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IF5093 - Wireless/Mobile Computing: Topik Bahasan
IF5093 - Wireless/Mobile Computing: Topik Bahasan
IF-ITB/AI/Feb 07 1
IF5093 – Medium Access Control
Topik Bahasan
• Motivasi
• SDMA, FDMA, TDMA
• Aloha
• Skema berbasis reservasi
• Collision avoidance – MACA
• Polling
• CDMA
• SAMA
• Comparison
IF-ITB/AI/Feb 07 2
IF5093 – Medium Access Control
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Topik Bahasan
• Motivasi
• SDMA, FDMA, TDMA
• Aloha
• Skema berbasis reservasi
• Collision avoidance – MACA
• Polling
• CDMA
• SAMA
• Comparison
IF-ITB/AI/Feb 07 3
IF5093 – Medium Access Control
Motivation
• Example CSMA/CD
– Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Detection
– send as soon as the medium is free, listen into the medium if a collision
occurs (original method in IEEE 802.3)
• Problems in wireless networks
– signal strength decreases proportional to the square of the distance
– the sender would apply CS and CD, but the collisions happen at the
receiver
– it might be the case that a sender cannot “hear” the collision, i.e., CD
does not work
– furthermore, CS might not work if, e.g., a terminal is “hidden”
IF-ITB/AI/Feb 07 4
IF5093 – Medium Access Control
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Motivation - hidden and exposed terminals
• Hidden terminals
– A sends to B, C cannot receive A
– C wants to send to B, C senses a “free” medium (CS fails)
– collision at B, A cannot receive the collision (CD fails)
– A is “hidden” for C
A B C
• Exposed terminals
– B sends to A, C wants to send to another terminal (not A or B)
– C has to wait, CS signals a medium in use
– but A is outside the radio range of C, therefore waiting is not
necessary
– C is “exposed” to B
IF-ITB/AI/Feb 07 5
IF5093 – Medium Access Control
A B C
IF-ITB/AI/Feb 07 6
IF5093 – Medium Access Control
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Topik Bahasan
• Motivasi
• SDMA, FDMA, TDMA
• Aloha
• Skema reservasi
• Collision avoidance – MACA
• Polling
• CDMA
• SAMA
• Comparison
IF-ITB/AI/Feb 07 7
IF5093 – Medium Access Control
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FDD/FDMA - general scheme, example GSM
f
960 MHz 124
20 MHz
915 MHz 124
1
890.2 MHz
t
• Uplink: 890.2 MHz – 915 MHz: 124 channels, each 200 KHz wide
• Downlink: 935.2 MHz – 960 MHz: 124 channels, each 200 KHz wide
• The base station allocates frequencies for up & downlink to a mobile phone
IF-ITB/AI/Feb 07 9
IF5093 – Medium Access Control
417 µs
1 2 3 11 12 1 2 3 11 12
t
downlink uplink
5
Aloha/slotted aloha
• Mechanism
– random, distributed (no central arbiter), time-multiplex
– Slotted Aloha additionally uses time-slots, sending must always
start at slot boundaries
• Aloha collision
sender A
sender B
sender C
t
• Slotted Aloha collision
sender A
sender B
sender C
t
IF-ITB/AI/Feb 07 11
IF5093 – Medium Access Control
IF-ITB/AI/Feb 07 12
IF5093 – Medium Access Control
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DAMA - Demand Assigned Multiple Access
• Channel efficiency only 18% for Aloha, 36% for Slotted Aloha
(assuming Poisson distribution for packet arrival and packet length)
• Reservation can increase efficiency to 80%
– a sender reserves a future time-slot
– sending within this reserved time-slot is possible without collision
– reservation also causes higher delays
– typical scheme for satellite links
• Examples for reservation algorithms:
– Explicit Reservation according to Roberts (Reservation-ALOHA)
– Implicit Reservation (PRMA)
– Reservation-TDMA
IF-ITB/AI/Feb 07 13
IF5093 – Medium Access Control
collision
t
Aloha reserved Aloha reserved Aloha reserved Aloha
IF-ITB/AI/Feb 07 14
IF5093 – Medium Access Control
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Access method DAMA: PRMA
•Implicit reservation (PRMA - Packet Reservation MA):
– a certain number of slots form a frame, frames are repeated
– stations compete for empty slots according to the slotted aloha
principle
– once a station reserves a slot successfully, this slot is
automatically assigned to this station in all following frames as
long as the station has data to send
– competition for this slots starts again as soon as the slot was
empty in the last frame
reservation
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 time-slot
ACDABA-F
frame1 A C D A B A F
ACDABA-F
frame2 A C A B A
AC-ABAF-
frame3 A B A F collision at
A---BAFD reservation
frame4 A B A F D attempts
ACEEBAFD
frame5 A C E E B A F D
t
IF-ITB/AI/Feb 07 15
IF5093 – Medium Access Control
IF-ITB/AI/Feb 07 16
IF5093 – Medium Access Control
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MACA - collision avoidance
IF-ITB/AI/Feb 07 17
IF5093 – Medium Access Control
MACA examples
IF-ITB/AI/Feb 07 18
IF5093 – Medium Access Control
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MACA variant: DFWMAC in IEEE802.11
