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RITUAL DEDITIO NA RELJEFU HRVATSKOGA

VLADARA*

Robert Kureli 1 UDK 7.04(497.5)”10”

Odsjek za povijest 94(497.5)”10”:[316.47+316.48]
Filozofski Fakultet u Puli Prethodno priop enje
Pula Primljeno: 15.6.2016.
Prihva eno: 14.12.2016.
DOI: http://doi.org/10.21857/m3v76tz0wy

:
Autor u prizoru na reljefu hrvatskoga vladara prepoznaje ranosrednjo-
vjekovni ritual mirenja, dedicij (deditio). U radu se pojašnjava uloga i
va!nost simboli"ke komunikacije u politi"kom !ivotu u ranome srednjem
vijeku, postupak donošenja politi"kih odluka i va!nost rituala mirenja za
o"uvanje stabilnosti poretka. Pojašnjava se uloga Henrika II. u mogu oj
transmisiji prizora prema Monte Cassinu, a zatim i dalje prema Dalmaciji
i to u skladu s promjenama koje je ovaj svetorimski vladar unio u shva a-
nje carske vlasti, ali i u sam ritual deditio.
Klju ne rije i: simboli"ka komunikacija, deditio, rituali mirenja, vla-
darska propaganda, ikonografija, Petar Krešimir IV., Dmitar Zvonimir

Uvod
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* Ovaj je rad sufinancirala Hrvatska zaklada za znanost projektom Izvori, pomagala i studije za hrvatsku
!"#$%&'(!)(&*%)+$%,("#$%-.()!(-*.$.()/,!,(012(&'!3$%4. (HRZZ-IP-09-2014-6547).

1
 !"#$%&'($#)*+E& *%(/)&deditio na reljefu hrvatskoga vladara
Zb. Odsjeka povij. znan. Zavoda povij. druš. znan. Hrvat. akad. znan. umjet., 34 (2016), str. 1-20

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biskup i metropolit Lovre Dalmatinac kao dio oltarne pregrade prigodom Zvonimi-
$!.#&4$(1*0"#>&2$*&6#<(&,#&2)!6/&1/41/01!&*34!$*B%#1/&5/&*57$/01,(&4$31!7&50#18/9&
Prikazani lik je, dakako, identificirao kao kralja Zvonimira.2&:7!$&P*34!.*+&5/3%(2/&
<*B),#1,#&0/&,#&$*,#6&!&A#%$(&'$#B*<*$(&:D9>&/&0/&3#&2)!6/&*5.!$1!&1/)/5*)/&(&4$(1*0"#-
noj crkvi sv. Petra i Mojsija u Solinu, poznatijoj i pod imenom Šuplja crkva.3 Vjero-
,/%1!&1/,0/),#&(&2!4(B/,(&*0#1%*-*4/8*,#&)*4!./&3&$#),#-/&!%*B/!&,#&:./1&@/"*+9&Q1&3#&2$*-
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;)/.8(>&0!4&(&3%/,/+#<&)*4(&2$#2!51/,#&A#%$/&T$1,*1(>&/&(&2!)#71(%!<#&1#4(&%$#+(&
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i izvornu lokaciju pluteja smješta u samostansku crkvu sv. Petra Gumajskog, otkud
,#&(&;2)*%&<!7)/&"*%*&0!1#3#1/&4/!&32!)*,/>&2$*&6#<(&,#&3,#+/1,#&1/&A#%$/&*&R.!1*<*$/&
izbrisano micanjem natpisa koji ih je imenovao.4&:/4!&3#&.#+*1/&/(%!$/&3)/=#&0/&,#&(&
!.!<#&3)(6/,(&$*,#6&!&32!)*,*&%#&0/&3#&2)(%#,&*5.!$1!&1/)/5*!&(&1#4!<&0$(7!<&4!1%#4-
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2!0)!=1!3%*&4!)*4!>&6*1*&1/<&3#>&(&%$/=#1,#&<*)!3%*W95&@/"*+&1/0/),#&5/4),(6(,#&0/&2$*-
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4!,#<(&,#&!0)(4(&0!1*!&4$/),&(&4!$*3%&3%/,/+#7&)*4/9&X&%!<#&3#&0*,#)!<&2$#4)/2/&3&P*-
34!.*+#.*<&3%/.!<&4/4!&1/&$#),#-(&<!=#<!&2$#2!51/%*&%/4!5./1!7&rex iustitiae, od-
nosno “pravednog i milosrdnog zemaljskog vladara kojeg su vjernici iz sredine gdje
3#&32!<#1*4&1/)/5*!&0("!4!&B%!./)*W96
X&!.!<#&$/0(&2!4(B/%&+(&2!1(0*%*&*0#1%*-*4/8*,(&2$*5!$/&1/&$#),#-(&4!,/&3#&0*,#-
)!<&1/3)/1,/&1/&%#5#&:./1/&@/"*+/&*&:7!$/&P*34!.*+/>&2$*&6#<(&3</%$/<&"*%1*<&1/7)/-
siti tri premise. Prvo: priklanjam se mišljenju da je na reljefu prikazan svjetovni vla-
0/$>&"#5&!"5*$/&1/&%!&,#&)*&$*,#6&!&A#%$(&'$#B*<*$(&:D9>&R.!1*<*$(&*)*&S&/&B%!&,#&1/,</1,#&

1
:./1/&A$*,/%#),CA/.*6*+>&A$*)!7&2!51/./1,(&$#),#-/&1/&50#18(&32)*%34#&4$3%*!1*8#>&56!*+#-(7!8#&3.".(9.-
*.&!"#4.>&;2)*%&KYYK9>&3%$9&LZJCL[Y\&;.#%!5/$& /0!,6*+>&A)!6/&3&)*4!<&.)/0/$/&(&4$3%*!1*8*&32)*%34#&4/%#0$/-
le, Zbornik za likovne umetnosti>&3.9&]>&^!.*&;/0&I]ML9>&3%$9&LCIL\&:.!&A#%$*8*!)*>&Skulpture iz 11. st. u Zadru,
Splitu i Solinu. Tragom srednjovjekovnih umjetnika>&R/7$#"&I]JL9>&3%$9&I]>&KL\&A/.(B/&D#=*+>&A)(%#,&3&)*4!<&
vladara iz krstionice u Splitu, Radovi Instituta za povijesi umjetnosti, sv. 24, Zagreb 2000., str. 7-16.
2
O!<*3)/.&F/$/3!.*+>&Q&4$31!<&"/5#1(&32)*%34#&4$3%*!1*8#>&Starohrvatska prosvjeta, ser. III, sv. 24, Split
1997., str. 7-56.
3
:7!$&P*34!.*+>&Reljef kralja Petra Krešimira IV., Split 2002., str. 253-340.
4
:.!&@/"*+>&Q&$#),#-(&3&2$*4/5!<&4$/),/&*5&32)*%34#&4$3%*!1*8#>&Archaeologia Adriatica, sv. 4, Zadar 2010.,
str. 203-215.
5
Isto, str. 207.
6
P*34!.*+>&Reljef, str. 94.

2
 !"#$%&'($#)*+E& *%(/)&deditio na reljefu hrvatskoga vladara
Zb. Odsjeka povij. znan. Zavoda povij. druš. znan. Hrvat. akad. znan. umjet., 34 (2016), str. 1-20

vjerojatno – Slavcu. Drugo: smatram da izvorna lokacija reljefa nije od presudne

./=1!3%*& 5/& 2!4(B/,& *0#1%*-*4/8*,#& 2$*5!$/9& '!1/61!>& %$#+#E& 3)/=#<& 3#& 3& P*34!.*+#<&
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4!14$#%1!&2$#4!&#./1G#)*3%/$/&_#1$*4/&::9&*5&F!1%#&`/33*1/97 Mišljenja sam da sce-
na prikazana na reljefu odgovara ritualu zvanom dedicij (deditioN>&1/,./=1*,#<&<#-
?/1*5<(&<*$#1,/&(1(%/$&2)#<*+4#&?*,#$/$?*,#&(&$/1!<#&3$#01,#<&.*,#4(9&'/4!&"*?&
razjasnio razloge zbog kojih bi upravo dedicij mogao biti temom reljefa, potrebno
,#&2!,/31*%*&()!7(&$*%(/)/&*&3*<"!)*64#&4!<(1*4/8*,#&(&0$(B%.#1!C2!)*%*64!<&=*.!%(&
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2!.*,#31(&51/1!3%9&A!1(4/1*&*0#,!<&0/&3#&1/&!0$#G#1/&2!.*,#31/&$/50!"),/>&2!2(%&
3$#01,#7/&*&$/1!7/&1!.!7&.*,#4/>&%$#"/&7)#0/%*&!6*</&4!,*</&/1%$!2!)!5*&3/7)#0/./,(&
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nosti kako bi odgonetnuli svijet u kojemu je postojala velika isprepletenost politi-
4#&*&.,#$#9&a!B)*&3(&0!&5/4),(64/&4/4!&3(&V$#)*7*,/&*&0$(B%.!&*1%#7$/)1!&2!.#5/1*>&3%!-
7/&2$!(6/./1,#&2!,#0*1/61!7&0,#)!./1,/&*&!"*6/,/&2$(=/&(.*0&(&.$*,#01!3%*>&2$#0!0=-
"#&*&3%$(4%($#&6*%/.!7/&0$(B%./W98& *%(/)&,#&3?./+#1&4/!&6*<"#1*4&!6(./1,/&3%/"*)1!-
3%*&0$(B%./&*&*0#1%*%#%/>&/&2$#</&1,#</64!<&2!.,#31*6/$(&b#$0(&c)%?!--(>&,#01!<&
!0&.!0#+*?&V2!.,#31*6/$/&S&/1%$!2!)!7/W>&$*%(/)1!3%&*&0#<!13%$/%*.1!3%&%.!$*)*&3(&%#-
<#),#&2!)*%*64#&4!<(1*4/8*,#&(&3$#01,#<&.*,#4(9&c)%?!--&0/),#&4!13%/%*$/&4/4!&,#&*51*-
<1!&./=1!&$/5)(6*%*&$*%(/)#&(&3$#01,!.,#4!.1!,&,/.1!,&4!<(1*4/8*,*&!0&$*%(/)/&4!,*&3#&
%*6(&2$/4%*8*$/1,/&.,#$#99 Dok su akteri u religijskim ritualima bili neskloni inovaci-
,/</&3</%$/,(+*&0/&,#0*1!&3)*,#2/&2$#0/1!3%&%$/0*8*,*&1/7)/B/./&@!=,(&3.#<!+&*&.,#6-
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<#1,*./%*&*)*&6/4&ab ovo&*5<*3)*%*&4/4!&"*&!07!./$/)*&2!%$#"/</&<!+1*4/&*&.$#<#1/9&
a!4&,#&4!0&2$.*?&$*,#6&!&3.!,#.$31!,&V3/4$/)1!,&$*%(/)1!,&$*7*01!3%*W>&4!0&2!%!1,*?&,#&
1/7)/B#1&V(%*)*%/$1!C$/8*!1/)1*W&2$*18*2910&^/&!./4.!<&3?./+/1,(&$*%(/)/&3(>&(5&c)%-
hoffa, izniman doprinos razumijevanju ranosrednjovjekovnog društva dali i broj-
ni drugi poklonici antropološkog pristupa u historiografiji poput Patricka Gearya,

7
Isto, str. 124-128.
8
Alexandra Walsham, The Dangers of Ritual: Between Early Medieval Texts and Social Scientific The-
ory by Philipe Buc. Review Article, Past and Present, sv. 180, Oxford 2003., str. 277-287.
9
R/1*<),*.!&,#&0/&,#&`/%?#$*1#&@#))&(&3.!,!,&!23#=1!,&3%(0*,*&!&$*%(/)*</&!"$/0*)/&.,#$!,/%1!&3.#&2!3%!,#-
+#&%#!$*,#&!&$*%(/)*</&!3*<&!1*?&4!,#&3#&%*6(&<#0*#.*3%*4#E&`/%?#$*1#&@#))>&:#'/.3;(<%*& %='#"%&(.+)(>#8%+-
sions, Oxford 1997.
10
Gerd Althoff, The Variability of Rituals in the Middle Ages, u: 9%)#%".3(?!+=% '&(!@('A%(<.&';(:#'/.3B(9%-
8!*CB(D#&'!*#!,*. AC, ur. Gerd Althoff – Johannes Fried – Patrick Geary, Cambridge 2002., str. 71-88.

3
 !"#$%&'($#)*+E& *%(/)&deditio na reljefu hrvatskoga vladara
Zb. Odsjeka povij. znan. Zavoda povij. druš. znan. Hrvat. akad. znan. umjet., 34 (2016), str. 1-20

Karla Leysera, Janet Nelson, Mayke de Jong, Geoffreya Koziola, Davida A. Warne-
ra i drugih.11&b#!7$/-34*&,#&%#</%*4/&(7)/.1!<&"*)/&!<#G#1/&2!0$(6,#<&P$/1/64!7/&
`/$3%./&*&0$=/./&1/3),#01*8/>&!01!31!&1/&^,#</64(>&P$/18(34(&*&:%/)*,(&*5<#G(&J9&*&
IK9&3%!),#+/>&<#G(%*<&(&1!.*,#&.$*,#<#&1/&$#0&3(&0!B)#&*&0$(7#&$#7*,#&2!2(%&A!),34#&*)*&
X7/$34#>&/)*&*&0/)#4!*3%!61*?&5#</),/912&b)/31*&4$*%*6/$&2$*<,#1#&/1%$!2!)!B4*?&<#%!-
0/&5/&*5(6/./1,#&3$#01,!.,#4!.1*?&0$(B%/./&3./4/4!&,#&-$/18(34*&2!.,#31*6/$&A?*))*-
2#&@(89&X&3.!,!,&*5$/5*%!&2!)#<*64!,&41,*5*&The Dangers of Ritual, Buc je potpuno od-
"/8*!&(2!%$#"(&2!,</&V$*%(/)W&4!,*&3</%$/&2$#.*B#&!2%#$#+#1*<&51/6#1,*</&*&0#-*1*-
8*,/</&0/&"*&(&*6#<(&"*!&4!$*3%/1&5/&2!.*,#31(&51/1!3%9&^/0/),#>&%.$0*&4/4!&3(&1,#-
7!.*&2$#%?!01*8*&4$#1()*&!0&2!7$#B1#&2$#%2!3%/.4#E&V$*%(/)*W&4!,#&3(&*0#1%*-*8*$/)*&(&
$/1!3$#01,!.,#4!.1*<&*5.!$*</&1*3(&!0$/=/./)*&3%./$1!3%>&.#+&3(&*<&/(%!$*&*5.!$/&
3.!,!<&*1%#$2$#%/8*,!<&2$*0/./)*&51/6#1,#9&a$(7*<&$*,#6*</>&$*%(/)*&1*3(&"*)*&3$#03%.!&
2!)*%*64#&4!<(1*4/8*,#>&.#+&$#5()%/%&1/41/01#&*0#!)!B4#&2$!2/7/10#913 Oštre odgo-
vore na njegovu knjigu objavili su Alexandra Walsham te od Buca prozvani Geoffrey
'!5*!)&4!,*&1/7)/B/./&0/&,#&*5(6/./1,#&$*%(/)/&(&3$#01,!.,#4!.1!<&4!1%#43%(&*&0/),#&
*51*<1!&$#)#./1%1/&?*3%!$*!7$/-34/&%#</&4!,/&1#&2!4/5(,#&51/4!.#&2!3(3%/,/1,/>&.#+&
nastavlja davati rezultate koji otkrivaju nove slojeve kompleksnih odnosa u srednjo-
vjekovnim društvima.14 Koziol je nedavno objavio i svoj magnum opus o “Politici sje-
+/1,/&*&*0#1%*%#%(&(&4/$!)*1B4*<&4$/),#.34*<&*32$/./</W>&(&4!,#<&3#&1/0!.#5(,#&1/&
,!B&,#01(&!0&c)%?!--!.*?&!31!.1*?&%#5/>&!&4),(61!,&()!5*&2#$-!$</%*.1!3%*&*&*138#1*$/-
1,/&4/4!&(&3.#6/1*<>&,/.1*<&0!7/G/,*</>&%/4!&*&(&3./4!01#.1*<&3*%(/8*,/</&2!2(%&
osobnih iskaza vjere.15&'/$!)*1B4#&0*2)!</%*64#&*5.!$#&3/7)#0/./&4/!&2#$-!$</%*.1*&

