi Giam m ic Ba-Ba -Loc giup chiia Nguyen Anh -
dirng n £ n nghiep de roi thi sir truyen gido hr nu oc ta
*

- -
lai dirpc tu do hr khap moi noi. Nhirng tu doi Minh
*
-
menh trb di thi su cam dao va giet gido si cung tin do
*

-
lai noi len, suot ba trieu Minh menh, Thieu -tri, Tir-
dirc, mai den khi niroc Phap chinh phuc diroc nircrc
ta thi co- doc-giao mbi thirc dirge hoan todn tu do *

truyen ba . Ngay nay trong ba phan da co den hon mot

trieu riroi gido do ngirbi Nam , chia ra 15 gido khu
( mission ) co giam - muc coi she. Moi giao khu gom co
nhieu xir ( paroisse ), c6 iinh -muc trong nom . ( j tren
het thay co mot vi Khdm- mang dai bieu cua Giao-
-
hodng La ma tru b Hue. Hoi Ngoai quoc truyen giao
6 Paris ( co vai hoi khac nhirng thi lire con kdm ) phai
*

giir trach nhiem dao tao nhirng vi truyen gido su de *

mb mang su nghiep cua gido hoi . Ngodi ra con co nhieu

*

gido doan ( congregation ) cung co chi b6 b khap ba ky

de phu vao cong viec truyln bd ton gido, hoac bang sir
thuyet phap, hoac bang sir giao due , hoac bang su *

nghiep tir thien .

251
 - -
Lay so mgt trieu nrcri tin do cor doc gi&o ma so von
dan so la horn 20 trieu , thi ta thay anh hircmg cua
ccr- d6 c-gido or nircrc ta cung kh6ng manh lam. Thirc
-
ra thi dan ta phan nhieu cho rang cor d6c-gi£o khong
thira nhan sir sung bdi t6 tiln la trai voi luan ly va
van hoa co hum cua ta , cho nen dem long ky thi. Vua
Minh-menh ha du cam dao ndi rang : “Dao roi cua
-
nguiri tay lhm me hoac long ngiroi. Gido si gia to ldm
ta vay nhan tdm , phd hai my tuc, that la m6i hai Ion
-
cho nircrc nhd”. Dai khdi thdi d6 cua phan nhilu
ngirtri Viet-nam , nhdt Id cua lop nha nho d6i voi
co-d6c-gido lh nhu thi ca.Trong s6 ngiroi theo co'-dhc-
*

gido, mot phan rat Ion Id vi loi ma theo chir khong

phai vi tin ngirong sau xa , cho nSn ta c6 the noi rang
-
anh hircmg tinh than cua co dlc giao doi voi dan ta
lai con it hon nhung thdnh tich thirc hi | n nira.

Tir nam 1911, phdi tdn giao, goi Id dao Tin - lanh cung
bat dau hanh dong br Bong-Phdp, dau thi tuyen
truyen cr Tourane rli lln lan den Bac Viet va Nam
Viet. Nam 1929, Nam trieu mdi cho phep tuyen truyen
cr khap hat Trung Viet. Sir nghiep tuyen truyln do
hoi Phuc-am truyen-gido (Mission evang lique ) o' Hoa-
^
ky tire Id hoi Tin -lanh , dam dirong. Thi lire cua h 6i
ndy dirong don bac lam, hien trong khap ba phan moi
co diroc chimg 10.000 tin do.

252
 SACH THAM KHAO

Qudc van :
Viet - nam phong
chi .
#
tyc ,
^
Phan K - Blnh - Bong-dircmg tap
»
__
Ton -cd -lyc , Nam -phong, quyen V .
Vu - trung tuy - but , Nam - phong , quySn XX va XXI.
Sy nghiep va van churong cy Nguyin Cbng -Trit, Le -
Thircrc.
Viet nam tay - thuQC - sir /, Bao Trinh -Nhat .
Phqt - giao dqu - quan, Pham Quynh .
Nho -gido Tran Trpng- Kim .
Nhirng bdi nghien curu ve phqt - giao, nho giao, dao giao
trong Nam - phong tap-chl .
Huxmg chinh tinh - nghfa , Nam -phong quyen XX va XXI .
-

Bieu tra ve tinh hinh & hirong thdn , Nam-phong so

113.
Mot lang or xit Bac Viet hien nay , Nam -phong so 117 .
Nhirng bdi nghien curu ve hirong chink va hirong tuc ,
cr Nam-phong tap-chl.
Huxmg -chinh chi- nam, nha in Le Van-Tan.
Viec quan tri hirong thdn, Grossin.
Bai - nam diin - li todt - yeu, Dong- dmmg tap- chi .
Moi Kontum , Nguyen Kinh -Chi vd Nguyen Dong-Chi.
Gia - ld chi - nam, Nhat -nam thir-qudn .
253
Boo -chi : Bong- duo il <r p - chi , Nam-p’nong tap-chf ,
,,

Hiru thanh, Phu -nGr t &n -van , Trung- bac tan - van ,
Tieng- dan .

