CALCULUS II

(Chapter 2)
Inverse, Logarithm, Natural, and Exponential

Qisthi Al Hazmi Hidayatur-Rohman., S.T., M.T.

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 Outline

1. The natural logarithm function

2. Inverse functions and their derivatives
3. The natural exponential function
4. General exponential and logarithmic functions
5. Calculus of inverse trigonometric functions
6. Hyperbolic functions
 References

1. Stewart, James. (2016). Calculus. 8th ed, Brooks/Cole Publishing

Company
2. Varberg, Dale and Purcell, Edwin. (2007). Calculus. 9th Ed, Prentice
Hall.
3. Youtube
The Natural Logarithm Function
 The natural logarithm function
Properties of the Natural Example:
Logarithm 3𝑥 4
• ln 2
1. ln 1 = 0 2𝑦

2. ln XY = ln X + ln Y • ln 3𝑥 4
− ln 2𝑦 2
X • ln 3 + ln 𝑥 4 − ln 2 + ln 𝑦 2
3. ln = ln X − ln Y
Y • ln 3 + 4 ln 𝑥 − ln 2 − 2 ln 𝑦
4. ln X r = r ln X
 The natural logarithm function
Example:
x2 +1
1. ln → ln x 2 + 1 − ln x
x
1
→ ln x 2 + 1 − ln x 2
1
→ ln x2
+ 1 − ln x
2
1
𝑥 5 sin2 𝜋𝑥
2. ln 3 → ln 𝑥 5 sin2 𝜋𝑥 − ln 𝑥 4 + 2 3
𝑥 4 +2
1
→ ln 𝑥 5 + ln sin2 𝜋𝑥 − ln 𝑥 4 + 2 3
1
→ 5 ln 𝑥 + 2 ln sin 𝜋𝑥 − ln 𝑥4 + 2
3
The natural logarithm function (Graph)

Y Y
𝑥
𝑔 𝑥 =𝑒
𝑓 𝑥 = ln 𝑥

X X
 The natural logarithm function
The natural logarithm function, denoted by ln, is defined by
𝑥
1
ln 𝑥 = න 𝑑𝑡 , 𝑥>0
𝑡
1

The domain of the natural logarithm function is the set of positive real
numbers.
Derivative of the natural logarithm function
From the first fundamental theorem of Calculus, we have:

𝑥
1 1
𝐷𝑥 න 𝑑𝑡 = 𝐷𝑥 ln 𝑥 = , 𝑥>0
1 𝑡 𝑥

This can be combined with the Chain Rule. If 𝑢 = 𝑓 𝑥 > 0 and if f is

differentiable, then:
1
𝐷𝑥 ln 𝑢 = 𝐷𝑥 𝑢
𝑢
Derivative of the natural logarithm function
Example:
1. Find 𝐷𝑥 ln 𝑥
1
Solution: Let 𝑢 = 𝑥 = 𝑥 . Then 2
1
1 1 1 −1 1
𝐷𝑥 ln 𝑥 = 1 . 𝐷𝑥 𝑥 2 = 1. 𝑥 2 =
2 2𝑥
𝑥2 𝑥 2

2. Find 𝐷𝑥 ln(𝑥 2 − 𝑥 − 2)
1 2𝑥−1
Solution: 𝐷𝑥 ln(𝑥 2 − 𝑥 − 2) = 2 𝐷𝑥 𝑥2 −𝑥−2 =
𝑥 −𝑥−2 𝑥 2 −𝑥−2
Derivative of the natural logarithm function
Every differentiation formula there is a corresponding integration
formula:
1
න 𝑑𝑥 = ln 𝑥 + 𝐶, 𝑥≠0
𝑥
or, with u replacing x,