11
Gerd Althoff, Spielregeln der Politik>&a/$<3%/0%&I]]M9\&*3%*>&>#%(9.=A'()%*(:#'/.3%;(EC86!3#-(/+)(D%**&=A.@'(
#8(9#''%3.3'%*>&a/$<3%/0%&KYYL9\&A/%$*84&b#/$d>&D*.$#&#1&8!1-)*%&0/13&(1#&P$/18#&3/13&e%/%E&%d2!)!7*#&0#3&
mécanismes de réglement des conflits (1050-1200), Annales,(F2E2?2>&3.9&ZI>&A/$*3&I]Jf9>&3%$9&IIYMCIILL\&
Karl Leyser, Ritual, Ceremony and Gesture: Ottonian Germany, u: ?!88/+#=.'#!+&(.+)(<!G%*;('A%(?.*!-
3#+,#.+(.+)(H''!+#.+(?%+'/*#%&>&($9&O*<!%?d& #(%#$>&g!10!1&I]]Z9>&3%$9&IJ]CKIL\&h/1#%&^#)3!1>&Politics and
:#'/.3(#+(F.*3C(9%)#%".3(F/*! %>&g!10!1&I]Jf9\&F/d4#&0#&h!17>&c00*17&:13%()%&%!&:1,($dE&h()*/1&!-&O!)#-
do and his Historia Wambae, u: 7A%(I#&#,!'A&(@*!8('A%(9#,*.'#!+(<%*#!)('!('A%(E%"%+'A(?%+'/*C;(J+(F'A+!-
graphic Perspective>&($9&A#%#$&_#/%?#$>&i!!0"$*07#&I]]]9>&3%$9&LMLCLJ]\&b#!--$#d&'!5*!)>&Begging Pardon
.+)(K."!*;(:#'/.3(.+)(<!3#'#=.3(H*)%*(#+(F.*3C(9%)#%".3(K*.+=%>&:%?/8/&I]]K9\&a/.*0&c9&i/$1#$>& *%(/)&/10&
Memory in the Ottonian Reich: The Ceremony of Adventus, Speculum, god. 76, br. 2, Cambridge, Ma-
ssachusetts 2001., str. 255-283.
12
Zbigniew Dalewski, :#'/.3(.+)(<!3#'#=&;(L*#'#+,('A%(D#&'!*C(!@(.(>C+.&'#=(?!+@3#='(#+(9%)#%".3(<!3.+), Lei-
0#1&KYYJ9\&a(B/1&R(24/>&:#'/.3(.+)(EC86!3#=(?!88/+#=.'#!+(#+(9%)#%".3(D/+,.*C(/+)%*('A%(M* N)(>C+.-
&'C>&g#*0#1&KYIf9\&9%)#%".3(.+)(F.*3C(9!)%*+(:#'/.3&;(K!*8.3#O%)(P%A."#!*(#+(F/*! %B(?A#+.(.+)(Q. .+, ur.
Joëlle Rollo-Koster, Leiden 2002.
13
Phillipe Buc, 7A%(>.+,%*(!@(:#'/.3;(P%'G%%+(F.*3C(9%)#%".3(7%R'&(.+)(E!=#.3(E=#%+'#@#=(7A%!*C, Princeton
2001.
14
Walsham, The Dangers, passim\&b#!--$#d&'!5*!)>&O?#&a/17#$3&!-&A!)#<*8E&:3& *%(/)&3%*))&/1&:1%#$#3%*17&
Topic of Historical Study, F.*3C(9%)#%".3(F/*! %, sv. 4, Hoboken, New Jersey 2002., str. 367-388. Ko-
ziol je posebno izdvojio dva iznimna rada koji se bave ranosrednjovjekovnim temama: Ritual before
the Altar Marguerite Ragnow, te Burchard of Worms and Female Magical Ritual Marthe Ramptom iz
zbornika 9%)#%".3(.+)(F.*3C(9!)%*+(:#'/.3&((vidi bilj. 12). Dok oba smatra izvanrednima, rad Margue-
$*%#& /17!j&1/5*./&V!1#&!-&%?#&"#3%&/$%*8)#3&:&?/.#&#.#$&$#/0&!1&/1d&<#0*#./)&$*%(/)W9
15
Gerd Althoff, Inszenierung verpflichtet: zum Verständnis ritueller Akte bei Papst-Kaiser-Begegnun-
gen im 12. Jahrhundert, Frühmittelalterliche Studien, sv. 35, Berlin 2001., str. 61-84. Naglašava i kako se

4
 !"#$%&'($#)*+E& *%(/)&deditio na reljefu hrvatskoga vladara
Zb. Odsjeka povij. znan. Zavoda povij. druš. znan. Hrvat. akad. znan. umjet., 34 (2016), str. 1-20

6*1&sui iuris&(<,#3%!&4/!&0!0/%/4&4!$*B%#1&(1(%/$&!0$#G#1!7&*138#1*$/1!7&$*%(/)/9&O*-
<#&,#&!%*B/!&4!$/4&0/),#&!0&0!%/0/B1,#&?*3%!$*!7$/-*,#&%#&1/51/6*!&1!.#&2$/.8#&(&*3%$/-
=*./1,*</&$*%(/)/>&)!8*$/,(+*&*&*0#1%*-*8*$/,(+*&*?&*&!10,#&70,#&1,#7!.*&2$#%?!01*8*&1*3(&
gledali.16&:5&32!<#1(%#&?*3%!$*!7$/-*,#&,/31!&,#&0/&,#&2$!(6/./1,#&$*%(/)/&(&3$#01,!.,#-
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,!B&<1!7!&%!7/&<!=#&$#+*&!&1/6*1(&-(148*!1*$/1,/&3$#01,!.,#4!.1*?&0$(B%/./9
*%(/)*&*&3*<"!)*64/&4!<(1*4/8*,/&(&$/1!<#&3$#01,#<&.*,#4(&*</)*&3(&.$)!&./=1(&
()!7(&(&3%./$/1,(&*&!0$=/./1,(&.)/0/,(+#&?*,#$/$?*,#&*)*>&3(.$#<#1*<&$,#61*4!<&$#6#-
1!>&0$=/.1!7&2!$#%4/9& *%(/)*&2$*,#)/5/>&!01!31!&rites of passage>&2!2(%&$!G#1,/>&4$-
B%#1,/>&.,#16/1,/>&3<$%*&*&0$(7*?&!0/.1!&3(&2$*51/%*&(&/1%$!2!)!7*,*&*&#%1!)!7*,*&4/!&
./=/1&0*!&),(034!7&=*.!%/&(&%!<#&B%!&1/,/.),(,(&*&!3%./$(,(&%$/15*8*,(&*5&,#01!7&0$(B-
%.#1!7&3%/%(3/&(&0$(7*9&X)/5/4&(&4$B+/134(&5/,#01*8(>&2(1!),#%1!3%&*&*34!$/4&(&3.*,#%&
!0$/3)*?&*)*&!6*13%.!&3/<!&3(&1#4*&!0&<1!7!"$!,1*?&0!7/G/,/&4!,#&3*<"!)*64*&!"*),#-
=/./<!&2(%#<&$/51*?&8#$#<!1*,/&*&$*%(/)/&4/4!&"*&*<&0/)*&3.#6/1*&4/$/4%#$&*&31/7(917
A$*%!<&3(&%/4.*&3*<"!)*64*&*34/5*&$#0!.*%!&,/.1*>&*138#1*$/1*&*&2$!2*3/1*>&"*)!&-!$</)-
1*<&*)*&1#-!$</)1*<&2$/.*)*</&4!,#&6)/1!.*&5/,#01*8#&<!7(&"#5&.#+*?&2$!")#</&2$#-
2!51/%*& *& $/5(<,#%*9& ;$#01,!.,#4!.1/& 0$=/./& "*)/& ,#& 3?./+/1/& 4/!& (.#+/1/& 2$#3)*-
4/&.#)*4/B4!7&0!</+*13%./>&0!4&3(&.*3!4#&0.!$34#&3)(="#&2!2(%&</$B/)/>&2#?/$1*-
4/&*)*&%$2#5/$/>&/&6*,*&3(&1!3*%#),*&"*)*&6)/1!.*&1/,.*B#7&2)#<3%./>&%$#"/)#&#.!8*$/%*&2$#-
0!0="(&!&4$/),#.!<&0.!$(&4/!&.*$%(/)1!<&0!</+*13%.(&6*%/.#&0$=/.#9&VT/31#&3)(=-
"#W&H1,#<9&k$5/<%N&-!$</)1!&,#&!0$#0*!&'/$)!&:D9&(&R)/%1!,&"()*&IL[f9>&2!.#5/.B*&*?&3&
#)#4%!$*</&;.#%!7& *<34!7&`/$3%./>&<#G(%*<&1,*?!.!&3#&2!0$*,#%)!&(&*5.!$*</&<!-
=#&2$/%*%*&,!B&!0&4$(1*0"#&Q%!1/&:9&i*0(4*10&*5&`!$.#d/&5/2*3/!&,#&4/4!&3(&4$/),/&%*-
,#4!<&4$(1*0"#1*?&3.#6/1!3%*&3)(=*)*&1,#</64*&.!,.!0#&*&%!&%/4!&0/&,#&b*5#)"#$%&g!-
%/$*1B4*&2$*2$#<*!&2$!3)/.(>&k"#$?/$0&l./234*&!",#0>&_#$</1&P$/1/64*&2*+#>&/&c$-
nulf Bavarski pobrinuo se za vitezove i logor. ;)*6/1&!2*3&0/!&,#&*&O?*#%</$&F#$3#-
burški za krunidbu Otona III.18 U spomenutim je situacijama istovremeno odaslano
.*B#&2!$(4/E&1/7)/B#1!&,#&5/,#01*B%.!&.)/0/$/&*&1,#7!.*?&.#)*4/B/&4/!&6)/1!./&.*$%(-
/)1!7&0!</+*13%./>&!01!31!&`/$3%./>&*<2)*8*$/1/&,#&?*,#$/$?*,/&1/&6*,#<&,#&6#)(&1#-
!32!$1*&.)/0/$>&%#&,/.1!&!0/3)/1/&2!$(4/&!&%$/13-#$(&<!+*&1/&1!.!7/&8/$/>&B%!&2$#0-
stavlja – kako je ustvrdio i Jacques Le Goff na primjeru francuskog krunidbenog ce-
$#<!1*,/)/&(&.$*,#<#&g(,/&:m9&S&$*%(/)&2$*,#)/5/>&/)*&1/&4./)*%/%*.1!&.*B!,&$/5*1*&!0&.#+&

6#3%!&2!7$#B1!&2$#8,#1,(,#&32!1%/1!3%&(&$#)*7*,34!<&*5$*6/,(>&2$*2*3(,(+*&),(0*</&51/%1!&.#+*&3%(2/1,&
2!"!=1!3%*&!0&!1!7/&4!,*&3(&3%./$1!&*</)*>&(<,#3%!&0/&3#&3/7)#0/&(&4!1%#43%(&!2+#&(3<,#$#1!3%*&1/&%#-
atralnost, insceniranost i performativnost u tadašnjoj komunikaciji. Usp. Althoff, Spielregeln der Politik,
str. 248.
16
Geoffrey Koziol, 7A%( <!3#'#=&( !@( 9%8!*C( .+)( S)%+'#'C( #+( ?.*!3#+,#.+( :!C.3( ># 3!8.&;( 7A%( L%&'( K*.+-#&A(
Kingdom (840-987), Turnhout 2012., str. 3.
17
Edmund Leach, ?/3'/*%(.+)(?!88/+#=.'#!+>&`/<"$*07#&I]Mf9>&3%$9&MMCM]\&D*8%!$&O($1#$>&The Ritual Pro-
=%&&;(E'*/='/*%(.+)(J+'#TE'*/='/*%, Harmondsworth 1969., str. 98-99.
18
Franz-Reiner Erkens, U/*@V*&'%+(/+)(UW+#,&G.A32(5/(+%/%+(7A%!*#%+(V6%*()%+(UW+#,&G.A3 .*.,*. A%+(#8(
Sachsenspiegel und die Entstehung des Kurfürstenkollegiums>& _/11!.#$& KYYK9>& 3%$9& JM\& _(7!& _/#0*84#>&
U/**%=A'(/+)(F*O.8'()%*(X.#%+@V*&'%+, Nürnberg 1872., str. 66.

