Logs & Sequences

logs & Sequences
1. [7 marks]
Solve .
1
2
Markscheme
Note: The first three A marks are awarded for correct application of log properties, including with
incorrect expressions, and in any order.
correct application of change of base (accept any base) (A1)
eg , , ,
correct numerical value (A1)
eg ,
correct application of (A1)
eg
correct equation without logs A1
eg , ,
correct working A1
eg
A2 N2
[7 marks]
2a. [3 marks]
The first terms of an infinite geometric sequence, , are 2, 6, 18, 54, …
The first terms of a second infinite geometric sequence, , are 2, −6, 18, −54, …
The terms of a third sequence, , are defined as .
Write down the first three non-zero terms of .
3
Markscheme
attempt to add corresponding terms (M1)
eg
correct value for (A1)
eg 324
4, 36, 324 (accept 4 + 36 + 324) A1 N3
[3 marks]
2b. [2 marks]
The finite series, , can also be written in the form .
Find the value of .
4
Markscheme
valid approach (M1)
eg ,
(accept ; may be incorrect) A1 N2
[2 marks]
2c. [2 marks]
Find the value of .
Markscheme
recognition that 225 terms of consists of 113 non-zero terms (M1)
5
eg , , 113
(accept ; may be incorrect) A1 N2
[2 marks]
3a. [4 marks]
In an arithmetic sequence, , and .
Find the value of .
Markscheme
6
attempt to find (M1)
eg 1.4 − 1.3 , ,
(may be seen in expression for ) (A1)
correct equation (A1)
eg ,
A1 N3
[4 marks]
3b. [2 marks]
Find the exact value of .
Markscheme
correct substitution (A1)
eg , ,
A1 N2
[2 marks]
3c. [5 marks]
Consider the terms, , of this sequence such that ≤ .
Let be the sum of the terms for which is not a multiple of 3.
7
Show that .
8
9
Markscheme
recognizing need to find the sequence of multiples of 3 (seen anywhere) (M1)
eg first term is (= 1.5) (accept notation ),
(= 0.3) , 100 terms (accept ), last term is 31.2
(accept notation ) , (accept )
correct working for sum of sequence where n is a multiple of 3 A2
, , 1635
valid approach (seen anywhere) (M1)
10
eg , , (their sum for )
correct working (seen anywhere) A1
eg , 4875 − 1635
AG N0
[5 marks]
3d. [5 marks]
An infinite geometric series is given as , .
Find the largest value of such that .
11
12
Markscheme
eg dividing consecutive terms
correct value of (seen anywhere, including in formula)
eg , 0.707106… ,
correct working (accept equation) (A1)
13
eg
correct working A1
METHOD 1 (analytical)
eg , , 948.974
METHOD 2 (using table, must find both values)
eg when , AND when ,
A1 N2
[5 marks]
4a. [2 marks]
In an arithmetic sequence, u1 = −5 and d = 3.
Find u8.
Markscheme
correct working (A1)
eg −5 + (8 − 1)(3)
14
u8 = 16 A1 N2
[2 marks]
4b. [2 marks]
Find u8.
Markscheme
eg −5 + (8 − 1)(3)
u8 = 16 A1 N2
[2 marks]
4c. [4 marks]
Find the value of n for which un = 67.
15
Markscheme
correct substitution into un formula (A1)
eg −5 + 3(n − 1), 3n − 8
eg −5 + 3(n − 1) = 67, 3n − 8 = 67, 3(n − 1) = 72
eg 3n = 75, n − 1 = 24
n = 25 A1 N3
[4 marks]
5a. [2 marks]
16
Let b = log2 a , where a > 0 . Write down each of the following expressions in terms of b.
log2 a3
Markscheme
correct approach (A1)
eg 3log2 a
log2 a3 = 3b A1 N2
[2 marks]
5b. [2 marks]
log2 8a
Markscheme
17
eg log2 8 + log2 a, log2 8 = 3
log2 8a = 3 + b A1 N2
[2 marks]
5c. [2 marks]
log8 a
Markscheme
eg , log2 a, b log8 2
log8 a = A1 N2
[2 marks]
6. [6 marks]
The sum of an infinite geometric sequence is 33.25. The second term of the sequence is 7.98. Find the
possible values of .
18
Markscheme
correct substitution into formula for infinite geometric series (A1)
19
eg
correct substitution into formula for (seen anywhere) (A1)
eg
attempt to express in terms of (or vice-versa) (M1)
eg , , ,
eg , , (0.4, 19.95), (0.6, 13.3),
, A1A1 N3
[6 marks]
7a. [2 marks]
An arithmetic sequence has and , where and .
Show that .
Markscheme
valid approach involving addition or subtraction M1
eg
20
correct application of log law A1
eg
AG N0
[2 marks]
7b. [6 marks]
Let and . Find the value of .
21
22
Markscheme
METHOD 1 (finding and d)
recognizing (seen anywhere) (A1)
attempt to find or d using (M1)
eg , , correct value of or d
= 2, d = 3 (seen anywhere) (A1)(A1)
eg
23
= 610 A1 N2
METHOD 2 (expressing S in terms of c)
correct expression for S in terms of c (A1)
eg
(seen anywhere) (A1)(A1)
eg
= 610 A1 N2
METHOD 3 (expressing S in terms of c)
correct expression for S in terms of c (A1)
eg
correct application of log law (A1)

