Steel ii

Bracing

Eng / ahmed faisal fahmy

 Example

• Design the members of the horizontal and vertical bracing systm.

• Knowing that the degree of inclination is 8 𝑑𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑒𝑒

• The location at Cairo

 The acting loads due to wind :-

x
1.5
𝑋
sin 8 =
ℎ1 + ℎ2 10.5 + (10.5 + 1.25) 9
𝐻𝑎𝑉𝐺 = = = 11.125 ≤ 20 ∴ 𝑘 = 1.1 9m
2 2
∴ 𝑋 = 1.25 𝑚

Take :- c = .8 && q = 70 𝑘𝑔ൗ𝑚2

𝐶 ∗𝐾 ∗𝑞 𝐻𝑎𝑉𝐺 .8 ∗ 1.1 ∗ 70 11.125

𝑊𝑤𝑖𝑛𝑑 = ∗ = ∗ = .343 𝑡/𝑚′
1000 2 1000 2
 Design of horizontal bracing :-
❑ Straining actions :-
𝑊𝑤𝑖𝑛𝑑 ∗ 𝐿 .343 ∗ 18
𝑅= = = 3.087 𝑡
2 2

❑ Maximum force in members

𝑅 3.087
𝐹= ∓ =∓ = ∓ 1.93 𝑡
2 ∗ sin 𝜃 2 ∗sin 53.13

6 4
❑ Design of members as compression members :- tan 𝜃 = =
4.5 3
using double angle ( we can use one angle also ) ∴ θ = 53.13

get L = 4.52 + 62 = 7.5 𝑚

𝐿𝑖𝑛 = .5 𝐿 = 3.75 𝑚 & 𝐿𝑜𝑢𝑡 = .75 𝐿 = 5.625 𝑚

❑Choice of section :-
From stresses From buckling

Assume 𝑓𝑐 = .75 𝑡Τ𝑐𝑚2 assume 𝜆𝑖𝑛 = 𝜆𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 100

𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 1.93 𝑙𝑖𝑛 3.75 ∗100

𝐴𝑜𝑛𝑒 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 = = = 1.28 𝑐𝑚2 𝜆𝑖𝑛 = = get 𝑎2 = 12.5
𝑟𝑥 ≅ .3 𝑎2 .3 ∗ 𝑎2
2 𝑓𝑐 2 ∗ .75
𝑙𝑜𝑢𝑡 5.625 ∗100
Choose 30x30x5 𝜆𝑜𝑢𝑡 = = get 𝑎3 = 12.5
𝑟𝑦 ≅ .45 𝑎2 .45 ∗ 𝑎3

𝑎1 + max (𝑎2 & 𝑎3 ) 3 + 12.5

𝑎𝑎𝑣𝑔 = = = 7.75 𝑐𝑚
2 2
∴ choose double angle 80x80x8 • From table :-
❑ Checks :-
2
• 𝑟𝑥∟ = 𝑟𝑦∟ = 2.42 cm
𝑟𝑥∟ = 𝑟𝑦∟ = 2.42 𝑐𝑚 = 𝑟𝑥2∟ && 𝑟𝑦2∟ = 𝑟𝑦∟ + ( .5 + 𝑒 )2
• e = 2.26 cm
𝑟𝑦2∟ = 2.422 + ( .5 + 2.26 )2 = 3.67 𝑐𝑚
• A = 12.3
3.75 ∗100 5.625 ∗ 100
𝜆𝑖𝑛 = = 154.95 < 200 && 𝜆𝑜𝑢𝑡 = = 153.27 < 200
2.42 3.67
 7500
∴ 𝜆𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 154.95 > 100 𝑓𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑙 =
𝜆𝑚𝑎𝑥 2 = .312 𝑡Τ𝑐𝑚2

Note that :- if 𝜆𝑚𝑎𝑥 < 100 𝑓𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑙 = 1.4 − 6.5 ∗ 10−5 𝜆𝑚𝑎𝑥 2

1.93
𝑓𝑐𝑎𝑐𝑡 = = .07 < 𝑓𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑙 …..ok
2 ∗12.3

❑ Check as tension member :-

• Deflection :-

𝐿𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑚𝑒𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝐿Τ 3.25∗100

2
= = = 40.6 < 60 … . 𝑜𝑘
𝑑𝑒𝑜𝑡ℎ 𝑎 8

• Stresses :-

A𝑛𝑒𝑡 = 𝑛 ∗ 𝐴𝑔∟ − ∅ + .2 𝑡 = 2 ∗ 12.3 − 1.6 + .2 ∗ .8 = 21,72 𝑐𝑚2

1.93
𝑓𝑐𝑎𝑐𝑡= = .088 < .58 𝑓𝑦 … … 𝑜𝑘
21.72
 Design of vertical bracing :-
1.5
𝜃1 = tan−1 = 26.56 && cos 26.56 = .9
3
3
𝜃2 = tan−1 = 45 && cos 45 = .707
3

