Claire’s Reviewer

| Theories of Personality 1

Perspective in Theories of
Personality
by a search for
meaning, but also
I. PSYCHODYNAMIC that negative
THEORIES experiences
– focused on the Key Figures: MRM/MPF
importance of early o Maslow
childhood experience “Meaningful life”
and on relationships o Rogers
with parents as “Psychological
guiding forces that Well-being”
shape personality o May “Freedom”
development.
Key Figures: III. DISPOSITIONAL
FAJKHEF/UECAOIR
THEORIES
o Freud - The unique and
“Unconscious” long term
o Adler “Early tendencies to
Recollection” behave in
o Jung “Collective particular ways are
Unconscious” the essence of our
o Klein “Archetypes” personality
o Horney “Object- Key Figures: AM/T5
Relations” o Allport “Traits
o Erikson “Identity & Motives”
Crisis” o McCrae &
o Fromm Costa “5 Trait
“Relatedness” Dimension”

II. HUMANISTIC IV. BIOLOGICAL-

EXISTENTIAL EVOLUTIONARY
THEORIES THEORIES
- “humanistic” - Behavior, thought,
(positive feelings and
psychology) people personality are
strive toward influenced by
meaning differences in basic
- “existential genetic, epigenetic
theorist” are driven and neurological
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| Theories of Personality 2

systems between o Skinner

individuals. “Conditioned
Key Figures: EB/BA responses/Shapi
o Eysenck “Brain ng/Reinforceme
structures, nt/
neurochemicals Observational
and genes” Learning”
o Buss “Adaptive o Bandura
Mechanisms” “Modeling/Self-
efficacy”
V. LEARNING- SOCIAL o Rotter
COGNITIVE THEORIES “Cognitive-
- Shaped by how we affective units”
think and perceive o Mischel “C-A-
the world. U”
Key Figures: o Kelly
SBRMK/CMCCC
“Constructs”

