HOMEWORK 1: NOTES/TABLES/FLOW

CHART/SUMMARY COMPLETION
Exercise 1:

Air Rage
The first recorded case of an airline passenger turning seriously violent during a flight,
a phenomenon now widely known as "air rage", happened in 1947 on a flight from
Havana to Miami. A drunk man assaulted another passenger and bit a flight attendant.
However, the man escaped punishment because it was not then clear under whose legal
control a crime committed on a place was, the country where the plane was registered
or the country where the crime was committed. In 1963, at a Tokyo convention, it was
decided that the laws of the country where the plane is registered take precedence.

The frequency of air rage has expanded out of proportion to the growth of air travel. Until
recently few statistics were gathered about air rage, but those that have been indicate that
passengers are increasingly likely to cause trouble or engage in violent acts. For example,
in 1983 there were 226 air rage incidents out of approximately four million passengers, a
400% increase from 1995. In the same period American Airlines showed a 200% rise. Air
travel is predicted to rise by 5% internationally by 2010 leading
to increased airport congestion. This, coupled with the flying public's increased
aggression, means that air rage may become a major issue in coming years.
Aside from discomfort and disruption, air rage poses some very real dangers to flying.
The most extreme of these is when out of control passengers enter the cockpit. This has
actually happened on a number of occasions, the worst of which have resulted in the
death and injury of pilots or the intruder taking control of the plane, almost resulting in
crashes. In addition, berserk passengers sometimes attempt to open the emergency
doors while in flight, putting the whole aircraft in danger. These are extreme examples
and cases of air rage more commonly result in physical assaults on fellow passengers
and crew such as throwing objects, punching, stabbing, or scalding with hot coffee.

Questions 1-6
Complete the summary using the list of words, A-L, below

The first time that an (1) ......................... of air rage was recorded was in the 1940s, but
the passenger was never actually charged for an offence because there were no clear rules
in place to specify where to prosecute. It was later (2) ......................... that it would
be the country where the plane is registered. Air rage has (3) .........................
significantly since this time, growing by a staggering 400% from 1995 to 1998. Air rage is
(4) ......................... to be a major problem in the future as air travel increases, as do levels
of aggression. Angry (5) ......................... can put everyone in danger including
the pilots, the crew and the other passengers, with some form of (6) .........................
being the most common consequence.

Exercise 2
The History of Thai Food
Thai food is internationally famous. Whether chili hot or comparatively bland,
harmony and contrast are the guiding principles behind each dish. Thai cuisine is
essentially a marriage of centuries-old Easter and Western influences harmoniously
combined into something uniquely Thai. Characteristics of Thai food depend on who
cooks it and where it is cooked. Dishes can be refined and adjusted to suit all tastes.
Originally, Thai cooking reflected the characteristics of a waterborne lifestyle. Aquatic
animals, plants, and herbs were major ingredients. With their Buddhist background,
Thais shunned the use of large pieces of meat. Big cuts were shredded and blended
with herbs and spices. Traditional Thai cooking methods were stewing and baking, or
grilling but Chinese influences saw the introduction of frying, stir-frying and deep-
frying. Chilies and other ingredients were introduced to Thai cooking by Portuguese
missionaries who had acquired a taste of South American culinary while working there
during the late 1600s. Culinary from the 17th century onwards included Portuguese,
Dutch, French and Japanese techniques. Thais were very adept at adapting foreign
cooking cooking methods and substituting ingredients. Coconut milk was substituted
for other dairy products.
Overpowering pure spices were toned down and enhanced by fresh herbs such as
lemon grass and galangal. Eventually, fewer and less spices were used in Thai curries,
while the use of fresh herbs increased. It is generally acknowledged that Thai curries
burn intensely, but briefly, whereas other curries, with strong spices, burn for longer
periods. Instead of serving dishes in courses, a Thai meal is served all at once,
permitting diners to enjoy complementary combinations of different tastes.
Questions 1 - 10
Complete the summary below.
Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer.
Although the main tenets of every meal are 1 .................... and 2 .................... , the final
taste is determined by who cooks it. At first, the ingredients used in Thai cooking were the result of a 3 ....................... way of life. Cooking techniques became more varied thanks to the 4 ..................... .
Thai ingredients started to become more eclectic with the introduction of products from South America such as 5 .................... . Further change began in the 17th century through the influence of people
from various countries such

as the 6 .................... and 7 ......................and the substitution of 8 ...........................