5
 !"#$%&'($#)*+E& *%(/)&deditio na reljefu hrvatskoga vladara
Zb. Odsjeka povij. znan. Zavoda povij. druš. znan. Hrvat. akad. znan. umjet., 34 (2016), str. 1-20

32!<#1(%*?&4!,*&3#&!01!3#&1/&2$*./%1*&=*.!%&2!,#0*1/8/919&O/4.*&V0$=/.1*&$*%(/)*&2$*-
,#)/5/W&<!7(&3#>&2!$#0&4$(1*0"#>&2$#2!51/%*&*&(&V$/0!31!<&()/34(W&.)/0/$/&(&2$*,#-
3%!)1*8(>&$!G#1,(&2$#3%!)!1/3),#01*4/>&3%,#8/1,(&.*%#B%./>&4$/),#.34!<&2!7$#"(&*&0$(-
7*<&8#$#<!1*,/</&4!,#&3(&"*)#&!0&*51*<1#&3*<"!)*64#&./=1!3%*&5/&2$!2/7*$/1,#&*&2!-
%.$G*./1,#&.)/3%*&.)/0/$/&*&?*,#$/$?*,#&4!,!,&,#&3%/,/!&1/&6#)(920
^/.#0#1*&$*%(/)*&2$*,#)/5/&"*)*&3(&4/$/4%#$*3%*61*&5/&$/50!"),/&$#)/%*.1!7&<*$/>&*/-
ko se i sam pojam mira treba uzeti s rezervom s obzirom na to da su u ranom i razvi-
jenom srednjem vijeku fajde&H!0&1,#<9&P#?0#N&<#G(&2)#<3%.!<&"*)#&7!%!.!&$#0!.*%/&
pojava.21&a$(B%./&4!,/&3(&3#&5/31*./)/&1/&0$=/1,(&5#<),#&"*)/&3(&*1?#$#1%1!&4!1-)*4-
%1/&,#$&,#&4!)*6*1/&5#<),#&4!,/&,#&3%/,/)/&1/&$/32!)/7/1,(&"*)/&!7$/1*6#1/>&/&(32!1&/<-
"*8*!51*?&2!,#0*1/8/&"*!&,#&<!7(+&,#0*1!&1/&B%#%(&0$(7*?>&"*)!&0/&,#&$*,#6&!&0!"$!.!),-
1!<&*)*&2$*3*)1!<&2$*,#1!3(&2!3,#0!.1*?&2$/./9&T/4&3(&*&<*$!),("*.*&5#<),!2!3,#0-
nici morali biti spremni na obranu svojih prava, pred sudom ili silom.22 I sam vladar
bio je dijelom te iste piramide i morao se brinuti za svoje krunske posjede kao i svaki
0$(7*&5#<),!2!3,#01*4&%#&,#>&2!3),#0*61!>&<!7/!&"*%*&*&3/<&(.(6#1&(&2!)*%*&64#&*&!$(=/-
ne sukobe.23&:1/(7($/8*,#&*&0$(7#&0$=/.1#&3.#6/1!3%*&4!,#&3(>&4/4!&"*&*</)#&%#=*1(&*&
ispunile svoju svrhu, trebale publiku i svjedoke, svakako su se teško mogle provodi-
%*&/4!&3(&.#)*4/B*&*)*&.)/0/$&"*)*&/4%*.1!&(4),(6#1*&(&-/,0#&4!,#&"*&*<&!0.$/+/)#&2!5!$-
1!3%&*)*&*?&1/&0(),#&.$*,#<#&(0/),*)#&!0&0.!$/9&A$!")#<&3%/)1*?&3(4!"/&3#>&<#G(%*<>&
4!3*!& 3& ($#G#1!<& .*5*,!<& 3$#01,!.,#4!.1#& 0$=/.#& 4/4./& ,#& 2!3%!,/)/& (& 3(.$#<#-
1!,&?*3%!$*!7$/-34!,&%$/0*8*,*9&^,#</64/&?*3%!$*!7$/-*,/&I]9&*&KY9&3%!),#+/&"*)/&,#&<*B),#-

19
Jacques Le Goff, A Coronation Program for the Age of Saint Louis: The Ordo of 1250, u: ?!*!+.'#!+&,
ur. János M. Bak, Berkley – Oxford 1990., str. 46-56.
20
A!$#0&.#+&8*%*$/1*?&0,#)/&.*0*&*E&?!/*'(?%*%8!+#%&(.+)(:#'/.3&(!@(<!G%*(#+(PCO.+'#/8(.+)('A%(9%)#%".3(9%-
diterranean>&($9&c)#n/10#$&@#*?/<<#$&S&;%/.$!()/&`!13%/1%*1!(&S&F/$*/&A/$/1*>&g#*0#1&KYIL9\&a/.*0&
Cannadine, :#'/.3&( !@( :!C.3'C;( <!G%*( .+)( ?%*%8!+#.3( #+( 7*.)#'#!+.3( E!=#%'#%&>& `/<"$*07#& I]]K9\& ^*8!)/&
McDonald – W. M. Ormond, Rites of Passage: ?/3'/*%&(!@(7*.+&#'#!+(#+('A%(K!/*'%%+'A(?%+'/*C, Woodbrid-
7#&KYYZ9\&;#7*!&@#$%#))*>&7A%(U#+,Y&(P!)C(E.=*%)(:#'/.3&(!@(<!G%*(#+(9%)#%".3(.+)(F.*3C(9!)%*+(F/*! %, Uni-
.#$3*%d&A/$4>&A#113d)./1*/&KYYI9\&b!$0!1&'*2)*17>&F+'%*('A%(U#+,;(7A%.'*%B(X#'/*,CB(.+)(:#'/.3(#+('A%(9%-
)#%".3(?#"#=(7*#/8 A, Oxford 1998.
21
D#+*1/&2!3%!,#+*?&4/2*%/)1*?&0,#)/&!&-/,0/</&!01!3#&3#&1/&$/50!"),#&4/31!7/&3$#01,#7&.*,#4/>&<#G(%*<&
fajde su bile u velikoj mjeri prisutne i u ranome srednjem vijeku. Vidi: J. M. Wallace-Hadrill, The blo-
odfeud of the Franks, u: isti, 7A%(X!+,TD.#*%)(U#+,&>&g!10!1&I]fK9>&3%$9&IKICIZM\&I#!3%+=%(.+)(E!=#%'C(#+(
'A%(F.*3C(9%)#%".3(L%&';(<*#".'%B(</63#=(.+)(:#'/.3(I#!3%+=%(#+(F.*3C(9%)#%".3(E!=#%'C, ur. Guy Halsall, Wo-
odbridge 2002.
22
Andrew M. Spencer, Z!6#3#'C(.+)(U#+,&A# (#+(9%)#%".3(F+,3.+): 7A%(F.*3&(.+)(F)G.*)([0\]\T0^_]`, Cam-
bridge 2014., str. 103-104.
23
Vladari se nisu, koliko je meni poznato, sukobljavali sa svojim velikašima oko relativno trivijalnih ra-
5)!7/&4/!&B%!&3(&7$/1*61/&2*%/1,/>&2/B1,/8*&*)*&2!,*)*B%/>&/)*&3(&3#&51/)*&(4),(6*%*&(&1/3),#01#&32!$!.#&2!-
)/5#+*&!0&3%/,/)*B%/&0/&,#&3./&5#<),/&(&4$/),#.3%.(&(&!31!.*&1,*?!./9&^/&%/,&"*&1/6*1&()/5*)*&(&-/,0#&3&1#-
zadovoljnim velikašima ako bi osporavali ili mijenjali dogovorene nasljedne sporazume. Primjerice,
Henrik III. bio je u dugogodišnjem sporu s Gotfridom III. Lotarinškim kojemu nije priznavao pravo na
1/3),#03%.!&3.!7/&"$/%/&b!8#)/9&_#1$*4&,#&?%*!&32$*,#6*%*&0/&!",#&g!%/$*17*,#&0!G(&2!0&.)/3%&,#01#&!3!"#&
5"!7&1,*?!./&!3,#%),*./&2!)!=/,/&1/&7$/1*8*&3&P$/18(34!<>&%#&,#&!0(5*</1,#&a!1,#&g!%/$*17*,#&%(</6*!&
4/!&3.!,#&2$/.!&1/3),#03%./&1/4!1&b!8#)!.#&3<$%*&"#5&1#2!3$#01!7&1/3),#01*4/9&b!%-$*0&,#>&<#G(%*<>&
3*%(/8*,(&0!=*.*!&4/!&5)!(2!$/"(&4$/),#.34*?&!.)/3%*&*&!%*</6*1(&%#&,#&$#/7*$/!&4/!&B%!&"*&*&1*=*&.#)*4/-
B*&(&7$/1*61!<&32!$!.*</9&D*0*E&k7!1&@!3?!->&g!%?$*17#1>&P$/14$#*8?&(10&0/3& #*8?&*1&0#$& #7*#$(1-
gszeit Heinrichs III, Rheinische Vierteljahrsblätter, sv. 42, Bonn 1978., str. 63-127.

6
 !"#$%&'($#)*+E& *%(/)&deditio na reljefu hrvatskoga vladara
Zb. Odsjeka povij. znan. Zavoda povij. druš. znan. Hrvat. akad. znan. umjet., 34 (2016), str. 1-20

1,/&0/&,#&4$/),#.34/&.)/3%&(&$/1!<&3$#01,#<&.*,#4(>&(&%/4!5./1!&V5)/%1!&0!"/W&8/$-
ske velevlasti (Reichsherrlichkeit) "*)/&*5$/5*%!&<!+1/>&/4!&1#&*&/23!)(%1/9&X&2$#0!0=-
"*&$!</1%*6/$34*?&2!.,#31*6/$/&3(!6#1*?&3&$#/)1!B+(&$/38,#24/1!3%*&;.#%!7& *<34!7&
Carstva u novom vijeku, te Rajnske konfederacije koja ga je naslijedila nakon 1806.,
davna su se vremena mitologizirala gotovo do apsurda, a Otonu I. i Fridriku Barba-
rossi pripisivale su se ovlasti i autoritet gotovo nalik onima koje podrazumijevamo
5/&!$*,#1%/)1#&0#32!8*,#9&O!&,#&"*)!&3/3.*<&(&34)/0(&3&1/8*!1/)*3%*64*<&.*G#1,#<&3.*-
,#%/&*&=#),!<&0/&3#&(&0/)#4!,&2$!B)!3%*&)!8*$/&%$#1(%/4&(&4!,#<(&,#&2!3%!,/)/&*0#/)1/&
0$=/./&2$*,#&1#7!&)*&3#&2!6#)/&2!3%(21!&<$.*%*&(5($2/8*,!<&1*5/&2$/./&!0&3%$/1#&.#-
)*4/B/>&B%!&,#&%*,#4!<&3%!),#+/&2!3%(21!&1/7$*5/)!&3$#0*B1,(&.)/3%&0!4&,#&1*,#&7!%!.!&(&
potpunosti upropastilo.24&Q"!)&!./4.!<&%(</6#1,(&0/)/&,#&*&2$!2/7/10/&!4!&0*1/-
3%*,#&_!?#15!))#$1&4!,(&3#>&2!7!%!.!&1/4!1&(,#0*1,#1,/&^,#</64#&IJMI9>&2!4(B/./-
)!&(4)!2*%*&(&%$/0*8*,#&3$#01,!.,#4!.1!7&4$/),#.3%./&1/&1/6*1&0/&3#&3(.$#<#1!&*&"*$!-
4$/%*5*$/1!&^,#</64!&`/$3%.!&2$*4/=#&4/!&2!.$/%/4&1/&V0!"$/&3%/$/&.$#<#1/W&0*-
nastije Štaufovaca.25&Q./&-/38*1/8*,/&%$/,/)/&,#&0!&4$/,/&$/50!"),/&1/8*3%*64#&.)/3%*&5/&
%$/,/1,/&4!,#&,#&I]Lf9&!",/.),#1&$#2$*1%&41,*7#&!&P$*0$*4(&::9>&*/4!&,!,&,#&/(%!$&"*!&o*0!.&
Ernst H. Kantorowicz.26

Consilium&7&+*8$/!9$+&()%#5!0$/,$
;$#01,!.,#4!.1/& 2!)*%*4/& ,#>& <#G(%*<>& (& 3.!,!,& 1/$/.*& "*)/& *5$/5*%!& 2#$3!1/)1/&
%#&,#&2$*3%(2&V(?(&.)/0/$/W>&!01!31!&1,#7!./&1/4)!1!3%&4!,/&,#&!<!7(+/./)/&*51!-
B#1,#&.)/3%*%!7&<*B),#1,/&*&(%,#8/,&1/&0!1!B#1,/&!0)(4/>&"*!&!0&*51*<1#&./=1!3%*&5/&
(32,#B1!3%&2!,#0*1!7&2)#<*+/&(&,/.1!C2!)*%*64!<&=*.!%(&*&2$!"*%/4&1,#7!.#&0*1/3%*-
,#9&A$!8#3&!0)(6*./1,/&1*,#&3#&5/31*./!&*34),(6*.!&1/&!3!"*&.)/0/$/&4!,*&3&.*3!4/&($#-
G(,#&!01!3#&(&3.!,!,&0$=/.*9&^/2$!%*.>&.)/3%&,#&"*)/&4!13#15(/)1!7&4/$/4%#$/>&/&.)/-
0/$#./&<!+&!.*3*)/&,#&!&1,#7!.!,&32!3!"1!3%*&0/&3.!,(&.!),(&1/<#%1#&4$(21*<&.#)*-
4/B*</&4!,*&3(&6#3%!&%.!$*)*&*&1,#7!.&1/,(=*&4$(7&3/.,#%1*4/9&O/,&2$!8#3&B%!&7/&,#&c)%-
?!--&1/5./!&V*57$/01,!<&.!),#W&HL#33%+&6#3)/+,) zasnivao se prvenstveno na sposob-
nosti nagovaranja, karizmi i autoritetu, a ne na formalnoj zapovjednoj ovlasti vla-
dara.27&A$*%!<&,#&./=1!&1/2!<#1(%*&0/&3(&.#)*4/B*&4$/),#.3%./&*>&!&1,*</&!.*31*&),(-
0*&1*=#&(&?*,#$/$?*,*>&(,#01!&%.!$*)*&*&3.!,#.$31*&"*$!4$/%34*&/2/$/%&3$#01,!.,#4!.1#&

24
Christian Simon, D#&'!*#!,*. A#%;(F#+%(F#+@VA*/+,>&;%(%%7/$%&I]]f9>&3%$9&IIM\&A#%#$&F!$/j>&_#$$38?/-%>&
u: a%&=A#=A'3#=A%( a*/+)6%,*#@@%2( D#&'!*#&=A%&( X%R#-!+( O/*( !3#'#&=AT&!O#.3%+( E *.=A%( #+( >%/'&=A3.+), sv. 3,
($9&Q%%!&@$(11#$&S&i#$1#$&`!15#&S& #*1?/$%&'!3#))#84>&;%(%%7/$%&I]JK9>&3%$9&ICIYK\&`/<*))/&b9&'/()>&
K*#%)*#=A(P.*6.*!&&.(#8(UC@@Ab/&%*;(P#3)%*(%#+%&(+.'#!+.3%+(9C'A!&(#8(012(Q.A*A/+)%*', Köln 2007., str. 757.
25
Cristiane Sutter, >#%(U*%/O@.A*%**%O% '#!+(#+()%*()%/'&=A%+(9.3%*%#()%&(012(Q.A*A/+)%*'&, Münster 2011.,
str. 143, 225-231.
26
Ernst H. Kantorowicz, K*#%)*#=A()%*(5G%#'%, Berlin 1936. Sam je Kantorowicz nakon rata upozorio na
!2/31!3%&0/&3#&2)!0!.*&*3%$/=*./64!7&$/0/&<!7(&5)!(2!%$*,#"*%*&!0&3%$/1#&%!%/)*%/$1*?&$#=*</9&Q&%!<#&
*&!01!3(&1,#</64#&?*3%!$*!7$/-*,#&2$#</&'/1%!$!j*85(>&.*0*E&h!?/11#3&P$*#0>&k$13%&_9&'/1%!$!j*85&
and postwar Historiography: German and European Perspectives, u: F*+&'(U.+'!*!G#=O;(F*'*b,%()%*(>!-
ppeltagung, ur. Robert Benson – Johannes Fried, Stuttgart 1997., str. 180-201.
27
Gerd Althoff, K.8#3CB(K*#%+)&(.+)(K!33!G%*&;(<!3#'#=.3(.+)(E!=#.3(P!+)&(#+(F.*3C(9%)#%".3(F/*! %, Cambrid-
ge 2004., str. 10-16.

