U15 S4 HW Packet 13-20

Name: __________________________
ENTHALPY “∆H”
Endothermic & Exothermic Reactions
BACKGROUND
What is ENTHALPY - “∆H” - When a process occurs at constant pressure, the heat evolved
(either released or absorbed) is equal to the change in enthalpy.
Enthalpy (H) is the sum of the internal energy (U) and the product of pressure and volume (PV) given by the
equation:
H=U+PV
When a process occurs at constant pressure, the heat evolved (either released or absorbed) is equal to the change
in enthalpy. Enthalpy is a state function which depends entirely on the state functions T, P and U. Enthalpy is usually
expressed as the change in enthalpy (∆H) for a process between initial and final states:
ΔH=ΔU+ΔPV
If temperature and pressure remain constant through the process and the work is limited to pressure-volume work,
then the enthalpy change is given by the equation:
ΔH=ΔU+PΔV
Also at constant pressure the heat flow (q) for the process is equal to the change in enthalpy defined by;
ΔH=q
By looking at whether q is exothermic or endothermic we can determine a relationship between ΔH and q.
• If the reaction absorbs heat it is endothermic, so q > 0 (positive). “we are adding heat”
o Therefore, at constant temperature and pressure, if q is positive then ΔH is also positive.
• If the reaction releases heat, then it is exothermic, so q < 0 (negative).
o If q is negative, then ΔH will also be negative. “we are minus-ing heat”
Exothermic reactions are:

• Energy is released, an energy term will appear on the _________________ side of the equation.
• The thermite reaction is a highly exothermic reaction between ferric oxide and aluminum,
producing aluminum oxide and molten iron: (write the Rxt two ways)
Fe2O3 (s) + 2Al(s) → Al2O3(s)+ 2Fe(l)+ 847.6 kJ

or
_____________________________________________________________
Endothermic reactions
• Consider the reaction when Potassium Chlorate decomposes into potassium chloride and oxygen.
This reaction requires a net input of 391 kJ of energy in order to occur: (write the Rxt two ways)
2 KClO3(g) + 391 kJ → 2KCl(g) + 3O2(g)
Or
__________________________________________________
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Name: __________________________
.
ENTHALPY “∆H”
Activity Overview:
Dissolve various salts in water in a test tube. Based on temperature changes you can detect by feel and measuring with a
thermometer, if the reactions (the dissolving process) are endothermic or exothermic.
Procedure:
1) Obtain a small test tube from the teacher. Fill the test tube about 1/2 full with water. Feel the outside of the test tube
to get an idea of how cold/warm the water temperature feels. Then measure and record the temperature with a
thermometer.
2) To the test tube add one large scoop of one of the salts listed below. Hold the test tube to determine if the water
temperature increased or decreased. See if you can tell just by touch.
3) Measure the temperature in the test tube with the salt using a thermometer. Stir the salt gently to get a good reading.
Note and record the measurement below.
4) Repeat steps 1-3 for each salt. Record your results and observations below for each salt.
YOU MUST RINSE THE TEST TUBES AND THERMOMETER WITH WATER BETWEEN EACH SAMPLE
SO THAT YOU DO NOT CANTAMINATE YOUR SAMPLES
Temperature Temperature
Data Table 1
Test Tube With water Test Tube with salt added
ammonium chloride NH Cl 4
calcium chloride CaCl 2
potassium nitrate KNO 3
lithium chloride LiCl
Questions to Consider
1) For which salt(s) is the dissolving process endothermic? ________________________________

a) How do you know?
2) For which salt(s) is the dissolving process exothermic? _________________________________

