PROJECT REPORT

On

BOX TRANSPORT MECHANISM

Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award
of the
degree of
Bachelor of Engineering
in
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

Submitted to: Submitted By:

SHUBHAM KUMAR CO16148

AJAY KASHYAP LCO16165
KSHITIJ LCO16171
PARSHANT PAL LCO16175

Department of Mechanical Engineering

Chandigarh College of Engineering and Technology (Degree Wing), Chandigarh
OCTOBER, 2019
(Affiliated to Panjab University, Chandigarh)
 DECLARATION

I hereby declare that the work, which has been presented in this project Report, in partial
fulfillment of the requirements for the awards of degree of Bachelor of Engineering in
Mechanical Engineering submitted to the Mechanical Engineering Department, CCET,
Chandigarh, under the supervision of Mr. Vinod Chauhan.

The matter in this Project Report is not submitted by me for the award of any degree elsewhere.

SHUBHAM KUMAR CO16148

AJAY KASHYAP LCO16165
KSHITIJ LCO16171
PARSHANT PAL LCO16175

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

There has been a serious demand for intermittent movement of packages in the industries right
from the start. Though the continuous movement is more or less important in the same field the
sporadic motion has become essential .The objective of the project is to produce a mechanism
that delivers this stop and move motion using mechanical linkages. The advantage of the system
over the conveyor system is that the system has a time delay between moving packages and this
delay can be used to introduce any alterations in the package or move the package for any other
purpose and likewise. While in conveyor system such actions cannot be performed unless
programmed module is used to produce intermittent stopping of the belt which basically is
costly. The prototype design requires electric motor, shafts and the frame of which the frame and
platform on which the packages are moved is fabricated. All the links are being made of
Aluminum which reduces the weight of the whole system including the head which has a direct
contact with the boxes being moved. The system is expected to move as heavy packages as 2
-3kgs approximately.

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 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Sr. No. Topic Page no.

1 Declaration (i)

2 Acknowledgement (ii)

3 Table of contents (iii)

4 Chapter -1 1-4

Introduction

5 Chapter -2

Literature Review
5-12
6 Chapter - 3

Project fabrication
13-27
7 Chapter- 4

Logic and Conclusion

28-29
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8 References

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 CHAPTER 1 : INTRODUCTION
A linkage is a mechanism formed by connecting two or more levers together. Linkages can be
designed to change the direction of a force or make two or more objects move at the same time.
Many different fasteners are used to connect linkages together yet allow them to move freely
such as pins, end-threaded bolts with nuts, and loosely fitted rivets. There are two general classes
of linkages: simple planar linkages and more complex specialized linkages; both are capable of
performing tasks such as describing straight lines or curves and executing motions at differing
speeds. The names of the linkage mechanisms given here are widely but not universally accepted
in all textbooks and references.
Linkages can be classified according to their primary functions:
Function generation: the relative motion between the links connected to the frame
Path generation: the path of a tracer point
Motion generation: the motion of the coupler link

Fig. 1.1 Box Transportation Mechanism

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1.1 Conveyor System:
A transport framework is a typical bit of mechanical taking care of gear that moves materials
starting with one area then onto the next. Transports are particularly helpful in applications
including the transportation of substantial or massive materials. Transport frameworks permit
brisk and effective transportation for a wide assortment of materials, which make them
exceptionally well known in the material taking care of and bundling businesses. Numerous sorts
of passing on frameworks are accessible, and are utilized by different needs of various ventures.

Fig.1.2 Conveyor System

1.2 Industries that use conveyor systems
Transport frameworks are utilized far reaching over a scope of enterprises because of the various
advantages they give. Transports can securely transport materials starting with one level then
onto the next, which when done by human work would be strenuous and costly. They can be
introduced anyplace, and are much more secure than utilizing a forklift or other machine to move
materials.

1.3 Care and maintenance:

A transport framework is frequently the life saver to an organization's capacity to successfully
move its item in an opportune manner. The means that an organization can take to guarantee that
it performs at pinnacle limit incorporate general examinations.