7
 !"#$%&'($#)*+E& *%(/)&deditio na reljefu hrvatskoga vladara
Zb. Odsjeka povij. znan. Zavoda povij. druš. znan. Hrvat. akad. znan. umjet., 34 (2016), str. 1-20

0$=/.#>& !01!31!& !& 1,*?!.!,& 0!"$!,& .!),*& *& 3(3$#%),*.!3%*& !.*3*)/& ,#& 2$!.#0"/& !0)(4/&
središnje vlasti na terenu.28 Takav postupak koji se nazivao consilium ili savjet odvi-
,/!&3#&2$#</&%!61!&2$!2*3/1*<&2$/.*)*</>&/&32!<*1,#&3#&,!B&*&(&4/$!)*1B4*<&4/2*%()/-
rima.29&D)/0/$&,#&3/<!3%/)1!&3/5*./!&.*,#+#>&!0)(6*./!&!&1,#7!.!<&01#.1!<&$#0(&*>&(&
4!1/61*8*>&0!1!3*!&!0)(4(E&<#G(%*<>&(&2$/43*&,#&!1/&!.*3*)/&!&$/32!$#0(&31/7/&<#-
G(&!4(2),#1*<&.#)*4/B*</9&;$#01,!.,#4!.1!&0$(B%.!&2!6*./)!&,#&1/&6/3%*&4!,/&,#&"*)/&
4$?4/&*&)/4!&3#&,#&<!7)/&2!.$*,#0*%*>&/&3(0*!1*8*&2!)*%*64!7&=*.!%/&3(>&2$#</&$*,#6*</&
/<#$*64!7&2!.,#31*6/$/&i*))*/</&:/1/&F*))#$/>&*</)*&V*3%/16/1&!3,#+/,&5/&%!&5/.*0#&)*&
*<&0$(7*&.*B#&1#7!&)*&!1*&3/<*&5/.*0#&1,*</W>&3%!7/&3(&$/57!.!$*&.!G#1*&1/&1/6*1&4/-
4!&"*&3#&0$(7!,&3%$/1*>&/4!&,#&%!&"*)!&*4/4!&<!7(+#>&!3%/.*)/&<!7(+1!3%&(5</4/&*&6(-
vanja obraza.30 Javni izljevi bijesa su se izbjegavali osim ako i sami nisu bili dio do-
7!.!$#1!7&V38#1/$*,/W931&F*B),#1,/&0$(7*?&3(0*!1*4/&2!)*%*64!7&2$!8#3/&*32*%*./)/&3(&
se za objedima, u povjerljivim razgovorima ili preko posrednika. Takvo postupanje
!0(7!.)/6*)!&,#&6*%/.&2$!8#3>&2/&3(&.#+*&3/3%/18*&<!7)*&%$/,/%*&%,#01*</>&<,#3#8*</&*)*&
0(),#&,#$&,#&!0(7!.)/6#1,#&"*)!&2!=#),1*,#&$,#B#1,#&!0&4!1/61!7&5/%./$/1,/&.$/%/&3(-
parniku. Pritom su obje strane, u povjerljivim susretima i razgovorima (colloquium
secretum ili colloquium inter familiaresN>&*32*%*./)*&$/5<*B),/1,/&1#(%$/)1*?&(&2!)*%*64!<&
procesu, odnosno onih velikaša koji nisu pripadali nijednoj frakciji ili se nisu opre-
0*,#)*)*&!&!0$#G#1!<&2*%/1,#>&%#&3(&2!4(B/./)*&*57$/0*%*&.#+*1(&5/&3.!,&2!)*%*64*&2$!-
gram. Dugotrajan i oprezan proces bio je neminovan u društvima koja su se sastojala
!0&1*5/&*1%#$#31*?&7$(2/8*,/&*32$#2)#%#1*?&<$#=!<&3/.#51*B%./&*&$!0"*134*?&!01!3/9&
Q./4.#&?!$*5!1%/)1#&.#5#&*5<#G(&<#G(3!"1!&,#01/4*?&6)/1!./&0$(B%./>&2$*<,#$*8#&
<#G(&41#=#.*</&*&!3%/)*<&1#2!3$#01*<&4$(134*<&./5/)*</>&2!1#4/0&3(&"*)#&./=1*-
,#&!0&.#$%*4/)1*?&32!1/&!.*31!3%*&*5<#G(&3#1*!$/&*&./5/)/932 Ranosrednjovjekovno ri-
tualno prijateljstvo ili amicitia&3)(=*)!&,#&5/&34)/2/1,#&3/.#51*B%./&<#G(&2)#<3%.!<>&
/& _#1$*4& :9& 1(0*!& ,#& 3.!,*<& 2!$/=#1*<& ./5/)*</& V2$*,/%#),3%.!W& (<,#3%!& 2!1*=#1,/&
4/4!&"*&-!$</)1!&.#$%*4/)1*<&32!1/</&0/!&3*<"!)*64*&2$*.*0&?!$*5!1%/)1!3%*&*&%*<#&

28
k17)#34/&,#&"*)/&0!1#4)#&0$(7/6*,/&5"!7&32#8*-*61#&()!7#&B#$*-/&4/!&2$#03%/.1*4/&4$/),#.34#&.)/3%*&(&
7$!-!.*,/</>&/)*&*&1#2!3%!,/1,/&.#)*4*?&*&5/!4$(=#1*?&%#$*%!$*,/)1*?&7!32!03%/./&4!,/&"*&0/./)/&31/7(&
4$(21*<&.#)*4/B*</&2$!%*.&4$/),/&B%!&3#&2!6#)!&<*,#1,/%*&2!%4$/,&IZ9&3%!),#+/&4/0/&0!)/5*&0!&2!,/.#&4!,(&
#17)#34/&?*3%!$*!7$/-*,/&1/5*./&V"/3%/$0&-#(0/)*3<W9&D*0*E&;2#18#$>&Z!6#3#'C(.+)(U#+,&A# , str. 114. Na-
dalje, znakovito je da se, za razliku od Engleske i Francuske u kojima su se formirala profesionalna vi-
,#+/&4!,/&3(&3/.,#%!./)/&.)/0/$#>&(&^,#</64!,&6*%/.&3$#01,*&.*,#4&5/0$=/!&1#2!3$#0/1&*&.#)*4&(%,#8/,&.#-
likaša na djelovanje vlasti. Althoff, K.8#3CB(K*#%+)&(.+)(K!33!G%*&, str. 11, bilj. 29.
29
Q3*<&%!7/>&(&%/4!5./1*<&VQ7)#0/)*</&2$*16#./W&4!,/&3(&3/0$=/./)/&(2(%#&*&2$/.*)/&2!1/B/1,/&5/&3*-
1!.#&.)/0/$/&*&.#)*4/B/>&6#3%!&3#&*&*5$*6*%!&5/?%,#./&0/&3#&.)/0/$&!4$(=*&0!"$*<&*&!03%$/1*&)!B#&3/.,#%1*-
ke. Rachel Stone, 9!*.3#'C(.+)(9.&=/3#+#'C(#+('A%(?.*!3#+,#.+(F8 #*%, Cambridge 2012., str. 142-148.
30
William Ian Miller, 7A%(J+.'!8C(!@(>#&,/&', Cambridge, Massachusetts 1997., str. 144.
31
Vidi niz radova na temu performative upotrebe bijesa u komunikaciji, u: J+,%*Y&(<.&';(7A%(E!=#.3(c&%&(
!@(.+(F8!'#!+(#+('A%(9#))3%(J,%&, Ithaca, New York 1998.
32
;(3/1& #d1!)03&,#&(&3.!<#&$/0(&(4/5/)/&1/&!./,&*5(5#%1!&0*1/<*6/1&*&./=/1&/32#4%&5/&$/5(<*,#./1,#&
2!)*%*64*?&*&0$(B%.#1*?&!01!3/&(&3$#01,#<&.*,#4(E&U#+,)!8&(.+)(?!88/+#'#%&(#+(L%&'%*+(F/*! %([1__T
0^__`, Oxford 1984.

8
 !"#$%&'($#)*+E& *%(/)&deditio na reljefu hrvatskoga vladara
Zb. Odsjeka povij. znan. Zavoda povij. druš. znan. Hrvat. akad. znan. umjet., 34 (2016), str. 1-20

(</1,*!&2!1*=#1,#&2$!%*.1*4/933 Time je, ujedno, i njihov odnos predstavio kao “ko-

!2#$/%*./1& (<,#3%!& ?*,#$/$?*,34!7W934& '!1/61/& !0)(4/& ,#& (.*,#4>& -!$</)1!C2$/.1!>&
2$*2/0/)/&.)/0/$(&4!,*&"*&,#>&(&2$/.*)(&0!1*!&%#4&1/4!1&B%!&"*&(%.$0*!&3%/.!.#&<!+-
1*4/&!&2$#0<#%(&$/32$/.#9&P$*0$*4&@/$"/$!33/&7!0*1/</&,#&*71!$*$/!&2$*%(="#&2$!-
tiv vojvode Henrika Lava, a na dnevni red ih je stavio tek u onom trenutku kad ga je
!0)(6*!&)*B*%*&1,#7!.*?&.!,.!03%/./935 Ukoliko bi vladar donio odluku kojoj se proti-
.*&.#+*1/&<!+1*4/&(&4$/),#.3%.(>&$*34*$/!&,#&<!7(+1!3%&*&!%.!$#1#&"(1#&2$!%*.&3.!,#&
.)/3%*>&7("*%4/&/(%!$*%#%/&*&2$#3%*=/>&B%!&,#&<!7)!&$#5()%*$/%*&*&3.$7/./1,#<&3&2$*,#3%!-
lja.36 Ivan bez Zemlje je, primjerice, smatran tiraninom jer je odluke donosio bez pret-
?!01!&2!3%*71(%!7&4!13#15(3/&3/&3.!,*<&"/$(1*</&!&6#<(&3.,#0!6*&*&3/0$=/,&F/-
gne Carte.37&A$!")#</%*4(&,#&1/,"!),#&3/=#)/&D#$#1/&k22E&V@(0(+*&0/&,#&(&!31!.*&%$#-
"/&2$!</%$/%*&4/!&1/3%/./4&34(2/&0$(B%.#1*?&!01!3/&!"*),#=#1*?&2$!-/1*<&/1%*64*<&
%#&4$B+/134*<&2$#0!0="/</>&/&3.#&2!0&2!,<!<&amicitia, ranosrednjovjekovna vlast
(Herrschaft) bila je interaktivni, dijaloški i prema konsenzusu usmjereni proces, a ni-
kako jednosmjerni pravac zapovjedi i poslušnosti kako nam sugerira upotreba poj-
</&2!0&(%,#8/,#<&0#.#%1/#3%!3%!),#%1#&?#7#)*,/134#&2$#0!0="#&!&0$=/.*W938

:*)!;!,&7&.!"#$%&4()5!/,*/,$&!&+!.*/,$&!9+*6#&0%$)$.$&!&0*%!'$2$
Za sudjelovanje na consiliumu>&B%!&,#&2!.)/6*)!&*&(%,#8/,&1/&0$=/.1(&2!)*%*4(>&2$*-
stup informacijama, te privilegije koje su proizlazile iz kraljeve bliskosti i milosti,
2!%$#"/1&,#&"*!>&2$#</&c)%?!--!.*<&$*,#6*</&V1#2$#4*1(%*&!01!3&3&4$/),#<W939 To je
51/6*)!&0/&,#&"*)!&4/4/.&3(4!"&*5<#G(&.)/0/$/&*&.#)*4/B/&1/$(B/./!&%#<#),#&?*,#$/$-
?*,#&*&3%/"*)1!3%&0$(B%./&"(0(+*&0/&,#&3&,#01#&3%$/1#&*34),(6*./!&5/./G#1!7&./5/)/&*5&
politike, a s druge je vladara lišavao dijela njegovog operativnog kadra jer je vazal
3/&3!"!<&(&2$/.*)(&!0.!0*!&*&6*%/.(&3.!,(&.#$%*4/)1(&<$#=(>&/&.,#$!,/%1!&*&0*!&?!$*-
5!1%/)1#&/4!&"*&7/&2!0$=/)*&3/.#51*8*&*&$!G/8*940 Obje strane dijelile su interes da se

33
Gerd Althoff, Amicitiae und pacta. Bündnis, Einigung, Politik und Gebetsdenken im beginnenden 10. Jahr-
hundert>&_/1!.#$&I]]K9>&3%$9&JJC]f\&b#$0&c)%?!--&S&_/7#1&'#))#$>&D%#+*#=A(S2(/+)(H''!()%*(a*!&&%;(Z%/6%-
ginn auf karolingischem Erbe, Göttingen, Zürich 1985., str. 112-133.
34
Bernhard Jussen, Introduction, u: H*)%*#+,( 9%)#%".3( E!=#%'#%&;( <%*& %='#"%&( !+( S+'%33%='/.3( .+)( <*.='#=.3(
modes of shaping social relations, ur. Bernhard Jussen, Philadephia 2001., str. 1-14.
35
Althoff, Spielregln der Politik>&3%$9&I[MCIJL\&*3%*>&>#%(9.=A'()%*(:#'/.3%, str. 16-18.
36
Ingmar Krause, U!+@3#-'(/+)(:#'/.3(#8(D%**&=A.@'&6%*%#=A()%*(@*VA%+(?. %'#+,%*;(c+'%*&/=A/+,%+(O/*(>.*-
&'%33/+,(/+)(K/+-'#!+(&C86!3#&=A%+(I%*A.3'%+&, Münster 2006., str. 87-94.
37
“In the barons’ opinion, he should take counsel with great men of distinguished lineage, suitable spo-
4#3<#1&-!$&%?#&4*170!<&/3&/&j?!)#W&H /)2?&D9&O($1#$>&9.,+.(?.*'.d(7A*!/,A('A%(J,%&, Harlow 2003.,
str. 73-76).
38
Verena Epp, 5/*(a%&=A#=A'%( %*&!+.3%*B(&!O#.3%*B( !3#'#&=A%*(/+)(,%#&'3#=A%*(P%O#%A/+,%+(#8(@*VA%+(9#''%3.3-
ter, Stuttgart 1999., str. 307. Epp koncept amicitiae&3?./+/&*&4/!&3/.#5&4!,*&1(0*&2!%.$0(&3%/%(3/&(1(%/$&
7$(2#&%#&5/B%*%(&2$#</&./1&!0&1#2$*,/%#),/&*&2$!%*.&(7$!5#&.)/3%*%!7/&2!)!=/,/&(&?*,#$/$?*,*>&/&3.#&%!&(5&
blagoslov i garanciju Boga. Sam savez je, dakle, imao i religioznu dimenziju.
39
Althoff, >#%(9.=A'()%*(:#'/.3%, str. 17.
40
Zanimljiv je primjer vojvode Ernesta Švapskog koji se pobunio protiv Konrada II. Car mu je na sku-
2(& (& :17#)?#*<(& IYLY9>& (& 51/4& *34(2),#1,/>& 1/$#0*!& 0/& 3#& 2$*0$(=*& 8/$34!,& .!,38*& (& 2!?!0(& 2$!%*.&

