Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Cosmetics
Cosmetics
Mr. Mohmadmoin k. Modasiya Mr. Hiren Patel
M.Pharm
DEFINITION
• According to D & C Act:‐
Cosme'cs mean any ar'cles meant to be
rubbed, poured, sprinkled or sprayed on or
introduced into or otherwise applied to any
part of the human body for cleansing,
beau'fying, promo'ng a:rac'veness or
altering appearance and include any ar'cle
intended for use as a component of cosme'c.
Soap is not covered under cosme'c product.
INGREDIENTS OF COSMETICS
• Water
• Oils, Fats, Waxes
• Humectants
• Surfactants
• Preserva'ves
• Perfumes And Colors
• Herbal Or Plant Material
• Func'onal Raw Materials
• WATER: ‐
It is the main ingredient of cosme'cs
formula'on. Thus stability and quality of final
product is dependant on the purity of water
used so pure water should be used in
manufacturing of cosme'cs. Pure water on
large scale can be manufactured by any of the
methods men'oned below.
– Ion exchange system
– Dis'lla'on
– Reverse osmosis
• OIL, FATS and WAXES:‐
These are used in prepara'on of creams,
lo'ons, brillian'ne, hair oil, lips'cks etc. The
source of oil, fat & wax can be mineral source &
animal source. The source and example is given
below.
Source:‐1) Mineral source
‐mineral oil
‐paraffin and petroleum jelly
2) Animal source
‐wool fat
‐bees wax, Spermace'
Name of oil Use in cosmeJcs
(Vegetable)
Almond Creams (emollient)
Arachis Hair oil, BrillianJnes
Castor Lip sJck, hair oil cream ,loJon
Olive oils ,creams loJons
Type of mineral oil Use in cosmeJcs product
Light liquid paraffin In bath oil, hair
oil,loJons,creams,brillianJne
Heavy liquid paraffin In bath oil, hair oil ,loJons, creams,
brillianJne (emollient)
• HUMECTANTS:‐
This is added to prevent drying out of cosme'cs (e.g. o/w
creams)
Type of Examples
Humectant
Inorganic Calcium chloride (not used now due to compaJbility
problems)
Metal organic Sodium lactate (used in sunscreen loJons)
Organic Polyethylene glycol, Propylene glycol, glycerol,
sorbitol, mannitol, glucose
• SURFACTANTS: ‐
– Surfactants lower one or more boundary tensions
at interface in the system. one common feature of
surfactant is that they all are amphipathic
molecules containing a hydrophobic part & a
hydrophilic part. Used in cosme'cs to impart
following func'ons.
DETERGENCY, WETTING, FOAMING,
EMULSIFICATION, SOLUBILIZATION
Type of Examples
surfactant
1.Anionic FaXy acid soaps, alkyl sulphates, alkyl sulphonates,
polyethylene glycol ester,alkyl ether sulphates
taurines,sarcosinates etc.
2.CaJonic Alkyl trimethyl ammonium salts, Dialkyl dimethyl
ammonium salts alkyl pyridinium salts, quaternised
diamine salts.
3. Non ionic Alkanolamides,alkyl polyglycol ether, thioethers,
alkyl polyethyleneimine amides.
4.AmpholyJc Betains, alkylimidazolines, acyl pepJdes,etc.
• PRESERVATIVES:‐ Used to prevent spoilage which
occurs due to
1) Oxida'on of oils 2) Microbial growth
Types of preserva'ves :‐
– An' microbial agents:‐ e.g. .Benzoic acid, formaldehyde,
cresol, phenol, thiomersol,phenyl mercuric salts. Etc.
– An'oxidants :‐ Gallic acid, methyl
gallate,BHA,BHT,Tocopherol, citric
acid,Ethanolamine,lecithin,ascorbic acid, sodium sulphite,
Sodium metabisulphite
– An'oxidant synergists: ‐ Enhance the efficacy of
an'oxidants. examples include:‐ascorbic acid, citric acid,
phosphoric acid
– UV absorbers:‐These are mainly used in products which
are vulnerable to visible or UV light. By incorpora'ng UV
absorbers colorless containers can be used if deteriora'on
is due to UV light only.