a) How do you know?
3) Write the following reaction with the heat (ENTHALPY) as part of the chemical equation and then as the ∆H
change for the reaction.
The reaction of 1 mole of Copper metal with chlorine gas produces copper II chloride gas and releases 220.1 kJ of heat.
1. _______________________________________________________________________
2. _______________________________________________________________________
Name: __________________________
Thermochemistry Stoichiometry
Solve the Enthalpy problems using the balanced chemical reactions
1. The combustion of ethene, C2H4, is an exothermic reaction. Use the information below to
determine the amount of energy given off when 2.3 moles of ethene is combusted.
C2H4 + 3 O2  2 CO2 + H2O H= - 1390 kJ
2. Carbon dioxide can be formed from the reaction of carbon monoxide and oxgyen. How many
moles of carbon monoxide must be reacted in order to produce 147 kJ of energy?
2 CO + O2  2 CO2 H = -787 kJ
3. When carbon disulfide,CS2, forms from its elements, heat is absorbed. How much heat would
be required to produce 6.5 moles of carbon disulfide?
C + 2 S  CS2 H = +89.3 kJ
4. Baking soda, NaHCO3, decomposes when it is heated. How much heat will be absorbed by the
decomposition of 5.25 moles of baking soda?
2 NaHCO3  Na2CO3 + H2O + CO2 H = +129 kJ
Name: __________________________
5. How many grams of oxygen are needed to react with excess methane in the following reaction,
in order to produce 325 kJ of energy?
CH4 + 2 O2  CO2 + H2O H = -890.4 kJ
6. How many kilojoules of heat are produced when 34.0 g of Fe2O3 reacts with an excess of CO
according to the following reaction?
Fe2O3 + 3 CO  2 Fe + 3 CO2 H = -26.3 kJ
7. How many grams of carbon dioxide would be produced from the following reaction, if 175 kJ of
energy is given off?
2 CO + O2  2 CO2 H = -566 kJ
8. How much heat, in kilojoules, is needed to produce 1850 grams of ammonia (NH3), according to the
following reaction?
2 N2 + 6 H2O  4 NH3 + 3 O2 H = + 1530 kJ
Name: __________________________
H Stoichiometry
Mixed Concept Problems
Given the information - Solve for the indicated unknown quantity
9. C2H4 + 3 O2  2 CO2 + 2 H2O H = – 1,390 kJ
2.3 n H = ________ kJ
10. 2 CO + O2  2 CO2 H = – 787 kJ
________ n H = – 147 kJ
11. C + 2S  CS2 H = + 89.3 kJ
6.5 n H = ________ kJ
12. 2 NaHCO3  Na2CO3 + H2O + CO2 H = + 129 kJ
5.25 n H = ________ kJ
13. C2H5OH + 3 O2  2 CO2 + 3 H2O H = – 1,235 kJ
_______ n H = – 570 kJ
14. CH4 + 2 O2  CO2 + 2 H2O H = – 890.4 kJ
________ g H = – 325 kJ
15. Fe2O3 + 3 CO  2 Fe + 3 CO2 H = – 26.3 kJ
34 g H = ________ kJ
16. 2 CO + O2  2 CO2 H = – 566 kJ
________ g H = – 175 kJ
17. 2 N2 + 6 H2O  4 NH3 + 3 O2 H = + 1,530 kJ
1,850 g H = ________ kJ
18. 2P + 3 Cl2  2 PCl3 H = – 574 kJ
________ g H = – 333 kJ
19. PbCl2  Pb + Cl2 H = + 359.4 kJ
610 g H = ________ kJ
20. 2 Mg + O2  2 MgO H = – 1,204 kJ
6.55 g H = ________ kJ
Name: _______________________
Collision Theory & Rates of Reaction

Factors affecting Reaction
collision theory Teachers Pet - Collision Theory Teachers Pet -Reaction Rates
1. To use the collision theory to explain why changes to a reaction can increase the rate of
reaction (temperature, concentration, surface area and catalyst)
2. To understand why not all collisions are successful
When two particles collide (hit each other) sometimes a chemical reaction happens. Not all
collisions result in a chemical reaction. To increase the number of successful collisions we can
change the conditions of a reaction (see page 2).
1. Do all collisions between particles cause a reaction to happen?
2. What do we call the minimum energy the particles must have for a reaction to
happen?
3. What do we call a collision between two particles that causes a chemical reaction?
4. Look at the picture above, how do you know the first reaction is not a successful
collision?
Change to the What happens What happens What happens What