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1.4 Lack of lubrication:
Chain course require oil keeping in mind the end goal to diminish erosion. The chain pull that the
drive encounters can twofold if the heading are not greased up. This can bring about the
framework to over-burden by either its mechanical or electrical over-burden security. On
transports that experience hot stoves, lubricators can be left on always or set to turn on each few
1.5 Contamination:
Paint, powder, corrosive or antacid liquids, abrasives, glass dab, steel shot, and so on would all
be able to prompt fast disintegration of track and chain. Get some information about the main
source of bearing disappointment and they will indicate tainting. Once a remote substance lands
on the raceway of a course or on the track, setting of the surface will happen, and once the
surface is bargained, wear will quicken. Building covers around your transports can keep the
entrance of contaminants. On the other hand, pressurize the contained territory utilizing a basic
fan and pipe course of action. Sullying can likewise apply to belts and of the engines themselves
1.6 Drive Train:
Despite the above, including take-up change, different parts of the drive train ought to be kept fit
as a fiddle. Broken Orings on a Line shaft, pneumatic parts in deterioration, and engine reducers
ought to likewise be investigated. Loss of energy to even one or a couple of rollers on a transport
can mean the distinction amongst powerful and opportune conveyance, and dreary subtleties that
can ceaselessly cost downtime. Awful Belt

1.7 Tracking or Timing:

In a framework that utilizations exactly controlled belts, for example, a sorter framework, normal
examinations ought to be made that all belts are going at the correct velocities at all times. While
for the most part a PC controls this with Pulse Position Indicators, any belt not controlled must
be observed to guarantee precision and decrease the probability of issues. Timing is additionally
imperative for any hardware that is told to definitely meter out things, for example, a union
where one box pulls from all lines at one time.

1.8 Growth of conveyor systems:

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To the extent development is concerned the material taking care of and transport framework
creators are getting most extreme introduction in the enterprises like car, pharmaceutical,
bundling and diverse generation plants. The convenient transports are in like manner developing
quick in the development division and by the year 2014 the buy rate for transport frameworks in
North America, Europe and Asia is prone to become significantly further. For the most part
obtained transport supplies are Line shaft roller transport, chain transports and transport lines at
bundling manufacturing plants and modern plants where as a rule item completing and observing
are conveyed.
1.9 WORKING OF DEVELOPMENT OF BOX TRANSPORT MECHANISM :
 Transferring the boxes from one place to another for the requirement of worker within
industry.
 Heavy tools easily transport to one work station to another work station.
 Creating a balance line in the assembly line.
 A box transfer machine is to transfer boxes/cartons generally on an assembly line.
 Industries worldwide use conveyers as a mechanism to transport boxes from place to place.

CHAPTER 2 :LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 LINKAGE MECHANISM

A linkage is a mechanism formed by connecting two or more levers together. Linkages can be
designed to change the direction of a force or make two or more objects move at the same time.
Many different fasteners are used to connect linkages together yet allow them to move freely
such as pins, end-threaded bolts with nuts, and loosely fitted rivets. There are two general classes
of linkages: simple planar linkages and more complex specialized linkages; both are capable of
performing tasks such as describing straight lines or curves and executing motions at differing
speeds. The names of the linkage mechanisms given here are widely but not universally accepted
in all textbooks and references.
Linkages can be classified according to their primary functions:
• Function generation: the relative motion between the links
connected to the frame
• Path generation: the path of a tracer point

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• Motion generation: the motion of the coupler link

2.2 SIMPLE PLANAR LINKAGES

Four different simple planar linkages shown in are identified by function:
• Reverse-motion linkage, can make objects or force move in opposite directions; this can be
done by using the input link as a lever. If the fixed pivot is equidistant from the moving pivots,
output link movement will equal input link movement, but it will act in the opposite direction.
However, if the fixed pivot is not centered, output link movement will not equal input
link movement. By selecting the position of the fixed pivot, the linkage can be designed to
produce specific mechanical advantages. This linkage can also be rotated through 360°.

