Pertemuan V

Pertahanan Tubuh Nonspesifik

Alami ~ [Innate Immunity]
SITOKIN
1. Defenisi, sifat, aksi & fungsi Sitokin
2. Sel penghasil Sitokin
3. Peran & Fungsi Sitokin dalam imunitas [Spesifik &
Nonspesifik]
Wahyu Hendrarti
Defenisi & Sifat Umum Sitokin
CYTOKINES: SOLUBLE MEDIATORS OF
THE IMMUNE SYSTEM

 produced by many different

cell types,
 mediate, regulate all aspects of
innate and adaptive immunity
 Fungsi Sitokin
 Fungsi: Mediator untuk komunikasi
dan kontak antar sel-sel imun
[limfosit, monosit, sel radang, sel
endotel] untuk memberikan Respon
Imun
 Contoh:
IL 1 – 17, IFN α – , TNF, TGF, CSF
 Kategori Sitokin berdasarkan Fungsinya
1. Mediator imunitas humoral, yang berfungsi sebagai
pelindung terhadap infeksi Virus (interferon),
memicu Respon Imun nonspesifik terhadap radang
[IL -1, TNF α, IL – 8], dll.
2. Berhubungan dengan regulasi pertumbuhan,
aktivasi dan diferensiasi limfosit. Contoh: IL -2, IL -4,
TGF – B
3. Mengaktifkan sel radang contoh: IFN-, TNF–α, IL-5
4. Merangsang hemopoisis contoh: CSF, GM-CSF, IL -3,
IL -7
 Aksi
Sitokin
 autocrine action:
if cytokines act on the same cell that secretes the
cytokine
 paracrine action:
if act on a nearby cell
 endocrine action:
if produced in large amounts and enter the circulation
and act at a distance from the site of production.
 Example TNF that has important local and distant
(systemic) effects.
 Sel Penghasil Sitokin
1. Monosit, Makrofag ~
Monokin
2. Granulosit
[Neutrofil, Basofil,
Eosinofil, Sel Mast]
3. Limfosit [Sel TH, Sel
Tc] ~ Limfokin
4. Jaringan [tissue]
Sel Penghasil Sitokin
Klasifikasi SITOKIN
 Sitokin
Sifat-Sifat

Properties of cytokines
 CYTOKINES, SOLUBLE MEDIATORS OF THE IMMUNE SYSTEM

Sifat-Sifat
Sitokin

1. Pleiotropism effects : if one cytokine can act on diverse

cell types and have multiple biologic effects
2. Redundant effects : multiple cytokines have the same
action
1
Pleiotropism
effects
Redundant effects
2
 CYTOKINES, SOLUBLE MEDIATORS OF THE IMMUNE SYSTEM

Sifat-Sifat
Sitokin

 One cytokine can stimulate or inhibit the production of

others, and
 cytokines may antagonize one another or produce
additive or synergistic effects.
Peranan Sitokin
dalam
1.Non Spesifik (Innate)
2.Spesifik (Adaptive)
3.Haemopoiesis
 Innate immunity
Principal components:
1. physical and chemical barriers: epithelia and
antimicrobial chemicals produced at epithelial surfaces
2. phagocytic cells (neutrophils, macrophages), dendritic
cells, and natural killer (NK) cells
3. blood proteins: complement system and mediators of
inflammation
4. Proteins: cytokine that regulate and coordinate many of
the activities of the cells of innate immunity.
Salah satu fungsi: Macrophages [memproduksi Sitokin]

 ingest and kill microbes by ROS, NO and by proteolytic

digestion.
 ingest dead host cells as part of the cleaning up process
 secrete proteins (cytokines)
 serve as APCs that display antigens to and activate T
lymphocytes.
 promote repair of damaged tissues by stimulating new
blood vessel growth (angiogenesis) and synthesis of
collagen-rich extracellular matrix (fibrosis).
TNF dihasilkan oleh sel
Mast/Basofil dan bekerja
di innate immunity
 Sitokin A B C
di innate
immunity