reaction to movement to the to the number happens
(kinetic energy) frequency of of successful to the
of the particles? collisions collisions rate of
every second? every second? reaction?
Increase the
temperature
Increase the
concentration
Increase the
surface area of a
solid
Add a catalyst
Energy Diagram Practice
Use this energy diagram to answer these questions.
1. The enthalpy of the reactants of the reaction is about _______kilojoules.
2. The enthalpy of the products of the reaction is about ________kilojoules.
3. The activation energy of the reaction is about ________kilojoules.
4. The heat of reaction (ΔH) of the reaction is about _______kilojoules.
5. The forward reaction is ______________(endothermic or exothermic).
6. Addition of a catalyst would lower the ___________________ energy.
7. The enthalpy of the reactants is (less/greater) than the enthalpy of the products.
8. (True/False) Addition of a catalyst will change the value for ΔH _____________
9. (True/False) Addition of a catalyst will change the value for the enthalpy of the reactants
___________
10. (True/False) Addition of a catalyst will change the value for the enthalpy of the products
______________
Name: _______________________
Energy Diagrams
Interpreting the Reaction Sequence
Energy Diagrams
1) Point _____ represents the energy of the activated complex. A B C D
2) Point _____ represents the energy of the reactants. A B C D
3) _____ is equal to the activation of the forward reaction.
a) B – C b) C – B c) D – B d) D – C
4) _____ is equal to the activation energy for the reverse reaction.
a) B – C b) C – B c) D – B d) D – C
5) _____ is equal to the ∆H for the forward reaction.
a) B – C b) C – B c) D – B d) D – C
6) Raising the temperature of gas particles increases _____.
a) both collision energy and favorability of orientation

b) collision energy but not favorability
c) favorability of orientation but not collision energy.
d) neither collision energy nor favorability of orientation
7) In an activated complex _____.
a) a catalyst is always produced

b) both bond formation and bond breaking are occurring
c) only bond breaking is occurring
d) only bond formation is occurring
8) The minimum energy required to produce an effective collision is _______________.
9) The _______________ is a short-lived structure formed during a collision.
Name: _______________________
Practice with State Functions
Heat of Formation - (Final – Initial)
The standard enthalpy of formation or standard heat of formation of a compound is the

change of enthalpy during the formation of 1 mole of the compound from its constituent
elements, with all substances in their standard states at 1 atmosphere (1 atm or 101.3 kPa).
Use a standard enthalpies of formation table to determine the ∆H for each of these
reactions.
RULES: The ∆Hf = 0 for substances in their elemental state
a) NaOH(s) + HCl(g) ----> NaCl(s) + H2O(g)
b) 2 CO(g) + O2(g) ---> 2 CO2(g)
c) CH4(g) + 2 O2(g) ---> CO2(g) + 2 H2O(l)
d) 2 H2S(g) + 3 O2(g) ---> 2 H2O(l) + 2 SO2(g)
e) 2 NO(g) + O2(g) ---> 2 NO2(g)
Compound H (kJ/mol) Compound ∆H (kJ/mol)

f f
CH (g)4 -74.8 HCl(g) -92.3
CO (g)2 -393.5 H O(g)

2 -241.8
NaCl(s) -411.0 SO (g)2 -296.1
H O(l)
2 -285.8 NH Cl(s) 4 -315.4
H S(g)
2 -20.1 NO(g) +90.4
H SO (l)
2 4 -811.3 NO (g) 2 +33.9
MgSO (s) 4 -1278.2 SnCl (l) 4 -545.2
MnO(s) -384.9 SnO(s) -286.2
MnO (s) 2 -519.7 SnO (s) 2 -580.7
NaCl(s) -411.0 SO (g)2 -296.1
NaF(s) -569.0 SO (g)3 -395.2
NaOH(s) -426.7 ZnO(s) -348.0
NH (g)3 -46.2 ZnS(s) -202.9

Finding Heats of Reaction from Heats of Formation
1. Calcium carbonate decomposes at high temperature to form carbon dioxide and calcium oxide:
CaCO3  CO2 + CaO
Given that the heat of formation of calcium carbonate is –1207 kJ/mol, the
heat of formation of carbon dioxide is –394 kJ/mol, and the heat of formation
of calcium oxide is –635 kJ/mol, determine the heat of reaction.
2. Carbon tetrachloride can be formed by reacting chlorine with methane:

CH4 + 2 Cl2  CCl4 + 2 H2
Given that the heat of formation of methane is –75 kJ/mol and the heat of
formation of carbon tetrachloride is –135 kJ/mol, determine the heat of
reaction.
3. When potassium chloride reacts with oxygen under the right conditions, potassium chlorate is
formed:
2 KCl + 3 O2  2KClO3
Given that the heat of formation of potassium chloride is –436 kJ/mol and the
heat of formation of potassium chlorate is –391 kJ/mol, determine the heat of
reaction.
Name: _______________________
Practice with State Functions
Heat of Formation - (Final – Initial)
Heats of Formation Problem Solving