9
 !"#$%&'($#)*+E& *%(/)&deditio na reljefu hrvatskoga vladara
Zb. Odsjeka povij. znan. Zavoda povij. druš. znan. Hrvat. akad. znan. umjet., 34 (2016), str. 1-20

nesporazumi riješe i ponovno uspostavi status quo ante jer su dugotrajne fajde otva-
$/)#& <!7(+1!3%& 0/),1,!,& #34/)/8*,*& 3& 1#3/7)#0*.*<& 2!3),#0*8/</9& X4),(6*./1,#& 0$(-
gih velikaša moglo je narušiti vladarev autoritet, pa i ugroziti samo prijestolje. Su-
4!"&_#1$*4/&:D9&3&2/2!<&b$7($!<&D::9>&*/4!&4./)*%/%*.1!&0$(7/6*,*&!0&4)/3*61*?&-/,-
0*&"(0(+*&0/&,#&,#01/&!0&3(4!"),#1*?&3%$/1/&"*)/&2/2*13%.!>&$#5()%*$/!&,#&*5"!$!<&2$!-
%(4$/),/& (0!)-/&l./234!7>&<#G(%*<&2/2*134!&*5!2+#1,#&"*)!&,#&3/<!&2!.!0&!0)(-
8*&41#=#./&!&_#1$*4!.!<&3.$7/./1,(9&X5$!4&,#&)#=/!&(&.*B#7!0*B1,#<&3(4!"(&41#-
=#./&*&4$/),/&!4!&1,#7!./&2!4(B/,/&*57$/01,#&0*1/3%*64#&<!+*&(&;/34!,>&6#<(&3(&3#&
!1*& !%.!$#1!& 3(2$!%3%/.),/)*>& /& 1,*?!.#& ,#& !2#%!./1#& 3*<"!)*64#& *& ,/.1#& 2!$(4#& !1&
sustavno ignorirao.41 Kako bi se prekinuli sukobi i smirile tenzije unutar hijerarhi-
,#&4!$*B%#1&,#&2!3#"/1&/1%*64*&$*%(/)&2$*)/7!G#1&3$#01,!.,#4!.1*<&2!%$#"/</&S&0#-
dicij (deditio).
O#<#),*&0#0*8*,/&2!3%/.),#1*&3(&,!B&(&<#$!.*1B4!&0!"/9&^,*<#&,#&V*5!2+#1*4W&<!-
7/!&2!1!.1!&3%#+*&.)/0/$#.(&<*)!3%&*&$#*1%#7$*$/%*&3#&(&0$(B%.!>&/&2!)*%*64*&3(3%/.&4!-
,*&1*,#&%$2*!&V!0<#%1(%!3%W&!0&V-#(0/)1#&2*$/<*0#W&1/&%/,&3#&1/6*1&)*,#6*!942 Dok je u
<#$!.*1B4!&.$*,#<#&<#?/1*5/<&<*$#1,/&3&.)/0/$!<&,!B&(.*,#4&*</!&!0$#G#1#&1#-
0!3%/%4#&4!,*&3(&!%#=/./)*&1,#7!.(&2(1(&2$*<,#1(&S&(&%/&,#&.$#<#1/&,!B&*5!3%/!&2$*1-
8*2&!".#51!3%*&4!,*&"*&<!)*%#),(&5/&<*)!3%&7/$/1%*$/!&0/&+#&*3%(&*&!3%./$*%*&%#&3#&6*1!<&
podvrgavanja sigurno vratiti na svoje mjesto u hijerarhiji – od karolinškog je doba
*3%*&.#+&(&2!%2(1!3%*&5/=*.*!>&/&.$?(1/8&0!3#7/!&(&IY9&3%!),#+(&(&.$*,#<#&!%!134#&0*-
nastije.43&A$*%!<&%$#"/&1/2!<#1(%*&0/&,#&0#0*8*,&5/=*.*!&(&:3%!61!,&P$/1/64!,>&!01!-
31!&(&^,#</64!,>&0!4&,#&1/&R/2/0(&"*!&51/%1!&$,#G*944
a#0*8*,&1*,#&"*!&6*3%*&$*%(/)&<*$#1,/&<#G(&,#01/4*</&2!2(%>&2$*<,#$*8#&V2!),(2-
8/&<*$/W&4!,*&,#&(&3.!,*<&*3%$/=*./1,*</&!"$/0*!&'*$*)&A#%4!.945&@(0(+*&0/&,#&(&-/,0/-
</&*5<#G(&.)/0/$/&*&2!0/1*4/&2!3%!,/)/&$/5)*4/&(&2!)!=/,(>&$#0!.*%!&,#&,#01/&3%$/1/>&
u pravilu velikaši koji su se sukobljavali s kraljem, morala popustiti, makar privid-
1!>&%#&4)#41(%*&*)*&2/3%*&1*6*8#&4/4!&"*&3#&3(4!"&$/5$*,#B*!9&O*<#&,#&,/31!&1/7)/B#1!&0/&
(&$*%(/)(>&"/$#<&3*<"!)*64*>&2!3%!,#&0!<*1/1%1/&*&*1-#$*!$1/&3%$/1/9&;$#01,!.,#4!.-
1*&,#&<!0#)&*<#&*&1/6#)1*&!")*4&2$#(5#!&*5&$*<34#&*13%*%(8*,#&(32!3%/.#&.$?!.1*B%./&
1/0&1/$!0*</&"#5&2$*<,#1#&3*)#>&/)*&(5&(6*1/4&1/)*4&!3./,/1,(9&;/<&2!,/<&51/6*!&,#&

3.!7/& ./5/)/& *& 2$*,/%#),/& i#$1#$/& 'd"($B4!7>& 6#<(& 3#& k$1#3%& 3(2$!%3%/.*!>& 5"!7& 6#7/& ,#& 2$!7)/B#1&
hostis publicus imperatoris, i lišen vojvodstva. Zbog svoje vjernosti vazalu i prijatelju u nekrologu sa-
<!3%/1/& (& ;.9& b/))#1(& 2$!7)/B#1& ,#& VA!1!3!<&c)#</1/W& Hdecus Alamanorum), te je postao i omilje-
1!<&41,*=#.1!<&%#<!<9&D*0*E&_/13</$%*1&;8?j/$5</*#$>&_/0j*7&(10&k$13%&::9&;8?jp"*38?#&_#$-
zogsbilder zwischen Geschichtsforschung, Legende und Dichtung, Frühmittelalterliche Studien,
sv. 36, Bonn 2002., str. 285-315.
41
Lutz Fenske, J)%3&! !&#'#!+(/+)(-#*=A3#=A%(:%@!*86%G%,/+,(#8(W&'3#=A%+(E.=A&%+2(F+'&'%A/+,(/+)(L#*-/+,(
)%&(&b=A&#&=A%+(L#)%*&'.+)%&(,%,%+().&(&.3#&=A%(UW+#,'/8(GbA*%+)()%&(S+"%&'#'/*&'*%#'%&, Göttingen 1977.
42
^/7)/B/./<&0/&2!,/<&V-#(0/)/1W&4!$*3%*<&*34),(6*.!&4/!&/3!8*,/8*,(>&(./=/./,(+*&!23#=1(&)*%#$/%($(&
koja je upotrebu pojma stavila pod znak pitanja. Susan Reynolds, K#%@&(.+)(I.&&.3&;(7A%(9%)#%".3(F"#)%+-
ce Reinterpreted, New York – Oxford 1994.
43
Althoff, Spielregeln der Politik>&3%$9&]]CIK[\&*3%*>&>#%(9.=A'()%*(:#'/.3%, str. 32-130.
44
Usp. Koziol, Begging Pardon, str. 185.
45
Kiril Petkov, 7A%(U#&&(!@(<%.=%;(:#'/.3B(E%3@B(.+)(E!=#%'C(#+('A%(D#,A(.+)(X.'%(9%)#%".3(L%&', Leiden 2003.

10
 !"#$%&'($#)*+E& *%(/)&deditio na reljefu hrvatskoga vladara
Zb. Odsjeka povij. znan. Zavoda povij. druš. znan. Hrvat. akad. znan. umjet., 34 (2016), str. 1-20

V2$#0/,(W9& *<34*&0#0*8*, spadao je u domenu pravnog posla, stoga se odvijao pre-

</&3%$!7!&!0$#G#1*<&2$/.*)*</&*&$#)*7*,34*&!0$#G#1*<&-!$<()/</>&2!2(%&4(2!2$!-
daje ili manumisije. Vršen je pod prijetnjom sile, ali i uz nešto lakše posljedice po po-
korene narode od vojnog osvajanja. Iako je pokoreni narod koji se bio ostavljen na
milost i nemilost Rimljana – Scipion Emilije prodao je, primjerice, Numantince kao
$!"),#&*&(1*B%*!&1,*?!.&7$/0&1/4!1&0#0*8*,/&S&1,#7!./&3.$?/&"*)/&,#&0/&V6.$3%!&2!%.$0*&
superiorni status i dignitet Rima: zastraši neprijatelja, a zatim da, kad je pleme po-
B%#G#1!>&7#1#$*$/&5/?./)1!3%W946
X2$/.!&,#&<#G(!01!3&*5<#G(&"#5(.,#%1#&2$#0/,#&*&5/?./)1!3%*&5/&3%#6#1(&<*-
lost tvorio jezgru srednjovjekovnog dedicija uz jednu bitnu iznimku. Dedicij je u
<#G(.$#<#1(&*5&2$/.1#&2$#B/!&(&3*<"!)*64(&3-#$(>&/&2$*0!0/1/&<(&,#&*&31/=1/&$#-
ligijska nadgradnja. “Kralj je kao "#=.*#/&(?A*#&'#&2$*</!&2!4/,1*64!7&2!"(1,#1*4/9&
:&%!&,#&"*)!&3%!),#+#&par excellence, u kojemu su sacerdotium i regnum zamijenili svoje
2$#$!7/%*.#W947&O*<#&,#&.)/0/$&<!7/!&1/3%(2*%*&4$*3%!<*<#%*61!&*&%/4!>&2$*</,(+*&2!-
niznog pobunjenika kao sina razmetnoga, naglasiti svoju vlast temeljenu na milosti
@!=,!,9&a!4&,#&0#0*8*,&*5./1/&1/*57)#0&!0$/=/./!&3<*3/!&*&2$/.*)/&3.!7&$*<34!7&(5!-
$/>&(&,#01!<(&*2/4&"*%1!&$/5)*4!./!9&X&$*<34!&.$*,#<#&3(2/$1*8*& *</&"*)*&3(!6#1*&3&
*5"!$!<E&2!06*1*%*&3#&*)*&3#&*5)!=*%*&.!,1!,&2!7*"#),*9&A$*%!<&,#&!28*,/&2$#0/,#&"*)/&0!3-
tupna samo dok opsadne sprave ne dotaknu zidine grada, a morala je biti bezuvjet-
1/9&'/!&B%!&2!4/5(,#&2$*<,#$&^(</1%*1/8/>&1*,#&2!3%!,/)/&1*4/4./&7/$/18*,/&0/&+#&
<*)!3%&"*%*&2$(=#1/&0!)*&=#),#&$*<34*?&7#1#$/)/&0/&")/=*&%$#%</1&2!3)(=*&4/!&<!%*./-
8*,/&"(0(+*<&2$!%*.1*8*</&5/&2$*3%/1/4&1/&0#0*8*,&4!,*&,#&.#)*6/!&1#&3/<!&31/7(& *-
</>&.#+&*&.!,34!.!G#&4!,*&"*&7/&(32*!&!3%./$*%*9&;$#01,!.,#4!.1*&0#0*8*, ,#>&<#G(%*<>&
1/7)/3/4&3%/.*!&*34),(6*.!&1/&-!$<(>&5/1#</$*.B*&3/0$=/,&%/4!&0/&,#&2$/.1/&2!5/0*1/&
(&2!%2(1!3%*&*5!3%/)/&0!4&,#&3./&2/=1,/&(3<,#$#1/&1/&$*%(/)&2!06*1,#1,/&4!,*&2!3%/-
,#&3/<!<&3#"*&3.$?/9&X&3.*,#3%*&"/$"/$34*?&1/$!0/&4!,*&3(&*</)*&2$*)*4#&1/5!6*%*&$*<-
34*<&$*%(/)*</&*&8#$#<!1*,/</&.,#$!,/%1!&,#&3/<!&./1,B%*1/&!3%/,/)/&(2/<+#1/&4/!&
"*%1*&#)#<#1%&3/<!7&0!7/G/,/>&0!4&,#&4!<2)#431*&2$/.1*&3/0$=/,&(&.*5(/)1!,&*&1#2*-
3<#1!,&4()%($*&$/1!7/&3$#01,#7/&.*,#4/&2!3%(21!&7("*!&1/&51/6#1,(&5/,#01!&3&$*<-
skim pravom na kojemu se temeljio. Dedicij ,#&1/&2!)*%*64!,&38#1*&3$#01,!.,#4!.1!7&
0$(B%./&3.!,&(6*1/4&7#1#$*$/!&3/<*<&*5.$B#1,#<&$*%(/)/>&!01!31!>&6*1&2/0/1,/&1*6*8#&
2$#0&.)/0/$#<&*)*&3(2/$1*4!<&(&2!)*%*64!<&3(4!"(&%#&3%,#8/1,#&<*)!3%*&*&!2$!3%/&1*-
3(&"*)*&3$#03%.!>&.#+&8*),&5/&3(0*!1*4#9&^/0<!+1*&,#&/4%#$&(&32!$(&3.!,(&5/0!.!),B%*1(&

46
Susan P. Mattern, :!8%(.+)('A%(F+%8C;(S8 %*#.3(E'*.'%,C(#+('A%(<*#+=# .'%, Berkeley 1999., str. 217-219.
X1/%!6&2!4(B/,*</&0/&3#&*&(&$*<34!&.$*,#<#&2$#2!51/&<!7(+1!3%&V(.,#%1#W&*)*&0!7!.!$#1#&2$#0/,#>&
%/4./&1*,#&2!3%!,/)/>&.#+&,#&!.*3*)/&*34),(6*.!&!&0!"$!,&.!),*&$*<34*?&.!,34!.!G/&*)*&2!)*%*6/$/&"(0(+*&0/&
je zajednica koja se predala putem dedicija izgubila svoj suverenitet i, kao takva, više nije mogla skla-
2/%*&1*4/4.#&0!7!.!$#&*&32!$/5(<#&2$#</&1/6#)*</&$*<34!7&2$/./>&2/&1*&5/?%*,#./%*&<*)!3%9&D*0*&c$-
thur Eckstein, Glabrio and the Aetolians: A Note on Deditio, Transactions of the American Philological So-
=#%'C, sv. 125, Philadelphia 1995., str. 271-289.
47
Timothy Reuter, Contextualizing Canossa: excommunication, penance, surrender, reconciliation, u:
isti, 9%)#%".3( <!3#'#%&( .+)( 9!)%*+( 9%+'.3#'#%&, ur. Janet Nelson, Cambridge 2006., str. 147-166, ovdje,
str. 162.

