‫اﻟﻔﺼﻞ‬

‫‪15‬‬

‫اﻹﺻﺪار ‪6‬‬
‫ﻟﻠﺒﺮوﺗﻮﻛﻮل ‪IP‬‬
‫اﻟﻔﺼﻞ اﻟﺨﺎﻣﺲ ﻋﺸﺮ‬ ‫‪318‬‬

‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺮ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺎﺏ‪ ،‬ﺃﻟﻘﻴﻨﺎ ﻧﻈﺮﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﻨﺎﻭﻳﻦ ‪ TCP/IP‬ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ ﻣﻊ ﺑﺮﻭﺗﻮﻛـﻮﻝ ﺍﻹﻧﺘﺮﻧـﺖ‬
‫ﺑﺈﺻﺪﺍﺭﻩ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺑﻊ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻜ ‪‬ﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻀﺨﻢ ﺍﳍﺎﺋﻞ ﻟﻺﻧﺘﺮﻧﺖ ﻭﻏﲑﻩ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻼﺕ ﺳﻮﻑ ﻧﻠﻘﻲ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻀﻮﺀ ﰲ‬
‫ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﻗﺎﺩﺕ ﺇﱃ ﺍﳋﻮﺽ ﰲ ﺍﺳﺘﺒﺪﺍﻝ ‪ IPv4‬ﺑﺎﻹﺻﺪﺍﺭ ‪ .IPv6‬ﺗﻨﻄﺒﻖ ﻣﻌﻈـﻢ ﺍﳌﺒـﺎﺩﺉ ﺍﻟـﱵ‬
‫ﺗﻌﻠﻤﺘﻬﺎ ﰲ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺎﺏ ﻋﻠﻰ ‪ ،IPv6‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﰎ ﲢﺪﻳﺚ ﺑﻌﻀﻬﺎ ﻭﺍﺳﺘﺒﺪﺍﻝ ﺑﻌﻀﻬﺎ ﺍﻵﺧﺮ‪ .‬ﻭﻧﺸﲑ ﺇﱃ ﺃ ﱠﻥ‬
‫ﲤﺘﻌﻚ ﲟﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﺟﻴ‪‬ﺪﺓ ﻣﻌﻤﻘﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﱪﻭﺗﻮﻛﻮﻝ ‪ IPv4‬ﺳﻴﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻔﻴﺪﹰﺍ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﻊ ‪.IPv6‬‬
‫ﺳﻮﻑ ﻧﻌﺮﺽ ﰲ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺿﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪:‬‬
‫ﺍﳊﺎﺟﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺇﺻﺪﺍﺭ ﺟﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ‪.IP‬‬ ‫;‬

‫ﳕﻮﺫﺝ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﻮﻧﺔ ﰲ ‪.IPv6‬‬ ‫;‬

‫ﺍﳋﻄﻂ ﺍﳌﻘﺘﺮﺣﺔ ﻟﻼﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﻣﻦ ‪ IPv4‬ﺇﱃ ‪.IPv6‬‬ ‫;‬

‫اﻟﺤﺎﺟﺔ إﻟﻰ إﺻﺪار ﺟﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ‪TCP/IP‬‬

‫ﻟﻘﺪ ﰎ ﺇﻧﺸﺎﺀ ﺑﺮﻭﺗﻮﻛﻮﻝ ﺍﻹﻧﺘﺮﻧﺖ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻌﺘﱪ ﻗﻴﺎﺳﻴﹰﺎ ﺍﻟﻴﻮﻡ‪ ،‬ﰲ ﺃﻭﺍﺋﻞ ﺍﻟﺴﺒﻌﻴﻨﻴﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻭﳝﺜﻞ ﺍﻹﺻﺪﺍﺭ‬
‫‪ IPv4‬ﺍﻹﺻﺪﺍﺭ ﺍﳊﺎﱄ ﻣﻨﻪ‪ .‬ﻟﻘﺪ ﺃﺛﺒﺖ ‪ IPv4‬ﻧﻔﺴﻪ ﻛﱪﻭﺗﻮﻛﻮﻝ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﺮ ﻣﺘﻜﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﻴـﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻜـ ‪‬ﻦ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻀﺨﻢ ﺍﳍﺎﺋﻞ ﻟﻺﻧﺘﺮﻧﺖ ﺟﻌﻠﻪ ﻏﲑ ﻗﺎﺩﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻤﺮﺍﺭ‪ ،‬ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﺳﻮﻑ ﳛﻞ ‪ IPv6‬ﳏﻠﻪ ﻛﻤﻌﻴـﺎﺭ‬
‫ﻟﻺﻧﺘﺮﻧﺖ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺪﻋﻰ ﺑﺮﻭﺗﻮﻛﻮﻝ ﺍﻹﻧﺘﺮﻧﺖ‪ ،‬ﺍﳉﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ )‪ (IPng‬ﺃﻳﻀﹰﺎ‪.‬‬

‫‪IPv4‬‬ ‫ﺑﺮوﺗﻮآﻮل اﻹﻧﺘﺮﻧﺖ ﺑﺈﺻﺪارﻩ اﻟﺮاﺑﻊ‬

‫اﻹﺻﺪار اﻟﺤﺎﻟﻲ ﻣﻦ ‪ ،IP‬وهﻮ ﻣﺴﺘﺨﺪم ﻣﻨﺬ أآﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ‪ 20‬ﻋﺎﻣًﺎ‪.‬‬

‫‪IPv6‬‬ ‫ﺑﺮوﺗﻮآﻮل اﻹﻧﺘﺮﻧﺖ ﺑﺈﺻﺪارﻩ اﻟﺴﺎدس‬

‫اﻻﺳﻢ اﻟﺮﺳﻤﻲ ﻟﻺﺻﺪار اﻟﺠﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ‪ ،IP‬واﻟﺬي ﺳﻴﻐﺪو اﻟﻤﻌﻴﺎر اﻟﺠﺪﻳﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﰎ ﺍﻗﺘﺮﺍﺡ ‪ IPng‬ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻮﺻﻴﺔ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ ‪ IETF‬ﰲ ﲤﻮﺯ ‪) 1994‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻟـﺔ ‪ .(RFC 1752‬ﻭﻗـﺪ ﰎ‬

‫ﻗﺒﻮﻝ ﻣﻘﺘﺮﺡ ﺍﺳﺘﺒﺪﺍﻝ ‪ IPv4‬ﻛﱪﻭﺗﻮﻛﻮﻝ ﻟﻺﻧﺘﺮﻧﺖ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ ﳎﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻗﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﻫﻨﺪﺳﺔ ﺍﻹﻧﺘﺮﻧـﺖ‬
‫)‪ ،(Internet Engineering Steering Group‬ﻭﺑﺬﻟﻚ ﺃﺻﺒﺢ ‪ IPng‬ﺍﳌﻌﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﳌﻘﺘـﺮﺡ‪ .‬ﻭﰲ ﺁﺏ ‪،1998‬‬
‫‪319‬‬ ‫‪ -15‬اﻹﺻﺪار ‪ 6‬ﻟﻠﺒﺮوﺗﻮآﻮل ‪IP‬‬

‫ﲤﺖ ﺗﺮﻗﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﻌﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﳌﻘﺘﺮﺡ ﺇﱃ ﻣﻌﻴﺎﺭ ﻣﻌﺘﻤﺪ‪ .‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﲤﺖ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ‪ RFCs‬ﺣﻮﻝ ‪ ،IPv6‬ﻭﻫﻲ‬
‫ﻣﺘﻮﻓﺮﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻹﻧﺘﺮﻧﺖ ﳌﻦ ﳛﺐ ﺍﻻﻃﻼﻉ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ‪.‬‬

‫اﺳﻢ اﻟﺒﺮوﺗﻮآﻮل اﻟﺠﺪﻳﺪ‬

‫ﻳﻌﻮد اﻟﺴﺒﺐ ﻓﻲ اﻻﻧﺘﻘﺎل ﻣﻦ ‪ IPv4‬إﻟﻰ ‪ IPv6‬وﻟﻴﺲ ‪ IPv5‬إﻟﻰ أنﱠ هﻨﺎك ﺑﺎﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﺑﺮوﺗﻮآﻮﻻً‬
‫ﻳﺪﻋﻰ ‪ ،IPv5‬وﻗﺪ ﺗﻤﺖ اﻹﺷﺎرة إﻟﻰ هﺬا اﻷﺧﻴﺮ ﻓﻲ ‪ RFC 1946‬ﺑﺎﻻﺳﻢ ‪ ST2‬و ‪ .ST2+‬ﻻ‬
‫ﻳﻌﺘﺒﺮ ‪ IPv5‬ﺑﺪﻳﻼً ﻋﻦ ‪ IPv4‬وهﻮ ﻣﺤﺪود اﻻﺳﺘﺨﺪام‪.‬‬

‫ﻳﺸﻴﺮ اﻟﺘﻌﺒﻴﺮ ‪ Next Generation‬إﻟﻰ اﻟﻌﺒﺎرة ‪ ،Star Trek, the Next Generation‬وهﻲ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ‬
‫اﻟﺒﺮوﺗﻮآﻮﻻت اﻟﺘﻲ ﺳﺘﺤﻞ ﻣﺤﻞ ‪ IPv4‬آﻤﺎ ﺣﻠﺖ اﻟﻤﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ‪ Next Generation‬ﻣﺤﻞ اﻟﻤﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ‬
‫اﻟﻘﺪﻳﻤﺔ ﻓﻲ ‪.USS Enterprise‬‬