Introduction to Personality Theory

PERSONALITY: a pattern of
relatively permanent traits and
unique characteristics that give
both consistency and
individuality to a person's
behavior.
TRAITS: contribute to
individual differences in
behavior, consistency of
behavior over time and stability
of behavior across situations.
May be unique, common to
some group or shared by the
entire species, but pattern is
different.
CHARACTERISTICS: unique
qualities of an individual that
include attributes as
temperament, physique and
intelligence.
THEORY: set of related
assumptions that allows
scientists to use logical
deductive reasoning to
formulate testable hypotheses.
Deals with IF-THEN statements.
Relies on speculation.
Five Parts of A Theory
1. set of assumptions.
2. a related set of
assumptions.
3. assumptions, theories
are accepted as if they
were true.
4. logical deductive
reasoning.
5. includes qualifier
testable.
THEORY AND ITS RELATIVE
1. Philosophy
-Means Love of Wisdom and
philosophers are people who
pursue wisdom through
thinking and reasoning.
-“epistemology” or the nature of
knowledge
2. Speculation
-Science is a branch of study
concerned with observation
and classification of data and
with the verification of
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general laws through the
testing of hypotheses.
3. Hypothesis
-An educated guess or
prediction specific enough
for its validity to be tested
through the use of the
scientific method.
4. Taxonomy
-“taxis” order of things
-A classification of things
according to their natural
relationships.
-Science of determining and
naming
Psychology of Science:
studies both science and
behavior of scientists.
Investigates the impact of an
individual scientist's
psychological processes and
personal characteristics on
development of his or her
scientific theories and
research.
WHAT MAKES A THEORY
USEFUL?
1. Generates research: most
important criterion of a
useful theory. Theories
generate descriptive
research which expands an
existing theory, and
hypotheses testing, which
leads to an indirect
verification of the usefulness
of the theory.
2. Falsifiable: theory must be
precise enough to suggest
research that may either
support or fail to support its
major tenets.
3. Organizes date: useful
theory should be able to
organize research data that
are not incompatible with
each other.
4. Guides action: guides the
practitioner over the rough
course of day to day
problems. Example-teachers
| Theories of Personality 3
are asked lots of questions
which they try to find
workable answers for. A
good theory provides
structure for finding those
answers.
5. Internally consistent: does
not need to be consistent
with other theories, but must
be consistent with itself. Will
also contain an operational
definition-one that defines
units in terms of observable
events or behaviors that can
be measured.
6. Parsimonious: when two
theories are equal in their
ability to generate research,
be falsified, give meaning to
date, guide the practitioner
and be self-consistent, the
simpler one is preferred.
6 DIMENSIONS FOR A
CONCEPT OF HUMANITY
1. Determinism versus free
choice.
2. Pessimism versus
optimism.
3. Causality versus
teleology.
4. Conscious versus
unconscious
determinants of
behavior.
5. Biological versus social
influences on
personality.
6. Uniqueness versus
similarities.
Causality: holds that behavior
is a function of past
experiences.
Teleology: explanation of
behavior in terms of future
goals or purposes.
Reliability: the extent to
which it yields consistent
results.
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Validity: the degree to which
an instrument measures what it
is supposed to measure.
o Construct validity: the
extent to which an
instrument measures some
hypothetical construct.
Three types of construct
validity are convergent,
divergent and discriminant.
o Convergent validity: degree
to which two measures of
construct that theoretically
Freud: Psychoanalysis
Freud's twin cornerstones
of psychoanalysis: sex and
agression
Freud - insisted
psychoanalysis could not be
subjected to eclecticism, relied
more on deductive reasoning.
| Theories of Personality 4
should be related, are in
fact related
o Divergent validity: tests to
make sure concepts that
are supposed to be
unrelated are in fact
unrelated.
(Psychodynamic Theories)
Hysteria: a disorder typically
characterized by paralysis or
the improper functioning of
certain parts of the body.
Catharsis: process of
removing hysterical symptoms
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through "talking them out".
While using catharsis, freud
discovered the free association
technique, which soon replaced
hypnosis as his principal
therapeutic technique.
Psychical analysis: freud's
approach which he later
termed psycho-analysis
Creative illness: condition
characterized by depression,
neurosis, psychosomatic
ailments and an intense
preoccupation with some form
of creative activity.
Freud's greatest work:
interpretation of dreams.
(book)
FREUD'S TWO LEVELS OF
MENTAL LIFE
1. Unconscious: all drives,
urges or instincts that are
beyond our awareness but
that nevertheless still
motivate most of our
words, feelings and actions.
Originate from repression
or phylogenetic
endowment.
Phylogenetic endowment:
inherited experiences that lie
beyond an individual's personal
experience.
Repression: blocking out of
anxiety filled experiences.
2. Preconscious: elements
that are not conscious but
can become conscious
either quite readily or with
some difficulty.
3. Conscious: those mental
elements in awareness at
any given point in time
Two sources of
preconscious: conscious
perception and unconscious.
FREUD'S MODEL OF THE
MIND
1) Id, pleasure principal:
completely unconscious.
| Theories of Personality 5
No contact with reality.
Strives to reduce tension
by satisfying basic
desires.
2) Ego, or i: only regions of
the mind in contact with
reality. Governed by the
reality principle. Partly
conscious party
preconscious. Can make