11
 !"#$%&'($#)*+E& *%(/)&deditio na reljefu hrvatskoga vladara
Zb. Odsjeka povij. znan. Zavoda povij. druš. znan. Hrvat. akad. znan. umjet., 34 (2016), str. 1-20

3%,#8/!>&1/*57)#0&32!1%/1*<>&2#$-!$</%*.1*<&/4%!<&2!06*1,#1!7/&4!,*&,#&3.*<&!4(-
pljenim svjedocima – dedicij ,#&(.*,#4&"*!&$/57)/B#1&*&,/./1&0!7/G/,&S&!0/B*),/!&,/31(&
2!$(4(&!&2!)!=/,(&3.*?&3(0*!1*4/&(&?*,#$/$?*,*>&0!4&,#&3)/"*,*&5/(5.$/%&3%,#8/!&<*)!3%&
*&,/.1!&!"#+/1(&5/B%*%(&!0&0/),1,*?&.!,1*?&*)*&0$(7*?&0,#)!./1,/&2$!%*.&1,#7!.*?&*1%#-
resa. Treba, naime, imati u vidu da je dediciju (7)/.1!<&2$#%?!0*!&2!)*%*64*&*&.!,1*&
2$*%*3/4>&"*)!&3%./$/1&*)*&*<2)*8*$/19&X&!4.*$*</&%/0/B1,#7&3?./+/1,/&6/3%*&*&6(./1,/&
!"$/5/>&.!G#1*&3(&2$#7!.!$*&2!3$#03%.!<&1#(%$/)1#&%$#+#&3%$/1#>&(7)#01*?&.#)*4/B/>&
5/,#01*64*?&$!G/4/&*)*&.*3!4*?&8$4.#1*?&0(=1!31*4/&6*,*&,#&5/0/%/4&"*!&(%/1/6*%*&(.,#-
te dedicija prihvatljive za obje strane. Pritom je, u pravilu, cilj vladara bio javna de-
monstracija poniznosti od strane odmetnutog podanika, dok je druga, slabija, stra-
1/&"*)/&5/*1%#$#3*$/1/&0/&2$!G#&3/&B%!&</1,*<&%#$*%!$*,/)1*<&*&</%#$*,/)1*<&7("*8*</9&
Problematikom rješavanja sukoba u srednjovjekovnom društvu bavili su se
"$!,1*&/(%!$*>&<#G(&4!,*</&3#&2!3#"1!&<!7(&*3%/41(%*&i*))*/<&:/1&F*))#$>&A/%$*84&
Geary, Kiril Petkov, Walter Pohl i Gerd Althoff.48 Potonji je u svom znanstvenom
!2(3(& 1/,.#+(& 2/=1,(& 2!3.#%*!& (2$/.!& 0#0*8*,( za koji navodi da se sastojao od
6#%*$*&4!$/4/&!01!31!&2$/.*)/E&VI9&6*1,#1*8/>&2$!.#0"/&*&*3?!0&3(&2$#%?!01!&(%.$G#1*&
2$#7!.!$*</\& K9& 2$!.#0"/& 3#& !0.*,/& (& 2$*3(3%.(& ,/.1!3%*\& L9& %$/=*%#),& <*)!3%*& 2/0/&
1*6*8#&2!.#5/1&3/&3/<!4$*%*4!<&*&Z9&!2$!3%W949&A$./&%$*&4!$/4/&2$.*&3(&2(%&5/"*),#=#1/&
još u vrijeme fajde Karla Velikog s vojvodom Tasilonom koji je, pod prijetnjom
.!,1#&*1%#$.#18*,#&*&!3%/.),#1&!0&3.!,*?&),(0*>&<!$/!&*5$(6*%*&3.!,#&.!,.!03%.!&0/&"*&
4/31*,#>&1/&3*1!0(&(&P$/14-($%(&M]Z9>&1/&2!1*5/1&1/6*1&2$*51/!&3.!,#&7$*,#?#&2$#</&
'/$)(&%#&<!)*!&!0&1,#7/&<*)!3%&5/&3#"#&*&3.!,#&3*1!.#9&O/3*)!1>&<#G(%*<>&1*,#&.$/+#1&
1/& 2!)!=/,& .!,.!0#>& .#+& ,#& !3%/!& $#0!.1*4!<>& /)*& ,#& 5/%!& 3%#4/!& 4$/),#.(& <*)!3%& *&
2$*,/%#),3%.!9& '/31*,#& ,#& 0#0*8*,& (4),(6*./!>& 4/!& 3.!,& 1#*5!3%/.1*& 0*!& *& 2!.$/%/4& 1/&
2$#%?!01!&3%/1,#>&B%!&3#&2!6#)!&$#0!.*%!&2$*<,#1,*./%*&(&3(4!"*</&*5<#G(&g(0!.*4/&
A!"!=1!7& *& 1,#7!.*?& 3*1!./>& /& 5/%*<& *& (& 3(4!"*</& !6#./& *& 3*1!./& (& 3),#0#+!,&
7#1#$/8*,*& '/$!)*17/9& a#0*8*,>& 3/0/& .#+& (& 2!%2(1!3%*& 2$*?./+#1& 4/!& <#?/1*5/<&
$,#B/./1,/& 3(4!"/>& *>& B%!& ,#& 5/& %$/=*%#),/& <*)!3%*& "*)!& 1/,./=1*,#>& 7/$/18*,/& 2!.$/%4/&
na status quo ante>&3.!,&,#&.$?(1/8&*</!&(&IY9&3%!),#+(&(&:3%!61!,&P$/1/64!,>&0!4&3#&
(&R/2/01!,>&4/4!&,#&.#+&32!<#1(%!>&4!$*3%*!&51/%1!&$,#G#9&F!7(+#&,#&0/&,#>&2!$#0&
0$(7*?& 6*<"#1*4/>& *& 1#0!3%/%/4& (6*14!.*%!7& 3$#03%./& <*$#1,/& .#)*4/B#& R/2/01#&
P$/1/64#&2!3%(21!&!0./,/!&!0&3.!7/&.)/0/$/&*&3)/"*!&*1%#7$*%#%&4$/),#.3%./>&0!4&3(&1/&
:3%!4(&.!,.!0#&1/4!1&!"/.),#1!7&2!0.$71(+/&<!7)*&"*%*&"#5&.#+*?&2$!")#</&.$/+#1*&
1/%$/7&(&3%$(4%($#&<!+*9&A!3%!,#&1#"$!,#1*&2$*<,#$*&0#0*8*,/&(&$/1!3$#01,!.,#4!.1!,&
povijesti.50&:3%/41(!&"*?&<!=0/&*&1/,2!51/%*,*&(&?*3%!$*!7$/-*,*&4!,*&,#&"*!&2!3#"/1&2!&
3.!,*<& 3(0*!1*8*</>& !1/,& _#1$*4/& :D9& (& `/1!33*9& O*,#4& 0!7/G/,/& 4!,*& 3(& 3#& !0.*)*&
1/& (& 5*<(& IYMf9qIYMM9& 0#%/),1!& ,#& (& 3.!,*<& c1/)*</& !2*3/!& 1,#</64*& 4$!1*6/$&

48
William Ian Miller, P3!!)'.-#+,(.+)(<%.=%8.-#+,;(K%/)B(X.G(.+)(E!=#%'C(#+(E.,.(S=%3.+)>&`?*8/7!&I]]Y9\&
b#/$d>& D*.$#& #1& 8!1-)*8%>& 3%$9& IIYMCIILL\& A#%4!.>& Kiss of Peace, passim\& c)%?!-->& Spielregeln der Politik,
str. 21-156.
49
Althoff, Spielregeln der Politik, str. 118.
50
:3%!>&3%$9&]]CIK[\&*3%*>&>#%(9.=A'()%*(:#'/.3%, str. 32-130.

12
 H);0#1"I(#0%&JG"H&1(!%"deditio na reljefu hrvatskoga vladara
Zb. Odsjeka povij. znan. Zavoda povij. druš. znan. Hrvat. akad. znan. umjet., 34 (2016), str. 1-20

Lambert iz Hersfelda.51& A$*%*31(%& *5!2+#1,#<& 5"!7& 4!,#7& <(& ,#& 2$*,#%*!& 7("*%/4&
krune, Henrik je prešao Alpe i stigao do Canosse gdje se Papa sklonio na vijest o
8/$#.!<&0!)/34(9&Q10,#&,#&_#1$*4>&1*6*8#>&<!)*!&7$!-*8(&F/%*)0(&5/&2!3$#0!./1,#&
4!0&A/2#>&B%!&,#&!.,#4!.,#6#1!&1/&2!51/%!,&*)(3%$/8*,*&(&D/%*4/134!,&41,*=1*8*952 Iako
,#& (& ?*3%!$*!7$/-*,*& 1/.*B#& (2/<+#1!& _#1$*4!.!& %$!01#.1!& "0*,#1,#& (& 2!4/,1*64!,&
!0,#+*&2$#0&5*0*1/</&7$/0/>&g/<2#$%&!%4$*./&0/&3(&%!<&3*<"!)*64!<&*&(2#6/%),*.!<&
6*1(& 2$#%?!0*)*& 0(7!%$/,1*& 2$#7!.!$*& %*,#4!<& 4!,*?& 3#& A/2/& 0(7!& !2*$/!& /)*& ,#>&
V1/0.)/0/1& !6/,1*64*<& (3%$/,/1,#<& 2!3$#01*4/& *& %#=*1!<& 1,*?!./& /$7(<#1%/W>& (&
4!1/61*8*&2$*3%/!&_#1$*4(&*50/%*&(2(%#&4/4!&<!=#&2!1!.1!&3%#+*&1,#7!.(&<*)!3%&*&
!3)!"!0*%*&3#&*5!2+#1,/953&_#1$*4!.&3(&3)(6/,&2$#0&A/2!<&5/7!./$/)*&1,#7!./&2(1*8/&
i šogor, zatim Matilda, markgrof Azon, opat Clunya i niz uglednih talijanskih
41#=#./&5/&4!,#&3#&51/)!&0/&V(=*./,(&0!"/$&(7)#0&4!0&A/2#W9&A$#</&%!<#>&6*%/./&
38#1/>&2(1/&3*<"!)*64!7&51/6#1,/&2!4/,/1,/&*&!2$!3%/&"*)/&,#&0#%/),1!&$/5$/G#1/&*/4!&
,#& 5/& ,/.1!3%& %$#"/)/& 0,#)!./%*& 2!%2(1!& 32!1%/1!9& X1/%!6& %!<#& B%!& ,#& (& 2/0& 1*6*8#&
5/<*,#1,#1& %$!01#.1*<& "0*,#1,#<& (& 2!4/,1*64!,& !0,#+*>& !./,& 3#& 2$*<,#$& 0#0*8*,/&
svakako najviše usjekao u historijsku memoriju Europe. Pritom nije bilo nikakve
3(<1,#& 0/& ,#& _#1$*4& (6*1*!& (2$/.!& 0#0*8*,>& B%!& 3(& 1,#7!.*& 2$!%*.1*8*& (& `/$3%.(& *&
naglašavali.54&O*<#&,#&2!6#)!&*&2!3%(21!&2$!2/0/1,#&3/<!7/&$*%(/)/&,#$&,#&0#0*8*,&2$#0&
papom, u kojemu je car morao postupiti poput buntovnog vazala, ostavio gorak
okus u ustima Henrika i njegovih nasljednika. Iako je i on sam prihvatio dedicij
6*%/.!7& 1*5/& 3.!,*?& 2!"(1,#1*4/>& (4),(6(,(+*& *& .#)*4(& 2$#0/,(& ;/3/& 3.#7/& 1#4!)*4!&
%,#0/1/&2$*,#&1#7!&)*&,#&2!6#!&3(4!"&3&b$7($!<>&1/4!1&`/1!33#&0#0*8*,&,#&(&!6*</&
^*,#</8/& 1#2!.$/%1!& 2!.#5/1& 3& !3,#+/,#<& 2!1*=#1,/& 3.,#%!.1#& 2$#0& 8$4.#1!<&
.)/B+(9&X&IZ9&,#&3%!),#+(>&2$*<,#$*8#>&3)/"*,!,&3%$/1*&"*)!&1#<!7(+#&1/%,#$/%*&3(2/$1*4/&
1/& !0$#G#1*& !")*4& 2!1/B/1,/& S& !2$!3%& *& 2!.$/%/4& (& ?*,#$/$?*,(& S& 2(%#<& $*%(/)1*?&
$/01,*&,#$&,#&0#0*8*,&0!%/0&.#+&2!%2(1!&*57("*!&3.!,&(6*1/4955 Korijeni promjene nisu
)#=/)*&3/<!&(&5"*./1,*</&(&`/1!33*>&.#+&3(&2!6#)*&51/%1!&$/1*,#>&(&.$*,#<#&_#1$*4/&::9

Henrik II. i utjecaj na Hrvatsku

!"#!$%&'(")*"+,)-&."/#01.)*2&'!3"4!#"502#&'"667"&8!)"-0",#%)"/#04&$2)"#!$#!902"
program propagande svoje vlasti i autoriteta. Pritom je pravo na vladavinu nad
:'#!%-0,+1,)8";0$"&'!',&."/)*-0%!<"=regnum sine aliqua divisione) izvodio manje preko
+,)>"/)*#&-01%!")*"+/)#0*20">#!20")1)2+'0"*&2!+1&-03"!",&?0"'!)"&$#!$"@)A-0",)%-0"&"

51
Oswald Holder-Egger, !"#$%&'( ")*!+,'( -$%$./$0$*.'.( )#$%!3" 5!22),0#" BCDE7" =2-08!F'&" /#&-0,)*G"
Ludwig Friedrich Hesse, Die 1!,%23+,$%(4$.( !"2$%&(5)*(-$%./$04, Leipzig 1893.).
52
Bibliotheca Vaticana, Vita Mathildis, lat. 4922, fol. 49r.
53
Diu papa resistit, veritus in rege iuvenilis animi inconstantiam et proclive, quocumque assentatores impulissen,
ingenium. Sed superatus tandem importunitate preurgentium et gravitate sententiarum. Holder-Egger, !"-
perti monachi, str. 291.
54
Monika Suchan, 67*'8.,$%%.+,!/&('"(9&%$'&:(6)*/0';&!<.&%!8<*8('*(4$%(%$8'$%<*8.=$'&(-$'*%'+,.(>?@(=A'.+,$*(
B$A!0&C(B$.#%D+,(<*4(9+,%'/&0'+,;$'&, Stuttgart 1997., str. 74.
55
Gerald Schwedler, Herrschertreffen des Spätmittelalters: E)%"$*(F(G'&<!0$C(H'%;<*8$*, Ostfildern 2008.,
str. 230, 319.

