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Ball: Seidel's Guide To Physical Examination, 9th Edition
Ball: Seidel's Guide To Physical Examination, 9th Edition
Ball: Seidel's Guide To Physical Examination, 9th Edition
Key Points
or covers the pupil, the patient has ptosis, which should be recorded as the difference between
the two eyelids in millimeters.
o Sixth, note eyelid eversion or inversion. Ectropion and entropion are abnormalities.
o Seventh, observe for crusting, which may result from infection.
o Eighth, note whether the eyelids meet completely and fully cover the globe when the eyes are
closed.
o Ninth, palpate the eyelids for nodules, which are not usually present.
· Palpate the eye itself. A very firm eye that resists palpation may indicate glaucoma or a
retrobulbar tumor.
· Inspect the conjunctivae and note their appearance.
o To assess the lower conjunctiva, have the patient look up while you pull down the lower
eyelid.
o To assess the upper conjunctiva, have the patient look down while you pull the eyelashes
down and forward. Evert the eyelid on a cotton-tipped applicator. Remember to perform this
assessment only if a foreign body may be present.
o Expect the conjunctivae to be clear and have no erythema, exudates, hemorrhage, or
abnormal growths (e.g., a pterygium).
· Examine the cornea in two ways.
o Check the cornea for clarity by shining a light tangentially on it. The cornea should appear
clear. A corneal arc or circle may be a sign of hyperlipidemia.
o Then check corneal sensitivity and CN V by touching a cotton wisp to the cornea, which
should cause a blink.
· Assess the iris and pupil, noting the following five characteristics.
o First, inspect the iris, which should be clearly visible. Usually, the irides are the same color.
o Second, observe the pupils’ size and shape. They should be round, regular, and equal in size.
o Third, test the pupils’ response to light directly and consensually. The pupils should constrict
simultaneously.
o Fourth, perform the swinging flashlight test. Shine the light in one eye and then rapidly swing
it to the other eye. If the second eye to be tested continues to dilate rather than constrict, an
afferent pupillary defect is present, which suggests optic nerve disease.
o Fifth, test for accommodation. After looking at a distant object and then focusing on an object
10 cm from the nose, the pupils should constrict.
· Inspect the lens, which should be transparent.
· Observe the sclera, which should be white and visible above the iris only when the eyes are
wide open. Yellow or green sclera may signal liver disease.
· Finally, inspect and palpate the lacrimal apparatus.
o On inspection, the puncta should look like slight elevations on the nasal side of the upper and
lower eyelid margins.
o On palpation, if the temporal part of the upper eyelid feels full, evert the eyelid and inspect the
lacrimal gland. It should not be enlarged.
Sustained or jerking nystagmus should not occur. But keep in mind that a few beats of horizontal
nystagmus may normally occur.
o Second, have the patient follow your finger vertically from the ceiling to the floor. The globes
and upper eyelids should move smoothly without eyelid lag or exposure of the sclera.
o Third, test extraocular muscle balance using the corneal light reflex. With the patient looking
at a nearby object, shine a light on the nasal bridge. The eyes should converge and reflect the
light symmetrically.
o Fourth, if the corneal light reflex is imbalanced, perform the cover-uncover test. As the patient
stares at a fixed point nearby, cover one eye and observe the uncovered eye. Then remove the
cover and observe that eye as it focuses on the object. Note any eye movement.