1
න 𝑑𝑢 = ln 𝑢 + 𝐶, 𝑢≠0
𝑢
Derivative of the natural logarithm function
Example:
5
1. Find ‫ ׬‬2𝑥+7 𝑑𝑥
Solution: Let u = 2x+7, so du = 2 dx. Then
5 5 1 5 1
‫ ׬‬2𝑥+7 𝑑𝑥 = ‫׬‬
2 2𝑥+7
2𝑑𝑥 = ‫𝑢𝑑 ׬‬
2 𝑢
5 5
= ln u + C = ln 2x + 7 +C
2 2
 Logarithmic Differentiation
• The labor of differentiating expression involving quotients, products,
or powers can often be substantially reduced by first applying the
natural logarithm function and using its properties. Illustrated in
below example.
1−𝑥 2
• Example: Differentiate 𝑦 = 2
𝑥+1 3

• First we take natural logarithms; then we differentiate implicitly with

respect to x.
 Logarithmic Differentiation
1 2 2
• ln 𝑦 = ln 1 − 𝑥 − ln 𝑥 + 1
2 3
1 𝑑𝑦 −2𝑥 2 − 𝑥+2
• = − =
𝑦 𝑑𝑥 2 1−𝑥 2 3 𝑥+1 3 1−𝑥 2
• Thus,
𝑑𝑦 −𝑦 𝑥+2 − 1−𝑥 2 𝑥+2
• = = 2
𝑑𝑥 3 1−𝑥 2
3 𝑥+1 3 1−𝑥 2
𝑑𝑦 − 𝑥+2
• = 2 1
𝑑𝑥 2
3 𝑥+1 3 1−𝑥 2
Inverse Functions and
Their Derivatives
 Inverse Functions
• For a one-to-one function, 𝑓(𝑥), an inverse, 𝑓 −1 (𝑥), can be found:

𝑓 𝑓 −1 𝑥 =𝑥 𝑓 −1 𝑓 𝑥 =𝑥

• Example: Find 𝑓 −1 (𝑥) while 𝑓 𝑥 = 2𝑥 + 6

• Solution: we solve 𝑦 = 2𝑥 + 6 changes to 𝑥 = 2𝑦 + 6, which gives y =
𝑥−6
= 𝑓 −1 𝑥
2
• Prove the statement above:
−1 𝑥−6 𝑥−6
•𝑓 𝑓 𝑥 =𝑓 =2 +6=𝑥
2 2
2𝑥+6 −6
• 𝑓 −1 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑓 −1 2𝑥 + 6 = =𝑥
2
 Inverse Functions
• The Graph of 𝑦 = 𝑓 −1 (𝑥), suppose that f has an inverse, then:
• 𝑥 = 𝑓 −1 𝑦 → 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥)
• Thus, the graph of 𝑦 = 𝑓 −1 𝑥 is just the reflection of the graph of
𝑦 = 𝑓 𝑥 across the line 𝑦 = 𝑥
 Inverse Function Theorem
• Let f be differentiable and strictly monotonic on an interval I. If
𝑓 ′ 𝑥 ≠ 0 at a certain x in I, then 𝑓 −1 is differentiable at the
corresponding point y = 𝑓 𝑥 in the range of f and

1
𝑓 −1 ′
𝑦 = ′
𝑓 𝑥
• The conclusion to this theorem is often written symbolically as