decisions on all three
levels.
3) Super ego or above i:
represents moral and
ideal aspects of
personality and is guided
by the moralistic and
idealistic principles.
Two subsystems are
conscience ad ego-ideal.
DYNAMICS OF PERSONALITY
1. Drives
- Trieb: freud's term to refer
to a drive or stimulus within
the person.
- Instinct. Drive or impulse. A
constant motivational
force. Every basic drive is
characterized by: impetus,
a source, an aim and an
object.
- Impetus: amount of force it
exerts
- Source: region of the body
in a state of excitation or
tension
- Aim: to seek pleasure by
removing that excitation or
removing that tension
2. Sex
- Libido: sex drive. Energy
from the aggressive drives
remains nameless
- Object: person or thing that
serves as the means
through which the aim is
satisfied.
- Erogenous zones: genitals,
mouth, anus. Freud
believed entire body is
invested in the libido.
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1) Primary narcissism:
infants are primarily self
centered, with their
libido invested almost
exclusively on their own
ego.
2) Secondary narcissism:
when adolescents
redirect their libido back
to the ego and become
preoccupied with
personal appearance
and self-interests.
3. Agression
- To return the organism to
an inorganic state
4. Anxiety
- a felt, affective, unpleasant
state accompanied by a
physical sensation that
warns the person against
impending danger.
Produced and felt only by
the ego.
- ego preserving.
- Three types of anxiety:
neurotic, moral and
realistic
1) Neurotic anxiety:
apprehension about an
unknown danger
2) Moral anxiety: conflict
between the ego and the
superego.
3) Realistic anxiety: closely
related to fear.
Unpleasant, nonspecific
feeling involving a
possible danger.
DEFENSE MECHANISMS -
established by ego. Normal, but
can be taken to extreme.
Repression, reaction formation,
displacement, fixation,
regression, projection and
sublimation.
1. Repression: forces
threatening feelings into
the unconscious.
2. Reaction formation:
identified by its
| Theories of Personality 6
exaggerated character and
by its obsessive and
compulsive form. Example.
A woman hates her mother
but shows it through over
the top love for her mother.
3. Displacement: redirecting
unacceptable urges onto a
variety of people or objects
so that the original impulse
is disguised or concealed.
4. Fixation: when the
prospect of taking the next
step becomes too anxiety
provoking, the ego ay
resorts to the strategy of
remaining at the present,
more comfortable
psychological stage.
5. Regression: during stress
or anxiety, reverting back
to an earlier stage
6. Projection: when too
much anxiety, the ego may
project unwanted impulse
to an external object,
usually another person.
Paranoia: mental disorder
characterized by a powerful
delusion of jealousy and
persecution.
7. Introjection: people
incorporate positive
qualities of another person
into their own egos.
8. Sublimation: repression of
the genital aim of eros by
substituting a cultural or
social aim.
STAGES OF DEVELOPMENT
A. infantile- first 4 or 5
years.
Three Phases of infantile: oral,
anal, phallic.
Male oedipus complex: when
an infant boy forms an
identification with his father
and wants to be his father. He
later develops a sexual desire
for his mother. Then wants to
get rid of father to have his
mother.
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o oral phase: pleasure
through sucking Weaning is
the principal source of
frustration during this
stage.
o Emergence of teeth as a
defense against
environment is called oral
sadistic
o anal phase: satisfaction
gained through aggressive
behavior and excretory
function (sadistic-anal)
o occurs at about the second
year of life, when toilet
training is the child's chief
source of frustration.
o If parents use disciplinary
training methods, a child
may develop the anal triad
of orderliness, stinginess,
and obstinacy, all of which
mark the anal character.
o Phallic phase: boys and
girls begin to have differing
psychosexual development,
which occurs around ages 3
or 4 years.
o For both genders,
suppression of
masturbation is the
principle source of
frustration.
o young children experience
the Oedipus complex =
having sexual feelings for
one parent and hostile
feelings for the other.
o The male castration
complex breaks up the
male Oedipus complex and
results in a well-formed
male superego.
o For girls, the castration
complex, in the form of
penis envy, precedes the
female Oedipus complex, a
situation that leads to only
a gradual and incomplete
shattering of the female
Oedipus complex and a
weaker, more flexible
female superego.
| Theories of Personality 7
Castration anxiety: when a
boy notices girls are different
and believes they were bad
and had "it" removed.
B. Latency period: 4th or
5th year until puberty
- From about age 5 years until
puberty—in which the sexual
instinct is partially suppressed.
- It is believed that this may
have roots in our phylogenetic
endowment
C. Gentile period:
reawakening of sexual
aim during puberty.
- Begins with puberty when
adolescents experience a
reawakening of the genital aim
of Eros, and it continues
throughout adulthood.
D. Maturity: puberty
throughout life.
Psychological maturity: a
stage attained after a person
has passed through the earlier
developmental periods in an
ideal manner.
FREUD THERAPEUTIC
TECHNIQUES
Free association: verbalize
every thought that enters their
mind. 84. Transference:
strong sexual or aggressive
feelings. Positive or negative,
that a patient develops toward
their analyst during treatment.
Parapraxes: Freudian slips
95%: behaviors are
unconsciously determined.
Core consciousness: state of
not being aware or awake.
Extended consciousness:
state of being aware.
Dopamine system: id's
seeking or wanting tendencies.
The give me
Opioid system: pleasure we
experience when id is satisfied.
APPLICATIONS OF
PSYCHOANALYTIC THEORY
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| Theories of Personality 8

