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EFFICACY OF ULTRAVIOLET IRRADIATION IN

CONTROLLING THE SPREAD OF TUBERCULOSIS





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Acknowledgements
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Table of Contents
Acknowledgements L
Table of ContentsLL
List of Figures LLL
List of TablesLY
Executive Summary Y
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1. Introduction 
2. Materials and Methods 
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3. Results  
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4. Discussion and Conclusions  
5. References 
6. Appendix I $
7. Appendix II$
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List of Figures
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List of Tables
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7DEOH([SHULPHQWDO6FHQDULRVIRU:HOO0L[HG&RQGLWLRQV 
7DEOH([SHULPHQWDO6FHQDULRVIRU9DU\LQJ5+&RQGLWLRQV  
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7DEOH([SHULPHQWDO6FHQDULRVIRU,QFRPSOHWH0L[LQJ&RQGLWLRQV  
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7DEOH5HVXOWVIRU3KRWRUHDFWLYDWLQJ&RQGLWLRQVDQG5HODWLYH+XPLGLW\  

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Executive Summary

Background
$LUERUQHWUDQVPLVVLRQRI0\FREDFWHULXPWXEHUFXORVLVDQGRWKHULQIHFWLRXVDJHQWVZLWKLQ
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Objectives
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PRGHUQ89*,V\VWHPZDVLQYHVWLJDWHGLQUHDOLVWLFSK\VLFDOVFHQDULRVXQGHUFDUHIXOO\
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LVRODWLRQURRPZLWKDPRGHUQ89*,V\VWHP
 &KDUDFWHUL]HWKHLUUDGLDQFHSURYLGHGWRWKHWHVWURRPE\WKH89*,V\VWHP
 (VWLPDWHWKHHIIHFWLYHQHVVRI89*,IRUWKUHHPLFURRUJDQLVPV Mycobacterium
parafortuitumBacillus subtilisVSRUHVDQGMycobacterium bovis%&* IRUWZRURRP
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Table 1 6XPPDU\RI.H\3DUDPHWHUVDQG0HWKRGVIRUWKLV6WXG\
Parameters Studied Methods Used

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Methods
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LQIHFWLRXVVRXUFHDQGLQWRWKHH[KDXVW

7ZRH[SHULPHQWDOSURWRFROVZHUHXVHGFRQVWDQWJHQHUDWLRQDQGGHFD\8VLQJWKHFRQVWDQW
JHQHUDWLRQSURWRFROBacillus subtilis VSRUHV Mycobacterium parafortuitum, DQG
Mycobacterium bovis %&*FHOOVZHUHDHURVROL]HGFRQWLQXRXVO\LQWRWKHURRPVXFKWKDWWKHLU
QXPEHUVDQGSK\VLRORJLFVWDWHZHUHFRPSDUDEOHERWKZLWKDQGZLWKRXWWKH89*,DQG
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PLFURVFRS\DQGVWDQGDUGFXOWXULQJDVVD\V

8VLQJWKHGHFD\SURWRFROMycobacterium parafortuitumFHOOVZHUHDHURVROL]HGRQO\XQWLOWKH
FRQFHQWUDWLRQLQWKHURRPUHDFKHGDGHWHFWDEOHOHYHODQGWKHQVWRSSHGDQGWKHFRQFHQWUDWLRQ
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Results
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UHYHDOHGDYHUDJHLUUDGLDQFHOHYHOVRIDQGȝ:FPIRUODPSSRZHUOHYHOVRI
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Conclusions
7KLVVWXG\TXDQWLILHVWKHLPSDFWRIHQYLURQPHQWDOIDFWRUVRQWKHUHVSRQVHRIDLUERUQHEDFWHULD
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ZHUHXVHGIRUWKHVHWHVWVHDFKLQWKHEUHDWKLQJ]RQH