• Push-pull linkage, can make the objects or force move in the same direction; the output link
moves in the same direction as the input link. Technically classed as a four-bar linkage, it can be
rotated through 360° without changing its function.

• Parallel-motion linkage, can make objects or forces move in the same direction, but at a set
distance apart. The moving and fixed pivots on the opposing links in the parallelogram must be
equidistant for this linkage to work correctly. Technically classed as a four-bar linkage, this
linkage can also be rotated through 360° without changing its function. Pantographs that obtain
power for electric trains from overhead cables are based on parallel-motion linkage.

• Bell-crank linkage, can change the direction of objects or force by 90°. This linkage rang
doorbells before electric clappers were invented. More recently this mechanism has been adapted
for bicycle brakes. This was done by pinning two bell cranks bent 90° in opposite directions
together to form tongs.

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 Fig. 2.1 Simple planar linkages

2.3 CRANK-ROCKER MECHANISM FOR BOX TRANSPORT

MECHANISM
The four bar linkage is the simplest and often times, the most useful mechanism. As we
mentioned before, a mechanism composed of rigid bodies and lower pairs is called a linkage. In
planar mechanisms, there are only two kinds of lower pairs - revolute pairs and prismatic pairs.

The simplest closed-loop linkage is the four bar linkage which has four members, three moving
links, one fixed link and four pin joints. A linkage that has at least one fixed link is a mechanism.

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 Fig 2.2 Main Mechanism

2.4 FUNCTIONS OF LINKAGES

The function of a link mechanism is to produce rotating, oscillating, or reciprocating motion
from the rotation of a crank or vice versa.. Stated more specifically linkages may be used to
convert:

1. Continuous rotation into continuous rotation, with a constant or variable angular velocity
ratio.

2. Continuous rotation into oscillation or reciprocation (or the reverse), with a constant or
variable velocity ratio.

3. Oscillation into oscillation, or reciprocation into reciprocation, with a constant or variable

velocity ratio.

2.5 FOUR LINK MECHANISMS

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One of the simplest examples of a constrained linkage is the four-link mechanism. A variety of
useful mechanisms can be formed from a four-link mechanism through slight variations, such as
changing the character of the pairs, proportions of links, etc. Furthermore, many complex link
mechanisms are combinations of two or more such mechanisms. The majority of four-link
mechanisms fall into one of the following two classes:

1. The four-bar linkage mechanism, and

2. The slider-crank mechanism.

2.5.1 Definitions

In the range of planar mechanisms, the simplest group of lower pair mechanisms are four bar
linkages. A four bar linkage comprises four bar-shaped links and four turning pairs.

Fig. 2.3 Four bar linkage

The link opposite the frame is called the coupler link, and the links which are hinged to the frame
are called side links. A link which is free to rotate through 360 degree with respect to a second

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link will be said to revolve relative to the second link (not necessarily a frame). If it is possible
for all four bars to become simultaneously aligned, such a state is called a change point.

Some important concepts in link mechanisms are:

1. Crank: A side link which revolves relative to the frame is called a crank.

2. Rocker: Any link which does not revolve is called a rocker.

3. Crank-rocker mechanism: In a four bar linkage, if the shorter side link revolves and the
other one rocks (i.e., oscillates), it is called a crank-rocker mechanism.

4. Double-crank mechanism: In a four bar linkage, if both of the side links revolve, it is
called a double-crank mechanism.

5. Double-rocker mechanism: In a four bar linkage, if both of the side links rock, it is
called a double-rocker mechanism.

2.6 TRANSMISSION ANGLE

If AB is the input link, the force applied to the output link, CD, is transmitted through the
coupler link BC. (That is, pushing on the link CD imposes a force on the link AB, which is
transmitted through the link BC.) For sufficiently slow motions (negligible inertia forces), the
force in the coupler link is pure tension or compression (negligible bending action) and is
directed alongBC. For a given force in the coupler link, the torque transmitted to the output bar
(about point D) is maximum when the angle  between coupler bar BC and output bar CD is  /2.
Therefore, angle BCD is called transmission angle.