‫ﻟﻴﺲ ‪ IPng‬ﳎﺮ‪‬ﺩ ﺗﺮﻗﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﱪﻭﺗﻮﻛﻮﻝ ‪ ،IPv4‬ﻓﻬﻮ ﺑﺮﻭﺗﻮﻛﻮﻝ ﻣﺪﻗﱠﻖ ﺑﻌﻨﺎﻳﺔ‪ .‬ﺇﺫ ﺇﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻴﺰﺍﺕ‬
‫ﻣﺘﺸﺎ‪‬ﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻻ ﺗﺰﺍﻝ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻕ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻫﻲ ﻧﻔﺴﻬﺎ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ ﰲ ‪ ،IPv4‬ﻭﻟﻜـ ‪‬ﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﻮﻧـﺔ ﳐﺘﻠﻔـﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺮﻭﻳﺴﺎﺕ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﲣﺼﺼﹰﺎ ﻭﺧﻔﱠﺔ‪ .‬ﻳﻘﺪﻡ ‪ IPv6‬ﺧﻴﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ‪ ،‬ﲟﺎ ﰲ ﺫﻟﻚ ﲢﻜﻤﹰﺎ ﺃﻛﱪ ﺑﺎﻟﺘـﺪﻓﻖ‬
‫ﻭﺃﻣﺎﻧﹰﺎ ﳏﺴ‪‬ﻨﹰﺎ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻣﻨﺬ ﺑﺪﺍﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ ‪ 1998‬ﰎ ﺇﻃﻼﻕ ﺷﺒﻜﺔ ﺍﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺟﻞ ‪ IPv6‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻹﻧﺘﺮﻧـﺖ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗـﺪﻋﻰ ﻫـﺬﻩ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ ‪ ،6 BONE‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﺗﻀﺨﻤﺖ ﲝﻴﺚ ﴰﻠﺖ ‪ 400‬ﻣﻮﻗﻊ ﻭﺷﺒﻜﺔ ﻣﺘﺼﻠﺔ ﺑﻴﻨﻴﹰﺎ ﰲ ‪ 40‬ﺑﻠﺪﹰﺍ‪ .‬ﻭﻋﻨﺪ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺘﻘﺮﺍﺭ ﺷﺒﻜﺔ ‪ ،6 BONE‬ﺳﻮﻑ ﻳﺒﺪﺃ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﺇﱃ ‪ .IPv6‬ﻫﺬﺍ ﻭﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺘﻮﻗﻊ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﻘـﺎﻝ ﺇﱃ‬
‫ﺷﺒﻜﺔ ‪ IPv6‬ﺎﺋﻴﹰﺎ ﰲ ﻏﻀﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺸﺮ ﺳﻨﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺩﻣﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺑﻌﺪ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺘﺤﻘﻖ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺳﻴﻈﻞ ‪ IPv6‬ﺍﳌﻌﻴـﺎﺭ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻟﻌﻘﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﻭﺳﻨﻮﺻﻒ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﻻﺣﻘﹰﺎ ﰲ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ‪.‬‬

‫‪6BONE‬‬

‫اﻟﻌﻤﻮد اﻟﻔﻘﺮي ﻟﻠﺒﺮوﺗﻮآﻮل ‪ ،IPv6‬واﻟﺬي ﻳﺘﻢ اﺳﺘﺨﺪاﻣﻪ ﺣﺎﻟﻴًﺎ ﻟﺒﻨﺎء واﺧﺘﺒﺎر اﻟﺒﻨﻴﺔ اﻟﺘﺤﺘﻴﺔ ﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ ‪.IPv6‬‬

‫)‪(IPng‬‬ ‫ﺑﺮوﺗﻮآﻮل اﻹﻧﺘﺮﻧﺖ‪ ،‬اﻟﺠﻴﻞ اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ‬

‫اﻻﺳﻢ ﻏﻴﺮ اﻟﺮﺳﻤﻲ ﻟﻠﺒﺮوﺗﻮآﻮل ‪.IPv6‬‬
‫اﻟﻔﺼﻞ اﻟﺨﺎﻣﺲ ﻋﺸﺮ‬ ‫‪320‬‬

‫اﻟﻌﻨﻮﻧﺔ ﻓﻲ ‪IPv6‬‬
‫ﺗﻌﻠﻢ ﺃ ﱠﻥ ﻋﻨﺎﻭﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ ﺗﻜﺎﺩ ﺗﻨﻔﺬ ﻣﻦ ‪ ،IPv4‬ﻭﺑﺄ ﱠﻥ ﺟﺪﺍﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺟﻴﻪ ﺗﺘﻀﺨﻢ‪ ،‬ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻓﻘﺪ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺒﺪﻳﻬﻲ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﲢﺮﻙ ﳊﻞ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﺸﻜﻠﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﱵ ﺍﺗﻀﺤﺖ ﻣﻌﺎﳌﻬﺎ ﻣﻨﺬ ﺃﻭﺍﺋﻞ ﺍﻟﺘـﺴﻌﻴﻨﻴﺎﺕ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻋﻠﻴﻪ‪ ،‬ﻓﻘﺪ ﺗﺸﻜﻠﺖ ﻫﻴﺌﺎﺕ ﻭﻓﺮﻕ ﻋﻤﻞ ﻣﺸﺘﺮﻛﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﳌﻬﻨﺪﺳﲔ‪ .‬ﻭﻗـﺪ‬
‫ﲤﺨﺾ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﺪﺅﻭﺏ ﻋﻦ ‪ .IPv6‬ﺭﻛﱠﺰ ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻮ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﰲ ﲢﺴﻴﻨﺎ‪‬ﻢ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﺎﺣﻴﱵ ﻓﺎﻋﻠﻴـﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﻨﻮﻧﺔ ﻭﺍﻷﻣﺎﻥ ﺍﶈﺴ‪‬ﻦ‪.‬‬
‫ﻳﺮﻛﺰ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳌﻘﻄﻊ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﻮﻧﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ ﰲ ‪ ،IPv6‬ﺇﺫ ﺳﻴﻮﻓﺮ ﺍﻟﱪﻭﺗﻮﻛﻮﻝ ﺍﳉﺪﻳﺪ ﻋﻨﺎﻭﻳﻦ ‪ IP‬ﺃﻛﺜﺮ‬
‫ﺑﻜﺜﲑ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺎﻭﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻭﻓﺮﻫﺎ ﺍﻹﺻﺪﺍﺭ ﺍﳊﺎﱄ‪ ،‬ﻭﺳﺘﺘﻢ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﺔ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺎﻭﻳﻦ ﺑﺎﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺍﻟﺴﺖ ﻋﺸﺮﻱ‬
‫ﻭﺳﺘﺘﻄﻠﺐ ﻧﻮﻋﹰﺎ ﺟﺪﻳﺪﹰﺍ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﻣﻴﺰ‪.‬‬

‫ﻋﻨﺎوﻳﻦ ‪ IPv4‬وﻋﻨﺎوﻳﻦ ‪IPv6‬‬

‫ﻳﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﰲ ‪ IPv4‬ﻣﻦ ‪ ،32 bits‬ﳑﺎ ﻳﻌﲏ ﺃ ﱠﻥ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺣﻮﺍﱄ ‪ 4‬ﻣﻠﻴﺎﺭ ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ ‪ IP‬ﻓﺮﻳـﺪ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺒـﺎﹰ‪،‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻌﺘﱪ ﻛﺎﻓﻴﹰﺎ ﻟﺪﻋﻢ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻣـﻦ ‪ .ARPAnet‬ﻭﻟﻜـ ‪‬ﻦ ﲢـﻮﻝ ‪ ARPAnet‬ﺇﱃ‬
‫ﺍﻹﻧﺘﺮﻧﺖ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﺯﺩﻳﺎﺩ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﳌﻀﻴﻔﲔ ﺍﳌﺘﺼﻠﲔ ﺑﺎﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻛﺒﲑ‪ ،‬ﺃﺩﻯ ﺇﱃ ﺍﺳﺘﻬﻼﻙ ﻋﻨـﺎﻭﻳﻦ ‪IP‬‬

‫ﻫﺬﻩ‪.‬‬
‫ﺃﻣﺎ ‪ IPv6‬ﻓﻴﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻋﻨﺎﻭﻳﻦ ﻣﻜﻮﻧﺔ ﻣﻦ ‪ ،128-bit‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﺃﻛﱪ ﺣﺠﻤﹰﺎ ﻣﻦ ﻋﻨﺎﻭﻳﻦ ‪ IPv4‬ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻛﺒﲑ‪.‬‬
‫ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﺳﻴﺪﻋﻢ ‪ IPv6‬ﻋﺪﺩﹰﺍ ﺃﻛﱪ ﻣﻦ ﻋﻨﺎﻭﻳﻦ ‪ ،IP‬ﻭﲝﻴﺚ ﻳﻮﻓﺮ ‪ 4‬ﻣﻠﻴﺎﺭ ﺿﻌﻒ ﻣـﻦ ﻋﻨـﺎﻭﻳﻦ ‪IPv4‬‬

‫ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﺩ ‪ 4‬ﻣﻠﻴﺎﺭ‪ ،‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﻭﻓﻖ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ‪:‬‬

‫‪:(2‬‬ ‫)‪32‬‬ ‫‪IPv4‬‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺎﻭﻳﻦ‬
‫‪4.294.967.296‬‬
‫‪:(2‬‬‫)‪128‬‬ ‫‪IPv6‬‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺎﻭﻳﻦ‬
‫‪340,282,366,920,938,463,463,374,607,431,768,211,456‬‬