𝑑𝑥 1
=
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦/𝑑𝑥
 Inverse Function Theorem
• Example: Let 𝑦 = 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 5 + 2𝑥 + 1. Find 𝑓 −1 4 .
• Solution: Even though we cannot find a formula for 𝑓 −1 in this case,
we note that 𝑦 = 4 corresponds to 𝑥 = 1, and since 𝑓 ′ 𝑥 = 5𝑥 4 +
2.
1 1 1
• 𝑓 −1 ′ 4 = = =
𝑓′ 1 5+2 7
 Inverse Function Derivatives
• Eg.: Find derivative of g, where 𝑔 = 𝑓 −1 𝑥 . For 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 3 at (2,8)
• Solution:
1. 𝑓 2 = 23 = 8
2. 𝑓 ′ 𝑥 = 3𝑥 2
3. 𝑔 8 = 2
1
4. 𝑔′ 𝑥 =
𝑓′ 𝑔 𝑥
1 1 1
5. 𝑔′ 8 = = 3 =
𝑓′ 2 3.2 12
The Natural Exponential
Function
 The natural exponential function
• Definition: The inverse of ln is called the natural exponential function
and is denoted by exp. Thus,
𝑥 = exp 𝑦 ⇔ 𝑦 = ln 𝑥
• It follows immediately from this definition that
1. exp ln 𝑥 = 𝑥, 𝑥 > 0
2. ln exp 𝑦 = 𝑦, 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑦
 The exponential function
• Definition: The letter e denotes the unique positive real number such
that ln 𝑒 = 1.
𝑥1 𝑒1
• ln 𝑥 = ‫׬‬1 𝑇 𝑑𝑡 ⇒ ln 𝑒 = ‫׬‬1 𝑇 𝑑𝑡 =1
• 𝑒 ≈ 2.718281828459045
• 𝑒 𝑟 = exp ln 𝑒 𝑟 = exp 𝑟 ln 𝑒 = exp 𝑟
• Properties:
1. ln ex = x , for all y
2. eln x = x ,x > 0
 The exponential function
1. Example: 𝑒 4−5𝑥 = 9 2. Example: 3𝑒 5𝑥−1 = 2
Solution: ln 𝑒 4−5𝑥 = ln 9 Solution: 𝑒 5𝑥−1
=
2
3
4 − 5𝑥 . ln 𝑒 = ln 9 2
ln 𝑒 5𝑥−1 = ln
4 − 5𝑥 = ln 9 3
2
−5𝑥 = −4 + ln 9 5𝑥 − 1 = ln
3
2
4 ln 9 ln +1
𝑥= − 𝑥= 3
5 5 5
 The exponential function
3. Example: ln 𝑥 + ln 𝑥 − 1 = ln 2
Solution: ln 𝑥 𝑥 − 1 = ln 2
𝑒 ln 𝑥 𝑥−1 = 𝑒 ln 2
𝑥 𝑥−1 =2
𝑥2 − 𝑥 = 2
𝑥2 − 𝑥 − 2 = 0
𝑥−2 𝑥+1 =0
𝑥 = 2, 𝑥 = −1
Properties of 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑥

𝑒𝑥 1. 𝐷: −∞, ∞ , 𝑅: 0, ∞
2. Continuous: −∞, ∞
ln 𝑥 Concave up: −∞, ∞
3. lim 𝑒 𝑥 = ∞, lim 𝑒 𝑥 = 0
𝑥→∞ 𝑥→−∞
4. lim ln 𝑥 = ∞, lim+ ln 𝑥 = −∞
𝑥→∞ 𝑥→0
 The derivative of 𝑒 𝑥

𝑑 𝑑 𝑑
• 𝑒𝑥 = 𝑒𝑥 • 𝑒𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑒𝑓 𝑥 . 𝑓 𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Proof:
𝑦 = 𝑒𝑥 OR
ln 𝑦 = ln 𝑒 𝑥
𝑑 𝑑 𝑑 𝑑𝑢
ln 𝑦 = 𝑥 • 𝑒𝑢 = 𝑢
𝑒 .
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
1 𝑑𝑦
. =1
𝑦 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
=𝑦⟹ = 𝑒𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
 The derivative of 𝑒 : Example 𝑥

𝑑 𝑥
1. Find 𝑒
𝑑𝑥
Solution: Using 𝑢 = 𝑥, we obtain
𝑑𝑢 1 −1
= 𝑥 2
𝑑𝑥 2
𝑑 𝑢 𝑢 𝑑𝑢
𝑒 = 𝑒
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
1
𝑑 1
𝑥 =𝑒 𝑥 𝑥 2− 𝑒 𝑥
𝑒 =
𝑑𝑥 2 2 𝑥
 The derivative of 𝑒 : Example 𝑥

