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Am Transmitter Docu
Am Transmitter Docu
by
April 2018
Chapter 1
INTRODUCTION
The project aims to make a model around an AM radio transmitter that would fulfill
The AM signal created by the model must be received by a radio that will fill in as
The prototype is an AM transmitter that can send audio signal to a radio receiver.
Using an audio input signal from an audio jack, the modulating signal can be heard in the
radio with a frequency equivalent to the oscillator’s output. The circuit can only transmit
audio signal thus, any other forms of signal like data and video are not available for
sending.
Chapter 2
The concept of resonance is used in the circuit to provide more power in the
a higher power can give a longer range for the transmission of the audio signals to
modulating signal to the voltage of the carrier signal. A modulation level of greater
than one will result to over-modulation which will produce a distorted output. A
2.2 AM Spectrum
the three different signals, their voltage level and the operating bandwidth that is
The carrier frequency is produced using the oscillator in the circuit. Since an
only range from 535 kHz to 1605 kHz since most AM radio receivers can only
frequency and the modulating carrier frequency is also used in the system. In order
to form an amplitude modulated output, the balance modulator ( also known as the
multiplier circuit) will produce the carrier and sideband signal that is formed from
the combination of the two input signals. The amplitude of the modulated output
compute a single output from multiple real-valued inputs through the use of forming a
linear combination according to its input weight after which is put into the output via
nonlinear activation function. A single perceptron cannot perform very well due to the
limited mapping ability. A perceptron can only represent an oriented ridge-like function
no matter how it was activated. The benefit of a perceptron is that it can be used as a
building blocks for a larger and more practical structure [10]. Multilayer perceptron
(MLP) networks usually consists of source nodes which then forms the input layer,
hidden layers of computation nodes, and an output layer of nodes. The input layer will
accept patterns or actual data to the network, which transfers the data to one or more
hidden layers where the actual processing is done via a system of weighted connections.
The hidden layers then link to an output layer where the answer is output as shown in
tackle loss functions that takes form in a sum of squared errors, this factor makes it very
fast in training neural networks. It can be useful without the need for computing the exact
Hessian matrix in return, it will use the gradient vector and the Jacobian matrix. The first
step for using this algorithm is to calculate the Hessian approximation as well as the
gradient. The damping parameter is then adjusted in order to reduce the loss within each
iteration. This method however has its own negative issues one of which is it cannot be
applied to functions like root mean squared error or cross entropy error. This also
requires a huge amount of memory depending on the amount of data given so this is not
This little computer can process many tasks such as spreadsheets, word processing,
browsing the internet, and games, and also plays high-definition video. The 3rd
generation of Raspberry Pi is the latest and best version there is, as of this time. The new
and updated features of this generation is a 1.2GHz 64-bit quad-core ARMv8 CPU,
802.11n Wireless LAN, Bluetooth 4.1, and Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE). While also
having the previous version of Raspberry Pi 2. Its properties is a 1GB RAM, 4 USB
ports, 40 GPIO pins, Full HDMI port, Ethernet port, Combined 3.5mm audio jack and
composite video, Camera interface (CSI), Display interface (DSI), Micro SD card slot
(now push-pull rather than push-push), and a Video Core IV 3D graphics core []. The
benefit of this small device that it is user friendly and is easily programmable. In turn, can
Air quality sensors are widely available in the market, for personal and industrial
use. It can go as low as few dollars and as high as thousands of dollars depending on the
accuracy and function of the sensor. These sensors output analog and digital signals,
By passing through an analog-to-digital converter, the Raspberry Pi can also read analog
signals from these sensors since it can only accept digital signals. There are variety of
weather sensors that are able to detect temperature and humidity, dust, and pressure. For
common and affordable gas sensors, mostly NO2 and CO concentrations are gauged.
2.5.1.1 DHT22
The DHT22 is a sensor used for measuring relative humidity and temperature. It
applies exclusive digital signal collecting technique and humidity sensing technology in
order to insure its reliability and stability. It is temperature compensated and calibrated in
accurate calibration chamber. It has a working voltage of 3.3V- 5.5V DC. The DHT22 is
2.5.1.2 BMP085
pressure and temperature of the surrounding area. This sensor is sensitive to light
therefore the hole must not be exposed to any direct light source during operation. With
this sensor, the absolute altitude and pressure at sea level can be measured following the
2.5.1.3 GP2Y1010AU0F
(IRED) and a phototransistor are diagonally arranged into this device. It will detect the
reflected light of dust in air. This sensor is effective in detecting very fine particle such as
cigarette smoke.