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 Fig. 2.4 Transmission angle

When the transmission angle deviates significantly from  /2, the torque on the output bar
decreases and may not be sufficient to overcome the friction in the system. For this reason,
the deviation angle  =| /2- | should not be too great. In practice, there is no definite upper limit
for  , because the existence of the inertia forces may eliminate the undesirable force
relationships that is present under static conditions.

2.7 CLASSIFICATION

Before classifying four-bar linkages, we need to introduce some basic nomenclature.

In a four-bar linkage, we refer to the line segment between hinges on a given link as

a bar where:

● s = length of shortest bar

● l = length of longest bar

● p, q = lengths of intermediate bar

Grashof's theorem states that a four-bar mechanism has at least one revolving link if

s + l <= p + q

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and all three mobile links will rock if

s+l>p+q

This inequality is Grashof's criterion.

All four-bar mechanisms fall into one of the four categories listed in Table :

Case  l + s vers. p + q Shortest Bar Type

1 < Frame Double-crank

2 < Side Rocker-crank

3 < Coupler Doubl rocker

4 = Any Change point

5 > Any Double-rocker

Table 2.1

We can see that for a mechanism to+ have a crank, the sum of the length of its shortest and
longest links must be less than or equal to the sum of the length of the other two links. However,
this condition is necessary but not sufficient. Mechanisms satisfying this condition fall into the
following three categories:

1. When the shortest link is a side link, the mechanism is a crank-rocker mechanism. The
shortest link is the crank in the mechanism.

2. When the shortest link is the frame of the mechanism, the mechanism is a double-crank
mechanism.

3. When the shortest link is the coupler link, the mechanism is a double-rocker mechanism.

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 CHAPTER 3: PROJECT FABRICATION

3.1 Drawings

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 Fig. 3.1 Rod

Fig. 3.2 Transporting Link

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Fig. 3.3 Crank

Fig. 3.4 Link

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Fig. 3.5 Coupler 1

Fig 3.6 Coupler 2

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Fig. 3.7 Assembly

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3.2 TOOLS & MACHINES

3.2.1 Plywood

Fig.3.8 Plywood

 Plywood is a material manufactured from thin layers or plies of wood veener that are glued
together with adjacent layers having their wood grain rotated up to 900 to one another.

 Plywood is used to make boxes and main mechanism of the Box Transport Mechanism.

3.2.2 Wood Cutter

Fig.3.9 Wood cutter

 Wood cutter is used to cut the long lengths of wood.

 Plywood is cut with the help of wood cutter.

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3.2.3 Hand Wood Saw

Fig. 3.10 Hand Wood Saw

 In woodworking and carpentry, hand saws are used to cut pieces of wood into different
shapes.

 Various parts of Box transporting Mechanism and tje boxes are made with the help of saw.

3.2.4 Hand File

Fig. 3.11 Hand File

 A hand file is essentially a hand saw with a very wide blade. Just like a saw it cuts material
using teeth. It is made up of hihh carbon steel with its teeth pressed, cut or raised into the
steel.

 It is used to plain the wood pieces and give them shape.

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3.2.5 Measuring Tape

Fig.3.12 Measuring Tape

 A measuring tape is a flexible ruler and use to measure distance.

 It consists of a ribbon of cloth, plastic, fibre glass or metal strip with linear measurement
markings.

3.2.6 Bench Vice

Fig.3.12 Bench Vice

 A viice is a common mechanical device that is used to hold a workpiece stationary and is
one of the most important parts in many wood working and metal working applications.

 They are used for general clamping applications during certain operations such as sawing,
drilling, sanding etc.

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3.2.7 Universal Planar

Fig.3.13 Universal Planar

 A thickness planar is a wood working machine to trim boards to a constant thickness

throughout their length and flat on both surfaces.