𝑑 𝑥 2 ln 𝑥
2. Find 𝑒
𝑑𝑥
Solution: Using 𝑢 = 𝑥 2 ln 𝑥, we obtain
𝑑𝑢 2 1
=𝑥 . + 2𝑥. ln 𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑥
𝑑 𝑢 𝑢 𝑑𝑢
𝑒 = 𝑒
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑 𝑥 2 ln 𝑥 𝑥 2 ln 𝑥 2 ln 𝑥
𝑒 =𝑒 𝑥+ 𝑥 ln 𝑥 2 = 𝑥𝑒 𝑥 1 + ln 𝑥 2
𝑑𝑥
 The integral of 𝑒 𝑥

• ‫ 𝑥 𝑒 = 𝑥𝑑 𝑥 𝑒 ׬‬+ 𝐶
• Example:
1. Evaluate ‫ 𝑒 ׬‬−4𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Solution: Let 𝑢 = −4𝑥, so 𝑑𝑢 = −4𝑑𝑥. Then,
−4𝑥 1
‫𝑒׬‬ 𝑑𝑥 = − ‫ 𝑒 ׬‬−4𝑥 −4𝑥𝑑𝑥
4
1
= − ‫𝑢𝑑 𝑢 𝑒 ׬‬
4
1 𝑢
= − 𝑒 +𝐶
4
1 −4𝑥
= − 𝑒 +𝐶
4
 The integral of 𝑒 : Example 𝑥

3 −3𝑥 2
2. Evaluate ‫׬‬1 𝑥𝑒 𝑑𝑥.
2
Solution: Let 𝑢 = −3𝑥 , so 𝑑𝑢 = −6𝑥𝑑𝑥. Then,
−3𝑥 2 1 −3𝑥 2
‫׬‬ 𝑥𝑒 𝑑𝑥
= − ‫𝑒׬‬ −6𝑥𝑑𝑥
6
1 𝑢 1 𝑢 1 −3𝑥 2
= − ‫ = 𝑢𝑑 𝑒 ׬‬− 𝑒 + 𝐶 = − 𝑒 +𝐶
6 6 6
Thus, by the second fundamental theorem of calculus,
3
−3𝑥 2 1 −3𝑥 2 3 1 −27
න 𝑥𝑒 𝑑𝑥 = − 𝑒 =− 𝑒 − 𝑒 −3 ≈ 0.0082978
1 6 1 6

The last result can be obtained directly with a calculator.