13
 H);0#1"I(#0%&JG"H&1(!%"deditio na reljefu hrvatskoga vladara
Zb. Odsjeka povij. znan. Zavoda povij. druš. znan. Hrvat. akad. znan. umjet., 34 (2016), str. 1-20

K#),&*2)+1&"F&80"-03"+"-0*20"+1#!20".1&)"2!>%!+&1&"+,)-("&210>#!1&,2("(%)>("("L!#+1,("
'!')" ;&" /#0,%!*!)" +1!#0" /%0802+'0" /)*-0%0" &" /)+0;2)+1&3" !" +" *#(>03" /#!>8!1&F2&-0"
+1#!203" )1/)#" +,)-)-" ,%!+1&" &$-0*2!F&)" -0" +" /);(2)8" /#)1&," 20;0+')>" /)#01'!7"
Znakovito je da je, za razliku od svojih prethodnika, Henrik potpuno zanemario
&$;)#"'20A0,!"10"+,)-(",%!+1"$!/)F0)"&$#!,2)"'#(2&*;)83"!";0$"/#01.)*2)>"+!;)#!"
,0%&'!?!7"M!F!2-0"'#!%-0,+'0",%!+1&"(",#&-080"2-0>),0",%!*!,&20"1)%&')"-0"($2!/#0*),!%)"
*!"8("-03"/#&8-0#&403"/)?%)"$!"#(')8"(,0%&'0")>#!2&F&1&",%!+1";!,!#+')>"&"?,!/+')>"
vojvode, te bez ikakvih konzultacija i konsenzusa proglasiti zemaljski mir u Saskoj
i Švapskoj. Kompleksni vladarski program potkrijepio je obiljem pisane i slikovne
)+1!,?1&203"!"809("')-&8!"-03"/)#0*"'#(2&*;020"N#0+'0"("+!'#&+1&-&"("H0>02+;(#>("10"
O!'#!8021!#&-!3"2-0>),"P,!290%&+1!#"&$"Q)210"L!++&2!"-0*!2")*"2!-%-0/?&."/#&8-0#!756
R" ,#&-080" 2&-0*2)>" *#(>)>" ,%!*!#!" 2&-0" 2!+1!%)" 1!',)" );&%-0" &$,)#!" ')-&" &$#&F&1)"
2!>%!?!,!-("4!#0,("(%)>("'!)"F(,!#!3"/#),)*&10%-!"&"+1,!#!10%-!"$!')2!"&"/#!,*0757
502#&'"667"/)F0)"-0"+"(,)902-08"&2),!4&-!"&"2!"/)%-("#-0?!,!2-!"+(');!"&$8-02!8!"
u provedbi dedicija. Poput svojih prethodnika iz otonske dinastije, i on se mirio s po-
;(2-02&8",0%&'!?&8!3"!%&"-03"20*(>)"2!')2"(F,#?J02-!"2!"/#&-0+1)%-("/),#!1!'"2!"sta-
tus quo ante"/)F0)"(,-01),!1&"'!$2!8!7"K#08!"S%1.)NN(3"8&%)+#90"=clementia) je zamije-
nio pojmom pravde (justitia) i to tako što je svojim odmetnutim velikašima udjeljivao
8&%)+13"!%&"($"(1!82&F02-03"/)20'!*"&"*(>)>)*&?2-0758 Suvremenici su jasno primijeti-
li promjene koje je car uveo te su ga neki, poput Bruna iz Querfuta, oštro kritizirali.59
Osloncem na ideju o osobi vladara kao vrhovnom zakonodavcu i arbitru – prema Fi-
+'),&J("rex iustus"T"/#&'!$"2!"P,!290%&+1!#(")*>),!#!)";&"*0*&4&-(3"!%&"2!*)/(2-02)8"
i novouvedenim konceptom pravednosti. Henrikova vladarska propaganda bila je va-
A!2"*&)"&$>#!*2-0"2-0>),0"2),0"%0>&1&8!4&-0"8)J&"($")+%)2!4"2!"4#',("&"'%0#"10"-0";)>!1"
opus iz njegova vremena imao jasnu i planiranu svrhu: predstaviti vladara kao vrhov-
2)>"$!?1&12&'!"$!')2!"&"/#!,0*2)+1&"2!"$08%-&"&"'!)"20(/&12&"!(1)#&101"/)+1!,%-02"@)A-
-)8"/#),&*2)?J(7"P,!290%&+1!#"/#&1)8"-!+2)"&%(+1#&#!"*!"+0">#0?2&"/)*!2&4&"8)#!-("/#0-
*!1&"2!"4!#0,("8&%)+1"=&"208&%)+1U3"/!"F!'"&"!')"208!-("1#!*&4&)2!%20">!#!24&-0"*!"J0"&8"
)/#)+1";&1&"+&>(#2)"(*&-0%-027"V)3")+2),2&"-0"+&8;)%&F'&"&$#!$")+1!)">)1),)"20/#)8&-0-
2-027"O%!;&-!"+1#!2!"-0"&"*!%-0"8)#!%!"/!+1&"2&F&40"&"2&-0"2&8!%)"&$202!9(-(J0"*!"-0"502#&'"
&$"*0*&4&-!"$!*#A!)"(/#!,)"1!-"0%08021"10">!"&"/#)8&4!)"'!)"/)A0%-2&");#!$!4"/)2!?!2-!7
6+1),#0802)"-0"(/#!,)"(",#&-080"502#&'!"667"("&$,)#&8!"$!;&%-0A02)"/)*(F!,!-
2-0"+(/!#2&'!"("/#),)902-("*0*&4&-!7"K)/(1"I)2#!*!"673"')-&"-0")*";(*(J0>"4!#!"502-
#&'!" 67" &$#&F&1)" $!.1&-0,!)" :+/)21!2&" *0*&4&-<" '!)" /#0*(,-01" $!" 2-0>),)" /#&-!10%-+1,)"

56
6%(+1#!4&-!"2!+%),2&40"P,!290%&+1!#!"2!%!$&"+0"&"2!"')#&4&"-0*20")*"2!-,!A2&-&."'2-&>!")"10)#&-&"*,!"'#!%-0-
,!"1&-0%!"&",%!+1&"+#0*2-),-0'),2&."'#!%-0,!"()/J0G"P#2+1"57"I!21)#)W&4$3"I,$(6'*8J.(IA)(K)4'$.: L(9&<4M(
'*(N$4'$5!0(O)0'&'+!0(I,$)0)8M, Princeton 1981.
57
Stefan Weinfurter, Authority and Legitimation of Royal Policy and Action, u: N$4'$5!0(P)*+$#&.()/(&,$(
Past3"(#7"X0#*"S%1.)NN"T"K!1#&4'"X0!#Y3"L!8;#&*>0"Z[[Z73"+1#7"BD\]C^"@0#2*"O4.20&*8_%%0#3"50&2#&4."667"
als zweiter Gründer der Alten Kapelle in Regensburg, u: Die Alte Kapelle in Regensburg, ur. Werner
Schiedermair, Regensburg 2002., str. 45-67, 368-370.
58
Althoff, Q'$(N!+,&(4$%(G'&<!0$, str. 77-78.
59
Stefan Weinfurter, L<&,)%'&M(!*4( $8'&'"!&')*, str. 19-38, ovdje, str. 31.

14
 H);0#1"I(#0%&JG"H&1(!%"deditio na reljefu hrvatskoga vladara
Zb. Odsjeka povij. znan. Zavoda povij. druš. znan. Hrvat. akad. znan. umjet., 34 (2016), str. 1-20

i milost, Henrik II. je uprizorio dedicij pred poslanicima poljskog vojvode Bolesla-
,!"5#!;#)>"'!')";&">!"/)(F&)"?1)"8("-0"F&2&1&"/#&%&')8"+(+#01!"+"4!#08"A0%&"%&")*#A!-
ti dobre odnose s Carstvom.60"O%&F!2":1#!2+N0#"$2!2-!<"$!;&%-0A02"-0"&"(",#&-080"2-0-
gova nasljednika. Nakon pobjede nad Samuelom Abom, pretendentom na ugarsko
/#&-0+1)%-03"502#&'"6667"-0"B[EE7"$!-0*2)"+!"+,)-)8",)-+')8";)+)2)>"/!)"2&F&40"/#0*"
#0%&',&-)8"+,01)>"'#&A!"("$2!'"$!.,!%2)+1&"$!"/);-0*("?1)"-03"$!1&83"/)2),&)"&"2-0-
>),"+!,0$2&'3"(>!#+'&"'#!%-"K01!#"`#+0)%)"("O1)%2)8"@&)>#!*(7"a)>!9!-&"')-&"+("/#01-
hodili Henrikovoj intervenciji detaljno su opisani u kronici benediktinca Henrika iz
H&4.02!(!3"-0*2)>")*"2!-,!A2&-&."+,-0*)'!"$!"/),&-0+1"+#0*&20"-0*!2!0+1)>!"+1)%-0-
J!7"R"'#)2&4&"+0"2!,)*&"*!"-0"K01!#"`#+0)%)";&)"("4!#0,)-"208&%)+1&"-0#"-0"*,&-0">)*&-
20"#!2&-0"/)*#A!)"2-0>),)>"/#)1&,2&'!3"F0?')>",)-,)*("@#01&+%!,!7"V!')2"O!8(0%)-
,0"($(#/!4&-0"(>!#+')>"/#&-0+1)%-!3"K01!#"-0";&)"/#&+&%-02"/)1#!A&1&"4!#0,("/)8)J3"!"'!-
ko bi je stekao morao ga je udobrovoljiti i zadobiti njegov oprost, što je ostvario pa-
*!2-08"2&F&403")*2)+2)"*0*&4&-08761" !",#&-080"+(');!"&$809("I)%)8!2!"&",)-,)-
*0"S%8)+!"BB[b73"/)1)2-&"+03"2!')2"&$;&,!2-!"&$"'#!%-0,+1,!3",#!1&)"($"/)8)J"/)%-+'&."
)*#0*!"10"-03"2!')2"+2!A20",)-20"&210#,024&-0"+1!#&-0>";#!1!3":*)?!)"'#!%-("/)*"2)>0"
10"/#&$2!)"+,)-("'#&,&4("("+,&8"+1,!#&8!<762"`;#!+4&"-!,2)>"+&8;)%&F')>"*-0%),!2-!"
+("+03"?1)"),!-"/)+%-0*2-&"/#&8-0#"$)#2)"/#&'!$(-03"+,-0+2)"&8&1&#!%&"("*#A!,!8!"')-0"
+(">#!2&F&%0"+"L!#+1,)8"&";&%&"/)*"2-0>),&8"/)%&1&F'&8"&"'(%1(#2&8"(1-04!-08763 S ob-
$&#)8"2!"/#)/!>!2*2&"/#)>#!8"502#&'!"6673"+8!1#!8"*!"-0"+%&'!"2!"P,!290%&+1!#("&$"
Monte Cassina prikazivala upravo dedicij uz novinu kralja pravednika koji oprašta,
!%&"&"'!A2-!,!3"?1)");-!?2-!,!"&"/#&+(12)+1"2!"+%&4&"/)1024&-!%2)>"'#,2&'!"("(+/#!,2)8"
/)%)A!-("/)#0*"1#!A&10%-!"8&%)+1&"+"8!F08"("#(4&7"K#&+(12)+1"+,-01),2)>"#&1(!%!"8&#0-
2-!"("P,!290%&+1!#(3"!%&"&"&$>%0*2!"8)>(J2)+1"*!"+(";020*&'1&24&"8)>%&"/#02&-01&"1!-
'!,"&')2)>#!N+'&"8)1&,"&"2!"/)*#(F-0"a!%8!4&-0"8)A0"+0");-!+2&1&"502#&'),&8"&$2&-
82)"*);#&8")*2)+)8"+"L#',)87"R"V-08!F')-"+("(/#!,)";&+'(/&";&%&")+%)2!4"2-0-
>),0"4021#!%&$&#!-(J0"/)%&1&'07"R"1)-"8-0#&"-0"/)*#A!,!)"L#',("*)2!4&-!8!"&"/#&,&%0>&-
jama da je s visokim klerom uspostavio odnos povjerenja kakav nije ostvario niti je-
*!2"2-08!F'&",%!*!#"/#&-0"&%&"/)+%&-0"2-0>!3"10">!"-0"'#)2&F!#"c&18!#"Q0#+0;(#?'&"F!'"
nazvao coepiscopus (subiskup).64"O1)%-0J0"'!+2&-0"/#)>%!?02"-0"&"+,04087"6"+!8"F&2"*!-

60
I,'$&"!%'( N$%.$2<%8$*.'.( $#'.+)#'( P,%)*'+)*, prir. Friedrich Kurze, Monumenta Germaniae Historia.
O4#&/1)#0+"#0#(8"X0#8!2&4!#(8"&2"(+(8"+4.)%!#(8"+0/!#!1&8"0*&1&3"+,7"dE73"5!2),0#"BCCD73"+1#7"BeE^"
Althoff, Q'$(N!+,&(4$%(G'&<!0$, str. 72-73.
61
Ipso anno Ungarii perfidi Ovonem quendam regem sibi constituenses, Petrum regem suum occidere moliuntur.
Qui vix fuga lapsus, primo ad marchionem nostrum Adalbertum, sororis suae maritum, profugus venit, indeque
ad regem Heinricum veniens, pedibusque eius provolutus, veniam et gratiam improravit et impetravit (Herima-
*'(L<8'$*.'.(P,%)*'+)*, prir. Georg Heinrich Perz, Monumenta Germaniae Historia. Scriptores, sv. 5,
Hannover 1844., str. 124-125).
62
... ad pedes regis venisset et in eo re omnium se culpabilem proclamavit (citirano prema: Dalewski, Ritual and
Politics, str. 70).
63
Althoff, Q'$(N!+,&(4$%(G'&<!0$, str. 116.
64
Posita est etiam in loco, qui Throtmunni dicitur, magna sinodus, ubi rex coepiscopus (I,'$&"!%'(N$%.$2<%8$*-
sis, str. 143). Cf. Stefan Weinfurter, -$'*%'+,(>>@(RSTTUFSTUVW@(-$%%.+,$%(!"(X*4$(4$%(Y$'&$*. Regensburg
1999., str. 127, 145.