eg
correct application of definition of log (A1)
eg
eg
24
= 610 A1 N2
[6 marks]
8a. [3 marks]
The following table shows values of ln x and ln y.
The relationship between ln x and ln y can be modelled by the regression equation ln y = a ln x + b.
Find the value of a and of b.
Markscheme
valid approach (M1)
eg one correct value
−0.453620, 6.14210
25
a = −0.454, b = 6.14 A1A1 N3
[3 marks]
8b. [3 marks]
Use the regression equation to estimate the value of y when x = 3.57.
Markscheme
eg −0.454 ln 3.57 + 6.14
eg ln y = 5.56484
261.083 (260.409 from 3 sf)
y = 261, (y = 260 from 3sf) A1 N3
Note: If no working shown, award N1 for 5.56484.

If no working shown, award N2 for ln y = 5.56484.
[3 marks]
8c. [7 marks]
26
The relationship between x and y can be modelled using the formula y = kxn, where k ≠ 0 , n ≠ 0 , n ≠ 1.
By expressing ln y in terms of ln x, find the value of n and of k.
27
28
Markscheme
METHOD 1
valid approach for expressing ln y in terms of ln x (M1)
eg
correct application of addition rule for logs (A1)
eg
correct application of exponent rule for logs A1
eg
comparing one term with regression equation (check FT) (M1)
29
eg
correct working for k (A1)
eg
465.030
(464 from 3sf) A1A1 N2N2
METHOD 2
valid approach (M1)
eg
correct use of exponent laws for (A1)
eg
correct application of exponent rule for (A1)
eg
correct equation in y A1
eg
comparing one term with equation of model (check FT) (M1)
eg
465.030
METHOD 3
valid approach for expressing ln y in terms of ln x (seen anywhere) (M1)
eg
30
correct application of exponent rule for logs (seen anywhere) (A1)
eg
correct working for b (seen anywhere) (A1)
eg
correct application of addition rule for logs A1
eg
comparing one term with equation of model (check FT) (M1)
eg
465.030
[7 marks]
9a. [2 marks]
The first term of an infinite geometric sequence is 4. The sum of the infinite sequence is 200.
Find the common ratio.
Markscheme
correct substitution into infinite sum (A1)
eg
31
r = 0.98 (exact) A1 N2
[2 marks]
9b. [2 marks]
Find the sum of the first 8 terms.
Markscheme
29.8473
29.8 A1 N2
[2 marks]
9c. [3 marks]
Find the least value of n for which Sn > 163.
32
Markscheme
attempt to set up inequality (accept equation) (M1)
eg
correct inequality for n (accept equation) or crossover values (A1)

eg n > 83.5234, n = 83.5234, S83 = 162.606 and S84 = 163.354
n = 84 A1 N1
[3 marks]
10a. [5 marks]
The following diagram shows [AB], with length 2 cm. The line is divided into an infinite number of line
segments. The diagram shows the first three segments.
The length of the line segments are , where .
Show that .
33
Markscheme
infinite sum of segments is 2 (seen anywhere) (A1)
eg
recognizing GP (M1)
eg ratio is
correct substitution into formula (may be seen in equation) A1
eg
eg
correct working leading to answer A1
34
eg
AG N0
[5 marks]
10b. [9 marks]
The following diagram shows [CD], with length , where . Squares with side lengths
, where , are drawn along [CD]. This process is carried on