 A thickness planar planes one side of a board at a time, giving a board of consistent
thickness and with smooth surfaces.

 The cutter headed is guided by the opposite surface of the board.

 The L-shaped block is cut on the Universal Planar.

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3.2.8 Band Saw

Fig.3.14 Band Saw

 A Band Saw is a power with a long, sharp blade consisting of a continous band of toothed
metal stretched between two or more wheels to cut materials.

 They are used principally in woodworking, metal working and lumbering, but may cut a
variety of materials.

 Band Saws are powered by an electric motor.

 Long lenthed L shaped frame and legs of the Box Transporting machine is cut by a band
saw.

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3.2.9 Jig Saw

Fig. 3.15 Jig Saw

 A Jig Saw is a power tool made up of an electric motor and a reciprocating saw blade.

 Jig Saws with sole plates that have a bevelling function can cut angles typically upto 450
relative to the normal vertical stroke to make miter joints.

 Couplers and Transporting links are cut with the help of Jig Saw.

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3.3 PROCEDURE

 First of all we have prepared the drawing of various components of the Box
transport mechanism.
 Then we made the assembly of the various components on Solidworks.
 Then we analysed the motion of the assembly and adjusted it as per the
requirements.
 Then we made the mechanism as per the drawing.
 The drawings of couplers and transporting link are drawn on chart paper.
 The drawings are pasted on the plywood and cut in shape by the jig saw machine.
 The L-shaped frame is cut on the Universal Planar and Band saw Machine.
 After cutting the long lenths of L-shaped frame they are cut in required sizes.
 Small drill holes are made on the couplers, transporting links and other links and the
mechanism is tested with the help of iron nails.
 The mains legs of the frame are cut in required dimensions.
 The legs and the guide ways are assembled with the help of fevicol and iron nails.
 The main mechanism is assembled with the help of nuts, bolts and washer.
 The main mechanism is attached to the frame with the help of nails and fevicol.
 Sawing and Filing is done to made the taper shaped corner on guide ways.
 Guide ways are made in slant for safe landing of the boxes.
 The boxes of same sizes are cut from the plywood..
 Now all of the things for the machine are prepared.
 On this step we took the electric motor and fix that on the bed of the machine on the
given place.
 After fixing the motor we fixed the crank with it from one side and other side was
attached to the machine.
 Our box transporting machine is ready now.
 We give the current to the electric motor and put the boxes on the top of the
machine for testing it.
 It was working well and boxes are moving to the next level.

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3.4 PROJECT WORK

Fig. 3.16 Mechanism Prototype

Fig.3.17 Assembling Guide ways and Legs

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Fig. 3.18 Assembling frame and legs

Fig. 3.19 Filing for tapered shape

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Fig. 3.20 Frame with legs

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CHAPTER 4 LOGIC AND CONCLUSION

4.1 LOGIC
The Box transporting machine is a new skill that we have learned to make a Box transporting

machine. At the same time, we learn to use a right tools and materials when doing work at Box

transporting machine. Box transporting machine is also giving us more skills and preparation

when we work outside later. When we see a result from the work that we have done together, we

are very grateful when we have finish our work in a sharp time that have given by our lecturer.

The talent that our lecturer have give to us is bring us to a new experience about Box

transporting machine. These practical also give us advantage when we work together with our

team and we also can learn many information through share knowledge together.

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4.2 CONCLUSION

At these practical, we learn about how to prepare the Box transporting machine. Other than that

we also have been teach by our lecturer how to use the lathe machine. Besides that, our teacher

always remains us to stay alert in safety while doing a work before and after finish the practice.

Conclusion is, we want to thanks to lecturer and my friend during learning of Box transporting

machine. However, these practical we will never ever forget because these talents are bring us to

learn new things in our studying at this college.

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REFERENCES:
1) Theory of machines, by V.P. Singh
2) Youtube
3) Wikipedia
4) Scholar articles
5) www.seminarprojects.com
6) www.projectseminars.org

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