1. Write a balanced equation for the formation of CaCO3 from its elements and find ∆H.
2. Use ∆H°f to find ∆H: 4 NH3 + 5 O2  4 NO + 6 H2O (g)
3. What quantity of heat is absorbed or evolved in the formation of 10.0 g of NH3?
4. Use ∆H°f to find ∆H: Ca(OH)2 + CO2  CaCO3 + H2O (g)
5. What quantity of heat is absorbed or evolved if 1.00 kg of Ca(OH)2 is consumed?
6. When 2.40 g of NaCl is formed from its elements the ∆H = __________ kJ.
7. When 0.054 g of sulfur burns forming SO2 the ∆H = __________ kJ.
8. When 0.20 n of HgO decomposes the ∆H = __________ kJ.
9. When 2.40 g of NH3 is formed the ∆H = __________ kJ.
10. Use ∆H°f values and ∆H to find the ∆H°f of naphthalene.
C10H8 + 12 O2  10 CO2 + 4 H2O (l) H = – 5,156.1 kJ
Standard Molar Enthalpies of Formation
# Formula Name Phases ∆H°f
1 BaO barium oxide solid – 554
2 BaO2 barium peroxide solid – 634
3 Ca(OH)2 calcium hydroxide solid – 986
4 CaCO3 calcium carbonate solid – 1,208
5 CH3OH methanol liquid – 238
6 CO2 carbon dioxide gas – 394
7 Cr2O3 chromium oxide solid – 1,135
8 H2O water vapor gas – 286
9 H2O water liquid – 242
10 HgO mercury oxide solid – 91
11 MgO magnesium oxide solid – 601
12 NaCl sodium chloride solid – 422
13 NH3 ammonia gas – 45.9
14 NO nitrogen monoxide gas + 90.3
15 P4O10 tetraphosphorus decoxide solid – 2,984
16 SO2 sulfur dioxide gas – 297
NAME: ___________________________________________ Period: ________ Hess's Law
Hess's Law
Introduction
Many chemical reactions occur in a series of steps rather than a single step.
For example, Reaction #1 describes the burning (combustion) of Carbon with Oxygen:
(1) C (s) + O2(g) → CO2(g) ΔH = -393.5 kJ
HOWEVER IN REAL LIFE THIS OFTEN HAPPENS IN STEPS
If not enough oxygen is present, some CO rather

(2) C (s) + ½ O2(g) → CO (g) ΔH = -110.0 kJ
than CO2 is produced: (this is usually the case)
If more oxygen is now added, CO will undergo

(3) CO (g) + ½ O2(g) → CO2 (g) ΔH = -283.0 kJ
further combustion with oxygen:
Watch what happens if we add together the second and third reaction:
Just like
Be sure you see how these equations can be added together
regular Math
(2) C (s) + ½ O2(g) → CO (g)
Add things that are on the same side of the equation:
(3) CO (g) + ½ O2(g) → CO2 (g) ½O2+ ½O2= 1 O2
+ _________________________ and cross things out on opposite side of the equation
(1) C (s) + O2(g) → CO2(g) (the CO)
Sometimes you will be left with a "remainder" - things won't cancel

completely
Now compare the total energy released in the second and third reactions with the
amount of energy released in the original reaction:
ΔHReaction 2 + ΔHReaction 3 = ΔHReaction 1
-110.5 kJ + (-283.0 kJ) = -393.5 kJ
-393.5 kJ = -393.5 kJ
The end result is that it doesn't

matter if the reaction proceeds all at Hess's Law
once or in series of steps; the net
The enthalpy change for any reaction depends
energy change is the same. This only on the energy states of the final products
illustrates Hess's Law of Constant and initial reactants and is independent of the
Heat Summation: pathway or the number of steps between the
reactant and product.
Here is another example. You need to make sure you carefully understand how the equations are
added together.
Example: Given the intermediate steps in the production of tetra phosphorus decaoxide, P4O10,
calculate ΔHf for P4O10
Given the following reactions:
(Step 1) 4 P + 3 O2 → P4O6 ΔH1 = -1640 kJ