General Exponential and
Logarithmic Function
General exponential and logarithmic function
Properties of Exponents
If a > 0, b > 0, and x and y are real numbers, then
1. 𝑎 𝑥 𝑏 𝑦 = 𝑎 𝑥+𝑦
2. 𝑎 𝑥 𝑦 = 𝑎 𝑥𝑦
𝑎 𝑥 𝑎𝑥
3. 𝑏
=
𝑏𝑥
𝑎𝑥
4. = 𝑎 𝑥−𝑦
𝑎𝑦
𝑥
5. 𝑎𝑏 = 𝑎𝑥𝑏𝑥
Derivatives and Integral of Exponential Function
Derivatives Integral
𝑑 𝑥 𝑑 1
𝑎 = 𝑒 𝑥 ln 𝑎 𝑥
‫= 𝑥𝑑 𝑎 ׬‬ 𝑎 𝑥 + 𝐶, 𝑎 ≠ 1
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 ln 𝑎
𝑥 ln 𝑎 𝑑
= 𝑒 . 𝑥 ln 𝑎
𝑑𝑥
= 𝑒 𝑥 ln 𝑎 . ln 𝑎
= ln 𝑎 𝑒 𝑥 ln 𝑎
𝑑 𝑑𝑥
𝑎𝑥 = ln 𝑎 𝑎 𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑥
= ln 𝑎 𝑎
Derivatives of Exponential Function: Example
𝑑 𝑥
1. Find 3
𝑑𝑥
Solution: We use the chain rule with 𝑢 = 𝑥.
𝑑𝑢 1
=
𝑑𝑥 2 𝑥
𝑑 𝑑𝑢
3𝑢 = 𝑥
ln 3 . 3 .
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑥 1 3 𝑥 ln 3
= ln 3 . 3 . =
2 𝑥 2 𝑥
Derivatives of Exponential Function: Example
𝑑𝑦 4 +2
2. Find if 𝑦 = 𝑥4 +2 5 + 5 𝑥 .
𝑑𝑥
Solution:
𝑑𝑦 4 +2
=5 𝑥4 +2 4 . 4𝑥 3 +5 𝑥 ln 5 . 4𝑥 3
𝑑𝑥
4 +2
= 4𝑥 3 5 𝑥4 +2 4 + 5 𝑥 ln 5
4 +1
= 20𝑥 3 𝑥4 +2 4 + 5 𝑥 ln 5
 𝑑𝑦
3. Find if 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑥 𝑥.
𝑑𝑥
Solution:
ln 𝑦 = ln 𝑥 2 + 𝑥 𝑥
ln 𝑦 = 𝑥. ln 𝑥 2 + 𝑥
𝑑 𝑑
ln 𝑦 = 𝑥. ln 𝑥 2 + 𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
1
1 𝑑𝑦 𝑑 2 𝑑
= 𝑥 2 . ln 𝑥 + 𝑥 + 𝑥. ln 𝑥 2 + 𝑥
𝑦 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
1 𝑑𝑦 1 −1 2 1 𝑑
= 𝑥 2 . ln 𝑥 + 𝑥 + 𝑥. 2 . 𝑥2 + 𝑥
𝑦 𝑑𝑥 2 𝑥 +𝑥 𝑑𝑥
1 𝑑𝑦 ln 𝑥 2 +𝑥 1
. = + 𝑥. 2𝑥 + 1
𝑦 𝑑𝑥 2 𝑥 𝑥 2 +𝑥
1 𝑑𝑦 ln 𝑥 2 +𝑥 𝑥 2𝑥+1
𝑦. . = + .𝑦
𝑦 𝑑𝑥 2 𝑥 𝑥 2 +𝑥
𝑑𝑦 ln 𝑥 2 +𝑥 𝑥 2𝑥+1
= + 𝑥2 + 𝑥 𝑥
𝑑𝑥 2 𝑥 𝑥 2 +𝑥
Integral of Exponential Function: Example
𝑥3 2
1. Find ‫ ׬‬2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥.
Solution: Let 𝑢 = 𝑥 3 , so 𝑑𝑢 = 3𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥. Then,
𝑥3 2 1 𝑥3 1
‫ ׬‬2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ‫׬‬ 2 (3𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥) = ‫׬‬ 2𝑢 𝑑𝑢
3 3
3
1 2𝑢 2 𝑥
= +𝐶 = +𝐶
3 ln 2 3 ln 2
 The function log 𝑎
• Definition: Let a be a positive number different from 1. Then
𝑦 = log 𝑎 𝑥 ⟺ 𝑥 = 𝑎 𝑦
• Historically, the most commonly used base was base 10, and the
resulting logarithms were called common logarithms.
ln 𝑥
log 𝑎 𝑥 =
ln 𝑎
• Derivative of logarithms
𝑑 1 𝑑𝑢
log 𝑎 𝑢 = .
𝑑𝑥 𝑢 ln 𝑎 𝑑𝑥
• Integral of logarithms
𝑥 ln 𝑥 − 𝑥
න log 𝑎 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 =
ln 𝑎
 The function log 𝑎 : Example
𝑑𝑦
1. If 𝑦 = 𝑥2 +1 sin 𝑥 , find .
𝑑𝑥
Solution: We use logarithmic differentiation
ln 𝑦 = sin 𝑥 ln 𝑥 2 + 1
1 𝑑𝑦 2𝑥
= sin 𝑥 2 + cos 𝑥 ln 𝑥 2 + 1
𝑦 𝑑𝑥 𝑥 +1
𝑑𝑦 2 sin 𝑥 2𝑥 sin 𝑥
= 𝑥 +1 + cos 𝑥 ln 𝑥2 + 1
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 2 +1
The Inverse Trigonometric
Functions
The inverse trigonometric functions
 The inverse trigonometric functions
• Definition: To obtain inverses for sine and cosine, we restrict their
𝜋 𝜋
domains to − , and 0, 𝜋 , respectively. Thus,
2 2
−1
𝜋 𝜋
𝑥 = sin 𝑦 ⟺ 𝑦 = sin 𝑥 , − ≤ 𝑥 ≤
2 2