6
𝜃3 = tan−1 = 45 && cos 45 = .707
6

❑ Straining actions :-

𝑅 = 3.087 𝑡 𝑤𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑎𝑠 𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 ℎ𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑧𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑏𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑛𝑔

σ 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑𝑠 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑒𝑙𝑠 10.5+10.5

𝐹𝑏 = = =3𝑡
7 7

❑ Design of Member 1 :- ( as compression member )

𝐹𝑏 +𝑅 3+3.087
get L = 62 + 62 = 8.5 𝑚 & 𝐹 = ± ± = − 4.3 𝑡
2 cos 𝜃 2 cos 45

𝐿𝑖𝑛 = .5 𝐿 = 4.75 𝑚 & 𝐿𝑜𝑢𝑡 = .75 𝐿 = 6.37 𝑚 & 𝜃3 = 45

❑Choice of section :- ( double angle )
From stresses From buckling

Assume 𝑓𝑐 = .75 𝑡Τ𝑐𝑚2 assume 𝜆𝑖𝑛 = 𝜆𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 100

𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 4.3 𝑙𝑖𝑛 4.25 ∗100

𝐴𝑜𝑛𝑒 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 = = = 2.86 𝑐𝑚2 𝜆𝑖𝑛 = = get 𝑎2 = 14.16
𝑟𝑥 ≅ .3 𝑎2 .3 ∗ 𝑎2
2 𝑓𝑐 2 ∗ .75
𝑙𝑜𝑢𝑡 6.37 ∗100
Choose 40x40x5 𝜆𝑜𝑢𝑡 = = get 𝑎3 = 9.44
𝑟𝑦 ≅ .45 𝑎2 .45 ∗ 𝑎3

𝑎1 + max (𝑎2 & 𝑎3 ) 4 + 14.16

𝑎𝑎𝑣𝑔 = = = 9.08 𝑐𝑚
2 2
∴ choose double angle 90x90x9 • From table :-
❑ Checks :-
2
• 𝑟𝑥∟ = 𝑟𝑦∟ = 2.74 cm
𝑟𝑥∟ = 𝑟𝑦∟ = 2.74 𝑐𝑚 = 𝑟𝑥2∟ && 𝑟𝑦2∟ = 𝑟𝑦∟ + ( .5 + 𝑒 )2
• e = 2.54 cm
𝑟𝑦2∟ = 2.742 + ( .5 + 2.54 )2 = 4.09 𝑐𝑚
• A = 15.5
4.25 ∗100 6.37 ∗ 100
𝜆𝑖𝑛 = = 155.1 < 200 && 𝜆𝑜𝑢𝑡 = = 155.8 < 200
2.74 4.09
 7500
∴ 𝜆𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 155.8 > 100 𝑓𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑙 = 2 = .3 𝑡Τ𝑐𝑚2
𝜆𝑚𝑎𝑥

Note that :- if 𝜆𝑚𝑎𝑥 < 100 𝑓𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑙 = 1.4 − 6.5 ∗ 10−5 𝜆𝑚𝑎𝑥 2

4.3
𝑓𝑐𝑎𝑐𝑡 = = .138 < 𝑓𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑙 …..ok
2 ∗15.5

❑ Check as tension member :-

• Deflection :-

𝐿Τ
𝐿𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 2 4.25 ∗100
= = = 47.22 < 60 … . 𝑜𝑘
𝑑𝑒𝑜𝑡ℎ 𝑎 9

• Stresses :-

A𝑛𝑒𝑡 = 𝑛 ∗ 𝐴𝑔∟ − ∅ + .2 𝑡 = 2 ∗ 15.5 − 1.6 + .2 ∗ .9 = 27.76 𝑐𝑚2

4.3
𝑓𝑐𝑎𝑐𝑡= = .155 < .58 𝑓𝑦 … … 𝑜𝑘
27.76
Design of Member 2 :- ( as compression member )
𝐹𝑏 𝑅 3+3.087
get L = 3𝑚 & 𝐹 = ± + = = −3.04 𝑡
2 2 2
𝐿𝑖𝑛 = 𝐿 = 3𝑚 && 𝐿𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 1.2 𝐿 = 3.6 𝑚
From stresses From buckling
Using double angle
assume 𝜆𝑖𝑛 = 𝜆𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 100