‫ﻳﻌﺘﱪ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﺩ ﻣﻦ ﻋﻨﺎﻭﻳﻦ ‪ IP‬ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻳﺪﺓ ﻛﺒﲑﹰﺍ ﻟﻠﻐﺎﻳﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻟﻔﻬﻢ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﺩ ﺑﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺃﺑﺴﻂ‪ ،‬ﺳـﻨﺄﺧﺬ‬
‫ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﺍﻷﺭﺽ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﻟﻐﺔ ‪ 511.263.971.197.990‬ﻣﺘﺮﹰﺍ ﻣﺮﺑﻌﹰﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﺳﻨﺠﺪ ﺑﺄ ﱠﻥ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﻨـﺎﻭﻳﻦ ﺍﳉﺪﻳـﺪﺓ‬
‫ﻳﻘﺎﺑﻞ ﺗﻮﻓﺮ ‪ 665.570.793.348.866.943.898.599‬ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻧﹰﺎ ﻓﺮﻳﺪﹰﺍ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺟﻞ ﻛﻞ ﻣﺘﺮ ﻣﺮﺑﻊ‪.‬‬
‫‪321‬‬ ‫‪ -15‬اﻹﺻﺪار ‪ 6‬ﻟﻠﺒﺮوﺗﻮآﻮل ‪IP‬‬

‫‪ Harry‬ـ اﻟﺠﻴﻞ اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ‬

‫ﻳﺒﲔ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﱄ ‪ Harry the Host‬ﰲ ﻋﺎﱂ ‪ IPv4‬ﻛﻮﺍﺣﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺑﻀﻌﺔ ﻣﻀﻴﻔﲔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻜﻨ‪‬ـﻪ ﺳﻴـﺼﺒﺢ‬
‫ﻭﺍﺣﺪﹰﺍ ﻣﻦ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺿﺨﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻀﻴﻔﲔ ﻣﻊ ‪.IPv6‬‬

‫ﳌﺎﺫﺍ ﺍﺭﺗﺄﻯ ﺍﳌﺼﻤﻤﻮﻥ ﺗﻮﻓﲑ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﺩ ﺍﳍﺎﺋﻞ ﻣﻦ ﻋﻨﺎﻭﻳﻦ ‪IP‬؟ ﻫﻞ ﺑﺎﻟﻐﻮﺍ ﰲ ﺗﻘﺪﻳﺮﺍ‪‬ﻢ؟ ﺃﱂ ﻳﻜـﻦ‬
‫ﺍﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩ ﻋﻨﺎﻭﻳﻦ ‪ 64-bit‬ﻛﺎﻓﻴﺎﹰ؟ ﻟﻘﺪ ﻗﺮﺭ ﻣﺼﻤﻤﻮ ‪ IPv6‬ﺃ ﱠﻥ ﺍﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺎﻭﻳﻦ ‪ 64-bit‬ﻗﺪ ﳛﺪ ﻣﻦ ﳕـﻮ‬
‫ﻼ ﺗﻈﻬﺮ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﻋﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻨﺘﺠﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻗﺪ ﲢﺘﺎﺝ ﺇﱃ ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ‪ .‬ﲣﻴﻞ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﺒ ﹰ‬
‫‪ IP‬ﻓﺮﻳﺪ‪ ،‬ﺇﺫ ﳝﻜﻨﻚ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺘﺨﻴﻞ ﻛﻞ ﻗﻄﻌﺔ ﰲ ﻣﱰﻟﻚ ﻭﻗﺪ ﰎ ﻭﺻﻠﻬﺎ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻹﻧﺘﺮﻧﺖ‪ ،‬ﺳﻮﻑ ﺗﻜـﻮﻥ‬
‫ﻗﺎﺩﺭﹰﺍ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻜﻢ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻜﻴﻴﻒ ﺍﳌﱰﱄ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﻹﻧﺘﺮﻧﺖ‪ ،‬ﻭﺳﻴﻜﻮﻥ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺍﻟﻜﺜﲑ ﻣـﻦ ﺍﻷﺟﻬـﺰﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺑﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﻮﺻﻮﻝ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﻟﻮﻳﺐ‪ ،‬ﲟﺎ ﰲ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﻹﻧﺎﺭﺓ ﻭﺃﻓﺮﺍﻥ ﺍﳌﺎﻳﻜﺮﻭﻭﻳﻒ ﻭﺍﻟ ‪‬ﱪﺍﺩﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﻷﺩﻭﺍﺕ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺮﻛﺔ ﻭﺍﳍﻮﺍﺗﻒ ﺍﳋﻠﻴﻮﻳﺔ ﻭﺣﻮﺍﺳﺐ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺍﳌﻜﺘﺐ ﻭﺍﳌﺴﺠ‪‬ﻼﺕ ﻭﻏﲑﻫﺎ ﺍﻟﻜﺜﲑ‪ .‬ﻭﲟﺎ ﺃﻥ ﻫـﺬﻩ‬
‫ﺍﻷﺟﻬﺰﺓ ﺳﺘﺘﺼﻞ ﺑﺎﻹﻧﺘﺮﻧﺖ‪ ،‬ﻓﻼ ﻏﲎ ﻋﻦ ﺣﺼﻮﳍﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ ‪ IP‬ﻓﺮﻳﺪ ﻟﻜﻞ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﳐﻴ‪‬ﻠﺘﻚ ﻟﺰﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﺑﻨﻮﺩ ﻗﺎﺋﻤﺔ ﺍﻷﺟﻬﺰﺓ ﺍﳌﺮﺗﺒﻄﺔ ﺑﺎﻹﻧﺘﺮﻧﺖ‪ .‬ﺇﺫ ﺳﻮﻑ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﱪ‪‬ﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺆﻫﻞ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻮﻳﺐ ﻣﺘﺎﺣﹰﺎ ﻟﻚ ﻭﻟﻠﺸﺮﻛﺔ ﺍﳌﺼﻨﻌﺔ ﻋﱪ ﺍﻟﻮﻳﺐ‪ .‬ﻓﻘﺪ ﺗﺮﻏﺐ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺤﻘﻖ ﻣﻦ ﳏﺘﻮﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟـﱪﺍﺩ ﻋـﱪ‬
‫ﻣﺴﺘﻌﺮﺽ ﻭﻳﺐ ﻗﺒﻞ ﻣﻐﺎﺩﺭﺗﻚ ﳌﻘﺮ ﻋﻤﻠﻚ‪ .‬ﺳﻮﻑ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺑﻮﺳﻌﻚ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻮﻝ ﺇﱃ ﺃﻳـﺔ ﻗﻄﻌـﺔ ﰲ‬
‫ﻣﱰﻟﻚ ﻗﺒﻞ ﻣﻐﺎﺩﺭﺗﻚ ﳌﻘﺮ ﻋﻤﻠﻚ‪ .‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﻟﻀﺒﻂ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﻭﻭﺿﻊ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺭﺓ ﺃﻣﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﺎﺀ‪ .‬ﻫـﻞ‬
‫اﻟﻔﺼﻞ اﻟﺨﺎﻣﺲ ﻋﺸﺮ‬ ‫‪322‬‬

‫ﺫﻟﻚ ﳑﻜﻦ؟ ﺳﻮﻑ ﻧﺮﻯ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻜﻨ‪‬ﻨﺎ ﺑﻜﻞ ﺍﻷﺣﻮﺍﻝ ﺳﻨﻤﻠﻚ ﳐﻄﻂ ﻋﻨﻮﻧﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺷﺄﻧﻪ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻮﻓﺮ ﻟﻨﺎ ﻣـﺎ‬
‫ﻳﻜﻔﻲ ﻣﻦ ﻋﻨﺎﻭﻳﻦ‪.‬‬

‫ﻋﻨﺎوﻳﻦ ‪ IPv6‬اﻟﺴﺘﺔ ﻋﺸﺮﻳﺔ اﻟﺠﺪﻳﺪة‬

‫ﻟﻘﺪ ﺃﻟﻘﻴﺖ ﰲ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺎﺏ ﻧﻈﺮﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ‪ ،IPv4‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﻭﺟﺪﺕ ﺑﺄ ﱠﻥ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ ﻟﻠﻌﻨـﺎﻭﻳﻦ ﰲ ﻫـﺬﺍ‬
‫ﺍﻟﱪﻭﺗﻮﻛﻮﻝ )ﻋﻨﺎﻭﻳﻦ ‪ (32-bit‬ﻫﻮ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ‪:‬‬
‫‪192.168.2.100‬‬
‫ﺃﻣﺎ ﻋﻨﺎﻭﻳﻦ ‪ IPv6‬ﻣﻦ ﺟﻬﺘﻬﺎ ﻓﻬﻲ ‪ 128-bits‬ﻭﺗﺘﻢ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﺘﻬﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺍﻟﺴﺘﺔ ﻋﺸﺮﻱ‪ .‬ﻭﺗـﺬﻛﺮ ﻣـﻦ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ‪ ،‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺎ ﺁﻣﻞ‪ ،‬ﺃ ﱠﻥ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﺪ ﺍﻟﺴﺘﺔ ﻋﺸﺮﻱ ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﺍﻷﺭﻗﺎﻡ ﻣﻦ ‪ 0‬ﺣـﱴ ‪ 9‬ﻛﻤـﺎ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﺸﺮﻱ ﻭﻳﺰﻳﺪ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﳊﺮﻭﻑ ‪ A‬ﻭ‪ B‬ﻭ‪ C‬ﻭ‪ D‬ﻭ‪ E‬ﻭ‪ ،F‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﻟﺘﻤﺜﻴﻞ ﺍﻷﻋـﺪﺍﺩ ‪ 10‬ﻭ‪ 11‬ﻭ‪ 12‬ﻭ‪13‬‬