𝑥 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 𝑦 ⟺ 𝑦 = cos 𝑥 , 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 𝜋

• The symbol arcsin is often used for sin−1 , and acrcos is similarly used
for 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 .
• Arcsin as meaning “the arc whose sine is” or “the angle whose sine is”
The inverse trigonometric functions
 The inverse trigonometric functions
• Definition: To obtain inverses for tangent and secant, we restrict their
𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
domains to − , and 0, ⋃ , 𝜋 , respectively. Thus,
2 2 2 2

𝜋 𝜋
𝑥= tan−1 𝑦 ⟺ 𝑦 = tan 𝑥 , − ≤ 𝑥 ≤
2 2

−1
𝜋
𝑥 = sec 𝑦 ⟺ 𝑦 = sec 𝑥 , 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 𝜋, 𝑥 ≠
2
The inverse trigonometric functions

Four useful identities:

1. sin cos −1 𝑥 = 1 − 𝑥 2
2. cos sin−1 𝑥 = 1 − 𝑥 2
3. sec tan−1 𝑥 = 1 + 𝑥 2
4. tan sec −1 𝑥 =
𝑥 2 − 1, 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 ≥ 1
ቐ
− 𝑥 2 − 1, 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 ≤ −1
 The inverse trigonometric functions
Example
−1 2
1. Calculate sin 2 cos .
3
Solution: Recall the double-angle identity sin 2𝜃 = 2 sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃. Thus,
−1 2 −1 2 −1 2
sin 2 cos = 2 sin cos cos cos
3 3 3
2 22 4 5
=2 1− =
3 3 9
Derivatives of the inverse trigonometric functions
𝑑 −1 1 𝑑𝑢
1. 𝑑𝑥
sin 𝑢 = 2
, −1 < 𝑢 < 1
1−𝑢 𝑑𝑥
𝑑 1 𝑑𝑢
2. cos −1 𝑢 = − 2
, −1 < 𝑢 <1
𝑑𝑥 1−𝑢 𝑑𝑥
𝑑 1 𝑑𝑢
3. tan−1 𝑢 =
𝑑𝑥 1+𝑢2 𝑑𝑥
𝑑 1 𝑑𝑢
4. sec −1 𝑢 = 2
, 𝑢 >1
𝑑𝑥 1−𝑢 𝑑𝑥
Integral of the inverse trigonometric functions
1 −1 𝑥
1. ‫𝑎 ׬‬2−𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 = sin 𝑎
+𝐶
1 1 −1 𝑥
2. ‫𝑎 ׬‬2 +𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑎 tan 𝑎
+𝐶
1 1 −1 𝑥
3. ‫ 𝑥 𝑥 ׬‬2 −𝑎 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑎 sec 𝑎
+ 𝐶
 Examples
𝑑
1. Find sin−1 3𝑥 − 1 .
𝑑𝑥
𝑑 1 𝑑
Solution: sin−1 3𝑥 − 1 = 3𝑥 − 1
𝑑𝑥 1− 3𝑥−1 2 𝑑𝑥
3
=
−9𝑥 2 +6𝑥
 Examples
1 1
