1.

Define the following:

Effective Size (D10)

-D10 is called as effective particle size. This means that 10% percent of the particles are finer
and 90% of the particles are coarser than D10. This is the size at 10% finer by weight. Similarly,
D60 is the particle size at which 60% of the particles are finer and 40% of the particles are
coarser than D60 size.

Uniformity Coefficient (Du)

 -Distribution uniformity or DU in irrigation is a measure of how uniformly water is applied to the

area being watered, expressed as a ratio to avoid confusing it with efficiency. The
distribution uniformity is often calculated when performing an irrigation audit.

Coefficient of Gradation of Curvature (Cc)

-Coefficient Of Curvature. It is the parameter estimated using the gradation curve through sieve

analysis. ... The diameter taken from gradation curve for which the 10% particles are finer is
known as effective size. When the value of C C is in between 1 and 3, the sand or gravel is said
to be well graded.

Sorting Coefficient (So)

-A Sorting Coefficient used in describing the distribution of grain sizes in a sample of

unconsolidated material. It is defined as S0 = Q1 /Q3 , where Q1 is the diameter that has 75% of
the cumulative size-frequency (by weight) distribution smaller than itself and 25% larger than
itself, and Q3 is that diameter having 25% of the distribution smaller and 75% larger than itself.

2. What is particle size distribution And It’s purpose?

-The particle-size distribution (PSD) of a powder, or granular material, or particles dispersed

in fluid,
is a list of values or a mathematical function that defines the relative amount, typically by mass,
of particles present according to size. Significant energy is usually required to disintegrate soil,
etc. particles into the PSD that is then called a grain size distribution.

3. What is Soil Texture?

- Soil Texture indicates the relative content of particles of various sizes, such as sand, silt and
clay in the soil. Texture influences the ease with which soil can be worked, the amount of water
and air it holds, and the rate at which water can enter and move through soil.

To find the texture of a soil sample, first separate the fine earth* , all particles less than 2 mm,
from larger particles such as gravel and stones. Fine earth is a mixture of sand, silt and
clay. You must be sure to use only fine earth to perform the following field tests.

.
4. Identify the range or size of the sand, silt and clay.

cles within the size range of 0.002-0.05 mm; Clay: all particles smaller than 0.002 mm.
...
6.6 The textural triangle method to determine the basic textural classes.
clay < 0.002 mm

silt 0.002-0.05 mm

sand 0.05-2 mm

5. What is the meaning of USDA?

-The United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) is the department of the United States

government that manages various programs related to food, agriculture, natural resources, rural
development, and nutrition. The USDA tries to expand economic opportunities in rural areas,
make sure Americans are properly fed, and conserve natural resources. President Abraham
Lincoln founded the USDA in 1862, at a time when about 50% of Americans lived on farms.

6. What is AASHTO?
-AASHTO CLASSIFICATION METHOD
AASHTO American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials – classification
method was introduced for selecting soil for the construction of highways and road. In this
method the classification is done by considering the Atterberg limit and textural soil
classification. The classification is done into seven major groups as, A1, A2, A3, A4, A5, A6 and
A7. When soil granules of 35% or less than that passes the No.200 sieve, they will belongs to
any of the group from A1 to A3 and the soil granules of more than 35% passes through the  200
sieve then they will belongs to any group from A4 to A7. A reference table which includes the
ranges of all tests for easy classification is available. If one is needed to classify a soil then the
laboratory test results should be applied from left to right on the above mentioned table.

To determine the quality of the soil, a parenthesis written after the groups is used and that
parenthesis is – Group Index. Group index is given by the following equation,
B. Soil Compaction

1. What is soil Compaction?

- Soil compaction concerns have been growing in Minnesota as both annual precipitation
and farm equipment size have dramatically increased.

Wet soils are particularly susceptible to compaction. Heavy equipment and tillage
implements amplify damage to the soil's structure, decreasing pore space and limiting soil
and water volume even further.

Improving soil structure is the best defense against soil compaction. A well-structured soil
holds and conducts the water, nutrients and air necessary for healthy plant root activity.

2. What is Standard Proctor Test?

- Standard Proctor Test is used to determine the compaction of different types of soil and

the properties of soil with a change in moisture content.
3. Give reasons why soil must be compacted when placed in dense state.

- Compaction is the application of mechanical energy to a soil to rearrange the particles

and reduce the void ratio. The principal reason for compacting soil is to reduce
subsequent settlement under working loads. Compaction increases the shear strength of
the soil. through soil.

4. Identify the methods determining the field unit weight of compaction.

5. Give example computation for soil compaction.