• PERFUMES:‐ The word perfume has been derived from
“per” means through and “fumum” means smoke. It
suggests that early perfumes were pleasant smells
obtained by burning wood and grass etc.
Source of perfume Example
Natural (Animal source) Musk ,civet, Ambergris, Castroreum etc.
Natural (Plant source) Rose ,jasmine, lemon, lavender etc.
Aroma chemical Eugenol, Farnesal, Rose oxide, Citral ,Limonene
Floral base Rose base, Jasmine base
Woody base Citrus base(in colognes),spice base, oriental base,
fruity base ,etc
• COLORS:
It defined as visual sensa'on caused by a definite
wavelength by an object by one/more phenomenon of
emission, reflec'on, refrac'on, transmission.
Colors can be classified into three classes:‐
a) Natural colors:‐
– Plant source :‐ e.g. Saffron, turmeric
– Animal source:‐e.g. Cochineal (red)
b) Inorganic colors:‐
e.g. Iron oxides, chromium oxides, carbon
black,'tanium dioxide, zinc oxide etc.
c) Coal tar colors:‐Tartrazine, amaranth, Erythrosine,
Indigocarmine. etc.
• HERBAL OR PLANT MATERIAL:‐These herbal or plant
materials are used in different cosme'cs prepara'ons.
NAME USE IN COSMETICS
Almond Facial and body scrubs
Azadiracta Tooth paste and skin care
Comfrey Creams and lo'ons
Tulsi Skin cream and lo'ons
Cucumber Masks, toner, cleanser
Henna Dyeing of hair
Amla Shampoo
Jasmine Hair oil
Lemon Skin tonic, cleansers
Apricot Facial and body scrubs
FUNCTIONAL RAW MATERIALS
TYPE EXAMPLE & USE
VITAMINS Vit C (an'oxidant in emulsion),vit A,
Vit E (skin beau'fica'on)
AMINO ACIDS
(all essen'al amino acids)
ANTI
Allantoin (hand cream & lo'on) Cade
INFLAMMATORY
oil(eczema& psoriasis),Calamine
AGENTS
SUNSCREEN PABA, Vitamin C, Quinine salts
AGENTS Coumarin deriva'ves
ANTIDANDRUFF Selenium, cadmium sulphide, ZPTO
COSMETICS FOR SKIN
• Skin cream
• Lo'on
• Face powder & Compacts
• Skin colorants
• Body powder
• Face pack & Masks
• Bath Prepara'ons (bath salt,oil,powder,foam)
FuncJons of Skin
• RegulaFon of body temperature.
• ProtecFon.
• SensaFon.
• ExcreFon.
• Immunity.
• Blood reservoir.
• Synthesis of Vitamin D.
FuncJon of skin cosmeJcs
1) To provide decora'on
2) To supplement natural func'ons of skin
1. CREAMS
• TYPES OF CREAMS:
– Cleansing cream
– Massage creams
– Night creams
– Moisturizing creams
– Founda'on creams
– Vanishing creams
– All purpose creams
CLEANSING CREAM
Cleansing cream is required for removal of facial make
up, surface grime, oil, water and oil soluble soil
efficiently mainly from the face & throat.
CharacterisJc
• Be able to effec'vely remove oil soluble & water
soluble soil, surface oil from skin.
• Should be stable &have good appearance.
• Should melt or soeen on applica'on to the skin
• Should spread easily without too much of drag.
• Its physical ac'on on skin & pore openings should be
that of flushing rather than absorp'on
Type of cleansing cream
• Anhydrous type:-
Ingredients QuanJty
Mineral oil 80 gm
Petroleum jelly 15gm
Ozokerite wax 5 gm
Preserva've and q.s
perfumes
• Emulsified type:‐
Common Ingredients:‐
Oil phase…………………..Spread easily
Waxes……………………..Give appropriate thixotropy
Emollient material…………likes cetyl alcohol,
spermace', lanolin
Beeswax Borax type
• These contain high percentage of mineral oil. These are o/w type.