15
 H);0#1"I(#0%&JG"H&1(!%"deditio na reljefu hrvatskoga vladara
Zb. Odsjeka povij. znan. Zavoda povij. druš. znan. Hrvat. akad. znan. umjet., 34 (2016), str. 1-20

#&,!2-!"P,!290%&+1!#!"Q)210"L!++&2("/#0*+1!,%-02"-0"'!)"&$#!$"2-0>),0"/#)'%!8&#!-
ne religioznosti.65 Prema tradiciji, posjetio je samostan kako bi se uvjerio da u njemu
$!&+1!"/)F&,!-("#0%&',&-0"+,7"@020*&'1!7"O,01!4"-0"$!1&8"&$,0)"F(*)"')-&8">!"-0"/)(F&)"
;)%-08" 2!F&2(" #!$8&?%-!2-!3" *)'" -0" 502#&'" ($,#!1&)" );&%2&8" *!#),&8!" +!8)+1!2(3"
('%-(F(-(J&"&"+/)802(1&"P,!290%&+1!#766"O");$&#)8"2!"2-0>),"(>%0*"("L#',&3"8)>(J0"
je da su i benediktinci rado prihvatili i širili njegovu propagandu te je tako i prizor
*0*&4&-!"("502#&'),)8"+.,!J!2-("&+/#0/%0102)+1&"sacerdotiuma i regnuma našao svoje
mjesto na reljefu hrvatskoga vladara.
H0%-0N".#,!1+')>!",%!*!#!"("O/%&1("/)+0;!2"-0"/)"1)80"?1)"-0"+1)-0J08"*,)#-!2&-
2("+"'#!%-0,0"%&-0,0"+1#!20")1(F02"/#0*801"')-&"-0"*#A!)"("#(4&7"H!2&-&"!(1)#&"/#0/)-
$2!,!%&"+("("&$;#&+!2)80"/#0*801("8!F3"*)'"+0"f&+'),&J"F,#+1)"$!%)A&)"$!"+,&1!'"&%&"
rotulus.67"6!')"+0"10?')"+!"+&>(#2)?J(")/#0*&-0%&1&"&$809("*,&-0"8)>(J2)+1&3"&"-0*2!"&"
druga govore u prilog interpretaciji prizora kao scene sudovanja, odnosno mirenja
&"&$#&4!2-!"/#0+(*0"("+'%!*("+"/#)8-02!8!"')-0"-0"(,0)"502#&'"667"V!"P,!290%&+1!-
#("-03"&+/)*"502#&'!"2!"/#&-0+1)%-(3"/#&'!$!2"(/#!,)"*,)#-!2&2"+"8!F08"/)#0*"/)-
2&$2)>"1#!A&10%-!"8&%)+1&"&")/#)+1!7"S')"-0"&/!'"#&-0F")"+,&1'(3"+!*#A!-"#0%-0N!"8)A0"+0"
/#)1(8!F&1&"'!)"1#02(1!'"&$#&4!2-!"/#0+(*07"`;!"8)>(J!"/#0*801!"2!>%!?!,!-("!+-
/0'1"+(*;020",%!+1&",%!*!#!7"K)%)A!-"8)%&10%-!"("/#)+1#!4&-&"-0"$!+&>(#2)"2!-+2!A2&-&"
!#>(8021"("/#&%)>"/#0/)$2!,!2-!"*0*&4&-!"2!"#0%-0N(";(*(J&"*!"-0"/!*"2&F&40";&)"20-
&$)+1!,2&"/#0*(,-01"$!",#!J!2-0"(",%!*!#0,("8&%)+1"2!')2"+(');!7"6!')"-0"("@&$!2-
1("/#)+1#!4&-!"#0*),&1)"')#&?102!"'!)"$2!'"/)*F&2-02)+1&"/#0*"4!#083"#0%-0N"("O/%&1("
20(/&12)"-0"2!+1!)"2!"$!/!*2&8"($)#&8!3")"F08("+,-0*)F0")1)2+'!"'#(2!"&"/#&-0+1)-
%-03"'!)"&")*-0J!7"6$"1)>!"/#)&$%!$&"*!"-0"&"/#)+1#!4&-!"2!"#0%-0N("*)?%!"+!" !/!*!3">*-0"
se koristi kao dio dedicija.
O!F(,!2&"&$,)#&"20"*)/(?1!-("2!8"/)1,#*&1&"-0"%&"&"("')-)-"8-0#&"*0*&4&-"("/#!'+&"
;&)"')#&?102"("+#0*2-),-0'),2)-"5#,!1+')-7"O&8;)%&F'!"')8(2&'!4&-!"+,!'!')"-0+1"-0#"
-0"5#,!1+'!3"/)/(1")+1!%&."#(;2&."*#A!,!"2!");)*(",0%&'&."L!#+1!,!3";&%!"&$%)A02!"
/#)*&#!2-("2-&.),&."'(%1(#2&."&"/)%&1&F'&."(1-04!-!"&");#!$!4!"/)2!?!2-!7"6"K01!#"I#0-
?&8&#"&" ,)2&8&#")*%('0"+("*)2)+&%&"("+!,-01("+!"+,)-&8",0%&'!?&8!3"?1)"-0"$!;&%-0A0-
no i u njihovim ispravama.68" ,)2&8&#),!"'#(2&*;!"('%-(F&,!%!"-0"&"$2!'),0"'#!%-0,-
+'0",%!+1&3"&2+&>2&-0"/)/(1"'#(203"A0$%!"&"$!+1!,0"')-0"-0"'#!%-("/#0*!)"/!/&2"/)+%!2&'"

65
6$#!$"/#)'%!8&#!2"')#&+1&8";(*(J&"*!"("2-08!F')-".&+1)#&)>#!N&-&"-)?"(,&-0'"/)+1)-0")/#0F2!"8&?%-02-!"
o njegovoj religioznosti. Hartmut Hofman smatra ga iznimno religioznim, dok je Johannes Fried mi-
?%-02-!"*!"-0";&)",)902"/#,02+1,02)"/#!>8!1&F2)?J("&"A0%-)8"$!"8)J&3"!"*!"-0"2-0>),!"#0%&>&)$2)+1"(";&-
1&"/#)&$,)*".%!*20"/#)#!F(2!1)+1&7"O,)-0"'#&+1)8&801&F2)"'#!%-0,+1,)"+1,)#&)"-03"/#08!"f#&0*(3"'!')"
bi slomio otpor plemstva dok je u potpunosti zapostavio Rim, ali i visoku politiku svojih prethodnika
koji su redovito razmjenjivali poslanstva s Bizantom. Usporedi Hartmut Hoffmann, N7*+,.;7*'8(<*4(
“rex idiota”. Studien zur Kirchenpolitik Heinrichs II. und Konrads II.,"5!22),0#"BDD]73"+1#7"DD^"M).!220+"f#&-
ed, Q$%(H$8('*(4'$(B$.+,'+,&$@(Q'$(Z%.#%3*8$(Q$<&.+,0!*4.(2'.(STUV, Berlin 1998., str. 746.
66
Herbert Bloch, N)*&$(P!..'*)('*(&,$(N'440$(L8$., sv.1, Roma 1986., str. 19-20.
67
f&+'),&J3"Reljef, str. 97-98.
68
X8)(P%$."'%<.(... una cum nostris iupanis, comitibus atque banis, capellanis etiam nostre regalis aule, cogita-
re cepi... cum principibus ... ego Suinimir ... cum omnibus nobilibus meis (P)4$[(4'#0)"!&'+<.(G$8*'(P%)!&'!$C(
Slavoniae et Dalmatiae3"/#&#7"6,!2"I('(%-0,&J"O!'4&2+'&3" !>#0;"BCeE73"+1#7"B]B3"BE[3"BbBU7

16
 H);0#1"I(#0%&JG"H&1(!%"deditio na reljefu hrvatskoga vladara
Zb. Odsjeka povij. znan. Zavoda povij. druš. znan. Hrvat. akad. znan. umjet., 34 (2016), str. 1-20

Gebizon.69"g&2-02&4!"*!"-0"$!"*!1(8"'#(2&*;0")*!;#!2"*!2"+,7"a0801#&-!"=C7"%&+1)/!-
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lirao propagandni imaginarij Henrika II. uz posredovanje benediktinaca.71 Nada-
%-03"'!')"+!8",0J"+/)802()3"("R>!#+')-"-0",0J"(",#&-080"I)%)8!2!"$!;&%-0A02"#&1(-
al nalik dediciju, dok ga je kralj Petar Orseolo 1044. i osobno izvršio pred Henrikom
III. Sv. Stjepan se 1001. sastao u Ostrogonu s Boleslavom Hrabrim kako bi se izmiri-
%&7"K#&1)8"+("&$8&-02&%&"/)%-(;!4"8&#!3"!"$!1&8"+0"$!-0*2&F'&3":#('("/)*"#('(<"(/(1&%&"
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?1)"-0",#%)"0,)'!1&,2)"/#02&)"&"8!9!#+'&"'#)2&F!#772 I ugarski i hrvatski dvor koristi-
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9(" ,)2&8&#!"&"S#/!*),&J!"8)>%!"-0"+!8)"*)*!12)"/)+/-0?&1&"*!%-2-0"?&#02-0");#!$!-
ca ponašanja etabliranih na Zapadu.

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fu prema svojim karakteristikama odgovara pravilima dedicija kakva su vrijedila u
L!#+1,("(",#&-080"502#&'!"6673"!"+%&F2)+1"+"2-0>),&8"P,!290%&+1!#)8"')-&"+0"2!%!$&)"
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'!"("a!%8!4&-(7"K#08*!"+!8"#&1(!%"8)A*!"&"2&-0";&)"("#0*),&1)-"(/)1#0;&"("+#0*2-)-
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ljeva bio gotovo istovjetan onima na Zapadu. Reljef time dobiva na dodatnom zna-
F!-("-0#"20"+,-0*)F&"+!8)")"%&'(".#,!1+')>!",%!*!#!"+!"+,)-&8"&2+&>2&-!8!"&"/#&-0+1)-
%-083",0J"&")";%&+')-"/),0$!2)+1&"&"&+/#0/%0102)+1&".#,!1+'0"+#0*2-),-0'),20"*#A!,0"+"
1!*!?2-&8"'#?J!2+'&8" !/!*)87

69
Tomislav Raukar, Hrvatsko srednjovjekovlje, Zagreb 1997., str. 49.
70
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“Kralj Stjepan, odjeven u svetu odoru i okrunjen kraljevskom krunom, svijetlio je poput sunca me-
9("$,&-0$*!8!3"!".)*!-(J&"&$!"/#)40+&-0"2!*,&+&,!)"-0");&F20"%-(*0")*"#!802!"2!,&?0<"=a(?!2" (/'!3"
Power of Rituals and Rituals of Power. Religious and secular rituals in the political culture of medie-
val Kingdom of Hungary, u: -'.&)%M('*(N)&')*3"(#7"H)8!2"5)%04"T"H!+1&+%!,"I)A&!'3"@#!1&+%!,!"Z[B[73"
str. 29-42).

17
 H);0#1"I(#0%&JG"H&1(!%"deditio na reljefu hrvatskoga vladara
Zb. Odsjeka povij. znan. Zavoda povij. druš. znan. Hrvat. akad. znan. umjet., 34 (2016), str. 1-20

Prilozi.
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 H);0#1"I(#0%&JG"H&1(!%"deditio na reljefu hrvatskoga vladara
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Prilog 2." H0%-0N" .#,!1+')>" ,%!*!#!" 2!" &+1)F2)-" /%)F&" '#+2)>" ;!$02!" '#+1&)2&40" +,7"
Ivana u Splitu

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 H);0#1"I(#0%&JG"H&1(!%"deditio na reljefu hrvatskoga vladara
Zb. Odsjeka povij. znan. Zavoda povij. druš. znan. Hrvat. akad. znan. umjet., 34 (2016), str. 1-20

Robert Kureli

Ritual of the Deditio on the Relief Depicting a Croatian Ruler

Summary

There are still a lot of unsolved questions regarding the relief depicting a Croatian ru-
ler in the Baptistery of St. John the Baptist in Split. There is no consensus as to whether
it depicts Christ or a ruler, and in the latter case, who the depicted ruler might be. The
author accepts the hypothesis that this is a matter of one of two eleventh-century Cro-
atian rulers, Peter Krešimir IV or Zvonimir, and proposes an explanation of the con-
tent of the relief as a depiction of the medieval ritual of submission, deditio, which ser-
ved as means of re-obtaining the ruler’s mercy and the return of rebellious vassals to
his grace, and through that also their reestablishment within the hierarchy of power.
Rituals and symbolic communication played an important role in creating and ma-
intaining the ruling hierarchy. By means of public, carefully planned and theatrically
staged ceremonies, such as crowning, knighting or funerals, a sense of unity was de-
monstrated and traditional order was reaffirmed in the presence of the political public.
In this respect, it is essential to stress the point that medieval power had an explicitly
consensual character, and rulers carried out their will with the consent and support of
their magnates, which demanded constant interaction.
The concept of feud, or Fehde, as an acceptable means of exercising rights and
achieving satisfaction, allowed a vassal to engage in a military confrontation with his
superiors, including the ruler himself. Any break in their interaction also meant the
exclusion of the vassal from royal favour and political life, which posed a threat to the
stability of the state. In order to renew symbolic harmony and achieve a return to royal
favour, the ritual of the deditio was created; this was beneficial for the stability of the
Empire, from the Frankish period up to Canossa. Henry II introduced innovations thro-
ugh which the deditio was connected with the ruler’s judicial power, and in that way
built it into the foundations of his ruling propaganda. It is probable that Henry II, thro-
ugh the agency of Monte Cassino, to which he donated his Gospel Book with a depic-
tion of a deditio, influenced the transfer of iconographic form, which is then depicted
on the aforementioned relief of the Croatian ruler.
Key words: symbolic communication, deditio, rituals of reconciliation, ruling pro-
paganda, iconography, Peter Krešimir IV, Demetrius Zvonimir

20