Download as docx, pdf, or txt
Download as docx, pdf, or txt
You are on page 1of 6

Cutaneous Larva Migrans

The terms CLM and creeping eruption are often used interchangeably when referring to


disease caused by animal hookworms. Even though CLM is the most common cause of
creeping eruption,23 technically CLM refers to a syndrome in which the larvae of any animal
nematode infect humans and in which the infected human is a dead-end host. These
nematodes include animal hookworms (mostly from dogs and cats), Gnathostoma species,
and agents of zoonotic filariases including Spirurina type X, Pelodera strongyloides, and
zoonotic Strongyloides species. By definition, CLM syndrome does not include diseases in
which creeping eruption is the result of: (a) nonlarval forms of parasites (eg, dracunculiasis,
loiasis); (b) larval forms of human nematodes such as S. stercoralis (larva currens); or (c)
larval forms of trematodes such as Fasciola gigantica. Creeping eruption refers to the
clinical finding (sign) of a migratory serpiginous lesion, but does not denote the etiology of
the lesion.

Hookworm-related CLM (creeping verminous dermatitis, sand-worm eruption, plumber’s


itch, duck hunter’s itch), is most commonly caused by animal hookworms, and in
particular A. braziliense. Other skin-penetrating hookworm larvae that produce similar
disease include A. caninum, Uncinaria stenocephala (hookworm of European dogs),
and Bunostomum phlebotomum (hookworm of cattle). A. caninum causes eosinophilic
enteritis as well as cutaneous disease. Cats and dogs are hosts for Ancylostoma
ceylanicum and A. caninum.

Clinically, the hallmark of CLM is a creeping eruption. The different helminthic diseases
causing creeping eruption can often be distinguished based on the epidemiologic and
exposure history, the characteristics of the cutaneous trail(s) (location, number, width and
length, rate of movement) (see Table 177-2), and the duration of symptoms (see Table 177-
6), in addition to other clinical and laboratory findings. The correct diagnosis is required for
appropriate treatment.

EPIDEMIOLOGY
Hookworm-related CLM is widely distributed but is most commonly found in tropical and
subtropical areas, especially the southeastern United States, Caribbean, Africa, Central and
South America, India, and Southeast Asia. Contact with sand or soil contaminated with
animal feces is required for infection to occur; infection can be prevented by avoiding skin
contact with fecally contaminated soil.

CLINICAL FEATURES
Infection results from direct skin penetration by infective larvae of animal hookworms.
Larvae migrate up to several centimeters a day, usually between the stratum germinativum
and stratum corneum, and induce a localized eosinophilic inflammatory reaction. In contrast
to human hookworm infection, animal hookworm larvae cannot mature beyond the larval
stage in humans; they are unable to invade deeper tissues and die after days to months.

Typical skin lesions appear 1 to 5 days after exposure. The characteristic lesion of
hookworm-related CLM is an erythematous, raised, and vesicular, linear, or serpentine
cutaneous trail that progresses at a rate of 2 to 3 cm per day (see Fig. 177-6). Vesicular,
papular or bullous lesions may be seen at the site of larval skin penetration in up to 15% of
patients with CLM (Fig. 177-7). Lesions are approximately 3 mm wide and may reach 15 to
20 cm in length. They can be single or multiple, are intensely pruritic, and may be painful.
The hookworm larvae advance a few millimeters to a few centimeters daily. The most
common anatomic sites (usually 3 to 4 cm from the penetration site) include the feet
(see Fig. 177-3) and buttocks (Fig. 177-8), although other sites may be affected. Excoriation
and impetiginization are uncommon (10% of cases). Skin lesions usually last between 2 and
8 weeks, but have been reported to last for as long as 2 years. Systemic signs and symptoms
(wheezing, dry cough, urticaria) are rare.

FIGURE 177-7
Cutaneous larva migrans with vesicular and bullous lesions. (Used with permission from Jay
S. Keystone, MD, FRCPC.)

View Full Size|Favorite Figure|Download Slide (.ppt)


FIGURE 177-8
Cutaneous larva migrans of the buttocks. (Used with permission from Jay S. Keystone, MD,
FRCPC.)

View Full Size|Favorite Figure|Download Slide (.ppt)


A less frequent but well-reported clinical presentation is that of hookworm folliculitis,
consisting of 20 to 100 eosinophilic follicular papules and pustules confined to a particular
area of the body, usually the buttocks. Patients with folliculitis usually also have creeping
eruption. Papular lesions without CLM (papular larva migrans) are a less-common
presentation. Other cutaneous signs related to the subcutaneous migration of helminth
larvae have been occasionally described, such as urticaria and panniculitis.

DIAGNOSIS
The diagnosis of hookworm-related CLM is based on clinical findings. Hookworm folliculitis
also can be diagnosed clinically when creeping eruption is also present; if not, skin biopsy
may be required. Histopathologic findings include larvae trapped within the follicular canal,
the stratum corneum, or the dermis, together with an inflammatory eosinophilic
infiltrate.24Skin scrapings in patients with folliculitis may reveal live and dead larvae when
examined by light microscopy with mineral oil.

MANAGEMENT
Both albendazole (400 mg by mouth daily for 3 days) and ivermectin (200 µg/kg daily for 1
or 2 days) are effective therapies for hookworm-related CLM 25,26 (see Table 177-8).
Treatment of hookworm folliculitis may require repeated treatments. Topical therapy with
thiabendazole, 10% albendazole, or ivermectin also may be used, but may be less effective
than oral therapy. Thiabendazole is often not readily available. Because larvae have usually
migrated beyond the end of the visible skin lesion and their location cannot be reliably
determined, surgical excision or cryotherapy is not recommended.