indefinitely. The diagram shows the first three squares.
The total sum of the areas of all the squares is . Find the value of .
35
Markscheme
recognizing infinite geometric series with squares (M1)
eg
correct substitution into (must substitute into formula) (A2)
eg
eg
36
(seen anywhere) A1
valid approach with segments and CD (may be seen earlier) (M1)
eg
correct expression for in terms of (may be seen earlier) (A1)
eg
substituting their value of into their formula for (M1)
eg
A1 N3
[9 marks]
11a. [2 marks]
In an arithmetic sequence, the first term is 8 and the second term is 5.
Find the common difference.
Markscheme
subtracting terms (M1)
eg
A1 N2
[2 marks]
11b. [2 marks]
37
Find the tenth term.
Markscheme
correct substitution into formula (A1)
eg
A1 N2
[2 marks]
11c. [2 marks]
Find the sum of the first ten terms.
Markscheme
correct substitution into formula for sum (A1)
eg
A1 N2
[2 marks]
12a. [3 marks]
The first three terms of a geometric sequence are , , , for .
Find the common ratio.
38
Markscheme
correct use A1
eg
valid approach to find (M1)
eg
A1 N2
[3 marks]
12b. [5 marks]
Solve .
39
Markscheme
recognizing a sum (finite or infinite) (M1)
eg
valid approach (seen anywhere) (M1)
eg recognizing GP is the same as part (a), using their value from part (a),
correct substitution into infinite sum (only if is a constant and less than 1) A1
eg
eg
A1 N3
40
[5 marks]
13a. [2 marks]
In an arithmetic sequence, the first term is 3 and the second term is 7.
Markscheme
attempt to subtract terms (M1)
eg
A1 N2
[2 marks]
13b. [2 marks]
Find the tenth term.
41
Markscheme
eg
A1 N2
[2 marks]
13c. [2 marks]
Find the sum of the first ten terms of the sequence.
Markscheme
correct substitution into sum (A1)
eg
A1 N2
[2 marks]
14. [6 marks]
Consider a geometric sequence where the first term is 768 and the second term is 576.
Find the least value of such that the th term of the sequence is less than 7.
42
Markscheme
43
eg
correct expression for (A1)
eg
EITHER (solving inequality)
valid approach (accept equation) (M1)
eg
valid approach to find M1
eg , sketch
correct value
eg (A1)
(must be an integer) A1 N2
OR (table of values)
valid approach (M1)
eg , one correct crossover value
both crossover values, and A2
OR (sketch of functions)
valid approach M1
eg sketch of appropriate functions
valid approach (M1)
eg finding intersections or roots (depending on function sketched)
correct value
eg (A1)
44
[6 marks]
15a. [2 marks]
The first two terms of an infinite geometric sequence, in order, are
, where .
Find .
Markscheme
evidence of dividing terms (in any order) (M1)
eg
A1 N2
[2 marks]
15b. [2 marks]
Show that the sum of the infinite sequence is .
45
Markscheme
eg
correct working A1
eg
AG N0
[2 marks]
15c. [4 marks]
The first three terms of an arithmetic sequence, in order, are
, where .
Find , giving your answer as an integer.
46
Markscheme
evidence of subtracting two terms (in any order) (M1)
eg
correct application of the properties of logs (A1)
eg
eg
A1 N3
[4 marks]
15d. [2 marks]
Let be the sum of the first 12 terms of the arithmetic sequence.
Show that .
47
Markscheme
correct substitution into the formula for the sum of an arithmetic sequence (A1)
eg
correct working A1
eg
AG N0
[2 marks]
15e. [3 marks]
Given that is equal to half the sum of the infinite geometric sequence, find , giving your answer in
the form , where .
48
Markscheme
eg
eg
(accept ) A1 N2
[3 marks]
16a. [3 marks]
Consider the following sequence of figures.
Figure 1 contains 5 line segments.
Given that Figure contains 801 line segments, show that .
49
Markscheme
recognizing that it is an arithmetic sequence (M1)
eg
correct equation A1
eg
correct working (do not accept substituting ) A1
eg
AG N0
[3 marks]
16b. [3 marks]
Find the total number of line segments in the first 200 figures.
50
Markscheme
recognition of sum (M1)
eg
correct working for AP (A1)
eg
A1 N2
[3 marks]
17a. [2 marks]
Let and . Write the following expressions in terms of and .
51
Markscheme
eg
A1 N2
[2 marks]
17b. [4 marks]
Markscheme
recognizing factors of 45 (may be seen in log expansion) (M1)
eg
52
correct application of (A1)
eg
eg
A1 N3
[4 marks]
18. [6 marks]
Three consecutive terms of a geometric sequence are , 6 and .
Find the possible values of .
53
Markscheme
METHOD 1
valid approach (M1)
eg
correct equation in terms of only A1
eg
eg
valid attempt to solve their quadratic equation (M1)
eg factorizing, formula, completing the square
evidence of correct working (A1)
eg
A1 N4
METHOD 2 (finding r first)
valid approach (M1)
eg
correct equation in terms of only A1
eg
evidence of correct working (A1)
eg
A1
substituting their values of to find (M1)
54
eg
A1 N4
[6 marks]
19. [6 marks]
In a geometric sequence, the fourth term is 8 times the first term. The sum of the first 10 terms is
2557.5. Find the 10th term of this sequence.
Markscheme
correct equation to find (A1)
eg
(seen anywhere) (A1)
correct equation to find A1
55
eg
(A1)
(M1)
1280 A1 N4
[6 marks]
20a. [3 marks]
A population of rare birds, , can be modelled by the equation , where is the initial
population, and is measured in decades. After one decade, it is estimated that .
(i) Find the value of .
(ii) Interpret the meaning of the value of .
Markscheme
(i) valid approach (M1)
eg
A1 N2
(ii) correct interpretation R1 N1
56
eg population is decreasing, growth rate is negative
[3 marks]
20b. [5 marks]
Find the least number of whole years for which .
Markscheme
METHOD 1
valid approach (accept an equality, but do not accept 0.74) (M1)
eg
valid approach to solve their inequality (M1)
eg logs, graph
A1
28 years A2 N2
METHOD 2
valid approach which gives both crossover values accurate to at least 2 sf A2
eg
(A1)
57
28 years A2 N2
[5 marks]
21a. [2 marks]
The first three terms of an arithmetic sequence are .
Markscheme
valid approach (M1)
eg
A1 N2
[2 marks]
21b. [2 marks]
Find the 30th term of the sequence.
Markscheme
correct substitution into term formula (A1)
eg
A1 N2
[2 marks]
58
21c. [2 marks]
Find the sum of the first 30 terms.
Markscheme
correct substitution into sum formula (A1)
eg
A1 N2
[2 marks]
22. [6 marks]
An arithmetic sequence has the first term and a common difference .
The 13th term in the sequence is . Find the value of .
Markscheme
Note: There are many approaches to this question, and the steps may be done in any order. There are
3 relationships they may need to apply at some stage, for the 3rd, 4th and 5th marks. These are
equating bases eg recognising 9 is
59
log rules: ,
exponent rule: .
The exception to the FT rule applies here, so that if they demonstrate correct application of the 3
relationships, they may be awarded the A marks, even if they have made a previous error. However all
applications of a relationship need to be correct. Once an error has been made, do not award A1FT for
their final answer, even if it follows from their working.
Please check working and award marks in line with the markscheme.
correct substitution into formula (A1)
eg
set up equation for in any form (seen anywhere) (M1)
eg
correct application of relationships (A1)(A1)(A1)
A1 N3
[6 marks]
Examples of application of relationships
Example 1
correct application of exponent rule for logs (A1)
eg
correct application of addition rule for logs (A1)
eg
substituting for 9 or 3 in ln expression in equation (A1)
eg
Example 2
60
recognising (A1)
eg
one correct application of exponent rule for logs relating to (A1)
eg
another correct application of exponent rule for logs (A1)
eg
23a. [2 marks]
The first three terms of a geometric sequence are , and .
Find the value of .
Markscheme
valid approach (M1)
eg
A1 N2
[2 marks]
23b. [2 marks]
Find the value of .
61
Markscheme
correct substitution into (A1)
eg
(exact), A1 N2
[2 marks]
23c. [3 marks]
Find the least value of such that .
Markscheme
METHOD 1 (analytic)
valid approach (M1)
62
eg
correct inequality (accept equation) (A1)
eg
A1 N1
METHOD 2 (table of values)
both crossover values A2
eg
A1 N1
[3 marks]
Total [7 marks]
24a. [2 marks]
Given that and , write down the value of and of .
Markscheme
A1A1 N2
[2 marks]
24b. [4 marks]
Hence or otherwise solve .
63
Markscheme
attempt to apply (M1)
eg
equating their powers of (seen anywhere) M1
eg
correct working A1
eg
A1 N2
[4 marks]
Total [6 marks]
25a. [1 mark]
In an arithmetic sequence .
Write down the value of the common difference.
64
Markscheme
A1 N1
[1 mark]
25b. [3 marks]
Find the first term.
Markscheme
METHOD 1
valid approach (M1)
eg
eg
65
A1 N2
METHOD 2
attempt to list 3 or more terms in either direction (M1)
eg
correct list of 4 or more terms in correct direction (A1)
eg
A1 N2
[3 marks]
25c. [2 marks]
Find the sum of the first 50 terms of the sequence.
Markscheme
correct expression (A1)
eg
A1 N2
[2 marks]
Total [6 marks]
26. [7 marks]
66
Ramiro walks to work each morning. During the first minute he walks metres. In each subsequent
minute he walks of the distance walked during the previous minute.
The distance between his house and work is metres. Ramiro leaves his house at 08:00 and has to
be at work by 08:15.
Explain why he will not be at work on time.
Markscheme
METHOD 1
recognize that the distance walked each minute is a geometric sequence (M1)
eg , valid use of
recognize that total distance walked is the sum of a geometric sequence (M1)
eg
correct substitution into the sum of a geometric sequence (A1)
eg
any correct equation with sum of a geometric sequence (A1)
eg
attempt to solve their equation involving the sum of a GP (M1)
eg graph, algebraic approach
67
A1
since R1
he will be late AG N0
Note: Do not award the R mark without the preceding A mark.
METHOD 2
eg , valid use of
eg
correct substitution into the sum of a geometric sequence (A1)
eg
attempt to substitute into sum of a geometric sequence (M1)
eg
eg
A1
since R1
he will not be there on time AG N0