in air. It is highly sensitive and heating the sensor will make it more accurate. The sensor
diaphragm with an embedded heating resistor and the sensing layer on top. It has the
capability to measure the amount of Carbon Oxide (CO). The sensor characteristics is
The idea of Internet of Things is having a system of objects, people, places, control
devices, sensors, and computers that are interconnected and has the capability to transfer
data over the internet. Most of the system would no longer require any human
intervention such as monitoring systems. Another thing is that the IoT is able to
interconnect multiple and small devices efficiently. A simple diagram of an example of
create an application around data is collected by the weather and gas sensors. It does real-
time data collection, data processing, visualizations, apps, and plugins. It’s a channel that
the Raspberry Pi sends the data to be stored. It is a channel is where you send your data to
be stored. Each channel includes 8 fields for any type of data, 3 location fields, and 1
status field. It can publish data to the channel, process the data, retrieval of the data, and
have an application that can display the important detail in a manageable form. Making
METHODOLOGY
The study aims to develop a model of ANN with an input layer of weekday,
temperature, pressure and humidity. The output layer will be carbon monoxide and
nitrogen dioxide. Data needed can be gathered by utilizing low cost weather and gas
sensors that are widely available in the market and develop a device that has the
capability to connect and send data to the internet and will be deployed in three various
locations inside Intramuros. The data set obtained will be trained using Levenberg-
Marquardt algorithm. The device will operate 12 hours a day (6AM-6PM) and 6 days a
week (Monday-Saturday) for 2 months with an hourly interval of data monitoring. 80%
of the data will be used to train the ANN model and 20% to test it.
This figure shows the basic structure of the ANN model. ANN is consists of three
layers: the input layer, hidden layer and the output layer. In the input layer, the nodes
accept the data from the external data set and it will be transmitted to the hidden layer. In
the hidden layer, physical connections is not visible in the network because the actual
processing is done thru the system of weighted connections. The last layer is the output
layer wherein the processed data from the input layer up to hidden layer is being yielded.
C. System Design
The figure shows the basic process on how the ANN works in the system. In the
input selection phase, the predictor variables are being selected based on the available
data. In this case, the chosen input variables are the weather sensors such as temperature,
pressure and humidity sensors. Then, the training data sets will be gathered. Training data
sets are raw data that should be transformed into a numerical representation wherein the
deep-learning algorithm could understand. The acquired data will be tested and validated
A Raspberry Pi model 3b will be used for the study as it has already the capability
to connect to the internet without any additional modules compared to the commonly
1. Raspberry Pi model 3b
- It is the microcomputer that will be reading data from the sensors and will
2. DHT22
3. GP2Y1010AU0F
4. MICS 2710
5. MICS 5525
6. BMP085
7. MCP3008
8. Pocket Wi-Fi
- Used to provide internet access to the RPI to allow it to transmit data to
For the air quality monitoring device, the signal from the sensors will be received
and decoded by the Raspberry Pi. The weather and dust sensors would require an ADC
converter since the signal are in analog and needed to be converted to a digital signal in
order for the RPi to read. The RPi would be powered by a power bank with a solar panel.
The RPi is connected to the Pocket Wi-Fi for it to be able to send data to the cloud.
Function
Hyperbolic tangent transfer function is very much related to the bipolar sigmoid
function because its output ranges from -1 to +1. This transfer function or sigmoid
transfer function is mostly used in neural networks because it is faster and its graph
depends generally on its speed rather than its exact shape of the transfer function. It is
good for the ANN hidden layer because even if the argument of the function is
substantially negative, it will generate a value closer to -1 thus, the transfer function will
[1] Macas, T. “Metro Manila’s air quality even worse this year- data”. Retrieved from
http://www.gmanetwork.com/news/lifestyle/healthandwellness/509142/metro-manila-s-
air-quality-even-worse-this-year-data/story/, 2015
[2] United States Environmental Protection Agency, “Criteria Air Pollutants”, Retrieved
[3] Environment and Climate Change Canada “About the Air Quality Index” Retrieved
[5] United States Environmental Protection Agency, “Air Pollution: Current and Future
current-and-future-challenges, 2017
[6] Committee on Environment and Natural Resources, “Air Quality Forecasting”, 2001
[7] Artificial Neural Networks Technology, “What are Artificial Neural Networks?”
html
Available: http://pages.cs.wisc.edu/~bolo/shipyard/neural/local.html/.
[9] Panchal, G., Ganatra, A, et al. “Behaviour Analysis of Multilayer Perceptrons with
[11] Rose, K. et al. The Internet of Things: An Overview Understanding the Issues and
https://www.neuraldesigner.com/blog/5_algorithms_to_train_a_neural_network,
2017