‫ﻭ‪ 14‬ﻭ‪ 15‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺗﻴﺐ‪ .‬ﺃﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﺸﺮﻱ ‪ 16‬ﻓﻴﺘﻢ ﲤﺜﻴﻠﻪ ﺳﺘﺔ ﻋﺸﺮﻳﹰﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﺸﻜﻞ ‪ .10‬ﻳﻘﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﻮﺍﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺎﱄ ﻣﺜﺎ ﹰﻻ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ ‪ IPv6‬ﻣﺄﺧﻮﺫ ﻣﻦ ‪ ،RFCs 1884,1924‬ﻭﺍﻟﻠﺘﺎﻥ ﺗﻮﺻﻔﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﻮﻧﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺮﻣﻴﺰ ﰲ‬
‫‪:IPv6‬‬
‫‪EFDC:BA65:7654:3201:EFDC:BA72:7654:3120‬‬

‫اﻟﺘﺮﻣﻴﺰ ﻣﻀﺎﻋﻒ اﻟﻨﻘﺎط اﻟﻌﻤﻮد‬

‫ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﻣﺨﺘﺼﺮة ﻟﻜﺘﺎﺑﺔ ﻋﻨﺎوﻳﻦ ‪ ،IPv6‬وذﻟﻚ دون ﺗﻀﻤﻴﻦ اﻷﺻﻔﺎر ﻏﻴﺮ اﻟﻀﺮورﻳﺔ )ﻻ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﻟﻬﺎ(‪.‬‬

‫ﻼ"‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻓﻴﻪ ﳉﻤﻴﻊ ﺍﻷﻋﺪﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺴﺘﺔ ﻋﺸﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻻﺛـﻨﲔ‬ ‫ﳝﺜﻞ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ ‪" IPv6‬ﻛﺎﻣ ﹰ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺜﻼﺛﲔ ﻗﻴﻤﹰﺎ ﻫﺎﻣﺔ‪ .‬ﻓﻔﻲ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﺑﻞ‪ ،‬ﳝﻜﻦ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﺔ ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ ‪ IPv6‬ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﳛﻮﻱ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣـﻦ ﺍﻷﺻـﻔﺎﺭ‬
‫ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﺃﻗﺼﺮ ﻗﺪ ﻳﺼﻞ ﺇﱃ ﲦﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺃﺭﻗﺎﻡ ﺳﺘﺔ ﻋﺸﺮﻳﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﲟﺎ ﺃ ﱠﻥ ﻋﻨﺎﻭﻳﻦ ‪ IPv6‬ﺫﺍﺕ ﻃـﻮﻝ ‪،128-bits‬‬
‫ﳚﺐ ﺇﺫﹰﺍ ﲢﻘﻴﻖ ﻣﻌﻴﺎﺭ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﺔ ﺟﺪﻳﺪ ﳍﺎ‪ .‬ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﳕﻂ ﻋﻨﺎﻭﻳﻦ ‪ ،IPv4‬ﺳﻮﻑ ﻳﺘﻢ ﲤﺜﻴـﻞ ﺍﻟﻌﻨـﻮﺍﻥ‬
‫‪ 128-bit‬ﻋﻠﻰ ‪ 63‬ﺭﻗﻤﹰﺎ ﻋﺸﺮﻳﹰﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﺣﻴﺚ ﺃ ﱠﻥ ﻫﺬﺍ ﻏﲑ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻲ‪ ،‬ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﺍﻷﺭﻗﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺴﺘﺔ ﻋﺸﺮﻳﺔ ﻟﺘﻤﺜﻴﻞ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺎﻭﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﺜﻨﺎﺋﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﳝﺜﻞ ﻛﻞ ﻣﻘﻄﻊ ﻣﻦ ﺍﶈﺎﺭﻑ ﺍﻟﺴﺘﺔ ﻋﺸﺮﻳﺔ ‪ 16 bits‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﻮﺍﻥ‪ .‬ﻭﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻫـﺬﻩ‬
‫ﺍﶈﺎﺭﻑ ﺍﻟﺴﺘﺔ ﻋﺸﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻻﺛﻨﲔ ﻭﺍﻟﺜﻼﺛﲔ ﺳﺒﻌﺔ ﻓﻮﺍﺻﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪ .(:‬ﻳﻌﺮﻑ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﺑﺎﻟﻌﻨﻮﺍﻥ‬
‫‪ - 39‬ﳏﺮﻓﹰﺎ )‪ .(32 + 7‬ﻫﺬﺍ ﻭﲢﻮﻱ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺎﻭﻳﻦ ﻋﺪﺓ ﺃﺻﻔﺎﺭ‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﱄ‪:‬‬
‫‪1080:0000:0000:0000:0008:0800:200C:417A‬‬
‫‪323‬‬ ‫‪ -15‬اﻹﺻﺪار ‪ 6‬ﻟﻠﺒﺮوﺗﻮآﻮل ‪IP‬‬

‫ﻭﺣﱴ ﳒﻌﻞ ﺗﺮﻣﻴﺰ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﺃﺳﻬﻞ‪ ،‬ﳝﻜﻨﻨﺎ ﺇﺳﻘﺎﻁ ﺍﻷﺻﻔﺎﺭ ﻏﲑ ﺍﳍﺎﻣﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺑﺬﻟﻚ ﻳﺼﺒﺢ ﺍﻟﻌﻨـﻮﺍﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻖ ﺑﺎﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﱄ‪:‬‬
‫‪1808:0:0:0:8:800:200C:417A‬‬

‫ﻼ ﻧﻮﻋﹰﺎ ﻣﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﳊﺴﻦ ﺍﳊﻆ‪ ،‬ﳝﻜﻨﻨﺎ ﺗﻘﺼﲑﻩ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﺃﻛـﱪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﻟﻜ ‪‬ﻦ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺜﻴﻞ ﺍﻷﺧﲑ ﻻ ﻳﺰﺍﻝ ﻃﻮﻳ ﹰ‬
‫ﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﳝﻠﻚ ﺃﺻﻔﺎﺭﹰﺍ ﻣﺘﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻋﺪﻳﺪﺓ‪ ،‬ﳝﻜﻨﻨﺎ ﺇﺫﹰﺍ ﺇﺳﻘﺎﻁ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻷﺻﻔﺎﺭ ﻭﺍﻻﻛﺘﻔﺎﺀ ﺑﻮﺿﻊ )‪(:‬‬
‫ﻓﺒﻤﺎ ﺃ ﱠ‬
‫ﺇﱃ ﺟﺎﻧﺐ ﺑﻌﻀﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺾ‪ ،‬ﻭﺑﺬﻟﻚ ﻳﺼﺒﺢ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻖ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ‪:‬‬
‫‪1080::8:800:200C:417A‬‬
‫ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺪﻋﻰ ﺑﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﻣﻴﺰ ﻣﻀﺎﻋﻒ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺎﻁ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻮﺩ )‪.(double-colon notation‬‬

‫اﻟﺘﺮﻣﻴﺰ ﻣﻀﺎﻋﻒ اﻟﻨﻘﺎط اﻟﻌﻤﻮد‬

‫ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺗﺸﺎﻫﺪ ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻧﹰﺎ ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﻣﻴﺰ ‪ ،double-colon‬ﻓﻠﻦ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﻬـﺪﻳﻬﻲ ﻣﻌﺮﻓـﺔ ﻋـﺪﺩ‬
‫ﺍﻷﺻﻔﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻗﺼﺔ ﻭﰲ ﺃﻱ ﻣﻮﺿﻊ ﻫﻲ‪ .‬ﻭﺗﻌﺘﱪ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﻣﻴﺰ ‪double-‬‬

‫‪ colon‬ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺛﻨﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺍﳋﻄﻮﺓ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻺﻧﺴﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﺇﺫ ﳚﺐ ﺃﻭ ﹰﻻ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﺔ ﲦﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﳏﺎﺭﻑ ‪ x‬ﻣﻔﺼﻮﻟﺔ ﺑﻨﻘﻄﺘﲔ‬
‫ﻋﻤﻮﺩ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﱠﰒ ﺍﺳﺘﺒﺪﺍﳍﺎ ﺑﻘﻴﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﺗﻘﻊ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻳﺴﺎﺭ ‪ ،double-colon‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﱠﰒ ﺍﻟﺘﺤـﺮﻙ ﻣـﻦ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻴﺴﺎﺭ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﻴﻤﲔ‪ ،‬ﻣﺜﻞ‪:‬‬
‫‪1080:x:x:x:x:x:x:x‬‬
‫ﻭﻣﻦ ﱠﰒ ﺍﺳﺘﺒﺪﺍﻝ ﺍﶈﺎﺭﻑ ‪ x‬ﺑﻘﻴﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﺑﺪﺀﹰﺍ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻗﺼﻰ ﺍﻟﻴﻤﲔ‪ ،‬ﻣﺜﻞ‪:‬‬
‫‪1080:x:x:x:x:x:417A‬‬
‫‪1080: x:x:x:x:x:200C:417A‬‬
‫‪1080:x:x:x:x:800:200C:417A‬‬
‫‪1080:x:x:x:8:800:200C:417A‬‬