A. Freud's Early Therapeutic chance accidents but reveal a

Technique - Freud used a very person's unconscious intentions
aggressive technique whereby
he strongly suggested to What Makes a Theory
patients that they had been Useful?
sexually seduced as children. -
He later abandoned this 1. Generates Research
technique, with a belief that he 2. Is falsifiable
may have elicited memories of
seduction from his patients and
3. Organizes Data
that he lacked clear evidence 4. Guides Action
that these memories were real
B. Freud's Later Therapeutic
5. Is Internally Consistent
Technique - Goal: uncover 6. Is Parsimonious
repressed memories through
the free association and dream
analysis = to strengthen the
ego - Transference: strong
sexual or aggressive feelings,
positive or negative, that
patients develop towards the
analyst during the course of
treatment - Negative
transference: form of hostility
must be explained to the client
to overcome resistance to
treatment C. Dream Analysis -
manifest content (conscious
description) from the - latent
content (unconscious meaning
of the dream that lies hidden
from the dreamer). - Nearly all
dreams are wish-fulfillments,
although the wish is usually
unconscious and can be known
only through dream
interpretation. - Dreams that
are not wish-fulfillments follow
the principle of repetition
compulsion and often occur
after people have had a
traumatic experience, now
called a post-traumatic stress
disorder. - To interpret
dreams Freud used both dream
symbols and the dreamer's
associations to the dream
content. D. Freudian Slips -
slips of the tongue or pen,
misreadings, incorrect
hearings, misplacing of objects,
and temporary forgetting of
names or intentions are not
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| Theories of Personality 9

Adler: Individual Psychology (Psychodynamic

Theories)

-Optimistic View of people -Style of life flavor of a

-Gemeinshaftefuhl (Social person’s life
Interest) or feeling oneness -4 to 5 years’ old
with humankind -Teleology future oriented
1. People motivated mostly by (Fictional Finalisms)
social influences and by Factors in
striving for success and Maladjustment/Abnormality
superiority 1. Exaggerated physical
2. People are largely deficiencies overly
responsible in shaping their concerned with selves
personality 2. Pampered style of life –
3. Present behavior is shaped lies at the heart of most
by people’s view of the neuroses, weak social
future interest/ parasitic
4. Psychologically healthy relationship with parents
people are usually aware of 3. Neglected style of life –
what they are doing and unwanted, abused and
why they are doing it mistreated (paranoid
and suspicious)
Striving for Success or
Superiority
-Final Goal People are
motivated by social
influences and striving for
superiority and success
-Creative power places people
in control of their lives
-Impetus to success blessed
with organ inferiority (our
only motivation for future
goals)
-Striving for Superiority
Personal Superiority over
others
-Striving for success
motivated by social interest
-Organ dialect deficiencies
express direction of
individual goal
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| Theories of Personality 10

Jung: Analytical Psychology

Overview of Jung's
Analytical Psychology
Carl Jung believed that people
are extremely
complex beings who possess a
variety of
opposing qualities, such as
introversion and
extraversion, masculinity and
femininity, and
rational and irrational drives.
Biography of Carl Jung
Carl Jung was born
Switzerland in 1875, the
oldest surviving child of an
idealistic Protestant
minister and his wife. Jung's
early experience
with parents (who were quite
opposite of each
other) probably influenced his
own theory of
personality. Soon after
receiving his medical
degree he became acquainted
with Freud's
writings and eventually with
Freud himself. Not
long after he traveled with
Freud to the United
States, Jung became
disenchanted with Freud's
pansexual theories, broke with
Freud, and began
his own approach to theory and
therapy, which
he called analytical psychology.
From a critical
midlife crisis, during which he
nearly lost contact
with reality, Jung emerged to
become one of the
leading thinkers of the 20th
in century. He died in
1961 at age 85.
Levels of the Psyche
Jung saw the human psyche as
being divided into a conscious
and an unconscious level, with
the latter further subdivided
into a personal and a collective
unconscious.
Conscious
Images sensed by the ego are
said to be conscious. The ego
thus represents the conscious
side of personality, and in the
psychologically mature
individual, the ego is secondary
to the self.
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| Theories of Personality 11

Personal Unconscious realize or accept our shadow.