• Aeer the cream is being rubbed into the skin sufficient quan'ty of
water evaporates to impart a phase inversion to the w/o type.
Ingredients QuanJty
Bees wax 2 gm
Borax 2 gm
Almond oil 50 gm
Rose water 35.5 gm
Lanolin 0.5gm
preserva've and perfume q.s
NIGHT & MASSAGE CREAM
• The mostly have a moisturizing & a nourishing effect of
affected skin. These also contain vitamins and
hormones basing on the applica'on. This cream give
be:er look to the skin and prevent dryness.
Ingredients QuanJty
Mineral oil‐ 1gm
Borax 1gm
Petroleum jelly‐ 8gm
Water 35gm
White bees wax‐ 15gm
Paraffin wax 1.0gm
Lanolin 2gm
Perfume & preserva've‐ q.s
VANISHING CREAM
Ingredients QuanJty
• These are named so as
they seem to vanish Stearic acid‐ 15gm
when applied to the
Glycerin 5gm
skin.
• High quan'ty of stearic KOH 0.5 gm
acid as oil phase
Water 75.82 gm
used.This provides an oil
phase which melts NaOH 0.18 gm
above body temp, and
crystsllises in a suitable Cetyl alcohol 0.50 gm
form, so as to invisible in
Propylene glycol 3.0gm
use and give a non
greasy film. Preserva've & Perfume q.s
FOUNDATION CREAM
• Applied to skin to
provide a smooth Ingredients QuanJty
emollient base or Lanolin 2 gm
founda'on for the
Propylene glycol 8gm
applica'on of face
powder & other make Cetyl alcohol‐ 0.50 gm
2) Unpigmented creams
HAND & BODY CREAM
• The repeated or constant Ingredients QuanJty
contact with soap and Isopropyl myristate 4 gm
detergent damages &
removes film of sebum thus Mineral oil 2 gm
this cream is used to impart
following func'ons to the Stearic acid 3.gm
skin. Emulsifying wax 275 gm
• The func'on of these
Lanolin 2.5 gm
creams are
‐ Replace/reduce water
loss. Glycerin 3.0 gm
‐ Provide oily film to
protect the skin. Triethanolamine 1 gm
‐ Keep the skin soe, Water 84.225 gm
smooth but not greasy.
Perfume and Preserva've q.s
ALL PURPOSE CREAMS
Ingredients QuanJty
Mineral oil 18%
• SensiJvity : This should be tested beforehand.
This test is normally done by patch test on skin
and can be either open or occlusive.
• Biological tesJng : This is par'cularly essen'al
for products containing an'sep'cs, hormones,
vitamins, etc.
Sunscreen loJons
• These lo'on has property of protec'ng
the skin from sun burning. Ingredients QuanJty
• US dept of health has recommended
following ingredients to be used as Glyceryl p‐amino 3.0 %
sunscreen agents. They absorb U.V benzoate
radia'on.
• CYCLOFORM Glycerin 5.0 %
• MONOGLYCERYL PARA AMINO BENZOATE
• DIGALLOYL TRIOLEATE Alcohol 10 %
• BENZYL SALICYLATE
• BENZYL CINNAMATE Methyl cellulose 0.5 %
• And few others are PABA, cinnamic acid Perfume q.s
deriva'ves, coumarin deriva'ves,
Quinine salts, uric acid deriva'ves. Water to make 100 %
POWDERS
The powders should have following properties:-
• Must have good covering power so can hide skin blemishes.
• Should adhere perfectly to the skin & not blow off easily.
• Must have absorbent property.
• Must have sufficient slip to enable the powder to spread on
the skin by the puff .
• The finish given to the skin must be preferably of a ma: or
peach like character.