7DEOHGHWDLOVWKHIRXUH[SHULPHQWDOVFHQDULRVWKDWZHUHFRQGXFWHGZLWKM. parafortuitum HDFK
VFHQDULRFRQVLVWHGRIDWHVWZLWKWKH89ODPSVRQDQGDWHVWZLWKWKHODPSVRII :HUHSHDWHG
HDFKRIWKHVHVFHQDULRVWRHVWLPDWHYDULDELOLW\WKHIROORZLQJQXPEHURIWLPHVWKUHHIRU5+
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Table 2([SHULPHQWDO6FHQDULRVIRU:HOO0L[HG&RQGLWLRQV
Ventilation Lamp Power
Test Organism Configuration Methodology (W)
B. subtilisVSRUHV $&+ &RQVWDQWJHQHUDWLRQ 
B. subtilisVSRUHV $&+ &RQVWDQWJHQHUDWLRQ 
B. subtilisVSRUHV $&+ &RQVWDQWJHQHUDWLRQ 
B. subtilisVSRUHV $&+ &RQVWDQWJHQHUDWLRQ 
M. parafortuitum $&+ &RQVWDQWJHQHUDWLRQ 
M. parafortuitum $&+ &RQVWDQWJHQHUDWLRQ 
M. parafortuitum $&+ &RQVWDQWJHQHUDWLRQ 
M. parafortuitum $&+ &RQVWDQWJHQHUDWLRQ 
M. bovis %&* $&+ &RQVWDQWJHQHUDWLRQ 
M. bovis %&* $&+ &RQVWDQWJHQHUDWLRQ 
M. parafortuitum $&+ 'HFD\ 
M. parafortuitum $&+ 'HFD\ 
M. parafortuitum $&+ 'HFD\ 
M. parafortuitum $&+ 'HFD\ 
M. parafortuitum $&+ 'HFD\ 
M. parafortuitum $&+ 'HFD\ 
M. parafortuitum $&+ 'HFD\ 
M. parafortuitum $&+ 'HFD\ 
M. parafortuitum $&+ 'HFD\ 
M. parafortuitum $&+ 'HFD\ 
M. parafortuitum $&+ 'HFD\ 
 
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)RUWKHGHFD\PHWKRGH[SHULPHQWVZHUHSHUIRUPHGXQGHUQRYHQWLODWLRQFRQGLWLRQV%HFDXVH
WKHUHZDVQRYHQWLODWLRQWKHPHFKDQLFDOYHQWLODWLRQ¶VGU\VWHDPLQMHFWRUFRXOGQRWEHXVHG)RXU
SRUWDEOHKXPLGLILHUVZHUHSODFHGLQWKHURRPWRFRQWUROKXPLGLW\WZRRQWKHQRUWKDQGWZRRQ
WKHVRXWKVLGHRIWKHFKDPEHU 'XUDFUDIW'+6RXWKERURXJK0$ 8VLQJWKHKXPLGLILHUVWKH
PD[LPXPKXPLGLW\LQWKHURRPZDV5+ZLWKRXWDQ\QRWDEOHFRQGHQVDWLRQRQURRP
VXUIDFHV7KHGHFD\H[SHULPHQWVZHUHFRQGXFWHGDWWKUHH5+OHYHOVZLWKM. parafortuitum
7DEOH 5+5+DQG5+(DFKH[SHULPHQWDOVFHQDULRZDVFRQGXFWHGWZR
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Table 3.([SHULPHQWDO6FHQDULRVIRU9DU\LQJ5+&RQGLWLRQV
Ventilation Relative humidity Methodology Lamp Power (W)
Configuration (%)
$&+  &RQVWDQWJHQHUDWLRQ 
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2.9.3 UV Irradiance Experiments

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ZHFRQGXFWHGWZRVHWVRIH[SHULPHQWV7KHILUVWVHWRIH[SHULPHQWVZDVGHVLJQHGWRGHWHUPLQH
WKHHIIHFWLYHQHVVRI89*,ZKHQWKH89LUUDGLDQFHLVXQHYHQO\GLVWULEXWHGDQGWKHVHFRQGVHWRI
H[SHULPHQWVZDVWRGHWHUPLQHWKHHIIHFWLYHQHVVRI89*,ZKHQWKH89LUUDGLDQFHOHYHOLVYHU\
KLJK7KHGHFD\SURWRFROZDVXVHGLQDOOH[SHULPHQWVZLWKPL[LQJIDQVRQDQG$&+
YHQWLODWLRQ7KH89LUUDGLDQFHZDVPHDVXUHGIRUHDFK89*,FRQILJXUDWLRQ$OOWHVWVZHUH
FRQGXFWHGZLWKM.parafortuitum.

