Development of e-waste management

and technology in Indonesia

Seminar
Electronic industrial waste management
and waste as industrial resources
to support reducing releases of PBDEs/UPOPs
Ministry of Industry and UNDP
Sanur Paradise Plaza Suite
Bali, 8 - 9 Januari 2018
Enri Damanhuri
enri.damanhuri@gmail.com

Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering – ITB

Jalan Ganesa 10, Bandung 40132, Indonesia
Outline
1. Introduction
2. EEE and e-Waste flow in Indonesia
3. Informal sectors in e-Waste handling
4. Formal sectors in e-Waste handling
5. PBDE as flame retardant in EEE
6. Can we reduce the release of the PBDE in ‘old’ e-Waste
7. Closing remark

Enri Damanhuri - FTSL ITB - Perindustrian-UNDP-08012017 2

 Introduction
• E-waste is a relatively a new issue in Indonesia. Its physical existence, except
used batteries, is not being so real yet, especially within the chain of waste
management.
• In some area, particularly in Java, e-waste recovery and handling such as
dismantling, segregation of parts, refurbishments of old products and
recovery of metals are done by informal sectors. It handles almost 90% of
the total waste generated, particularly from household, office, commercial
areas, recovering materials and refurbishing products.
• These recyclers use processes and practices such as open burning, acid baths
and heating of circuit boards, resulting in emissions and release of toxic
elements (included brominated flame retardant) into environment.

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 Introduction
• These activities have been in operational for many years, and handling
extensively large volumes of e-waste without enough any personal protective
equipment and pollution-control devices.
• There is very limited data generated from this sector to understand the
relationship between such activity and its impacts on the environment and
human health.
• There has been very few information regarding the issue of cross
contamination from brominated flame retardants (BFR) in plastic.

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EEE and e-Waste flow in Indonesia

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Tendency EEE and e-Waste Flow in Indonesia

New electric-
electronic Secondhand e-Waste
equipment of EEE
(New-EEE)
Final disposal?

• The path flow for e-waste in Indonesia is different from

developed countries. In Indonesia, e-waste is not disposed
directly to final disposal sites or recycling plants, rather it is
reused or deformed to be used again.
• E-waste cycle in Indonesia is unique. The life time of a product
becomes longer. The path of e-waste is even more varied
because it does not only involve the formal sectors but also the
informal sectors.
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Tendency EEE and e-Waste Flow in Indonesia
NEW EEE
Electrical-Electronic Equipment (EEE) Flow
• Local manufacturers
• Formal importers Electrical-Electronic waste (e-Waste) Flow
2nd EEE
• Illegal ‘importers’
• Exchange
• Distributors • Repair-refurbish
• Retailers • Pawn-shop
E-Waste
Consumers 2nd Consumers Municipal waste
collection system
Formal collector
Waste-traders
Informal collectors mostly scavengers
Formal recyclers

Formal hazardous waste

Uncontrolled Municipal landfill
final disposal
discharge final disposal
or co-processing

Enri Damanhuri - FTSL ITB - Perindustrian-UNDP-08012017 7

 Results from interviewed of 103 scavengers
at Bandung Municipal Final Disposal (Sarimukti)

Obsolete electronics (TV, radio, and PC, etc.) never being found
They rarely found used EEE components, except batteries, and several
component such as broken lamps, small/broken PCB

Small capacitor and

Broken lamp Small piece of PCB
small piece of wire

Most of those e-wastes have been

recovered before they arrival at the
final disposal

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 Material flows of e-waste in Indonesia

In developed country we will easy find obsolete TV, PC, refrigerator, or washing
machine, but not in Indonesia
In disposal site, practically will be very hard to find such goods. Sometime it can
be found as small piece of wire etc., that maybe miss from scavengers attention
The end-of-life of an intact electronic goods can not be predicted easily. It will be
longer than developed countries
With the application of “cannibal system” of electronic/electrical components,
the end-of-life should be addressed to the elements of any 3E

Enri Damanhuri - FTSL ITB - Perindustrian-UNDP-08012017 9

Informal sectors in e-Waste handling

Enri Damanhuri - FTSL ITB - Perindustrian-UNDP-08012017 10

 e-Waste Computer Flow
In Greater Bandung

Jakarta Out Bandung

Market of
Trade waste
Out Appointed Distributor Used goods
Bandung
?
Consumers Repair service Collectors End-Collector

Intremediate Producer Home

Collector Manufacture Industri

Collector of e-waste computer

Jakarta Out Bandung

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 Used Electrical Equipment
at a big public utility at Cengkareng

Stock of e-waste
at a big informal collector at Denpasar
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 e-Waste flow in Bandung
22,136
Re-sold
Example of an academic study 3,629
Discaharded
5,341
Others
3,638
For ‘Cannibal’

Computer
Repair service activity repaired
34,746
Up-Grade 3,638

Computer and its 180,594

36,999 Without components exchange 36,999
component
Monitor CRT Monitor LCD
159,030 15,360 143,595
143,595
Processor Motherboard With exchange components
104 21,126 10,743
75,662 Storage
Hard Disk CD/DVD
7,497 5,921
54.311