68
METHOD 3
eg , valid use of
eg
listing at least 5 correct terms of the GP (M1)
15 correct terms A1
attempt to find the sum of the terms (M1)
eg
A1
since R1
he will not be there on time AG N0
[7 marks]
27a. [2 marks]
In an arithmetic sequence, the first term is and the second term is .
69
Markscheme
eg
A1 N2
[2 marks]
27b. [2 marks]
Find the eighth term.
Markscheme
eg , listing terms
A1 N2
70
[2 marks]
27c. [2 marks]
Find the sum of the first eight terms of the sequence.
Markscheme
eg , listing terms,
A1 N2
[2 marks]
Total [6 marks]
28a. [3 marks]
Write the expression in the form , where .
71
Markscheme
correct application of (seen anywhere) (A1)
eg
eg
A1 N2
[3 marks]
28b. [3 marks]
Hence or otherwise, solve .
Markscheme
METHOD 1
attempt to substitute their answer into the equation (M1)
eg
correct application of a log rule (A1)
eg
A1 N2
METHOD 2
72
attempt to rearrange equation, with written as or (M1)
eg
correct working applying (A1)
eg
A1 N2
[3 marks]
Total [6 marks]
29a. [5 marks]
The first two terms of a geometric sequence are and .
(i) Find the common ratio.
(ii) Hence or otherwise, find .
Markscheme
(i) valid approach (M1)
eg
A1 N2
(ii) attempt to substitute into formula, with their (M1)
73
eg
eg
A1 N2
[5 marks]
29b. [5 marks]
Another sequence is defined by , where , and , such that and
(i) Find the value of .
(ii) Find the value of .
Markscheme
(i) attempt to substitute (M1)
eg
A1 N2
(ii) correct substitution of into A1
eg
correct work (A1)
74
eg finding intersection point,
A1 N2
[5 marks]
29c. [5 marks]
Find the smallest value of for which .
Markscheme
correct expression for (A1)
eg
EITHER
correct substitution into inequality (accept equation) (A1)
eg
valid approach to solve inequality (accept equation) (M1)
eg finding point of intersection,
OR
table of values
75
when A1
when A1
[4 marks]
Total [14 marks]
30a. [4 marks]
The sides of a square are 16 cm in length. The midpoints of the sides of this square are joined to form a
new square and four triangles (diagram 1). The process is repeated twice, as shown in diagrams 2 and
3.
Let denote the length of one of the equal sides of each new triangle.
Let denote the area of each new triangle.
The following table gives the values of and , for . Copy and complete the table. (Do
not write on this page.)
123 8 4 32 16
76
Markscheme
valid method for finding side length (M1)
eg
correct working for area (A1)
eg
123 8 4 32 16 8
A1A1 N2N2
[4 marks]
30b. [4 marks]
The process described above is repeated. Find .
Markscheme
METHOD 1
recognize geometric progression for (R1)
eg
(A1)
eg
A1 N3

