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Topic Concentric resonator

The shape of a laser beam is determined by the resonator cavity in which the laser light is
amplified in a gain medium. Laser resonators are typically formed by using highly reflective
dielectric mirrors or a monolithic crystal that utilizes total internal reflection to keep light
from escaping. Below is a list of common laser resonator geometries1:

 Plane parallel resonator: two flat mirrors separated by a distance equal to an

integral multiple of one half of the lasing wavelength
 Concentric resonator: two spherical mirrors with the same radius of curvature
and coincident centers of curvature
 Confocal resonator: two spherical mirrors with the same radius of curvature and
coincident focal points
 Ring resonator: ring of more than two reflectors where the total closed loop path
of the reflected light is equal to an integral multiple of one half of the lasing
wavelength.

Concentric resonator
A beam resonator that consists of a pair of spherical mirrors that have the same axis of
rotational symmetry and are positioned so that their canter’s of curvature coincide on this
axis.

Resonator types
The classification of optical resonators is based upon the focal lengths of the two mirrors and
the distance between them.

The geometry (resonator type) must be chosen so that the beam remains stable (i-e, the
size/diameter of the beam does not continually grow with multiple reflections).
Resonator cavities are “stable” if the reflected light stays inside the cavity, even as the
number of reflections approaches infinity (Figure 2). In this instance, the only way for light
to leave the cavity is through a partially reflective mirror. On the other hand, resonator
cavities are considered “unstable” if the reflected light continuously diverges as the number
of reflections approaches infinity. When this occurs, the beam size will grow until it is larger
than the reflectors and then escape the system. Stable resonators are often used with lasers
that have powers up to 2kW to achieve high gain and improve directionality. Unstable
resonators are typically used with higher power lasers to reduce the chance of damaging the
reflectors.

Stable laser resonators

Stable laser resonators keep all reflected beams inside the confines of the cavity,

Unstable resonators
Unstable resonators cause reflected light to spread out until it eventually escapes the cavity

Introduction
The most common types of optical cavities consist of two facing plane (flat) or spherical
mirrors. The simplest of these is the plane-parallel or Fabry–Pérot cavity, consisting of two
opposing flat mirrors. While simple, this arrangement is rarely used in large-scale lasers due
to the difficulty of alignment; the mirrors must be aligned parallel within a few seconds of
arc, or "walkoff" of the intracavity beam will result in it spilling out of the sides of the cavity.
However, this problem is much reduced for very short cavities with a small mirror separation
distance (L < 1 cm). Plane-parallel resonators are therefore commonly used in microchip and
microcavity lasers and semiconductor lasers. In these cases, rather than using separate
mirrors, a reflective optical coating may be directly applied to the laser medium itself. The
plane-parallel resonator is also the basis of the Fabry–Pérot interferometer. For a resonator
with two mirrors with radii of curvature R1 and R2, there are a number of common cavity
configurations. If the two radii are equal to half the cavity length (R1 = R2 = L / 2), a
concentric or spherical resonator results. This type of cavity produces a diffraction-limited
beam waist in the centre of the cavity, with large beam diameters at the mirrors, filling the
whole mirror aperture. Similar to this is the hemispherical cavity, with one plane mirror and
one mirror of radius equal to the cavity length. A common and important design is the
confocal resonator, with mirrors of equal radii to the cavity length (R1 = R2 = L). This design
produces the smallest possible beam diameter at the cavity mirrors for a given cavity length,
and is often used in lasers where the purity of the transverse mode pattern is important. A
concave-convex cavity has one convex mirror with a negative radius of curvature. This
design produces no intracavity focus of the beam, and is thus useful in very high-power lasers
where the intensity of the intracavity light might be damaging to the intracavity medium if
brought to a focus.

Spherical cavity

A transparent dielectric sphere, such as a liquid droplet, also forms an interesting optical
cavity. In 1986 Richard K. Changet al. demonstrated lasing using ethanol microdroplets (20–
40 micrometers in radius) doped with rhodamine 6G dye. This type of optical cavity exhibits
optical resonances when the size of the sphere or the optical wavelength or the refractive
index is varied. The resonance is known as morphology-dependent resonance.

Stability

This relation is often drawn on a diagram representing the g2(g1) space, that is with g2 as y-
axis and g1 as x-axis.
 Stability condition for a two-mirrors linear resonator and some classical resonators.

The stability condition is then figured by two hyperboles, and the stability zones are
hatched in pale blue on figure
Some special cases have to be noticed
 Right on the hyperbole g1g2=1 : we have then d=R1+R2, and the resonator is
“concentric”
 The straight lines g1=1 et g2=1 correspond to resonators with one plane mirror
(infinite radius of curvature). The Fabry-Pérot (plano-plano cavity, that is two plane
mirrors) is obtained for g1=g2=1.
 For R1 = R2 =d (g1 = g2 = 0), the resonator is “confocal”.

Graphical method to check the stability

There is a simple graphical method to know if a 2-mirrors resonator is stable or not : the point
is to check if two circles (with diameter R1 and R2 respectively) centred on the focal points
F1 and F2 have an intersection (see figure 8). If they do, the cavity is stable. Moreover, the
circles intersection gives the position of the waist and the Rayleigh length (those two
parameters will be defined in an upcoming paragraph)
Unstable resonators

A stable resonator is not a necessary condition to make a laser. In some case, if the laser
medium exhibits a gain coefficient high enough to allow a high level of losses, unstable
resonators can even be very useful. This is for example the case with very high power lasers.