‫ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﻧﺘﻬﺎﺀ ﲨﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻢ ﺍﳌﺘﺎﺣﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﺳﺘﺒﺪﻝ ﻣﺎ ﺑﻘﻲ ﻣﻦ ﳏﺎﺭﻑ ‪ x‬ﺑﺎﻟﺼﻔﺮ‪ ،‬ﻭﺑﺬﻟﻚ ﺳﺘﺤـﺼﻞ ﻋﻠـﻰ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺗﺞ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﱄ ﳍﺬﺍ ﺍﳌﺜﺎﻝ‪:‬‬
‫‪1080:0:0:0:8:800:200C:417A‬‬

‫ﺗﻮﺟﺪ ﻗﺎﻋﺪة ﻫﺎﻣﺔ ﺗﺨﺺ اﻟﺘﺮﻣﻴﺰ ‪ ،double-colon‬وﻫﻲ أﻧﻪ ﻻ ﻳﺠﺐ اﺳﺘﺨﺪام‬

‫اﻟﻨﻘﺎط اﻟﻌﻤﻮد اﻟﻤﻀﺎﻋﻔﺔ ﻷﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺮة ﻓﻲ اﻟﻌﻨﻮان‪.‬‬
‫اﻟﻔﺼﻞ اﻟﺨﺎﻣﺲ ﻋﺸﺮ‬ ‫‪324‬‬

‫ﳝﻜﻦ ﻟﻌﻨﻮﺍﻥ ‪ IPv4‬ﺃﻥ ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﺿﻤﻦ ﳐﻄﻂ ﻋﻨﻮﻧﺔ ‪ ،IPv6‬ﻭﲝﻴﺚ ﻳﺘﻢ ﻭﺿﻊ ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ ‪ IPv4‬ﺍﻟـﺴﺘﺔ‬
‫ﻋﺸﺮﻱ ﰲ ﺁﺧﺮ ‪ 32 bits‬ﻣﻦ ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ ‪ .IP‬ﻓﻌﻠﻰ ﺳﺒﻴﻞ ﺍﳌﺜﺎﻝ‪ ،‬ﻟﻨﺄﺧﺬ ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ ‪ IPv4‬ﺍﻟﺘﺎﱄ‪:‬‬
‫‪192.168.2.100‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺳﻴﺼﺒﺢ ﺿﻤﻦ ‪ IPv6‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ‪:‬‬
‫‪:: C0A8:0264‬‬

‫)ﻭﻫﻮ ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﻣﻴﺰ ﻣﻀﺎﻋﻒ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺎﻁ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻮﺩ ﻟﻠﻌﻨﻮﺍﻥ ‪ .(0:0:0:0:0:0:C0A8:0264‬ﺃﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻮﻳـﻞ‬

‫ﻣﻦ ﻋﺸﺮﻱ ﺇﱃ ﺳﺘﺔ ﻋﺸﺮﻱ ﻓﻴﺘﻢ ﺑﺒﺴﺎﻃﺔ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺣﺎﺳﺒﺔ‪.‬‬

‫اﺧﺘﺒﺮ ﻣﻌﺎرﻓﻚ‪ :‬ﺗﺤﻮﻳﻞ ﻋﻨﻮان ‪ IPv4‬إﻟﻰ ﻋﻨﻮان ‪IPv6‬‬

‫ﻟﺘﺤﻮﻳﻞ ﻋﻨﻮان ‪ IPv4‬إﻟﻰ ﻋﻨﻮان ‪ ،IPv6‬ﻳﺠﺐ أن ﺗﻘﻮم أوﻻً ﺑﺘﺤﻮﻳﻞ آﻞ ﻣﻘﻄﻊ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻌﻨﻮان‬
‫اﻟﻌﺸﺮي إﻟﻰ ﺳﺘﺔ ﻋﺸﺮي‪ .‬ﺑﻌﺪ ذﻟﻚ‪ ،‬وﻧﻈﺮاً ﻷﻧﱠﻪ ﻳﺠﺐ ﺗﻤﺜﻴﻞ آﻞ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺳﺖ ﻋﺸﺮﻳﺔ‬
‫ﺑﻤﺤﺮﻓﻴﻦ‪ ،‬أﺿﻒ ﺻﻔﺮاً ﻷﻳﺔ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﻻ ﺗﻤﻠﻚ ﺳﻮى رﻗﻤﺎً واﺣﺪاً‪ .‬ﺿﻊ ﺑﻌﺪ ذﻟﻚ أول ﺛُﻤﺎﻧﻴﺘﻴﻦ ﻗﻤﺖ‬
‫ﺑﺘﺤﻮﻳﻠﻬﻤﺎ ﻣﻌﺎً ﺑﺤﻴﺚ ﺗﺸﻜﱢﻼن ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺳﺖ ﻋﺸﺮﻳﺔ ﺑﺄرﺑﻌﺔ ﻣﺤﺎرف‪ .‬أﺧﻴﺮاً‪ ،‬أدﺧﻞ ﻧﻘﻄﺔ ﻋﻤﻮد‪،‬‬
‫وأﻋﺪ اﻟﻜﺮﱠة ﻟﻠﺜﻤﺎﻧﻴﺘﻴﻦ اﻟﺜﺎﻟﺜﺔ واﻟﺮاﺑﻌﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﻟﻨﺤﺎول ﺗﺤﻮﻳﻞ اﻟﻌﻨﻮان ‪ 10.153.92.151‬إﻟﻰ ﻋﻨﻮان ‪ ،IPv6‬واﻟﺤﻞ هﻮ‪:‬‬

‫اﺳﺘﺨﺪم ﺁﻟﺔ ﺣﺎﺳﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﺤﻮﻳﻞ ﻣﻦ ﻋﺸﺮي إﻟﻰ ﺳﺘﺔ ﻋﺸﺮي‪ ،‬وﻃﺒﻖ اﻟﺤﺴﺎب ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫‪-1‬‬
‫اﻟﻌﺪد اﻟﻌﺸﺮي ‪:10‬‬
‫‪10 = A‬‬
‫ﺣﻮﱢل اﻟﻌﺪد اﻟﻌﺸﺮي ‪ 153‬إﻟﻰ ﺳﺘﺔ ﻋﺸﺮي‪:‬‬ ‫‪2‬ـ‬
‫‪153 = 99‬‬
‫ﺣﻮﱢل اﻟﻌﺪد اﻟﻌﺸﺮي ‪ 92‬إﻟﻰ ﺳﺘﺔ ﻋﺸﺮي‪:‬‬ ‫‪3‬ـ‬
‫‪92 = 5C‬‬
‫ﺣﻮﱢل اﻟﻌﺪد اﻟﻌﺸﺮي ‪ 151‬إﻟﻰ ﺳﺘﺔ ﻋﺸﺮي‪:‬‬ ‫‪4‬ـ‬
‫‪151 = 97‬‬
‫ﻳﺠﺐ أن ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﻤﺜﻴﻞ آﻞ ﻣﻦ هﺬﻩ اﻟﻘﻴﻢ اﻟﺴﺖ ﻋﺸﺮﻳﺔ ﺑﻤﺤﺮﻓﻴﻦ‪ .‬أﺿﻒ ﺻﻔﺮاً ﻷﻳﺔ‬ ‫‪5‬ـ‬
‫ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﻻ ﺗﻤﻠﻚ ﺳﻮى رﻗﻤﺎً واﺣﺪاً )ﺳﺘﺼﺒﺢ ‪ A‬ﺑﺎﻟﺸﻜﻞ ‪.(0A‬‬

‫ﺿﻊ اﻷرﻗﺎم اﻟﺴﺘﺔ ﻋﺸﺮﻳﺔ ﻣﻌﺎً‪:‬‬ ‫‪6‬ـ‬

‫‪0A99:5C97‬‬
‫‪325‬‬ ‫‪ -15‬اﻹﺻﺪار ‪ 6‬ﻟﻠﺒﺮوﺗﻮآﻮل ‪IP‬‬

‫اﺧﺘﺒﺮ ﻣﻌﺎرﻓﻚ‪ :‬ﺗﺤﻮﻳﻞ ﻋﻨﻮان ‪ IPv4‬إﻟﻰ ﻋﻨﻮان ‪/ IPv6‬ﺗﺎﺑﻊ‪/‬‬

‫ﻟﻨﻌﻴﺪ اﻟﻜﺮة ﻣﻊ اﻟﻌﻨﻮان ‪ 192.168.15.73‬إﻟﻰ ﻋﻨﻮان ‪:IPv6‬‬

‫‪ 1‬ـ ‪192 = C0‬‬

‫‪ 2‬ـ ‪168 = A8‬‬
‫‪ 3‬ـ ‪15 = F‬‬
‫‪ 4‬ـ ‪73 = 49‬‬
‫‪ 5‬ـ ‪ F‬ﻳﺼﺒﺢ ‪0F‬‬
‫‪ 6‬ـ ﺿﻊ ﺟﻤﻴﻊ اﻷرﻗﺎم اﻟﺴﺘﺔ ﻋﺸﺮﻳﺔ ﻣﻌﺎً ﻟﺘﺤﺼﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻌﻨﻮان‪.C0A8:0F49 :‬‬

‫ﻋﻨﺎوﻳﻦ ‪ IPv6‬اﻟﺨﺎﺻﺔ‬
‫ﺗﻄﺒﻖ ﻧﻮﺍﻇﻢ ﻋﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﻨﻮﻧﺔ ‪ ،IPv6‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﲤﺖ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﺔ ﻋﺪﺓ ‪ RFCs‬ﻟﺸﺮﺣﻬﺎ ﻭﺍﳊﺪﻳﺚ ﻋﻨﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﻣﻊ‬
‫ﺍﺯﺩﻳﺎﺩ ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ ‪ ،IPv6‬ﺳﻮﻑ ﻳﺼﺒﺢ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﺍﻇﻢ ﳑﺎﺭﺳﺔ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﻤـﺴﺆﻭﻟﲔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻧﻘﺪﻡ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ ﺍﺛﻨﲔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﺍﻇﻢ ﺍﳍﺎﻣﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﳘﺎ ﻳﺘﻌﻠﻘﺎﻥ ﺑﻘﻀﺎﻳﺎ ﻋﻨﻮﻧﺔ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﰲ ‪.IPv6‬‬