Assume 𝑓𝑐 = .75 𝑡Τ𝑐𝑚2 𝑙𝑖𝑛 3 ∗100

𝜆𝑖𝑛 = = get 𝑎2 = 10
𝑟𝑥 ≅ .3 𝑎2 .3 ∗ 𝑎2
𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 3.04
𝐴𝑜𝑛𝑒 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 = = = 2.02 𝑐𝑚2 𝑙𝑜𝑢𝑡 3.6 ∗100
2 𝑓𝑐 2 ∗ .75 𝜆𝑜𝑢𝑡 = = get 𝑎3 = 8
𝑟𝑦 ≅ .45 𝑎2 .45 ∗ 𝑎3
Choose 30x30x4
𝑎1 + max (𝑎2 & 𝑎3 ) 3 + 10
𝑎𝑎𝑣𝑔 = = = 6.5 𝑐𝑚
2 2
∴ choose double angle 65x65x7 • From table :-
❑ Checks :-
𝑟𝑥∟ = 𝑟𝑦∟ = 1.95 𝑐𝑚 = 𝑟𝑥2∟ && 𝑟𝑦2∟ = 𝑟𝑦∟ 2 + ( .5 + 𝑒 )2 = 1.952 + ( .5 + 1.69 )2 = 2.93 𝑐𝑚 • 𝑟𝑥 = 1.95

4.3 ∗100 3.6 ∗ 100 • e = 1.69

𝜆𝑖𝑛 = = 153.8 < 200 && 𝜆𝑜𝑢𝑡 =
2.93
= 122.8 < 200
1.95
𝜆𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 153.8 > 100 ∴ 𝑓𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑙 =
7500
= .3 𝑡Τ𝑐𝑚2 && 𝑓𝑐𝑎𝑐𝑡 =
3.04
= .17 < 𝑓𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑙 …..ok • A = 8.7
2
𝜆𝑚𝑎𝑥 2 ∗8.7
 ❑ Check as tension member :-

• Deflection :-
𝐿𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝐿 3∗100
= = = 46.15 < 60 … . 𝑜𝑘
𝑑𝑒𝑜𝑡ℎ 𝑎 6.5

• Stresses :- A𝑛𝑒𝑡 = 𝑛 ∗ 𝐴𝑔∟ − ∅ + .2 𝑡 = 2 ∗ 8.7 − 1.6 + .2 ∗ .7 = 14.8 𝑐𝑚2

3.04
𝑓𝑐𝑎𝑐𝑡= = .2 < .58 𝑓𝑦 … … 𝑜𝑘
14.4

Design
DesignofofMember
Member33 :-:- ( (as
ascompression
compressionmember
member) )
𝑅 3.087
get L = 4.24 𝑚 & 𝐹 = ± =± = ±2.18 𝑡 & 𝐿𝑖𝑛 = 𝐿 = 4.24 && 𝐿𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 1.2 𝐿 = 5.08 𝑚
2 cos 𝜃 2 cos 45

From stress From buckling Double angle

assume 𝜆𝑖𝑛 = 𝜆𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 100
Assume 𝑓𝑐 = .75 𝑡Τ𝑐𝑚2
𝑙𝑖𝑛 4.24 ∗100
𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 2.18 𝜆𝑖𝑛 = = get 𝑎2 = 14.13
𝐴𝑜𝑛𝑒 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 = = = 1.45 𝑐𝑚2 𝑟𝑥 ≅ .3 𝑎2 .3 ∗ 𝑎2
2 𝑓𝑐 2 ∗ .75
𝑙𝑜𝑢𝑡 5.08 ∗100
Choose 30x30x3 𝜆𝑜𝑢𝑡 = = get 𝑎3 = 9.44
𝑟𝑦 ≅ .45 𝑎2 .45 ∗ 𝑎3
𝑎1 + max (𝑎2 & 𝑎3 ) 3 + 14.13
𝑎𝑎𝑣𝑔 = = = 8.56 𝑐𝑚 𝑐ℎ𝑜𝑜𝑠𝑒 80𝑥80𝑥8
2 2
❑ Checks :-
𝑟𝑥∟ = 𝑟𝑦∟ = 2.42 𝑐𝑚 = 𝑟𝑥2∟ && 𝑟𝑦2∟ = 𝑟𝑦∟ 2 + ( .5 + 𝑒 )2 = 𝑟𝑦2∟ = 2.422 + ( .5 + 2.26 )2 = 3.67 𝑐𝑚