sender receiver
idle idle
packet ready to send; RTS
data;
ACK
RxBusy time-out;
wait for the RTS RTS;
time-out ∨ CTS
ACK right to send data;
time-out ∨
NAK
NAK;
RTS CTS; data
wait for
wait for ACK data
IF-ITB/AI/Feb 07 19
IF5093 – Medium Access Control
Polling mechanisms
• If one terminal can be heard by all others, this “central” terminal
(a.k.a. base station) can poll all other terminals according to a
certain scheme
– now all schemes known from fixed networks can be used (typical
mainframe - terminal scenario)
• Example: Randomly Addressed Polling
– base station signals readiness to all mobile terminals
– terminals ready to send can now transmit a random number without
collision with the help of CDMA or FDMA (the random number can
be seen as dynamic address)
– the base station now chooses one address for polling from the list of
all random numbers (collision if two terminals choose the same
address)
– the base station acknowledges correct packets and continues polling
the next terminal
– this cycle starts again after polling all terminals of the list
IF-ITB/AI/Feb 07 20
IF5093 – Medium Access Control
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ISMA (Inhibit Sense Multiple Access)
IF-ITB/AI/Feb 07 21
IF5093 – Medium Access Control
IF-ITB/AI/Feb 07 22
IF5093 – Medium Access Control
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CDMA in theory
• Sender A
– sends Ad = 1, key Ak = 010011 (assign: „0“= -1, „1“= +1)
– sending signal As = Ad * Ak = (-1, +1, -1, -1, +1, +1)
• Sender B
– sends Bd = 0, key Bk = 110101 (assign: „0“= -1, „1“= +1)
– sending signal Bs = Bd * Bk = (-1, -1, +1, -1, +1, -1)
• Both signals superimpose in space
– interference neglected (noise etc.)
– As + Bs = (-2, 0, 0, -2, +2, 0)
• Receiver wants to receive signal from sender A
– apply key Ak bitwise (inner product)
• Ae = (-2, 0, 0, -2, +2, 0) • Ak = 2 + 0 + 0 + 2 + 2 + 0 = 6
• result greater than 0, therefore, original bit was „1“
– receiving B
• Be = (-2, 0, 0, -2, +2, 0) • Bk = -2 + 0 + 0 - 2 - 2 + 0 = -6, i.e. „0“
IF-ITB/AI/Feb 07 23
IF5093 – Medium Access Control
key A
key
0 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 Ak
sequence A
data ⊕ key 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 0
signal A
As
IF-ITB/AI/Feb 07 24
IF5093 – Medium Access Control
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CDMA on signal level II
signal A As
data B 1 0 0 Bd
key B
key 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 Bk
sequence B
1 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 1
data ⊕ key
Bs
signal B
As + Bs
IF-ITB/AI/Feb 07 25
IF5093 – Medium Access Control
As + Bs
Ak
(As + Bs)
* Ak
integrator
output
comparator 1 0 1
output
IF-ITB/AI/Feb 07 26
IF5093 – Medium Access Control
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CDMA on signal level IV
data B
1 0 0 Bd
As + Bs
Bk
(As + Bs)
* Bk
integrator
output
comparator 1 0 0
output
IF-ITB/AI/Feb 07 27
IF5093 – Medium Access Control
As + Bs
wrong
key K
(As + Bs)
*K
integrator
output
comparator
output (0) (0) ?
IF-ITB/AI/Feb 07 28
IF5093 – Medium Access Control
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SAMA - Spread Aloha Multiple Access
sender A 1 0 1 narrow
sender B 0 1 1 band
send for a
shorter period
with higher power
spread the signal e.g. using the chipping sequence 110101 („CDMA without CD“)
Comparison SDMA/TDMA/FDMA/CDMA
Approach SDMA TDMA FDMA CDMA
Idea segment space into segment sending segment the spread the spectrum
cells/sectors time into disjoint frequency band into using orthogonal codes
time-slots, demand disjoint sub-bands
driven or fixed
patterns
Terminals only one terminal can all terminals are every terminal has its all terminals can be active
be active in one active for short own frequency, at the same place at the
cell/one sector periods of time on uninterrupted same moment,
the same frequency uninterrupted
Signal cell structure, directed synchronization in filtering in the code plus special
separation antennas the time domain frequency domain receivers
Advantages very simple, increases established, fully simple, established, flexible, less frequency
capacity per km² digital, flexible robust planning needed, soft
handover
Dis- inflexible, antennas guard space inflexible, complex receivers, needs
advantages typically fixed needed (multipath frequencies are a more complicated power
propagation), scarce resource control for senders
synchronization
difficult
Comment only in combination standard in fixed typically combined still faces some problems,
with TDMA, FDMA or networks, together with TDMA higher complexity,
CDMA useful with FDMA/SDMA (frequency hopping lowered expectations; will
used in many patterns) and SDMA be integrated with
mobile networks (frequency reuse) TDMA/FDMA
IF-ITB/AI/Feb 07 30
IF5093 – Medium Access Control
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