with 9 ......................... . One main difference between Thai curries and those from
other countries is that the latter burn for 10 .......................... .
Exercise 3
Soft Centres - Hard Profits
Are you being seduced by the sweet industry?
If chocolate were found to be seriously addictive, then the UK would need major
therapy to kick the habit. The British lead the world in their love of the cocoa-based
treat. As a product, chocolate has a a lot going for it, appealing to all ages, both sexes
and all income brackets. In 1997, the value of the total IK confectionary market
increased by 3% to a staggering £5.2 billion, with chocolate sales accounting for 70%,
at £3.6 billion, and sugar confectionary the remaining £1.6 billion.
The UK market has shown consistent growth - increasing over the last decade by
around 16%. "Chocolate confectionary is a market that seems to be remarkably
resistant," says Pamela Langworthy, marketing director for Thorntons, the luxury
chocolate producer and retailer. It also increasingly transcends national boundaries. In
1997, Swiss Nestle, the largest confectioner, exported over a quarter of its production
to more than 100 countries. Nestle has recorded particularly fast growth in
confectionary sales in Asia, with its expansion of KitKat into several countries in the
region. Eastern Europe provides another promising market. But few markets challenge
the UK in terms of current confectionary consumption. In the US, the land associated
with excess, each American devours a mere 10kg of confectionary per person a year,
whereas UK consumers each manage 16kg. In Europe, where the chocolate market is
estimated to be worth £12 billion ($18.5 billion), the UK accounts for almost a third of
that total, followed some way behind by Germany, France and Italy.
Around 60% of all confectionary is bought on impulse, which makes its availability a
key determinant of sales. Impulse buying also makes the development of a strong
brand image vital, and large, long-established brands control the market. Building up
these brands costs serious money. Media expenditure on confectionary exceeds that for
any other impulse market. The Cadbury & Trebor Bassett 1997 Confectionary Review
reveals that in 1996, media expenditure on chocolate reached £94m, compared with
£69m spent on soft drinks, £31m on the lottery and £23m on crisps and snacks.
Innovation is also essential for ongoing success, despite the chocolate market being
dominated by 'consistent performers'. In 1996 the chocolate company Mars launched
'Flyte', claiming the be the first mainstream brand to address the demand for lower fat
products. At 98 calories a bar, Flyte is designed to appeal to weight-conscious women.
Another 1997 Mars launch, 'Celebrations', is claimed by the company's annual review
to be showing signs of 'revolutionising the boxed chocolates market by attracting new,
younger customers'. 'Traditionally, the boxed chocolates market hasn't changed very
much. People who buy the products tend to be older and female. With Celebrations, we
are finding that younger people and men are buying because the chocolate doesn't
come in the traditional-shaped box - they look different. Products such as Flyte and
Celebrations are attempts to introduce a different product category and increase sales
for retailers, rather than just shifting market share,' a Mars spokesman says.

One feature of the chocolate industry in recent years has been the emergence of special
editions. The concept was a marketing triumph. Producers believe that special editions
offer the consumer a new and exciting variation of a product, while suggesting the
same consistent quality they associate with familiar brands. Since special editions are
only available for a few weeks while stocks last, they also have a unique quality about
them. Far from denting sales of the straight version, limited editions appear to simply
boost overall sales.
Questions 1 - 5
Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS AND/OR A NUMBER from the
passage for each answer
Chocolate - the figures
The chocolate market in the UK in 1997 was worth 1 £..................., having shown a
steady increase during the preceding 10 year period. Overall the manufacturer Swiss
Nestle supplies chocolate to over 2 ..................... and the company has seen rapid sales
increases in the markets in 3 .................. . Nevertheless, the UK market remains the
biggest - surprisingly, British people eat more than 4 .................... consumers. Within
the European market, their consumption amounts to nearly 5 ....................... of the total
revenue.
Questions 6 - 12
Complete the summary using the list of words, A - P, below.
A purchasing B low fat C selection D media
E impulse F similarly G eating H outdated
I novelty J unsuccessful K well-known L international
M new N children's O lasting P temporary
The Chocolate Market
The chocolate market is dominated by 6 ............. brands. For this reason, confectioners
spend large sums of money on 7 ..................... advertisements. In fact, in 1996, the
amount spent totaled £94m.
However, it is also important for companies to allocate resources to
8 ....................
developing ideas. Examples of these are the 'Flyte' bar and
'Celebrations'. Chocolate producers try to increase sales by changing their
.......................
customers' 9 habits. For example, Mars's new line of products appeals to
younger customers because its packaging does not look 10 ..................... .
A 11 ....................... increase in sales can be achieved by introducing 'special editions'
on to the market. These are successful because they have 12 ........................ value.