4.24 ∗100 5.08 ∗ 100

𝜆𝑖𝑛 = = 175.2 < 200 && 𝜆𝑜𝑢𝑡 = = 138.4 < 200
2.42 3.67

7500 From table :-

∴ 𝜆𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 175.2 > 100 𝑓𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑙 = 2 = .244 𝑡Τ𝑐𝑚2
𝜆𝑚𝑎𝑥
2.18
𝑓𝑐𝑎𝑐𝑡 = = .08 < 𝑓𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑙 …..ok • e = 2.26
2 ∗12.3
❑ Check as tension member :- • A= 12.3

𝐿𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝐿 4.24 ∗100

• Deflection :- = = = 53 < 60 … . 𝑜𝑘
𝑑𝑒𝑜𝑡ℎ 𝑎 8

• Stresses :-

A𝑛𝑒𝑡 = 𝑛 ∗ 𝐴𝑔∟ − ∅ + .2 𝑡 = 2 ∗ 12.3 − 1.6 + .2 ∗ .8 = 21,72 𝑐𝑚2

2.18
𝑓𝑐𝑎𝑐𝑡= = .1 < .58 𝑓𝑦 … … 𝑜𝑘
21.72
Design of Member 4 :- ( as compression member )
𝑅 3.087
get L = 3𝑚 & 𝐹 = ± = = −1.54 𝑡
2 2
𝐿𝑖𝑛 = 𝐿 = 3𝑚 && 𝐿𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 1.2 𝐿 = 3.6 𝑚

From stresses From buckling

Using double angle
assume 𝜆𝑖𝑛 = 𝜆𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 100

Assume 𝑓𝑐 = .75 𝑡Τ𝑐𝑚2 𝑙𝑖𝑛 3 ∗100

𝜆𝑖𝑛 = = get 𝑎2 = 10
𝑟𝑥 ≅ .3 𝑎2 .3 ∗ 𝑎2
𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 1.54
𝐴𝑜𝑛𝑒 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 = = = 1.02 𝑐𝑚2 𝑙𝑜𝑢𝑡 3.6 ∗100
2 𝑓𝑐 2 ∗ .75 𝜆𝑜𝑢𝑡 = = get 𝑎3 = 8
𝑟𝑦 ≅ .45 𝑎2 .45 ∗ 𝑎3
Choose 30x30x3
𝑎1 + max (𝑎2 & 𝑎3 ) 3 + 10
𝑎𝑎𝑣𝑔 = = = 6.5 𝑐𝑚
2 2
∴ choose double angle 65x65x7 • From table :-
❑ Checks :-
𝑟𝑥∟ = 𝑟𝑦∟ = 1.95 𝑐𝑚 = 𝑟𝑥2∟ && 𝑟𝑦2∟ = 𝑟𝑦∟ 2 + ( .5 + 𝑒 )2 = 1.952 + ( .5 + 1.69 )2 = 2.93 𝑐𝑚 • 𝑟𝑥 = 1.95

3 ∗100 6.37 ∗ 100 • e = 1.69

𝜆𝑖𝑛 = = 153.8 < 200 && 𝜆𝑜𝑢𝑡 = = 155.8 < 200
1.95 4.09
𝜆𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 153.8 > 100 ∴ 𝑓𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑙 =
7500
= .3 𝑡Τ𝑐𝑚2 && 𝑓𝑐𝑎𝑐𝑡 =
3.04
= .17 < 𝑓𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑙 …..ok • A = 8.7
2
𝜆𝑚𝑎𝑥 2 ∗8.7
 ❑ Check as tension member :-

• Deflection :-
𝐿𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝐿 3∗100
= = = 46.15 < 60 … . 𝑜𝑘
𝑑𝑒𝑜𝑡ℎ 𝑎 6.5

• Stresses :- A𝑛𝑒𝑡 = 𝑛 ∗ 𝐴𝑔∟ − ∅ + .2 𝑡 = 2 ∗ 8.7 − 1.6 + .2 ∗ .7 = 14.8 𝑐𝑚2

1.54
𝑓𝑐𝑎𝑐𝑡= = .1 < .58 𝑓𝑦 … … 𝑜𝑘
14.4

Design of Member 5 :- ( as compression member )

𝑅 3.087
get L = 3.35 𝑚 & 𝐹 = ± =± = ±1.72 𝑡 & 𝐿𝑖𝑛 = 𝐿 = 3.35 && 𝐿𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 1.2 𝐿 = 4.02 𝑚
2 cos 𝜃 2 cos 26.56