Memory VGA Card Others

129 559 1,404 52,882 87,449
Reject
Sound Card Power Supply New ‘Cannibal’ ‘Cannibal’
131 4,880 components From outside from stock 33,139
Others
572 33,139
For ‘Cannibal’
36,417
To be sold
Input
to repair services Storage 6,106
Discarded
Output 87.449
PC Laptop
(91,080 unit) (28,572 unit) Unit : kg/year
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 Gold recovery from e-waste
in informal sector
PCB Copper Wastewater

Waste: PCB
probably source
of Brominated FR

IC Burning IC Grinding IC panning Heating of tin

Probably:
Halogenated dioxin

Purified gold Gold smelting

Gold purification

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Formal sectors in e-Waste handling

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 Formal sectors in e-Waste handling
Printed HIGH QUALITY Formal Exported
E-Waste With IC (Singapore, ….)
Circuit board collector
Recovery
of precious metals
LOW QUALITY Informal
Without IC collector

Formal Informal Informal Plastics are used as fuel for ‘dismantling’

collector collector Recycler process of metal recovery

Metal recovery
Formal
Plastics are mixed with other materials
Recycler for co-processing in cement industry

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Formal sectors in e-Waste handling

TLI – one of formal e-waste processing center – West Java

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 Formal sectors in e-Waste handling
Printed Circuit Board (PCB) recovery-recycling process at TLI

Collection Dissambly Shred & mill Material Fibre waste

of PCB recovery
Separation

Capacity: 1.5 tonnes/hour

 Idle capacity due to limitation of PCB input Metal recovery
Electro-winning Co-processing
and Copper
Cu-Purification in cement industry
concentrate
(will be installed)

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PBDE as flame retardant in EEE

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 PBDE as Flame Retardant
Flame retardant = penghambat nyala api
Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs)
Brominated flame retardant (BFR)

• Concerns about BFR emerged in 1999, when Swedish researchers reported that
levels of these chemicals in human breast milk had increased 60-fold between
1972 and 1997.
• Follow-up studies in the San Francisco Bay Area found PBDE levels in breast milk
were 6-10 times higher than levels in Sweden.
• Laboratory studies predicted that the health effects might be ranging from
interference to brain development, altered hormone function and cancer.

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 PBDE as Flame Retardant
c-Penta c-Octa
BDE BDE

Yes: major
Plastics ABS, HIPS, PBT at: casings (TV,
Electronic Electrical Yes: minor CRT, Computer, monitor, LCD monitor,
printer, HP, photo-copier, …)

Yes: major Yes: minor

Transportation Polyurethane Yes
foam at plafond Plastics for desk-board,
and furniture, acoustics,… door-panels, …

Construction, building
furniture, foam, wire, …
Yes: major
Mostly used in USA, UK, Chine.
No
Indonesia: no standard for
flammability (?)

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PBDEs as Flame Retardant

Significant benefits of flame retardant (in USA):

• 1992 – 2001: an average of over 4,200 people were killed
by fires each year in the USA and 25,000 injured.
• In 2001 (exclusive of September 11), there were over a half
million structure fires in the U.S. with a total property loss
of $10.6 billion.
• PBDEs are added to products rather than chemically bound
into them, they can be slowly and continuously released
from the products during their manufacture, while in use or
after their disposal.

https://www.buildinggreen.com/feature/flame-retardants-under-fire

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Brominated Flame Retardant: in wider range of materials

Interior in transportation:
Electronic equipment: Wire, insolation, foams in furniture, upholstery
plastic casing, PCB, wire

BFR found in wider range of

materials: children's toys.
food contact etc. as a result
of recycling practices that
mix BFR-containing waste
Interior in building: plastics with “virgin” one
Wire, foams in furniture, (IPEN, Nov 2017)
upholstery, carpet backing
Enri Damanhuri - FTSL ITB - Perindustrian-UNDP-08012017 23
 Can we reduce the release the PBDE in ‘old’ e-Waste?
Minimize the plastic recycling of these old-eWaste
Minimize the burning process practices in informal sector
Integrate ‘Informal’ and ‘Formal’ sectors in recovery of old-eWaste

Printed HIGH QUALITY Formal Exported

E-Waste With IC (Singapore, ….)
Circuit board collector
Recovery
of precious metals
LOW QUALITY Informal
Without IC collector
Alternative fuel for co-processing:
• Diameter 1-2 cm
X
Formal Informal Informal Plastics are used as fuel for ‘dismantling’
• Heating value ≥ 2,500 kca/kg
collector collector Recycler process of metal recovery

Metal recovery
Co-processing in high temperature
Formal process will reduce significantly
Plastics are mixed with other materials
Recycler for co-processing in cement industry the release of PBDE In the
environment
Enri Damanhuri - FTSL ITB - Perindustrian-UNDP-08012017 24
 Closing remarks

Electronic equipment, automotive goods and similar equipment have higher

economic value status. Those wastes would be rarely available in ‘discarded’
position within urban management chain. In the developed countries the
consumers have to spent some money to collect and to handle these wastes. In a
country like Indonesia, the same equipment could be reused by another party
Integration of formal and informal sectors in e-waste handling is necessary, both to
increase the economic values of e-waste, and the most important things is to
reduce the release of pollution, included that from brominated flame retardant.

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