Q 2 (a) why do we need video controller in computer graphics also define Architecture

of Raster Scan Display.

Soln: In addition to the Central processing unit (CPU), a special processor, called the Video
Controller is used to control the operation of the display device. A fixed area of the system
memory is reserved for the frame buffer, and the video controller is given direct access to the
frame buffer memory.

Raster Scan Displays are most common type of graphics monitor which employs CRT. It is
based on television technology. In raster scan system electron beam sweeps across the screen,
from top to bottom covering one row at a time.A pattern of illuminated pattern of spots is
created by turning beam intensity on and off as it moves across each row. A memory area
called refresh buffer or frame buffer stores picture definition. This memory area holds
intensity values for all screen points. Stored intensity values are restored from frame buffer
and painted on screen taking one row at a time.Each screen point is referred to as pixels.
In raster scan systems refreshing is done at done at a rate of 60-80 frames per second. Refresh
rates are also sometimes described in units of cycles per second / Hertz (Hz). At the end of
each scan line, electron beam begins to display next scan line after returning to left side of
screen. The return to the left of screen after refresh of each scan line is known as horizontal
retrace of electron beam. At the end of each frame electron beam returns to top left corner
and begins the next frame.

Raster-Scan Display Processor:

An important function of display process is to digitize a picture definition given in an
application program into a set of pixel-intensity values for storage in refresh buffer. This
process is referred to as scan conversion. The purpose of display processors is to relieve the
CPU from graphics jobs.
Display processors can perform various other tasks like: creating different line styles,
displaying color areas, etc. Typically display processors are utilized to interface input
devices, such as mouse, joysticks.
Q2 Translate a square ABCD with the coordinates A(0,0), B(5,0), C(5,5) and D(0,5) by 2
Units in x direction and 3 Units in y direction. Then scale it by 2 Units in x direction and
y direction.
Q2 (C) Write Rotation Matrices about X axis , Y axis and z Axis and prove the
relationship between Rθ, R-θ, Rθ-1 .

3D rotation is not same as 2D rotation. In 3D rotation, we have to specify the angle of

rotation along with the axis of rotation. We can perform 3D rotation about X, Y, and Z
axes. They are represented in the matrix form as below –
Q 2 (d) Discuss RGB and CMY Colour Model in Detail.

RGB Colour model

The RGB color model is one of the most widely used color representation method in
computer graphics. It use a color coordinate system with three primary colors:
R(red), G(green), B(blue)
Each primary color can take an intensity value ranging from 0(lowest) to 1(highest). Mixing
these three primary colors at different intensity levels produces a variety of colors. The
collection of all the colors obtained by such a linear combination of red, green and blue forms
the cube shaped RGB color space.
The corner of RGB color cube that is at the origin of the coordinate system corresponds to
black, whereas the corner of the cube that is diagonally opposite to the origin represents
white. The diagonal line connecting black and white corresponds to all the gray colors
between black and white, which is also known as gray axis.
In the RGB color model, an arbitrary color within the cubic color space can be specified by
its color coordinates: (r, g.b).
Example:
(0, 0, 0) for black, (1, 1, 1) for white,
(1, 1, 0) for yellow, (0.7, 0.7, 0.7) for gray
Color specification using the RGB model is an additive process. We begin with black and
add on the appropriate primary components to yield a desired color. The concept RGB color
model is used in Display monitor.

CMY color model.

On the other hand, there is a complementary color model known as CMY color model. The
CMY color model use a subtraction process and this concept is used in the printer.
In CMY model, we begin with white and take away the appropriate primary components to
yield a desired color.
Example:
If we subtract red from white, what remains consists of green and blue which is cyan. The
coordinate system of CMY model use the three primaries’ complementary colors:
C(cray), M(magenta) and Y(yellow)

The corner of the CMY color cube that is at (0, 0, 0) corresponds to white, whereas the corner
of the cube that is at (1, 1, 1) represents black. The following formulas summarize the
conversion between the two color models:
Q2 (e) Explain the True Curve Generation Algorithm. Also List the Problems in this
algorithm.