From stress From buckling Double angle

assume 𝜆𝑖𝑛 = 𝜆𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 100
Assume 𝑓𝑐 = .75 𝑡Τ𝑐𝑚2
𝑙𝑖𝑛 3.35 ∗100
𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 1.72 𝜆𝑖𝑛 = = get 𝑎2 = 11.16
𝐴𝑜𝑛𝑒 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 = = = 1.14 𝑐𝑚2 𝑟𝑥 ≅ .3 𝑎2 .3 ∗ 𝑎2
2 𝑓𝑐 2 ∗ .75
𝑙𝑜𝑢𝑡 4.02 ∗100
Choose 30x30x3 𝜆𝑜𝑢𝑡 = = get 𝑎3 = 8.9
𝑟𝑦 ≅ .45 𝑎2 .45 ∗ 𝑎3
𝑎1 + max (𝑎2 & 𝑎3 ) 3 + 11.11
𝑎𝑎𝑣𝑔 = = = 7.05 𝑐𝑚 𝑐ℎ𝑜𝑜𝑠𝑒 70𝑥70𝑥7
2 2
❑ Checks :-
𝑟𝑥∟ = 𝑟𝑦∟ = 2.12 𝑐𝑚 = 𝑟𝑥2∟ && 𝑟𝑦2∟ = 𝑟𝑦∟ 2 + ( .5 + 𝑒 )2 = 𝑟𝑦2∟ = 2.122 + ( .5 + 1.97 )2 = 3.25 𝑐𝑚

3.35 ∗100 4.02 ∗ 100

𝜆𝑖𝑛 = = 158.01 < 200 && 𝜆𝑜𝑢𝑡 = = 123.69 < 200
2.12 3.25

7500 From table :-

∴ 𝜆𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 158.01 > 100 𝑓𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑙 = 2 = .3 𝑡Τ𝑐𝑚2
𝜆𝑚𝑎𝑥
1.72
𝑓𝑐𝑎𝑐𝑡 = = .09 < 𝑓𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑙 …..ok • e = 1.97
2 ∗9.4
❑ Check as tension member :- • A= 9.40
• 𝑟𝑥∟ = 2.12
𝐿𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝐿 3.25 ∗100
• Deflection :- = = = 46.43 < 60 … . 𝑜𝑘
𝑑𝑒𝑜𝑡ℎ 𝑎 7

• Stresses :-

A𝑛𝑒𝑡 = 𝑛 ∗ 𝐴𝑔∟ − ∅ + .2 𝑡 = 2 ∗ 9.4 − 1.6 + .2 ∗ .7 = 16.28 𝑐𝑚2

1.72
𝑓𝑐𝑎𝑐𝑡= = .1 < .58 𝑓𝑦 … … 𝑜𝑘
16.28
Design of Member 6 :- ( as compression member )
𝑅 3.087
get L = 6𝑚 & 𝐹 = ± = = −1.54𝑡
2 2

𝐿𝑖𝑛 = 𝐿𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 𝐿 = 6 𝑚

From stresses From buckling

Using star shape
Assume 𝑓𝑐 = .75 𝑡Τ𝑐𝑚2 assume 𝜆 = 100

𝑙𝑖𝑛 6 ∗100
𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 1.54 𝜆 = = get 𝑎2 = 15.8
𝐴𝑜𝑛𝑒 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 = = = 1.02 𝑐𝑚2 𝑟𝑢 ≅ .38 𝑎2 .3 ∗ 𝑎2
2 𝑓𝑐 2 ∗ .75

Choose 30x30x3
𝑎1 + 𝑎2 3 + 15.8
𝑎𝑎𝑣𝑔 = = = 9.4 𝑐𝑚
2 2 • From table :-
∴ choose double angle 100x100x10
• 𝑟𝑢 = 3.82 cm
❑ Checks :- 7500
𝑓𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑙 = 2 = .3 𝑡Τ𝑐𝑚2
𝜆𝑚𝑎𝑥
• A = 19.2
𝐿 6 ∗ 100 1.54
𝜆𝑢 = = = 157 < 200 𝑓𝑐𝑎𝑐𝑡 = = .04 < 𝑓𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑙 …..ok
𝑟𝑢 3.82 2 ∗19.2
❑ Check as tension member :-

𝐿𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝐿 6 ∗100
• Deflection :- = = = 28.6 < 60 … . 𝑜𝑘
𝑑𝑒𝑜𝑡ℎ 2𝑎+𝑡 2∗10+1

• Stresses :-

A𝑛𝑒𝑡 = 𝑛 ∗ 𝐴𝑔∟ − ∅ + .2 𝑡 = 2 ∗ 19.2 − 1.6 + .2 ∗ 1 = 34.4 𝑐𝑚2

1.54
𝑓𝑐𝑎𝑐𝑡= = .04 < .58 𝑓𝑦 … … 𝑜𝑘
34.4

Good luck

Eng / Ahmed Faisal Fahmy