‫اﻟﻌﻨﻮان ﻏﻴﺮ اﻟﻤﺤﺪد‬

‫ﻳﺪﻋﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﻮﺍﻥ ‪ 0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0‬ﺍﻟﻌﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﻏﲑ ﺍﶈﺪ‪‬ﺩ )‪ ،(Unspecified address‬ﻭﻻ ﳚﺐ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻨﻪ‬
‫ﻼ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻳﺮﺳﻞ ﻣـﻀﻴﻒ ‪IPv6‬‬ ‫ﻷﻱ ﻣﻀﻴﻒ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻮ ﻳﺪﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﺪﻡ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ‪ ،‬ﺇﺫ ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻣﺜ ﹰ‬
‫ﺣﺰﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﺒﺤﺚ ﻋﻦ ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ‪ ،‬ﻓﺴﻴﺤﻮﻱ ﻋﻨﺪﻫﺎ ﺟﺰﺀ ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻮﺟﻬﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳊﺰﻣﺔ ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻧﹰﺎ ﻏـﲑ ﳏـﺪ‪‬ﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻳﺸﺒﻪ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﻣﻀﻴﻒ ﻳﺮﺳﻞ ﺣﺰﻣﺔ ‪ DHCP‬ﰲ ﳏﺎﻭﻟﺔ ﻣﻨﻪ ﻻﻛﺘﺸﺎﻑ ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ‪.‬‬

‫ﻋﻨﻮان اﻟﺤﻠﻘﺔ اﻟﻌﻜﺴﻴﺔ‬

‫ﳝﺜﻞ ‪ 0:0:0:0:0:0:0:1‬ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﺍﳊﻠﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻜﺴﻴﺔ )‪ .(loopback‬ﻭﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﺍﳌﻀﻴﻒ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﻹﺭﺳﺎﻝ‬
‫ﺣﺰﻣﺔ ‪ IPv6‬ﻟﻨﻔﺴﻪ‪ .‬ﻭﻻ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺗﻌﻴﲔ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﻷﻱ ﻣﻀﻴﻒ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻮ ﻳﺸﺒﻪ ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ ‪ IPv4‬ﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻤـﺔ‬
‫‪ .127.0.0.1‬ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﺍﳌﺴﺆﻭﻟﻮﻥ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﻟﻠﻤﺴﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﰲ ﺍﺳﺘﻜﺸﺎﻑ ﻭﺇﺻـﻼﺡ ﻣـﺸﻜﻼﺕ‬
‫‪ .TCP/IP‬ﻭﻛﻤﺎ ﺷﺮﺣﻨﺎ ﺳﺎﺑﻘﺎﹰ‪ ،‬ﳝﻜﻦ ﻟﻠﻤﺴﺆﻭﻝ ﺗﻨﻔﻴﺬ ﺗﻌﻠﻴﻤﺔ ‪ Ping‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﺣﻠﻘﺔ ﻋﻜـﺴﻴﺔ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﻟﻠﺘﺄﻛﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺃ ﱠﻥ ‪ TCP/IP‬ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻂ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﺻﺤﻴﺢ ﻣﻊ ﺑﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ‪.‬‬
‫اﻟﻔﺼﻞ اﻟﺨﺎﻣﺲ ﻋﺸﺮ‬ ‫‪326‬‬

‫وﺛﺎﺋﻖ ‪IPv6‬‬
‫ﻳﻌﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﻓﺮﺍﺩ ﻭﺍﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﺇﱃ ‪ .IPv6‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﰎ ﻧﺸﺮ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ‪ 180‬ﻣﻘﺎﻟـﺔ‬
‫‪ RFC‬ﺗﺘﺤﺪﺙ ﻋﻦ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳌﻌﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﳉﺪﻳﺪ‪ .‬ﺗﻐﻄﻲ ‪ RFCs‬ﻫﺬﻩ ﻛﻞ ﺷﻲﺀ ﺍﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭﹰﺍ ﻣـﻦ ﺍﺧﺘـﺮﺍﻉ ‪IPv6‬‬

‫ﻭﺻﻮ ﹰﻻ ﺇﱃ ﺧﻄﻂ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﺸﻤﻞ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻗﻀﺎﻳﺎ ﺗﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﺎﻟﻌﻨﻮﻧﺔ ﻭﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﻭﻳﺴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻮﺟﻴـﻪ‬
‫ﻭﺍﳌﻨﻈﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺳﺘﺸﺮﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ ‪.IPv6‬‬
‫ﻼ‪ .‬ﻭﰲ‬
‫ﳝﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﲡﺪ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻻﺕ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﻹﻧﺘﺮﻧﺖ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﳌﻮﻗﻊ ‪ www.sybex.com‬ﻣﺜ ﹰ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﻘﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﱄ‪ ،‬ﺳﻮﻑ ﻳﻌﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺴﺆﻭﱄ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﻜﺎﺕ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﺇﱃ ‪.IPv6‬‬

‫اﻟﺘﺤﺴﻴﻨﺎت ﻓﻲ ‪IPv6‬‬
‫ﻟﻘﺪ ﺗﻌﺮ‪‬ﻓﺖ ﰲ ﻣﻘﻄﻊ ﺳﺎﺑﻖ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻻﺯﺩﻳﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻜﺒﲑ ﰲ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺎﻭﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺳﻴﻘﺪﻣﻬﺎ ‪ .IPv6‬ﻭﻧﺬﻛﺮ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﺴﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ‪:‬‬
‫ﺃﻣﺎﻥ ﳏﺴ‪‬ﻦ )ﻣﻮﺻﻒ ﰲ ‪.(RFC 1827‬‬ ‫™‬

‫ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺟﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﻣﻦ ﻋﻨﻮﻧﺔ ﺍﳊﺰﻡ‪ ،‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﻮﻧﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺒﺚ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﺪﺩ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﺚ ﻷﻱ ﻛﺎﻥ‪.‬‬ ‫™‬

‫‪DHCP‬‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺎﻻﺕ ‪ IPv6 RFCs‬ﺟﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﻟﱪﻭﺗﻮﻛﻮﻻﺕ ﰎ ﻋﺮﺿﻬﺎ ﰲ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺎﺏ‪ ،‬ﲟﺎ ﰲ ﺫﻟﻚ‬ ‫™‬

‫ﻭ‪ DNS‬ﻭ‪ ICMP‬ﻭ‪ IP‬ﻭ‪ TCP‬ﻭ‪ .UDP‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﰎ ﲢﺴﲔ ﺑﺮﻭﺗﻮﻛـﻮﻻﺕ ‪ TCP/IP‬ﻣـﻊ ﺍﻋﺘﻤـﺎﺩ‬
‫ﺗﺮﻭﻳﺴﺎﺕ ‪ IPv6‬ﺍﳉﺪﻳﺪﺓ‪.‬‬

‫زﻣﻦ ـ ﺣﻘﻴﻘﻲ‬
‫ﻧﻮع ﻣﻦ اﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎت اﻟﻤﺘﻮﻓﺮة ﻟﺤﻈﻴًﺎ‪ .‬وﻳﺸﻴﺮ هﺬا اﻟﻤﺼﻄﻠﺢ ﻋﺎدة إﻟﻰ اﻟﻤﺆﺗﻤﺮات اﻟﻔﻴﺪﻳﻮﻳﺔ واﻟﺼﻮﺗﻴﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﻟﻘﺪ ﰎ ﺣﺬﻑ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺣﻘﻮﻝ ﺗﺮﻭﻳﺴﺎﺕ ‪ IPv4‬ﺍﻟﻔﺎﺋﻀﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺟﻌﻠﻬﺎ ﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭﻳﺔ‪ .‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﻭﰎ ﺍﺧﺘﺰﺍﻝ ﻛﻤﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ ﻛﻞ ﻣﻀﻴﻒ ﻭﻣﻮﺟ‪‬ﻪ ﻟﺘﺴﻴﲑ ﺍﳊﺰﻣﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺇﺛﺮ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﻋـﺮﺽ ﺍﳊﺰﻣـﺔ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺘﺎﺣﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻣﻊ ﺃ ﱠﻥ ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ ‪ IPv6‬ﺃﻃﻮﻝ ﺑﺴﺖ ﻣﺮﺍﺕ ﻣﻦ ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ ‪ ،IPv4‬ﺇﻻ ﺃ ﱠﻥ ﺗﺮﻭﻳﺴﺎﺕ ‪ IPv6‬ﺃﻛـﱪ‬
‫ﲟﺮﺗﲔ ﻓﻘﻂ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﻳﻌﲏ ﺃ ﱠﻥ ﺍﳊﺰﻡ "ﺃﳓﻒ" ﻭﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﺘﺎﻧﺔ ﻭﻻ ﲢﻮﻱ ﺃﻳﺔ ﺇﺿﺎﻓﺎﺕ ﺃﻭ ﺗﻮﺳﻌﺎﺕ ﻏـﲑ‬
‫ﺫﺍﺕ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺗﺆﺛﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﺮﻋﺘﻬﺎ‪.‬‬
‫‪327‬‬ ‫‪ -15‬اﻹﺻﺪار ‪ 6‬ﻟﻠﺒﺮوﺗﻮآﻮل ‪IP‬‬