77
METHOD 2
eg
(A1)
eg
A1 N3
[4 marks]
30c. [7 marks]
Consider an initial square of side length . The process described above is repeated indefinitely.
The total area of the shaded regions is . Find the value of .
Markscheme
METHOD 1
recognize infinite geometric series (R1)
eg
area of first triangle in terms of (A1)
eg
attempt to substitute into sum of infinite geometric series (must have ) (M1)
eg
correct equation A1
78
eg
eg
valid attempt to solve their quadratic (M1)
eg
A1 N2
METHOD 2
recognizing that there are four sets of infinitely shaded regions with equal area R1
area of original square is (A1)
so total shaded area is (A1)
correct equation A1
(A1)
valid attempt to solve their quadratic (M1)
eg
A1 N2
[7 marks]
31a. [2 marks]
In an arithmetic sequence, the third term is 10 and the fifth term is 16.
Markscheme
eg
79
A1 N2
[2 marks]
31b. [2 marks]
Find the first term.
Markscheme
eg
A1 N2
[2 marks]
31c. [3 marks]
Find the sum of the first 20 terms of the sequence.
Markscheme
correct substitution into sum or term formula (A1)
eg
correct simplification (A1)
eg
A1 N2
[3 marks]
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© International Baccalaureate Organization 2019
International Baccalaureate® - Baccalauréat International® - Bachillerato Internacional®
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logs &amp; Sequences