The unconscious refers to those A second hurdle in achieving
psychic images not sensed by maturity is for men to
the ego. Some unconscious accept their anima, or feminine
processes flow from our side, and
personal experiences, but for women to embrace their
others stem from our animus, or
ancestors' experiences with masculine disposition.
universal themes. Jung divided Other archetypes include the
the unconscious into the great mother (the archetype
personal unconscious, which of nourishment and
contains the complexes destruction); the wise old man
(emotionally toned groups of (the archetype of wisdom and
related ideas) and the meaning); and the hero, (the
collective unconscious, or ideas image we have of a conqueror
that are beyond our personal who vanquishes evil, but who
experiences and that originate has a single fatal flaw).
from the repeated experiences The most comprehensive
of our ancestors. archetype is the self; that is,
Collective Unconscious the image we have of
Collective unconscious images fulfillment, completion, or
are not inherited ideas, but perfection. The ultimate in
rather they refer to our innate psychological maturity is
tendency to react in a selfrealization, which is
particular way whenever our symbolized by the mandala, or
personal experiences stimulate perfect geometric figure.
an inherited predisposition
toward action. Contents of the Dynamics of Personality
collective unconscious are Jung believed that the dynamic
called principles that apply to physical
archetypes. energy also apply to psychic
Archetypes energy. These forces include
Jung believed that archetypes causality and teleology as well
originate through the repeated as progression and regression.
experiences of our ancestors Causality and Teleology
and that they are expressed in Jung accepted a middle
certain types of dreams, position between the
fantasies, philosophical issues of causality
delusions, and hallucinations. and teleology. In other words,
Several humans are motivated both by
archetypes acquire their own their past experiences and by
personality, and Jung identified their expectations ofthe future.
these by name. Progression and Regression
To achieve self-realization,
One is the persona-the side of people must adapt to both their
our personality that we show to external and internal worlds.
others. Progression involves adaptation
Another is the shadow-the dark to the outside world and the
side of forward flow of psychic energy,
personality. To reach full whereas regression refers to
psychological adaptation to the inner world
maturity, Jung believed, we and the backward flow of
must first psychic energy. Jung believed

that the backward step is
essential to a person's forward
movement toward self-
realization.
Psychological Types
Eight basic psychological types
emerge from the union of two
attitudes and four functions.
Attitudes
Attitudes are predispositions to
act or react in a characteristic
manner. The two basic
attitudes are introversion,
which refers to people's
subjective perceptions, and
extraversion, which indicates
an orientation toward the
objective world.
Extraverts are influenced more
by the real world than by their
subjective perception, whereas
introverts rely on their
individualized view of things.
Introverts and extraverts often
mistrust and misunderstand
one another.
Functions
The two attitudes
extroversion and introversion
can combine with four basic
functions to form eight general
personality types. The four
functions are
(1) thinking, or recognizing the
meaning of stimuli;
(2) feeling, or placing a value
on something;
(3) sensation, or taking in
sensory stimuli; and
(4) intuition, or perceiving
elementary data that are
beyond our awareness.
Jung referred to thinking and
feeling as rational functions
and to sensation and intuition
as irrational functions.
Development of Personality
Nearly unique among
personality theorists was Jung's
emphasis on the second half of
life. Jung saw middle and old
Claire’s Reviewer
| Theories of Personality 12
age as times when people may
acquire the ability to attain
self-realization.
Stages of Development
Jung divided development into
four broad stages:
(1) childhood, which lasts from
birth until adolescence;
(2) youth, the period from
puberty until middle life,
which is a time for extraverted
development and for being
grounded to the real world of
schooling, occupation,
courtship, marriage, and
family;
(3) middle life, which is a time
from about 35 or 40 until old
age when people should be
adopting an introverted
attitude; and (4) old age, which
is a time for psychological
rebirth, self-realization, and
preparation for death.
Self-Realization
Self-realization, or
individuation, involves a
psychological rebirth and an
or integration of various parts of
the psyche into a unified or
whole individual. Self-
realization represents the
highest level of human
development.
Jung's Methods of
Investigation
Jung used the word association
test, dreams, and active
imagination during the process
of psychotherapy, and all these
methods contributed to his
theory of personality.
Word Association Test
Jung used the word association
test early in his career to
uncover complexes embedded
in the personal unconscious.
The technique requires a
patient to utter the first word
that comes to mind after the
examiner reads a stimulus
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| Theories of Personality 13