7RVLPXODWHDVFHQDULRLQZKLFKWKH89LUUDGLDQFHLVXQHYHQO\GLVWULEXWHGVSDWLDOO\ZLWKLQWKH
URRPDQDGGLWLRQDOZDOOIL[WXUH ODPSV:WRWDO ZDVLQVWDOOHGRQWKHZHVWZDOOQH[WWRWKH
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FRUQHUIL[WXUHVRQWKHZHVWZDOO )LJXUH 7KLVFUHDWHGD89LUUDGLDWHG]RQHWKDWZDVKLJKHVW
QHDUHVWRQHVLGHRIWKHURRP ZHVW DQGGHFUHDVHGDFURVVWKHURRP HDVW 7KHWRWDOZDWWDJHRI
WKHRSHUDWHG89ODPSVZDV:7ULSOLFDWHH[SHULPHQWVZHUHFRQGXFWHG 7DEOH 

7RGHWHUPLQHWKH89*,SHUIRUPDQFHXQGHUYHU\KLJK89LUUDGLDQFHOHYHOVDOOIL[WXUHVLQVWDOOHG
LQWKHURRPZHUHRSHUDWHGZKLFKLQFOXGHGWKHIRXUZDOODQGIRXUFRUQHUIL[WXUHVDVZHOODVWKH
FHQWHUIL[WXUH7RWDOZDWWDJHRIWKHRSHUDWHG89ODPSVZDV:7KHGHFD\SURWRFROZDV
XVHGIRUWKHH[SHULPHQWVFRQGXFWHGLQWULSOLFDWHH[FHSWWKDWWKHELRDHURVROZDVVDPSOHGHYHU\
PLQXWHVLQVWHDGRIPLQXWHVEHFDXVHWKHFXOWXUDEOHEDFWHULDFRQFHQWUDWLRQVZHUHDVVXPHGWR
GHFD\WZLFHDVIDVW7KHVDPSOLQJWLPHIRULPSLQJHUVZDVFKDQJHGWRPLQXWHFRUUHVSRQGLQJO\





Table 4([SHULPHQWDO6FHQDULRVIRU(OHYDWHG89,UUDGLDQFHDQG8QHYHQO\'LVWULEXWHG
,UUDGLDQFH
Fixture Configuration Lamp Power (W)
IL[WXUHVZHVWZDOORQO\ 
IL[WXUHVZHVWZDOORQO\ 
$OOIL[WXUHV 
$OOIL[WXUHV 
  
)RXUZDOOIRXUFRUQHUDQGRQHFHQWHUIL[WXUH

2.9.4 Photoreactivation Experiments

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HIILFDF\DWDQG5+:HWULHGLQLWLDOO\WRFRQGXFWWKHORZHU5+H[SHULPHQWVDW
5+ZKLFKLVWKHOHYHODWZKLFKPRVWRWKHUH[SHULPHQWVKDGEHHQFRQGXFWHGEXWWKHODERUDWRU\
GU\VWHDPLQMHFWLRQKXPLGLILFDWLRQV\VWHPZDVQRWZRUNLQJDQGZHFRXOGRQO\DFKLHYH5+
XVLQJWKHSRUWDEOHKXPLGLILHUV5+KDVEHHQVKRZQWRSURGXFHWKHPRVWSKRWRUHDFWLYDWLRQ
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IDQVRQ DQGM. parafortuitumZDVXVHGIRUDOOWHVWVFRQGXFWHGWZLFHIRUERWK5+DQG
5+0HFKDQLFDOYHQWLODWLRQZDVSURYLGHGDW$&+IRUDOOWHVWV)LYHVDPSOLQJORFDWLRQV
ZHUHXVHGIRUWKHVHWHVWVHDFKLQWKHEUHDWKLQJ]RQH

7RGHWHUPLQHWKHHIIHFWVRISKRWRUHDFWLYDWLRQIRUHDFK5+WKUHHWHVWVZHUHFRQGXFWHG 7DEOH 
 89*,RIIDQGIXOOVSHFWUXPIOXRUHVFHQWOLJKWVRII  89*,RQDQGIOXRUHVFHQWRIIDQG  
89*,RQDQGIOXRUHVFHQWRQ7KHGDWDDQDO\VLVFRPSDULQJWKHILUVWWZRWHVWVSURYLGHGWKH89*,
HIIHFWLYHQHVVXQGHUDGDUNHQYLURQPHQW7KHGDWDDQDO\VLVFRPSDULQJWKHVHFRQGWRWKHWKLUGWHVW
SURYLGHGWKH89*,HIILFDF\XQGHUSKRWRUHDFWLYDWLRQFRQGLWLRQV