• The raw materials used to manufacture of various
powders are classified with example as follows:‐
RAW MATERIAL FOR POWDER
RAW MATERIAL FOR EXAMPLE
POWDER IMPARTING
Covering prop Titanium dioxide,zno,kaolin,zn stearate
Adhesion prop Mg.stearate,talc,mg & ca salt of myrisJc acid
Slip & Sodness Zn/mg undecanate,aluminium hydrosilicate
Absorbency prop Starch, colloidal kaolin,bentonite,pptd chalk
Peach like finish Rice starch,silica,powdered silk
Frosted look Guanine, bismuth oxychloride,mica,Zn,Al
Color & perfumes Iron oxides
FACE POWDER
• Types of Face Powders:‐
– Loose face powder
– Compact face powder
– Talcum powder
– Baby powder
LOOSE FACE POWDER
Type Of Face Purpose & ComposiJon
Powder
LIGHT Dry skin, contains large amount of talc
Perfume‐‐‐‐‐‐0.5gm Perfume‐‐‐‐‐‐0.6gm
COMPACT FACE POWDER
• It is a dry powder
which has been Type of binder Examples
compressed into a 1) Dry binder Zn/Mg.stearate
cake. The pressure
for compac'on is 2) Oil binder (water Mineral oil, isopropyl
very important. repellant ) myristate,Lanolin derivaJve
Ingredients QuanJty
Zinc oxide 50 gm
Zinc stearate‐ 50 gm
Chlorhexidine diacetate‐ 3 gm
Light magnesium carbonate 100 gm
Talc 797 gm
Perfume 0.2 mL
BODY POWDER
• It consists of mainly talc, with small por'on of a metallic
stearate, precipitated chalk, magnesium
carbonate(light).
• Boric acid act as an'sep'c.
Ingredients QuanJty
Talc 75 gm
Aluminum stearate 4 gm
Colloidal Kaolin 10 gm
Boric acid 0.3 gm
Colloidal silica 5 gm
Perfume 0.7 gm
EvaluaJon of Powder
• Shade control and lighJng
• Dispersion of colour
• Pay‐off
• Pressure tesJng
• Breaking test
• Flow property
• ParJcle size and abrasiveness
• Moisture content and limits for colour
SKIN COLORANTS
A) LIPSTICKS
These are basically dispersions of coloring ma:er in a
base consis'ng of a suitable blend of oils, fats, waxes,
suitably perfumed and flavored, moulded in the form of a
s'ck.
B) ROUGE
These are the cosme'cs prepara'ons used to apply a
color to the cheeks. The color may vary from the palest of
pinks to the deep blue reds .The 'nt or color may be
achieved using water insoluble colors such as iron oxides
and certain organic pigments or by using water soluble
organic colors which actually stain the skin.
LIPSTICK
• Ideal character of lipsJck includes:‐
– Should cover the lips adequately with some gloss and last
for long 'me.
– It should make the lips soe.
– The film must adhere firmly to the lips without being
bri:le.& tachy.
– Should have high reten'on of color intensity without any
change in shade.
– Should be completely free from grisness & free from
drying.
– Nonirrita'ng to the lips.
– Desirable degree of plas'city & have a pleasant odor and
flavor.
EvaluaJon Castor oil 54 gm
L a n o l i n 11 gm
(anhydrous)
• MelJng point Candeilla wax 9 gm
• Breaking point I s o p r o p y l 8 gm
• Thixotropy character myristate
• Force of applicaJon White beeswax 5 gm
• Aging stability Carnauba wax 3 gm
• Perfume stability Ozokerite wax 3 gm
• OxidaJve stability Eosin 2 gm
• Surface anomalies Lakes 5 gm
• Accelerated stability test Rose flavor q.s
AnJoxidant q.s
preservaJve q.s
SKIN ROUGE
Powder Rouges SJck Rouge
Talc………………………….40 Carnauba wax…………………3
Zinc oxide…………………..10 Candelilla………………………6
Magnesium carbonate……….20 Ozokerite………………………1.5
Pigment……………………..14 Bees wax………………………1.5
Lanolin……………………...30 Hexadecyl stearate……………10
Perfume……………………..2 Isopropyl myristate…………….8
Castor oil……………………….65
BHA……………………………..0.02
Color……………………………5
Emulsion cream rouge (vanishing type) Liquid rouge
Stearic acid…………………….15 (A) Iso stearic acid…………….0.02
Potassium hydroxide………….0.5 Mineral oil………………….30
Sod. Hydroxide………………..0.18 Iso propyl myristate………..5
Glycerin………………………..8 Colloidal silica……………..1
Water…………………………..76 Color………………………...3
Pigment, Perfume & (B) Water……………………..48.3
PreseraJve……………………q.s Triethanolamine……………4
Perfume…………………….0.2
EvaluaJon
• MelJng point
• Colour dispersion
• Aging stability
• Container compaJbility
• SedimentaJon of liquid rouges
COSMETICS FOR HAIR
• Includes following type of prepara'ons:‐
– Shampoo
– Hair tonics & Condi'oners
– Hair colorants and hair color remover
– Hair grooming prepara'ons
– Depilatory & Epilatory
– Shaving soaps & creams
– Hair wave sets & lacquers ,rinses
SHAMPOO
• Ideal characters of a shampoo:‐
– Should effec'vely and completely remove the dust,
excessive sebum.