word. Unusual responses

indicate a complex. Critique of Jung
Dream Analysis Although Jung considered
Jung believed that dreams may himself a scientist, many of his
have both a cause and a writings have more of a
purpose and thus can be useful philosophical than a
in explaining past events and in psychological flavor. As a
making decisions about the scientific theory, it rates
future. "Big dreams" and average on its ability to
"typical dreams," both of which generate research, but very
come from the collective low on its ability to withstand
unconscious, have meanings falsification. It is about average
that lie beyond the experiences on its ability to organize
of a single individual. knowledge but low on each of
Active Imagination the other criteria of a useful
Jung also used active theory.
imagination to arrive at
collective images. This Concept of Humanity
technique requires the patient Jung saw people as extremely
to concentrate on a single complex beings who are a
image until that image begins product of both conscious and
to appear in a different unconscious personal
form. Eventually, the patient experiences. However, people
should see figures that are also motivated by inherited
represent archetypes and other remnants that spring from the
collective unconscious images. collective experiences of
Psychotherapy their early ancestors. Because
The goal of Jungian therapy is Jungian theory is a psychology
to help neurotic patients of opposites, it receives a
become healthy and to move moderate rating on the issues
healthy people in the direction of free will versus determinism,
of self-realization. Jung was optimism versus pessimism,
eclectic in his choice of and
therapeutic techniques and causality versus teleology. It
treated old people differently rates very high on
than the young. unconscious influences, low on
uniqueness, and
Related Research low on social influences.
Although Jungian psychology
has not generated large
volumes of research, some
investigators have used the Carl Jung “ANALYTICAL
Myers-Briggs Type Indicator to PSYCHOLOGY”
examine the idea of
psychological types. Some -No.1 and No.2 Personality
research suggests that 1. Extraverted Self –
extraverts and introverts childhood (False)
have different preferences in 2. Introverted Self – middle
their choice of partners. Other life (True)
researchers have reported that -Levels of Psyche
personality type is related to 1. Conscious
academic performance and Ego- center of
success. consciousness
 Claire’s Reviewer
Self-center of personality
2. Personal unconscious –
repressed and forgotten
experiences (unique-
individual experiences)
3. Collective unconscious-
ancestral past of all
species (same for all
species)
4. Archetypes- ancient or
archaic images from
collective unconscious
o Persona – personality
shown to the world
o Shadow – negative side
o Anima – emotion,
irrational side of men
o Animus – logical and
rational side of women
Test of Courage
1. Realization of Shadow
2. Acquaintance with Anima
and Animus
o Great mother – fertility,
destruction and rebirth
o Wise old man – wisdom
and meaning
o Hero – powerful person
who vanquish evil; tragic
flow/weakness
o Self – “The Mother of all
Archetypes & The
archetypes of all
Archetypes” inherent
tendency to move
towards growth
 process: Self-
Realization
 end Goal:
Individuation
 MANDALA – ultimate
symbol of life
 YIN YANG – symbol of
opposing elements of
psyche / Balance
(Anima and Animus)
Melanie Klein “OBJECT-
RELATIONS THEORY”
-Adapt the Instinct theory of
Sigmund Freud
| Theories of Personality 14
-Less emphasis on biological,
more on social (Interpersonal
Relationship)
-Maternal intimacy, nurturing of
Mother
-Prime motive of behavior:
Human Contact and
Relatedness
-Young children 4-6 months’ old
(Drives: Hunger, sex and so
forth)
-Psychic Life of the Infant
a. Phantasies – psychic
representations id
unconscious id instincts
(Good and Bad)
b. Objects – humans have
innate drives or instincts
-Positions
1. Paranoid Schizoid
Position (3 to 4 months)
– a way of organizing
experiences that
includes both paranoid
feelings of being
persecuted and a
splitting of internal and
external objects (Good
Breast and Bad Breast).
– Egos’ perception of the
world is Subjective and
fantastic
2. Depressive Position (5 to
6 months)
– feelings of
anxiety over
losing a loved
object coupled
with a sense of
guilt for wanting
to destroy that
object constitute
-Psychic Defense Mechanisms
1. Introjection – infants
fantasize taking into their
body those perceptions
and experiences that they
had with the external
object (Mother’s Breast)
2. Projection – fantasy that
one’s own feelings and
impulses actually reside in
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| Theories of Personality 15