Cutaneous larva migrans (CLM) adalah infeksi kulit yang disebabkan


oleh larva cacing. Infeksi ini ditandai dengan tonjolan kemerahan di kulit
yang berkelok-kelok seperti ular.
Jenis cacing yang menyebabkan cutaneous larva migrans adalah cacing tambang.
Cacing ini hidup dan bertelur di usus hewan, seperti kucing, anjing, domba, serta
kuda. Telur cacing akan keluar bersama kotoran hewan, kemudian menetas dan
berkembang menjadi larva di tanah atau pasir.

Larva cacing dapat memasuki tubuh manusia ketika kulit berkontak langsung
dengan tanah atau pasir yang terkontaminasi larva cacing tambang. Misalnya, saat
berjalan tanpa alas kaki atau berbaring di tanah atau pasir tanpa memakai alas.

Gejala dan Tanda Cutaneous Larva Migrans


CLM sering kali menimbulkan gejala berupa sensasi gatal atau seperti ditusuk
selama 30 menit saat larva cacing memasuki kulit. Larva bisa berdiam sampai
beberapa bulan, atau menjalar secara perlahan dan membentuk tonjolan
kemerahan.
Tonjolan dan ruam yang disebabkan oleh menjalarnya cacing tambang ini memiliki
karakteristik berkelok-kelok seperti ular, dengan lebar 2-3 mm dan memanjang 3-4
cm dari tempat awal masuknya larva. Beberapa area tubuh yang paling sering
terinfeksi cacing ini adalah tangan, kaki, bokong, dan area kelamin.

Kapan harus ke dokter


Periksakan ke dokter bila Anda mengalami gejala di atas, terutama bila sebelumnya
Anda melakukan aktivitas yang membuat kulit berkontak langsung dengan tanah
atau pasir. Pengobatan yang dilakukan sejak dini akan mencegah terjadinya infeksi
kulit sekunder.
Karena larva cacing tambang sering hidup di tubuh hewan peliharaan, rutinlah
membawanya ke dokter hewan untuk mencegah penularan infeksi cacing ini.

Penyebab dan Faktor Risiko Cutaneous Larva Migrans


CLM disebabkan oleh infeksi cacing tambang cacing Ancylostoma, yaitu jenis cacing
tambang yang hidup di dalam usus hewan, seperti kucing, anjing, domba, dan kuda.
Cacing ini bertelur di dalam usus hewan tersebut dan keluar bersama kotoran. Telur
kemudian menetas menjadi larva yang hidup di tanah lembap dan berpasir.
Dua spesies cacing Ancylostoma yang sering menyebabkan cutaneus larva migrans
adalah Ancylostoma braziliense dan Ancylostoma caninum.
Larva cacing ini dapat masuk ke dalam tubuh manusia ketika seseorang duduk,
berbaring, atau berjalan tanpa alas kaki di tanah atau pasir yang terkontaminasi.
Oleh sebab itu, CLM lebih berisiko terjadi pada orang yang sering kontak dengan
tanah atau pasir, seperti:

 Anak-anak yang bermain di tanah atau pasir.


 Pembasmi hama, terutama di persawahan.
 Petani, tukang kebun, dan pekerja bangunan.

Diagnosis Cutaneous Larva Migrans 


Gejala dan keluhan yang disebabkan oleh CLM bisa mirip dengan gangguan atau
kelainan kulit lainnya, sehingga untuk menentukan seseorang mengalami kondisi ini,
dokter akan melakukan tanya jawab seputar keluhan, dan apakah pasien memiliki
pekerjaan atau aktivitas yang sering kontak dengan pasir atau tanah tanpa
penggunaan pelindung atau alas kaki.
Selanjutnya dokter akan melakukan pemeriksaan fisik dengan melihat ruam yang
ada dikulit pasien. Untuk memastikan penyebabnya dokter mungkin akan melakukan
pemeriksaan penunjang, seperti optical coherence tomography (OCT) dengan
menggunakan gelombang cahaya. Pemeriksaan ini bisa digunakan untuk
mengidentifikasi jenis parasit di kulit.

Pengobatan Cutaneous Larva Migrans


CLM dapat sembuh dengan sendirinya dalam 1 sampai 2 bulan. Meski demikian,
dokter akan meresepkan obat anticacing, seperti albendazole atau ivermectin, guna
menyembuhkan infeksi. Dokter juga dapat meresepkan obat
golongan antihistamin atau salep kortikosteroid untuk meredakan gatal.
Jika kondisi penderita cutaneous larva migrans cukup parah,
tindakan cryotherapy atau terapi beku menggunakan nitrogen cair dapat dilakukan
untuk menghentikan pertumbuhan parasit secara bertahap.

Komplikasi Cutaneous Larva Migrans


Meskipun dapat pulih dengan sendirinya, sejumlah komplikasi dapat terjadi akibat
CLM yang tidak ditangani dengan, yaitu:

 Infeksi kulit sekunder.


 Penyakit Loffler, yaitu penumpukan infiltrat dan eosinofil pada paru-paru
akibat infeksi larva cacing Ancylostoma dalam jumlah banyak.

Pencegahan Cutaneous Larva Migrans


Guna mengurangi risiko terinfeksi CLM, Anda dapat melakukan beberapa langkah
berikut ini:
 Rajin mencuci tangan.
 Menjaga kebersihan diri dan lingkungan.
 Selalu menggunakan alas kaki saat berjalan.
 Selalu menggunakan alas saat berjemur di atas pasir
 Rutin memeriksakan hewan peliharaan ke dokter hewan.

You might also like