‫ﺑﺚ وﺣﻴﺪ‬
‫ﺣﺰﻣﺔ ﻳﺘﻢ إرﺳﺎﻟﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻀﻴﻒ ﻵﺧﺮ‪.‬‬

‫ﳝﻜﻦ ﻟﻠﺤﺰﻡ ﰲ ‪ IPv6‬ﺃﻥ ﲤﻠﻚ ﺑﻄﺎﻗﺎﺕ ﻋﻨﻮﻧﺔ )‪ (labels‬ﺗﺪﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃ‪‬ﺎ ﺗﻨﺘﻤﻲ ﻟﺪﻓﻖ ﺃﻭ ﳎﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﺍﳊﺰﻡ‪ .‬ﻟﺬﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﻊ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﺩﻓﻖ ﺍﳊﺰﻡ ﻋﱪ ﻣﻮﺟ‪‬ﻪ‪ ،‬ﺳﻴﻜﻮﻥ ﺑﻮﺳﻊ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻷﺧﲑ ﺟﻌﻞ ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ‬
‫ﻣﺘﺸﺎ‪‬ﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳊﺰﻡ ﺗﺘﺤﺮﻙ ﻣﻌﺎﹰ‪ ،‬ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻳﺘﺮﻙ ﺣﺰﻣﹰﺎ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﺃﺩﱏ ﺃﻓﻀﻠﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﻈﺎﺭ‪ .‬ﻳﻘـﺪﻡ ﺫﻟـﻚ‬
‫ﻟﻠﻤﺮﺳﻞ ﺇﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﲢﻘﻴﻖ ﺧﺪﻣﺔ ﺑﺰﻣﻦ ﺣﻘﻴﻘﻲ )‪ .(real-time‬ﺗﺸﻤﻞ ﻫـﺬﻩ ﺍﳋـﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﳌـﺆﲤﺮﺍﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻔﻴﺪﻳﻮﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻏﲑﻫﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻻﺗﺼﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺘﻄﻠﺐ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﻋﱪ ﺍﻹﻧﺘﺮﻧﺖ ﺑﺄﻓﻀﻠﻴﺔ ﻋﺎﻟﻴـﺔ ﻟﺘﺤﻘﻴـﻖ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺘﻘﺒﺎﻝ ﻓﻮﺭﻱ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺒﹰﺎ‪.‬‬

‫ﺑﺚ ﻣﺘﻌﺪد‬
‫ﺣﺰﻣﺔ ﻳﺘﻢ إرﺳﺎﻟﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻀﻴﻒ إﻟﻰ ﻋﺪة ﻣﻀﻴﻔﻴﻦ ﺑﻨﻔﺲ اﻟﻮﻗﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﺑﺚ ﻷي آﺎن‬
‫ﺣﺰﻣﺔ ﻳﺘﻢ إرﺳﺎﻟﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻀﻴﻒ إﻟﻰ أﻗﺮب ﻣﻀﻴﻒ إﻟﻴﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻀﻴﻔﻴﻦ‪.‬‬

‫ﻳﻮﺻﻒ ‪ IPv6‬ﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﻷﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﻮﻧﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺛﺔ‪:‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺒﺚ ﺍﻟﻮﺣﻴﺪ )‪ :(unicast‬ﻣﻀﻴﻒ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﳌﻀﻴﻒ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻮ ﻳﺸﺒﻪ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﻮﻧﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺃﻟﻘﻴﺖ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ‬
‫ﻧﻈﺮﺓ ﰲ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺎﺏ‪.‬‬
‫ﺑﺚ ﻷﻱ ﻛﺎﻥ )‪ :(anycast‬ﻣﻀﻴﻒ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﺇﱃ ﺍﳌﻀﻴﻔﲔ ﺍﻷﻛﺜﺮ ﻗﺮﺑﹰﺎ ﻣﻨﻪ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻉ‬
‫ﻹﺭﺳﺎﻝ ﺣﺰﻣﺔ ﺇﱃ ﳎﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻀﻴﻔﲔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻜ ‪‬ﻦ ﺍﳌﻀﻴﻒ ﺍﻷﻗﺮﺏ ﻓﻘﻂ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻌﺎﰿ ﺍﳊﺰﻣﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺗﻜﻤﻦ ﺍﻟﻔﻜﺮﺓ ﻫﻨﺎ ﰲ ﺃ ﱠﻥ ﺍﳌﻀﻴﻒ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ ﺍﳊﺰﻣﺔ ﳝﻜﻨﻪ ﺗﺮﺣﻴﻞ ﺍﳌﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺇﱃ ﺍﳌـﻀﻴﻔﲔ‬
‫ﺍﻵﺧﺮﻳﻦ ﰲ ﺍ‪‬ﻤﻮﻋﺔ‪ .‬ﻫﺬﺍ ﻭﻻ ﳒﺪ ﰲ ‪ IPv4‬ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻉ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﻮﻧﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺒﺚ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﺪﺩ )‪ :(Multicast‬ﻣﻀﻴﻒ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻟﻌﺪﺓ ﻣﻀﻴﻔﲔ‪ .‬ﻳﺸﺒﻪ ﻧﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺎﻭﻳﻦ ﻫـﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺒـﺚ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺘﻌﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺗﻌﺮﻓﺖ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﰲ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺎﺏ‪.‬‬
‫ﲢﻮﻱ ﺣﺰﻣﺔ ‪ IPv6‬ﺧﻴﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﻳﺘﻢ ﲢﺪﻳﺪﻫﺎ ﻛﺠﺰﺀ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﻭﻳﺴﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﺘﻢ ﻓﺤﺼﻬﺎ ﻟﺪﻯ ﺍﻟﻮﺟﻬﺔ ﻓﻘﻂ‪،‬‬
‫اﻟﻔﺼﻞ اﻟﺨﺎﻣﺲ ﻋﺸﺮ‬ ‫‪328‬‬

‫ﻭﺑﺬﻟﻚ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﺴﺮﻳﻊ ﺃﺩﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻋﺎﻡ‪.‬‬

‫ﺧﻄﺔ اﻻﻧﺘﻘﺎل إﻟﻰ ‪IPv6‬‬

‫ﺗﻮﺻﻒ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻟﺔ ‪ RFC 1933‬ﺧﻄﺔ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻹﻧﺘﺮﻧﺖ ‪ IPv4‬ﺍﳊﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻹﻧﺘﺮﻧﺖ ‪ IPv6‬ﺍﳉﺪﻳـﺪﺓ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻳﺘﻤﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﻏﻞ ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻲ ﰲ ﻛﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﲢﻮﻳﻞ ﺍﻹﻧﺘﺮﻧﺖ ﺇﱃ ‪ IPv6‬ﺩﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﺛﲑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ ‪IPv4‬‬

‫ﺍﳊﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﲢﻤﻞ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺿﻴﺔ ﺍﲰﹰﺎ ﻳﺪﻋﻰ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺒﺴﻴﻂ ﺇﱃ ‪.Simple IPv6 Transition (SIT) IPv6‬‬

‫‪IPv6‬‬ ‫اﻻﻧﺘﻘﺎل اﻟﺒﺴﻴﻂ إﻟﻰ‬

‫اﻟﺨﻄﺔ اﻟﻤﻘﺘﺮﺣﺔ ﻟﻼﻧﺘﻘﺎل إﻟﻰ ‪.IPv6‬‬

‫ﺗﺘﻀﻤﻦ ﺧﻄﺔ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﻣﺮﺣﻠﺘﲔ‪ .‬ﺗﺸﻤﻞ ﺍﳌﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﱃ ﺗﺮﻗﻴﺔ ﻋﺪﺓ ﻣﻜﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﺇﱃ ﻣـﺴﺘﻮﻯ ‪،IPv6‬‬
‫ﻭﺑﺬﻟﻚ ﺳﻴﻜﻮﻥ ﻟﺪﻳﻨﺎ ﻋﻨﺪ ‪‬ﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﳌﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﱃ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﻔﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻀﻴﻔﻲ ﻭﻣﻮﺟ‪‬ﻬﺎﺕ ‪ IPv4‬ﻭ‪ IPv6‬ﻋﻠـﻰ‬
‫ﺍﻹﻧﺘﺮﻧﺖ‪ .‬ﺃﻣﺎ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ‪ ،‬ﻓﺴﻴﺘﻢ ﺍﺳﺘﺒﺪﺍﻝ ﻋﻨﺎﻭﻳﻦ ‪ IPv4‬ﻭﺍﳌﻜﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺧـﺮﻯ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺘﺒﻘﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺑﺬﻟﻚ ﺳﻴﻜﻮﻥ ﻟﺪﻳﻨﺎ ﰲ ‪‬ﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﳌﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻣﻀﻴﻔﻲ ﻭﻣﻮﺟ‪‬ﻬﺎﺕ ‪ IPv6‬ﻓﻘﻂ‪.‬‬
‫ﰎ ﰲ ﻣﻘﺘﺮﺡ ‪ SIT‬ﻭﺿﻊ ﺍﻷﻫﺪﺍﻑ ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﳚﺐ ﺃﻥ ﲢﻘﻘﻬﺎ ﺧﻄﺔ ‪ ،SIT‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﺗﺸﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﻨﻘـﺎﻁ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪:‬‬
‫ﳝﻜﻦ ﳌﻀﻴﻔﻲ ‪ IPv6‬ﻭ‪ IPv4‬ﺃﻥ ﻳﺘﻌﺎﻳﺸﺎ ﻣﻌﹰﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻹﻧﺘﺮﻧﺖ ﺃﺛﻨﺎﺀ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻦ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻫﻨـﺎﻙ‬ ‫™‬