2. Evaluate‫׬‬0 2
𝑑𝑥.
4−𝑥
1 1 −1 𝑥 1
Solution: ‫׬‬0 𝑑𝑥 = sin
4−𝑥 2 2 0
−1 1
= sin − sin−1 0
2
𝜋 𝜋
= −0=
6 6
 Examples
3
3. Evaluate ‫׬‬ 𝑑𝑥.
5−9𝑥 2
𝑑𝑢
Solution: Think of ‫׬‬ . Let u = 3x, so du = 3 dx. Then
𝑎2 −𝑢2
3 1 −1 𝑢
‫׬‬ 𝑑𝑥 =‫׬‬ 𝑑𝑢 = sin +𝐶
5−9𝑥 2 5−𝑢2 5
−1 3𝑥
= sin +𝐶
5
Hyperbolic Functions
 Hyperbolic functions
• Definition: The hyperbolic sine, hyperbolic cosine, and four
related functions are defined by:
𝑒 𝑥 −𝑒 −𝑥 𝑒 𝑥 +𝑒 −𝑥
sinh 𝑥 = cosh 𝑥 =
2 2
sinh 𝑥 cosh 𝑥
tanh 𝑥 = coth 𝑥 =
cosh 𝑥 sinh 𝑥
1 1
sech 𝑥 = csch 𝑥 =
cosh 𝑥 sinh 𝑥
2 2
cosh 𝑥 − sinh 𝑥 = 1
Hyperbolic functions
 Derivatives of hyperbolic functions
𝑑 𝑑
sinh 𝑥 = cosh 𝑥 cosh 𝑥 = sinh 𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝑑 𝑑
tanh 𝑥 = sech2 𝑥 coth 𝑥 = − csch2 𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝑑 𝑑
sech 𝑥 = − sech 𝑥 tanh 𝑥 csch 𝑥 = − csch 𝑥 coth 𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Derivatives of hyperbolic functions : Example
𝑑
1. Find tanh sin 𝑥 .
𝑑𝑥
Solution:
𝑑 𝑑
tanh sin 𝑥 = sech2 sin 𝑥 sin 𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

= cos 𝑥 . sech2 sin 𝑥

Derivatives of hyperbolic functions : Example
𝑑
2. Find cosh2 3𝑥 − 1 .
𝑑𝑥
Solution: We apply the Chain Rule twice.
𝑑 𝑑
cosh2 3𝑥 − 1 = 2 cosh 3𝑥 − 1 cosh 3𝑥 − 1
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝑑
= 2 cosh 3𝑥 − 1 sinh 3𝑥 − 1 3𝑥 − 1
𝑑𝑥

= 6 cosh 3𝑥 − 1 sinh 3𝑥 − 1
 Inverse hyperbolic functions and its derivatives
𝑑 1
• sin−1 𝑥 = ln 𝑥 + 𝑥 2 + 1 • −1
sinh 𝑥 = 2
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 +1
• cos −1 𝑥 = ln 𝑥 + 𝑥 2 − 1 , 𝑥 ≥ 1 •
𝑑 −1 1
cosh 𝑥 = 2 , 𝑥 > 1
1 1+𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑥 −1
• tanh−1 𝑥 = ln , −1 < 𝑥 < 1 𝑑 −1 1
2 1−𝑥 • tanh 𝑥 = 2 , −1 < 1 <1
𝑑𝑥 1−𝑥
1+ 1−𝑥 2
• sech−1 𝑥 = ln ,0 < 𝑥 ≤ 1 •
𝑑 −1
sech 𝑥 = −
1
, 0< 𝑥<1
𝑥 2
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 1−𝑥
Inverse hyperbolic functions (Graphs)
Thank you
Next: Sequences and Series