A.Jenis Sitokin
B.Sel Penghasil
C. Sel target
Peranan Sitokin
dalam
1.Non Spesifik (Innate)
2.Spesifik (Adaptive)
3.Haemopoiesis
Peranan Sitokin dalam proses penyajian antigen
oleh APC [Makrofag] ke Sel TH

1 2

3
1
Aktivasi Sel T

Peranan Sitokin pada aktivasi Sel TH dan Sel TC → Phases of the cellular immune response
1
Aktivasi Sel T
Sel T Helper melepaskan sitokin ~ aktivasi Sel B

2 Aktivasi Sel B
 2 Aktivasi Sel B
Antigen
Recognation B Lymphocyte Activation
2 Aktivasi Sel B
IL-4
Sitokin sebagai “senjata” Sel T
 Sel TH1→ sitokin IFN-γ
Aktivasi Makrofag → TNF-α
Sitokin Efektor
Daftar molekul
[sitokin] yang
dihasilkan
CTL, TH1,TH2
berperan
sebagai
molekul
efektor
Peranan Sitokin
dalam
1.Non Spesifik (Innate)
2.Spesifik (Adaptive)
3.Haemopoiesis
 Colony Stimulating Factor [CSF] membantu
maturasi Eosinophils
• blood granulocytes
• express cytoplasmic granules containing
enzymes that are harmful to the cell walls of
parasites but can also damage host tissues.
• bone marrow derived
• GM-CSF, IL-3, and IL-5 promote eosinophil maturation from myeloid
precursors.
• Some are normally present in peripheral tissues, especially in mucosal
linings of the respiratory, gastrointestinal, and genitourinary tracts
• Numbers can increase by recruitment from the blood in the setting of
inflammation.
AKSI SITOKIN → PENYAKIT
Pertemuan XI
IMUNOLOGI TUMOR & KANKER
Aksi sitokin pada
Anti-Tumor
 Aksi sitokin pada
Antigen Tumor

 Sel Tumor dapat

menekan imun
(supresi sel T)
dengan
menghasilkan
sitokin tertentu
 3 2

5
4
6 1

7
8

Lisis Tumor
AKSI SITOKIN → PENYAKIT
Pertemuan XIII
IMUNOLOGI AUTOIMUN
HIPERSENSITIVITAS
Peranan Sitokin pada Reaksi Hipersensitivitas
 Aksi
sitokin
pada
Asma&
Alergi
[IL-4,
5, 9,
13]
 Pengembangan Imunoterapi ~ Sitokin
Some cytokines have been developed into protein
therapeutics using recombinant DNA technology.
Recombinant cytokines being used as drugs as of 2014
include:
Bone morphogenetic protein (BMP), used to treat
bone-related conditions
Erythropoietin (EPO), used to treat anemia
Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF), used to
treat neutropenia in cancer patients
cont… Pengembangan Imunoterapi ~ Sitokin
Interferon alfa, used to treat hepatitis C and
multiple scelerosis
Interferon beta, used to treat multiple
scelerosis
Interleukin 2 (IL-2), used to treat cancer.
Interleukin 11 (IL-11), used to treat
thrombocytopenia in cancer patients.
Interferon gamma is used to treat chronic
granulomatous disease and osteopetrosis
 Daftar Pustaka
1. Cytokine" in John Lackie. A Dictionary of Biomedicine.
Oxford University Press. 2010. ISBN 9780199549351
2. Horst Ibelgaufts. Cytokines in Cytokines & Cells Online
Pathfinder Encyclopedia Version 31.4 (Spring/Summer
2013 Edition)
3. Cannon JG (December 2000). "Inflammatory Cytokines in
Nonpathological States". News Physiol. Sci. 15: 298–303.
PMID 11390930
Selalulah ciptakan suasana bahagia…………