We are given these or we
look them up in tables
(Step 2) P4O6 + 2 O2 → P4O10 ΔH2 = -1344 kJ
Recall the heat of formation reaction involves the production of one mole of the compound from
its elements. Thus, we want to calculate ΔH for the actual reaction:
4 P + 5 O2 → P4O10
Answer
Carefully examine the reactions you are given, and see how they compare with the final equation
for which you are asked to determine ΔH.
For this example, we see that if we add reactions (1) and (2) we can obtain the desired heat of
formation reaction. Thus, we can also add together the ΔH values to obtain ΔH for the desired
reaction:
(Step 1) 4 P + 3 O2 → P4O6 ΔH = -1640kJ
(Step 2) P4O6 + 2 O2 → P4O10 ΔH = -1344 kJ
(Step 3)
Some Important Things to Know:
If you reverse an equation, be sure to move the energy term to the other side of the
equation as well. If you write the enthalpy term separately from the equation as ΔH, be sure to
reverse the sign of ΔH
For example – Write the reverse reaction for Step 1 above;
- With ∆H in the reaction ___________________________________
- With ∆H off to the right ___________________________________

If you change the balancing coefficients within an equation, be sure to adjust the value of the
energy term.
For example, if 1640 kJ of energy are released when 1 mole of P 4O6 is formed from its elements:
4 P + 3 O2 → P4O6 ΔH = -1640kJ
then producing 2 moles of P4O6 will release 3280 kJ of energy (2 × 1640 kJ):
8 P + 6O2 → 2 P4O6 ΔH = -3280kJ
Another Example: You are given the following two reactions (Reactions 1 and 2):
(1) C2H2(g) + 5/2 O2(g) → 2 CO2(g) + H2O(l) ΔH = -1299 kJ
(2) C6H6(l) + 15/2 O2(g) → 6 CO2(g) + 3 H2O(l) ΔH = -3267 kJ
Find ΔH for the following reaction (Reaction 3) and tell whether it is exothermic or endothermic:
(3) 3 C2H2(g) → C6H6(g)
Solution HINTS:
1. Reverse any of the intermediate steps as necessary. You will have to reverse equation 2. Why? Because
C6H6 needs to end up on the product side of the equation, but it is on the reactant side in equation (2),
the only equation in which it appears. Remember to change the sign of ΔH.
2. Check to see how you will have to balance the overall equation. You will have to multiply equation (1) by 3
in order to end up with the correct number of moles for the final equation. Remember to also multiply
ΔH by 3.
3. Add the equations together and cancel out the variables:
(1) _____________________________________________ ΔH =
_____________
(2) _____________________________________________ ΔH =
_____________
(3) _________________________________________ ΔH = ____________
Or
________________________________________
Since ΔH is (negative / positive), the reaction is (exothermic /endothermic)
Hess’s Law – Independent Practice – YOU DO!