another person and not plays a leading role in

within one’s body. shaping
3. Splitting – keeping apart a. Basic Hostility –
incompatible impulses unsatisfied need for
(Good and Bad Breast) safety and
4. Projective Identification – satisfaction
split off unacceptable b. Basic anxiety –
parts of themselves, feeling of being
project them into another isolated
and finally introject them
back into themselves in a Defenses:
changed or distorted form 1. Affection
-Internalizations 2. Submissiveness
A. Ego – one’s sense of self 3. Power
reaches Maturity 4. Withdrawal –
B. Superego emotionally attached
o emerges earlier in life from others
o not an outgrowth of  classi
Oedipus complex fied
o more harsh and cruel as
C. Oedipus complex neuro
o Earliest months of life; tic if
genital stage (3 or 4) only 1
o Children fear of defen
retaliation from their se
parent for their fantasy met.
of emptying the parent’s More
body than
o Children retaining 1 is
positive feelings toward norm
both parents al.
o Serves the same need
Neurotic Trends
for both genders to
establish a positive 1. Moving toward –
attitude with the good or compliant manner
gratifying object and to 2. Moving Against –
avoid bad or terrifying aggression
object 3. Moving Away – detached
Karen Horney Erik Erikson “POST-
“PSYCHOANALYTIC SOCIAL” FREUDIAN THEORY”
Striving for: Stages of Psychosocial
Development
a. Power – dominate
others 1. Infancy
b. Prestige - Basic Trust Vs. Mistrust
c. Possession – deprive Basic Strength: Hope
others Core Pathology:
- Culture not anatomy is Withdrawal
the reason for gender 2. Early Childhood
differences Autonomy Vs. Shame
- Culture and early and Doubt
childhood experiences Basic Strength: Will
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| Theories of Personality 16

Core Pathology: 3. Humans are

Compulsion ultimately alone but
3. Play Age cannot tolerate
Initiative Vs. Guilt isolation
Basic Strength: Purpose People separated from nature (Basic
Core Pathology: Anxiety)
Inhibition
4. School Age stripped off of powerful instincts
Industry Vs. Inferiority
developed the facility to reason
Basic Strength:
Competence forces us to solve dichotomies
Core Pathology: Inertia
5. Adolescence Existential Dichotomies
Identity Vs. Identity
Confusion HUMAN NEEDS:
Basic Strength: Fidelity 1. Relatedness – union
Core Pathology: Role with another
Reputation a. Submission
6. Young Adult b. Symbiotic
Intimacy Vs. Isolation Relationship – give
Basic Strength: Love and take
Core Pathology: c. Love – only route
Exclusivity to become untied
7. Adulthood with world
Generativity Vs. In Love, two
Stagnation people become
Basic Strength: Care one yet remain
Core Pathology: two. -Erich
Rejectivity Fromm ♥
8. Old Age 2. Transcendence –
Integrity Vs. Despair urge to rise above a
Basic Strength: Wisdom passive and
Core Pathology: Disdain accidental existence
3. Rootedness – to feel
Erich Fromm “HUMANISTIC
at home (legacy:
PSYCHOANALYSIS”
Family)
- Humanities separation 4. Self-identity – to be
from the natural world aware of as a
- Human dilemma separate identity
people separated from 5. Frame of
the natural world, but orientation – road
acquired the facility to map to make their
reasons / questions way into the world
about life - Object of Devotion
- Existential (goal in life)
Dichotomies - Burden of Freedom
1. Between life and results of basic anxiety/
death feeling of being alone in
2. Humans are capable the world/ has freedom
to achieve self- but no one cares
realization, but life is MECHANISMS OF
too short to reach it. ESCAPE
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| Theories of Personality 17

1.) Authoritarianism 3. Thinking/ reasoning/

– give up thought
independence and
fuse with others PERSONALITY DISORDERS
 Masochism 1. Necrophilia – love of
 Sadism death, war and terrorism
2.) Conformity – give (career: Law
up individuality to enforcement
join a group or 2. Malignant Narcissism –
association preoccupied with
- Positive freedom free oneself; hypochondriasis
but not alone. (preoccupation with
Spontaneous activity health), Moral
CHARACTER ORIENTATIONS hypochondriasis
(preoccupation with
A. Non-Productive guilt), neurotic claims
1. Receptive – source of 3. Incestuous symbiosis –
all good lies outside extreme dependence on
self, receive things: mother / surrogate
complaint (Mother Fixation)
- Family: Syndrome of Decay –
Controlling in possess all three
nature personality disorders
2. Exploitative –source Syndrome of Growth –
of good lies outside, love, biophilia, positive
but aggressively take freedom
what they desire
- Driven by
Carl Rogers “PERSON
personal gain
CENTERED THEORY”
3. Hoarding – save what
have been obtained Basic Assumptions:
- Sees
world/person as 1. Formative tendency –
possessions tendency for all matters,
- They lived in the both organic and
past inorganic to evolve from
(conventional) simpler to complex
4. Marketing – see forms.
themselves as 2. Actualizing tendency –
commodities tendency within all
- Sees world as human to move toward
completion or fulfillment
marketplace
of potentials.
- Sell their self “I
a. Maintenance – similar
am as you Desire
to lower step of
me”
Maslow’s Hierarchy of
- No permanent
Needs
identity
- Includes basic
B. Productive
need (food, air and
1. Work
safety)
2. Love
- Tendency to resist
Biophilia – Passionate
change and seek
love in all that is alive
the status quo.
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| Theories of Personality 18