Table 5([SHULPHQWDO6FHQDULRVIRU3KRWRUHDFWLYDWLRQ
Fixture Lamp Power (W)
Relative Humidity (%) Configuration
 89RIIIOXRUHVFHQWRII 
 89RQIOXRUHVFHQWRII 
 89RQIOXRUHVFHQWRQ  89  YLVLEOH 
 89RIIIOXRUHVFHQWRII 
 89RQIOXRUHVFHQWRII 
 89RQIOXRUHVFHQWRQ  89  YLVLEOH 

2.9.5 Incomplete Mixing Experiments

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UHVXOWLQJLQDQXSSHU]RQHWHPSHUDWXUHRI“R&DQGDORZHU]RQHWHPSHUDWXUHRI“R&
7KHUHODWLYHKXPLGLW\IRUDOOH[SHULPHQWVZDV“)RUPRVWH[SHULPHQWVILYHVDPSOLQJ
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Table 6([SHULPHQWDO6FHQDULRVIRU,QFRPSOHWH0L[LQJ&RQGLWLRQV
Ventilation Mixing Room/Supply Air Lamp Power
Configuration Configuration Temperature (oC) (W)
$&+ 0L[LQJ)DQV2II 1$ 
$&+ 0L[LQJ)DQV2II 1$ 
$&+ 0L[LQJ)DQV2II  
$&+ 0L[LQJ)DQV2II  

2.10 Statistical Analysis and Error Propagation

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ILUVWPDGHDERXWWKHGDWDZKLFKLVDVWDWHPHQWDERXWRQHRUPRUHSDUDPHWHUVZHDUHFRQVLGHULQJ
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3. Results

3.1 UV Irradiance Levels

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IRXUFRUQHU89IL[WXUHVDQGWKHRQHFHQWHUIL[WXUHZHUHWXUQHGRQ IL[WXUHV:WRWDOODPS
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PLQLPXPZDVȝ:FP)RUWKHPLQH[SRVXUHWHVWWKHVSDWLDODYHUDJHYDOXHZDV“
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Table 7.$YHUDJHr6'89,UUDGLDQFH0HDVXUHGLQWKHXSSHU=RQHRIWKH5RRPE\
$FWLQRPHWU\IRU7HVWVZLWK'LIIHUHQW/DPS3RZHU
Fixture Lamp Power (W)
UV Irradiance (µW cm-2) Configuration
r FRUQHUZLWKODPSRSHUDWLQJLQHDFK 
r FRUQHUZLWKODPSRSHUDWLQJLQHDFK 
FHQWHUZLWKODPSVRSHUDWLQJ
r FRUQHUZLWKODPSVRSHUDWLQJLQHDFK 
FRUQHUZLWKODPSRSHUDWLQJFHQWHUZLWK
ODPSVRSHUDWLQJ
r FRUQHUFHQWHU 

r FRUQHUDQGZDOODORQJZHVWZDOO  
r FRUQHUZDOOFHQWHU 

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89IL[WXUHVDQGWKHRQHFHQWHUIL[WXUHZHUHRSHUDWLQJ7KHUHVXOWVRIWKHUDGLRPHWHU
PHDVXUHPHQWVDJUHHGZLWKWKRVHXVLQJDFWLQRPHWU\ LQGHSHQGHQWWWHVWĮ  7KHVSDWLDO
DYHUDJHYDOXHLQWKHXSSHU]RQHZDV“ȝ:FP7KHPD[LPXPYDOXHZDVȝ:FP
DQGWKHPLQLPXPZDVȝ:FP7KH89LUUDGLDQFHDWWKHKHLJKWRIPZDVWZRRUGHUVRI
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89*,ODPSVRSHUDWLQJZDVPHDVXUHGDQGLVVXPPDUL]HGLQ7DEOH

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3.3 Effectiveness of UVGI
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Table 10'HWDLOHG5HVXOWVRI+\SRWKHVLV7HVWVIRU(IIHFWLYHQHVVDW9DU\LQJ5HODWLYH
+XPLGLW\1
RH 1 and RH 2 to Average Average T test statistic P value (one tail)
be tested for Effectiveness (%) Effectiveness (%)
difference for RH 1 for RH 2
YV    
YV    0.019
YV    
YV    0.054
YV    
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3.7 UVGI Inactivation Rate (ACHUV) for Various RH Conditions
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3.8 UVGI Inactivation Rate (ACHUV) for Unevenly Distributed Irradiance


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3.9 UVGI Inactivation Rate (ACHUV) for Elevated levels of UV Irradiance


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4. Discussion and Conclusions


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5. References

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6. Appendix I

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7. Appendix II

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