correct application of change of base (accept any base) (A1)

eg , , ,

correct numerical value (A1)

correct application of (A1)

correct equation without logs A1

eg , ,

correct working A1

The first terms of an infinite geometric sequence, , are 2, 6, 18, 54, …

The terms of a third sequence, , are defined as .

Write down the first three non-zero terms of .

attempt to add corresponding terms (M1)

correct value for (A1)

4, 36, 324 (accept 4 + 36 + 324) A1 N3

The finite series, , can also be written in the form .

Find the value of .

valid approach (M1)

(accept ; may be incorrect) A1 N2

Find the value of .

recognition that 225 terms of consists of 113 non-zero terms (M1)

(accept ; may be incorrect) A1 N2

In an arithmetic sequence, , and .

Find the value of .

eg 1.4 − 1.3 , ,

(may be seen in expression for ) (A1)

correct equation (A1)

Find the exact value of .

correct substitution (A1)

Consider the terms, , of this sequence such that ≤ .

Let be the sum of the terms for which is not a multiple of 3.

recognizing need to find the sequence of multiples of 3 (seen anywhere) (M1)

eg first term is (= 1.5) (accept notation ),

(= 0.3) , 100 terms (accept ), last term is 31.2

(accept notation ) , (accept )

correct working for sum of sequence where n is a multiple of 3 A2

valid approach (seen anywhere) (M1)

correct working (seen anywhere) A1

eg , 4875 − 1635

An infinite geometric series is given as , .

Find the largest value of such that .

attempt to find (M1)

eg dividing consecutive terms

correct value of (seen anywhere, including in formula)

eg , 0.707106… ,

correct working (accept equation) (A1)

correct working A1

eg , , 948.974

METHOD 2 (using table, must find both values)

eg when , AND when ,

In an arithmetic sequence, u1 = −5 and d = 3.

correct working (A1)

eg −5 + (8 − 1)(3)

correct working (A1)

eg −5 + (8 − 1)(3)

u8 = 16 A1 N2

Find the value of n for which un = 67.

correct substitution into un formula (A1)

eg −5 + 3(n − 1), 3n − 8

logs & Sequences