Dialects:

A regional or social variety of language distinguished by pronunciation, grammar, or vocabulary,

especially a variety of speech differing form the standard literary language or speech patteren of
the culture in which it exists. The term dialect is ofted used to characterized a way of speaking
that differs from the standard variety of the language.

Some Examples of Dialects:

 A Northern American might say, “Hello”.

 A Southern American might say, “Howdy”.

American English Dialect Examples:

Some of the more pronounced American regional dilects are the Northerneastern (East Coast)
and Southern dialects.

 Someone from the Southern American would understand this but, would probably never
say it.
 Someone from the South might say,”How’r y’ll?” A Nothern American would
understand but probably never say it.

Regional and Social Dialects:

Regional Dialect:
 A Regional Dialect, also known as a regiolect or topolect.
 It is distinct form of a language spoken in a particular geographical area
 If the from of speech transmitted from a parent to child is a distinct regional dialect, that
dialect is said to be the child’s vernacular.

Some Examples:
 “As opposed to a national dialect, a regional dialect is spoken in one particular area of a
country. In the USA, regional dialects includes Appalachian, New Jersey and Southeren
English, and in Britain, Cockney, Liverpool English and ‘Geordie’ (Newcastle English).
  Studies of regional dialect in North America:
“The investigation of the regional dialects of American English has been a major concern
for dialectologists and sociolinguists since at least the early part of the twentieth century
When The Lingusitic Atlas of The United States and Canada was launched and
dialectologists began conducting large-scale surveys of regional dialects forms. Although
the traditional focus on regional variation took a back seat to concerns for social and
ethnic dialect diversity for a couple of decades, there has been a resurgent interest in the
regional dimension of American dialects. This revitalization was buoyed by the
publication of different volumes of the Dictionary of American Regional English
(Cassidy 1985; Cassidy and Hall 1991; 1996; Hall 2002), and more recently, by the
publication of The Atlas North American English (Labov, Ash and Boberg 2005).”

Dialect in Pakistan:
Pakistan is home to many dozens of language spoken as first languages. Five languages
have more than ten million speakers each in Pakistan- Punjabi, Pushto, Sindhi, Saraiki
and Urdu. Almost all of Pakistani’s languages belong to the Indo-Iranian group of the
Indo-European language family.
Pakistani’s national language is Urdu, which, along with English is also the official
language.
The country also has several regional languages, including Punjabi, Saraiki, Pashto,
Sindhi, Balochi, Gujari, Kashmiri, Hindko, Brahui, Shina, Balti, Khowar, Dhatki,
Haryanvi, Marwari, Wakhi and Burushaski. Four of these are provincial languages-
Punjabi, Pashto, Sindhi ad Balochi.
 Punjabi speaking in Faislabad is quite different from the punjabi speaking in any other
region of the Pakistan, for example: in Farooqabadwe say the word “inj nai kari da”
(don’t do like that), while on the other hand in Faislabad the same word is pronounced as
“aidaa nai kari da”.
Social dialects:In sociolinguistics, social dialects is a variety of speech assciated with a
particular socila class or occupational group within a society. Aslo known as sociolect, group

idiolect and class dialect.

Some Examples in Pakistan:

 The word wife is pronounced by the higher class or educated people while on the other

hand “Zanani” is pronounced by the lower class or uneducatd people.

 Different pronunciations are used by different social class and castes; the word is bacha

(child), it has different sociolect like bachy, niany, baal.

 Laal, ratta, suwa which meaning red.

Registers and Dialects:

Registers:

 In linguistics, registers refer to the variety of a language used in a particular social setting

for a particular reason.

 Register often refers to the degree of formality of language, but in a more general sense it

means the language used by a group of people who share similar work or interests, such

as doctors or lawyers.

Examples:

For example, formal grammar is more likely in a job interview than in a casual setting. In a

formal setting, people might choose words such a ‘child’ or ‘father’ instead of ‘kid’ or ‘dad’.
Comparison of registers and dialects:
DIALECTS
 A dialect generally refers to a variety
of a language that is characteristics of
a particular group of the language’s
speakers.
 A dialect is what you speak
(habitualy/routinely) detemined by
who you are (socio-region of origon
and adoption expressing diverse
social hierarchy).
 Dialects are different ways of
expressing the similar thing and tend
to differ in phonetics, phonology,
lexical-grammar (without meaning of
semantics).
 Different ways of expressing the
similar things and tend to differ in
phonetics, phonology, lexical-
grammar (without meaning of
semantics).
 Dailects in extreme cases are anti-
languages, mmother in law languages.
 Dialects are characterized by the held
beliefs; attitudes towards dialects as
symbolic social diversity
REGISTER
 A register is a variety of a language
used for a particular purpose or in
aparticular social setting.
 A register what you are speaking
(currently or presently) determined by
what you are doing (nature of social
activity involved in currently),
expressing diverse social process
(social divion of labor).
 A register is a variety of a language
used for a particular purpose or in
aparticular social setting.
 Registers are different ways of
expressing the similar things and tend
to differ ( with meanings of
semantics).
 Registers are languages for special
purposes.
 Registers are characterized by major
differences of spoken/written;
Language in action or in progress.