Han van :
Kham -dinh Viet - sir.
Bai - viet sir- ky .
Lich-trieu hiin -churcmg .
Bai - nam hdi -dien, Quoc-sur-qudn.
Minh - minh chtnh - yeu , Quoc-sir-quhn.
Bai - nam nhdt - thong -chi, Qubc-sir-qudn .
Gia dinh thong chi , Trinh Hoari -Du-c .
Hodng - triiu ludt le .
Tho- mai gia - le .
Ban quoc van hda sir cuxmg , Dircmg Bong-Chuyen
(Thuwg hai ).
Trung -quoc thdn thudc phdp to nguyen, TUP Trieu
DvrOTig ( Thirong hai ).
-
Trung -quoc cd - dai hon - nhdn sir, Trim C6 -Vien
(Thtrong hai ).
Trung -quoc gia - dinh cai - tqo vdn-de, Mach Hue- Binh
(Thirong hai ).
Phu - nir v&n -dfe thap giang, Ban -Gian Ciru -Hung
( Thutmg hai ).
Trung -quoc xa - hoi td chitv, Tnrfrng Gia- Lang
(Thirong hai ).

254
 Ph6p van :
La famille et la religion enpays annamite, par L. Cadiere
( B.A.V .H . )

L’Annam d’autrefois, P. Pasquier (Challamel, Paris).

Les dieux qui meurent , par P. Varet ( Edit. Eugfcne
Figui6re , Paris ).
Le pays d’Annam, par Luro ( Leroux, Paris ).
Cours d’administration annamite, par Lino
( autographie, Saigon ).

Le rituel funtraire des annamites, par Dumoutier

( Schneider , Hanoi).
Le culte des morts dans le Celeste empire et VAnnam, par
Bouinais et A. Paulus ( Leroux , Paris ).
Essais sur les Tonkinois, par Dumontier (Schneider,
Hanoi ).
La commune annamite , par Ory ( Challamel, Paris).
La commune annamite , par Marcel Bouilly.
La commune annamite , par Landes.
La cite annamite , par BrifTaut (Sirey , Paris ).
Un peu d’administration communale, par Nguy§n Van
Tuy ( Annam nouveau Nos. 719-749 ).
Principes d’Administration generate de Vlndochine , par
Mossy ( Imprimere de I’Union, Saigon ).
La justisce dans Uancien Annam, par Deloustal
( B.E. F .E .O., t. VIII & XIII et t. XIX ).

255
Les ressources financieres et economiques dans I’ancien
An - nam, par Deloustal ( Revue indochinoise et Bul-
letin des Amis du vieux Hue ).
Etude de droit annamite , par Sylvestre ( Portail, Saigon ).
Le code annamite , Traduit par Philastre.
Monographic des pays de I’Union ( Edition du Gouverne -
ment general ).
Les religions de VAnnam par L. Cadiere ( Recherche de
science religieuse , 1903).
Anthropologie populaire annamite, par L. Cadiere
( B.E.F.E .O., t. XV ).

Croyances et pratiques religieuses des Annamites dans

.
les environs de Hue, par L. Cadi6 re ( B E.F.E .O., tomes
XVIII et XIX).
Philosophic populaire annamite , Cosmologies par
L. Cadikre ( Anthropos t. II et Revue indochinoise
t. XII ).
Religions annamites et non annamites par L. Cadiere
( Rubrique de I’ouvrage : L’Indochine, par G.
Maspero),.
Le sacrifice du Nam -giao (B.A.V.H . , 1915).
J

Varietes Tonkinoises , par A + B ( P. Souvignet )

(Schneider, Hanoi ).

Cultes et religions de Vlndochine, par G. Coulet ( Saigon ).

Magie et religion annamite, par P. Giran (Challamel ,
Paris).
256
 Le clerge et les temples bouddhiques au Tonkin ( Revue
indochinoise , Hanoi ).
Le Dinh et le culte du genie tutelaire des
villages au Tonkin, par Nguyen Van Khoan
( B.E . F.E .O., t. IX).

Etudes d’ethnographie religieuse annamite, Sorcellerie et

divination ( Actes du XI Congres des Orientalistes
Paris, 1897).
Histoire du royaume du Tonking , par A. de Rhodes.
( Duvenet, Lyon ).
Histoire de la Cochinchine franqaise , des origines a 1883 ,
par P. Cultru ( Challamel , Paris ).
Le Tonkin et Vintervention franqaise, par J. Dupuis
( Challamel , Paris ).
Le Tonkin de 1872 a, 1886 , par J. Dupuis ( Challamel ,
Paris ) .
Les Franqaise au service de Gialong - Les Europeens qui
ont vu le vieux Hue , par L. Cadidre ( B .A.V.H . ).
Les Franqais en Cochinchine au XVIII siecle , par A .
Faure ( Challamel , Paris).
Voyages d’un philosophe, par P. Poivre ( Yverdon ) .
Memoire de P. Poivre , publid par . H. Cordier ( Revue de
l’Extreme-Orient t . II ).
Voyage en Indochine, par P. Poivre ( Revue de l’Extreme-
Orient t. III ).
'
Recueil general de legislation et de reglementation de
Ulndochine.
257
PERIODIQUES :
Journal officiel de ITndochine
Bulletins Administrates de la Cochinchine , du
Tonkin, de I’Annam
Bulletin VEcole Frangaise d’Extreme - Orient
( Hanoi )
Bulletin de la Society des Etudes indochinoises
(Saigon )
Bulletin de la Soci4t6 des Amis du Vieux Hu6 (Hue)
Revue Indochinoise ( Hanoi )

258