1. Using these two equations, determine the heat of formation, ΔH f, for nitrogen monoxide, NO.
4 NH3 (g) + 5 O2 (g) → 4 NO (g) + 6 H2O (l) ΔH° = -1170 kJ Recall that a formation reaction describes
the formation of one mole of the
4 NH3 (g) + 3 O2 (g) → 2 N2 (g) + 6 H2O (l) ΔH° = -1530 kJ compound from its elements. Thus, the
formation reaction for nitrogen monoxide,
NO, is:
½ N2 (g) + ½ O2 (g) → NO
(g)
Practice Questions Chapter 17.4
Hess’s Law Answers
1. Given the following equations:
4 NH3 (g) + 5 O2 (g) → 4 NO (g) + 6 H2O (l) ΔH° = -1170 kJ
4 NH3 (g) + 3 O2 (g) → 2 N2 (g) + 6 H2O (l) ΔH° = -1530 kJ
Using these two equations, determine the heat of formation, ΔHf, for nitrogen monoxide, NO.
Solution
Recall that a formation reaction describes the formation of one mole of the compound from its elements. Thus, the
formation reaction for nitrogen monoxide, NO, is:
½ N2 (g) + ½ O2 (g) → NO (g)
Next, examine the two reactions given to you. Some things you will want to notice:
Both reactions contain ammonia, NH3 (g), which does not appear in the formation reaction. It must get cancelled out when
we add the equations together.
Similarly, H2O (l) must also be cancelled out since it does not appear in our desired equation.
Oxygen also appears in both equations, as well as in our desired reaction. It will be of no help to us in decided which, if
any, of the equations need to be reversed.
NO only appears in one of the original equations (equation 1), and it also appears in our desired equation. In Equation 1, NO
is on the product side of the equation, which is where we want it to appear in our final equation. So, we don't want to
reverse equation 1.
N2 appears only in Reaction 2 and in our desired equation. In the formation reaction, N2 appears on the reactant side of
the equation, but it appears on the product side of Reaction 2. Therefore we must reverse the entire equation.
IMPORTANT - when you reverse the equation, the sign in front of ΔH will change.
This gives us the following. Reaction 1 is unchanged; reaction 2 has been reversed:
4 NH3 (g) + 5 O2 (g)  4 NO (g) + 6 H2O (l) ΔH° = -1170 kJ
2 N2 (g) + 6 H2O (l)  4 NH3 (g) + 3 O2 (g) ΔH° = +1530 kJ
Next, look carefully at the coefficients in the balanced equation. Remember, we want both NH 3 and H2O to get cancelled
out, as they do not appear in the final equation. We find that if we now add together our two equations, both NH 3 and H2O
will indeed cancel out (4 NH3 on the reactant side cancels out the 4 NH3 on the product side; H2O also cancels out as 6
moles appear on both sides of the equation).
Notice O2 - the number of moles are not the same on the two sides of the equation. This will leave us with a net of 2 moles
of O2 on the reactant side of the equation.
Once we can add up the reactants and products, we can then add the ΔH° values:
4 NH3 (g) + 52 O2 (g)  4 NO (g) + 6 H2O (l) ΔH° = -1170 kJ
2 N2 (g) + 6 H2O (l)  4 NH3 (g) + 3 O2 (g) ΔH° = +1530 kJ
2 N2 (g) + 2 O2 (g)  4 NO (g) ΔH° = +360 kJ
We are almost done, but not quite. A heat of formation reaction calls for the production of one mole of the compound,
NO. Our equation above produces 4 moles. Therefore, we need to divide everything in the equation by 4, including ΔH°.
Thus, our final answer is: ½ N2 (g) + ½ O2 (g) → 4 NO (g) ΔH° = +90 kJ
NAME: ___________________________________________ Period: ________
HESS’s LAW – Calculating Heats of Reaction

USE HESS’ LAW TO DETERMINE THE H FOR THE FOLLOWING REACTIONS.
1. Calculate the H for the reaction

2 Al + Fe2O3  2 Fe + Al2O3
Using the following information:
2 Al + 3/2 O2  Al2O3 H = -1670 kJ
2 Fe + 3/2 O2  Fe2O3 H = -824 kJ
2. Calculate the H for the following reaction:

2 H2O2  2 H2O + O2
H2 + O2  H2O2 H = -188 kJ
H2 + ½ O2  H2O H = -286 kJ
3. Determine the H for the reaction:

NO + ½ O2  NO2
½ N2 + ½ O2  NO H = + 90.0 kJ
½ N2 + O2  NO2 H = + 34.0 kJ
PbCl2 + Cl2  PbCl4
Given the following information:
Pb + 2 Cl2  PbCl4 H = -393 kJ
Pb + Cl2  PbCl2 H = -359 kJ

N2 + O2  2 NO
4 NH3 + 3 O2  2 N2 + 6 H2O H = -1530 kJ
4 NH3 + 5 O2  4 NO + 6 H2O H = -1170 kJ

2 NF3 + Cu  N2F4 + CuF2
2 NF3 + 2 NO  N2F4 + 2 ONF H = -83 kJ
NO + ½ F2  ONF H = -157 kJ
Cu + F2  CuF2 H = -531 kJ
STUDY
Honors Chemistry GUIDE
NAME: ______________________________________________ Period: ________
Thermochemistry, Review Sheet

1. Tell if the following are exothermic or endothermic.
a. a solid melts at its melting point _____________________
b. a reaction feels hot _____________________
c. a gas turns to a liquid at its condensation point _____________________
d. H = +137 kJ _____________________
e. 2K + 2H2O  2K(OH) + H2 + 800kJ _____________________
f. 4Al + 3O2  2Al2O3 H = -3352 kJ _____________________
2. Fill in the following blanks:

a. _______________ is equal to mcT
b. 1 Calorie is ____________ calories
c. __________ calorie is _________ Joules
d. The units (not abbreviation) for specific heat are ______________ and _____________
e. The specific heat of water is either _________________ or ________________
f. One ______________ is the quantity of heat needed to raise 1 gram of water 1C.
g. A __________________ is a device used to measure the heat involved in a
chemical/physical process.
h. ________________ is represented by H, and means ‘heat change’.
Complete the following calculations. Show all work, and remember your units and SIG FIGS!.
3. A reaction produces 0.8764 kilojoules. How many calories are produced?
4. One Chips Ahoy! chocolate chip cookie has 80.0 Calories. How many Joules is this?
5. How many calories of heat must be added to 45.0 grams of water to increase the temperature from
25.0C to 55.0C
6. A 46.00 gram piece of metal is heated and the wire changes from 27.00C to 95.00C. The
amount of heat absorbed is 1024 Joules. What is the specific heat of the metal?
7. How much heat is gained by water when 12.4 g of ice melts at 0C? (Hfus = 6.01 kJ/mole)
8. How much heat (in kJ) will be absorbed by the decomposition of 109.2 grams of sodium hydrogen
carbonate?
2NaHCO3  Na2CO3 + H2O + CO2 H = +129 kJ
9. Find the overall heat of reaction if:
C + 2H2  CH4 H = ?
Given:
H2+ ½ O2 H2O H= -285.8kJ
C + O2 CO2 H= -293.5kJ
CH4+ 2O2 CO2+ 2H2O H= -890.4kJ
10. How much energy (in Joules) does it take to convert 123g of water at 19.0oC to c ice = 2.01 J/gC
steam at 165oC? Draw a picture of the Temperature (C) vs. Energy (J) (or time) c water = 4.184 J/gC
graph that correlates to this problem. Label all steps on graph and what c steam = 2.02 J/gC
calculations go with each step.
Calculations below
Diagram
H fus = +6.01 kJ/mol
H solid = -6.01 kJ/mol
H cond = -40.7 kJ/mol
H vap =+40.7 kJ/mol
PART II – Extra Practice
1. Fill in the best answer for each of the following:

a) Reactions that absorb heat are called _____________________________
b) The energy used or produced during a chemical reaction is called the __________________
c) _____________________ law says that the ΔH for reactions are additive.
d) The _____________________________ of a substance tell how much energy is needed to raise the
temperature of 1 gram of that substance by 1oC.
e) 1 calorie is equal to _________________ joules.
f) An ________________________ reaction is one that gives off heat.
g) The amount of energy required to raise the temperature of 1 gram of pure water by 1 oC is exactly
equal to one __________________
h) __________________________ is the type of energy that always flows from warmer objects to
cooler one.
i) _________________________________ is the study of heat changes during chemical and physical
changes.
j) If a reaction is reversed, the ΔH for the reaction must be ______________________________
2. Use dimensional analysis to make the following conversions.

a) Convert 475 J to cal
b) Convert 270 cal to J
c) Convert 1420 J to kJ
d) Convert 10.1 kcal to J

3. How much heat (in joules) is needed to raise the temperature of 355 g of ethanol (c = 2.4 J/goC) by
63oC?
4. How many kilojoules of heat are required to heat 2550 grams of water from 17.5oC to 100.0oC?
5. What mass of iron (c = 0.11 cal/goC) would need 875 cal of energy in order to raise its temperature
by 3.5oC?
6. What is the final temperature of a sample of magnesium (c = 0.24 cal/goC), if 1835 cal is added to
612 g of magnesium at an inital temperature of 19.3oC?
7. What is the total energy required to raise the temperature of 135 g of water from 22.0oC to
133.0oC? (3 calculations are required) cwater = 4.186 J/goC
csteam = 2.02 J/goC
Hvaporization = +40.7 kJ/mole
8. How many moles of water are produced from the following reaction, when 275 kJ of energy is
given off? 4 NH3 + 3 O2  2 N2 + 6 H2O ΔH = -1530 kJ
9. How much energy is produced when 93.5 grams of oxygen reacts with 13.2 g hydrogen in the
following reaction? 2 H2 + O2  2 H2O ΔH = -572 kJ
10. How many grams of magnesium sulfate would be produced from the following reaction if 176 kJ
of energy is absorbed by the reaction.
Al2(SO4)3 + 3 MgI2  2 AlI3 + 3 Mg(SO4) ΔH = +722 kJ
11. Calculate the ΔH for the following reaction:
CS2 + 2 H2O  CO2 + 2 H2S
H2S + 3/2 O2  H2O + SO2 ΔH = -563 kJ
CS2 + 3 O2  CO2 + 2 SO2 ΔH = -1075 kJ
12. Calculate the ΔH for the following reaction:

CH4 + 3 Cl2  CHCl3 + 3 HCl
C + 2 H2  CH4 ΔH = -74.8 kJ
C + 3
/2 Cl2 + 1
/2 H2  CHCl3 ΔH = -132.1 kJ
1
/2 H2 + 1
/2 Cl2  HCl ΔH = -92.0 kJ

U15 S4 HW Packet 13-20

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Exothermic reactions are:

Fe2O3 (s) + 2Al(s) → Al2O3(s)+ 2Fe(l)+ 847.6 kJ

2 KClO3(g) + 391 kJ → 2KCl(g) + 3O2(g)

calcium chloride CaCl 2

potassium nitrate KNO 3

lithium chloride LiCl

1) For which salt(s) is the dissolving process endothermic? ________________________________

2) For which salt(s) is the dissolving process exothermic? _________________________________

Solve the Enthalpy problems using the balanced chemical reactions

9. C2H4 + 3 O2  2 CO2 + 2 H2O H = – 1,390 kJ

10. 2 CO + O2  2 CO2 H = – 787 kJ

11. C + 2S  CS2 H = + 89.3 kJ

12. 2 NaHCO3  Na2CO3 + H2O + CO2 H = + 129 kJ

13. C2H5OH + 3 O2  2 CO2 + 3 H2O H = – 1,235 kJ

15. Fe2O3 + 3 CO  2 Fe + 3 CO2 H = – 26.3 kJ

16. 2 CO + O2  2 CO2 H = – 566 kJ

17. 2 N2 + 6 H2O  4 NH3 + 3 O2 H = + 1,530 kJ

18. 2P + 3 Cl2  2 PCl3 H = – 574 kJ

19. PbCl2  Pb + Cl2 H = + 359.4 kJ

20. 2 Mg + O2  2 MgO H = – 1,204 kJ

Collision Theory & Rates of Reaction

1. Do all collisions between particles cause a reaction to happen?

Change to the What happens What happens What happens What

1. The enthalpy of the reactants of the reaction is about _______kilojoules.

2. The enthalpy of the products of the reaction is about ________kilojoules.

3. The activation energy of the reaction is about ________kilojoules.

4. The heat of reaction (ΔH) of the reaction is about _______kilojoules.

5. The forward reaction is ______________(endothermic or exothermic).

6. Addition of a catalyst would lower the ___________________ energy.

8. (True/False) Addition of a catalyst will change the value for ΔH _____________

1) Point _____ represents the energy of the activated complex. A B C D

2) Point _____ represents the energy of the reactants. A B C D

3) _____ is equal to the activation of the forward reaction.

4) _____ is equal to the activation energy for the reverse reaction.

5) _____ is equal to the ∆H for the forward reaction.

a) both collision energy and favorability of orientation

7) In an activated complex _____.

a) a catalyst is always produced

8) The minimum energy required to produce an effective collision is _______________.

9) The _______________ is a short-lived structure formed during a collision.

The standard enthalpy of formation or standard heat of formation of a compound is the

a) NaOH(s) + HCl(g) ----> NaCl(s) + H2O(g)

b) 2 CO(g) + O2(g) ---> 2 CO2(g)

c) CH4(g) + 2 O2(g) ---> CO2(g) + 2 H2O(l)

d) 2 H2S(g) + 3 O2(g) ---> 2 H2O(l) + 2 SO2(g)

e) 2 NO(g) + O2(g) ---> 2 NO2(g)

Compound H (kJ/mol) Compound ∆H (kJ/mol)

CH (g)4 -74.8 HCl(g) -92.3

CO (g)2 -393.5 H O(g)

NaCl(s) -411.0 SO (g)2 -296.1

MgSO (s) 4 -1278.2 SnCl (l) 4 -545.2

MnO(s) -384.9 SnO(s) -286.2

MnO (s) 2 -519.7 SnO (s) 2 -580.7

NaCl(s) -411.0 SO (g)2 -296.1

NaF(s) -569.0 SO (g)3 -395.2

NaOH(s) -426.7 ZnO(s) -348.0

NH (g)3 -46.2 ZnS(s) -202.9

2. Carbon tetrachloride can be formed by reacting chlorine with methane:

(3) _____________________________ ΔH =