‫ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﳏﺪ‪‬ﺩ ﻟﻼﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﺋﻲ‪ ،‬ﻭﺑﺬﻟﻚ ﳝﻜﻦ ﳌﻀﻴﻔﻲ ‪ IPv4‬ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻤﺮﺍﺭ ﺑﺎﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﻋﻠـﻰ ﺷـﺒﻜﺔ‬
‫‪.IPv6‬‬
‫ﳝﻜﻦ ﻧﺸﺮ ﻣﻀﻴﻔﻲ ﻭﻣﻮﺟﻬﺎﺕ ‪ IPv6‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻹﻧﺘﺮﻧﺖ ﺑﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻠﺔ‪ .‬ﻫﺬﺍ ﻭﻗﺪ ﺗﺘﻢ ﺗﺮﻗﻴـﺔ‬ ‫™‬

‫ﻣﻀﻴﻔﻲ ﻭﻣﻮﺟﻬﺎﺕ ‪ IPv4‬ﰲ ﺃﻱ ﻭﻗﺖ‪ ،‬ﻭﺑﺪﻭﻥ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺑﺘﺮﻗﻴﺔ ﺃﻱ ﻣﻀﻴﻒ ﺃﻭ ﻣﻮﺟﻪ‬
‫ﺁﺧﺮ‪.‬‬
‫ﻼ ﻗﺪﺭ ﺍﻹﻣﻜﺎﻥ ﲝﻴﺚ ﻳﻔﻬﻤﻪ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﺋﻴﻮﻥ ﻭﻣﺴﺆﻭﻟﻮ ﺍﻟﻨﻈـﺎﻡ‬
‫ﺳﻴﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﺳﻬ ﹰ‬ ‫™‬

‫ﻭﻣﺸﻐﻠﻮ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﻜﺎﺕ ﻭﻳﻘﻮﻣﻮﻥ ﺑﻪ‪ .‬ﻭﻣﻊ ﺗﺮﻗﻴﺔ ﻣﻀﻴﻔﻲ ﻭﻣﻮﺟﻬﺎﺕ ‪ IPv4‬ﺇﱃ ‪ ،IPv6‬ﻓـﺴﻮﻑ‬
‫ﻳﺴﺘﻤﺮﻭﻥ ﰲ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﻋﻨﺎﻭﻳﻨﻬﻢ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﻮﺩﺓ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﻭﻓﻖ ﺷﻜﻞ ‪.IPv6‬‬
‫ﺳﻮﻑ ﻳﻨﻀﻮﻱ ‪ IPv6‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﺭﺗﺒﺎﻃﺎﺕ ﺗﺮﻗﻴﺔ ﺩﻧﻴﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﺳﻮﻑ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻠﻘﻤﺎﺕ ‪ DNS‬ﺃﻭﻝ ﻣﻜـﻮﻥ‬ ‫™‬
‫‪329‬‬ ‫‪ -15‬اﻹﺻﺪار ‪ 6‬ﻟﻠﺒﺮوﺗﻮآﻮل ‪IP‬‬

‫ﳚﺐ ﺗﺮﻗﻴﺘﻪ ﳌﻌﺎﳉﺔ ﻋﻨﺎﻭﻳﻦ ‪ .IPv6‬ﻫﺬﺍ ﻭﻻ ﺗﻮﺟﺪ ﺃﻳﺔ ﻣﺘﻄﻠﺒﺎﺕ ﺃﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﻟﺘﺮﻗﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﻬﺎﺕ‪.‬‬
‫ﺳﻮﻑ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺗﻜﻠﻔﺔ ‪ IPv6‬ﻣﺘﺪﻧﻴﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻧﻄﻼﻗﻪ‪ ،‬ﻓﺎﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﻴﺰﺍﻧﻴﺔ ﻫﺎﻣﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺍﻡ‪ .‬ﻭﳚﺐ‬ ‫™‬

‫ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻋﻤﻞ ﲢﻀﲑﻱ ﻗﻠﻴﻞ ﻟﻠﻐﺎﻳﺔ ﻟﺘﺮﻗﻴﺔ ﻧﻈﻢ ‪ IPv4‬ﺍﳌﻮﺟـﻮﺩﺓ ﺇﱃ ‪ ،IPv6‬ﺃﻭ ﻟﻨـﺸﺮ‬
‫ﻧﻈﻢ ‪ IPv6‬ﺍﳉﺪﻳﺪﺓ‪.‬‬
‫ﻳﺒﲔ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﱄ ﺑﺮﻭﺗﻮﻛﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﻗﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻳﻌﻤﻞ ‪ Harry‬ﰲ ﺷﺒﻜﺔ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻓﺎﻋﻠﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻘﺪ ﺃﺻـﺒﺢ ﻧﻘـﻞ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺃﺳﺮﻉ ﻭﺍﻷﻣﺎﻥ ﺃﻓﻀﻞ‪.‬‬

‫ﻣﺼﻄﻠﺤﺎت ﻳﺠﺐ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺘﻬﺎ‬

‫‪IPv6‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪IPv4‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬

‫‪6BONE‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪IPng -‬‬
‫‪real-time‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪double-colon notation‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬
‫‪mulicast‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪unicast‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬
‫‪anycast‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪SIT‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬
‫اﻟﻔﺼﻞ اﻟﺨﺎﻣﺲ ﻋﺸﺮ‬ ‫‪330‬‬

‫أﺳﺌﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺮاﺟﻌﺔ‬
‫ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ‪ IPv4‬ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻧﹰﺎ ﻣﻜﻮﻧﹰﺎ ﻣﻦ ــــــــ ﺑﺖ‪.‬‬ ‫‪.1‬‬

‫_____________________________________________‬

‫ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ‪ IPv6‬ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻧﹰﺎ ﻣﻜﻮﻧﹰﺎ ﻣﻦ ــــــــ ﺑﺖ‪.‬‬ ‫‪.2‬‬

‫_____________________________________________‬

‫‪109A:3210:0:0:0:0:0213:412B‬‬ ‫ﺍﻛﺘﺐ ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ ‪ IPv6‬ﺑﺄﻗﻞ ﻛﻤﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﶈﺎﺭﻑ‪:‬‬ ‫‪.3‬‬

‫_____________________________________________‬

‫‪:‬‬
‫‪10.25.135.123 IPv6‬‬ ‫ﺣﻮﻝ ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ ‪ IPv4‬ﺍﻟﺘﺎﱄ ﺇﱃ ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ‬ ‫‪.4‬‬

‫_____________________________________________‬

‫‪:‬‬
‫‪192.168.31.4 IPv6‬‬ ‫ﺣﻮﻝ ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ ‪ IPv4‬ﺍﻟﺘﺎﱄ ﺇﱃ ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ‬ ‫‪.5‬‬

‫_____________________________________________‬

‫ﻭﺳﻊ ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ ‪ IPv6‬ﺍﻟﺘﺎﱄ ﲝﻴﺚ ﻳﻌﺮﺽ ﺍﶈﺎﺭﻑ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻌﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺜﻼﺛﲔ )ﺗﻌﺘﱪ ﺍﻟﻨﻘـﺎﻁ ﺍﻟﻌﻤـﻮﺩ‬ ‫‪.6‬‬

‫ﳏﺎﺭﻑ ﺃﻳﻀﹰﺎ( ﺍﳌﻀﻐﻮﻃﺔ ﻭﻓﻖ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﻣﻴﺰ ﺍﳌﻀﺎﻋﻒ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺎﻁ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻮﺩ‪:‬‬

‫‪A013:1234:34::8:411A‬‬

‫_____________________________________________‬

‫ﺍﺫﻛﺮ ﺳﺒﺒﲔ ﻳﺴﺘﺪﻋﻴﺎﻥ ﺗﻮﻓﺮ ﺑﺮﻭﺗﻮﻛﻮﻝ ﺟﺪﻳﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫‪.7‬‬

‫_____________________________________________‬

‫ﻣﺎ ﻫﻮ ﺍﺳﻢ ﺍﳋﻄﺔ ﺍﳌﻘﺘﺮﺣﺔ ﻟﻼﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﺇﱃ ‪IPv6‬؟‬ ‫‪.8‬‬

‫‪331‬‬ ‫‪ -15‬اﻹﺻﺪار ‪ 6‬ﻟﻠﺒﺮوﺗﻮآﻮل ‪IP‬‬

‫_____________________________________________‬

‫ﺻﻒ ﻣﺮﺣﻠﱵ ﺧﻄﺔ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﺇﱃ ‪.IPv6‬‬ ‫‪.9‬‬

‫_____________________________________________‬

‫ﻣﺎ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺮﺓ ﺍﳌﺘﻮﻗﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺳﺘﺴﺘﻐﺮﻗﻬﺎ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ؟‬ ‫‪.10‬‬

‫_____________________________________________‬

‫ﺣﻮﻝ ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ ‪ IPv4‬ﺍﻟﺘﺎﱄ ﺇﱃ ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ ‪.172.20.25.16 :IPv6‬‬ ‫‪.11‬‬

‫_____________________________________________‬

‫ﺣﻮﻝ ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ ‪ IPv4‬ﺍﻟﺘﺎﱄ ﺇﱃ ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ ‪.127.0.0.1 :IPv6‬‬ ‫‪.12‬‬

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