b. Enhancement – need 2. 4 Processes Governing

to become more, to Observational Learning
develop and to a. Attention – attend to
achieve growth that person
-Self-Actualization the b. Representation –
tendency to actualize the patterns must be
self as perceived in symbolically
awareness represented in
-Actualization tendency memory.
refers to organismic c. Behavioral production
experiences of the individual – produce the
that is refers to the whole behavior
person; conscious and d. Motivation – most
unconscious, physiological effective when
and cognitive. learners are
-Organismic self beyond a motivated to perform
person’s awareness or not the modeled behavior
owned by that person
Enactive Learning
-Self-concept aspect of one’s
being and one’s awareness Every response a person
-
that are perceived in makes is followed by
awareness some consequence
-Ideal Self one’s view of self as (satisfying/dissatisfying)
one wishes to be - Complex human
Awareness – Symbolic behavior can be learned
representation of some portion when people think about
of our experiences and evaluate the
Levels of Awareness consequence of their
1. Ignored and denied behaviors
2. Accurately symbolized - 3 Function
3. Distorted form (Consequences of
-Positive Regard person Response):
develops a need to be loved, 1. inform us of effects of
liked or accepted by another our actions
person 2. motivate our
-Positive self-regard anticipatory behavior
experience of pricing or 3. serve to reinforce
valuing one’s self behavior
Barriers to Psychological Triadic Reciprocal Causation
Health Behavior
1. Conditions
-Unconditional positive
regard

Albert Bandura “SOCIAL Personal Factors

LEARNING/COGNITIVE (cognitive, affective and Environmental
THEORY” biological events factors
Observational learning
- Chance Encounter
1. Modeling – core
unintended meeting of person
observational learning.
unfamiliar to each other
- Involves cognitive
process not just mimicry
or imitation.
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- Fortuitous Event an - Use of language

environmental experience that - Egocentric
is unexpected and unintended - Does not understand the
- Human Agency essence of principle of conservation
humanness. 3. Concrete Operational (7
Core of Human Agency to 11 years’ old)
1. Intentionally - Seriation
2. Forethought - Reversibility
3. Self-reactiveness - Bound to the concrete,
4. Self-reflectiveness physical reality of the
-Self efficacy how people act world
in a particular situation 4. Formal Operational (11
depends on the reciprocity of to onwards)
behavioral, environmental and
cognitive conditions. Harry Stack Sullivan
- “people’s belief in their “INTERPERSONAL THEORY”
capability to exercise - Personality develops in
some measure of control social context without
over their own other people, humans
functioning and over would have no
environmental events” personality
- Contributes Self-Efficacy: - Levels of Cognition:
1. Mastery Experiences 1. Prototaxic Level –
2. Social Modeling earliest and most
(Vicarious primitive experience
experiences) of infants
3. Social Persuasion 2. Parataxic Level –
4. Physical and assumes cause and
Emotional States effects relationship
-Proxy Agency indirect control between 2 events
over those social conditions occurred
that affect everyday living coincidentally
- Downside: too much on 3. Syntaxic Level –
the competence and meaningful
powers of others, people interpersonal
weaken their sense of communication
personal and collective
efficacy
-Collective Efficacy people
shared belief in their collective
power to produce desired result

Jean Piaget
Stages of development
1. Sensorimotor Stage
(Birth to 2 years’ old)
- Coordinate sensory
experiences
- Lack concept of Object
Permanence
2. Preoperational Stage (2
to 7 years’ old)