– Should effec'vely wash hair.
– Should produce a good amount of foam
– The shampoo should be easily removed by rinsing with
water.
– Should leave the hair non dry ,soe, lustrous with good,
manageability.
– Should impart a pleasant fragrance to the hair,.
– Should not make the hand rough and chapped.
– Should not have any side effects or cause irrita'on to skin
or eye.
• ComposiJon of shampoo:‐
1) Principal surfactant (anionic type)
Non ionic surfactant has sufficient cleansing property but have low
foaming power. Ca'onic are toxic. So anionic are preferred.
2) Secondary surfactant (anionic or ampholy'c detergent)
They modify detergent and surfactant proper'es of principal
surfactant.
3) An'dandruff agents (selenium, cadmium sulfide, ZPTO)
4) Condi'oning agent (lanolin, oil, herbal extract, egg, amino acids)
5) Pearlescent agents (subs'tuted 4 methyl coumarins)
6) Sequestrants (EDTA)
Added because Ca, Mg salts are present in hard water. Soaps
cause dullness by deposi'on of Ca, Mg soaps on hair shae. This
prevented by EDTA.
7) Thickening agents (alginates, PVA, MC)
8) Colors, perfumes and preserva'ves
Powder shampoo AnJdandruff shampoo
Henna powder ………… 5 gm Selenium disulphide…… 2.5 gm
Borax …………………….15 gm Bentonite ......…………… 5 gm
Sod. carbonate ………… 25 gm Sod. Lauryl Sulphates ... 40 g
Pot. Carbonate ………….. 5 gm Water ………………… 52.5 gm
Soap powder…………….. 50 gm Perfume……………… q.s.
Perfume …………………. q.s.
• EvaluaJon of shampoos :
– Various physical proper'es and performance characteris'cs should be
studied. These are foam forma'on and foam stability,rheology, of the
products, nature of foam, effect of the shampoo on the hair and its
character etc.
– Effect on skin and eye : This can be done by applying it on animals.
Irrita'on on skin can be studied by applying it on skin and observing
the effects on skin.
CONDITIONERS
Ingredients QuanJty
• These are the prepara'ons
used aeer shampooing to Steryl alcohol 0.6 gm
r e n d e r t h e h a i r m o r e
Glyceryl 0.2 gm
lustrous, easy to comb, and monostearate
free from sta'c electricity Sodium chloride 0.2 gm
when dry. Condi'oners are
Benzalkonium 1.5 gm
usually based on ca'onic chloride
d e t e r g e n t s a n d f a : y
Water 97.5 gm
materials like lanolin, or
mineral oil. Colour q.s.
Perfume q.s.
EvaluaJon
• AnJsepJc property
• Stability test
• SensiJvity test
HAIR COLORANTS
• These are used either to hide gray hair or to change the color of the hair .
Hair dyes are divided into
1) Vegetable
Example is Henna
2) Metallic
Example:‐ Lead dyes, Bismuth dyes, Silver dyes, Copper, nickel, cobalt salts
Formula:‐ (Lead dyes)
Precipitated sulphur……………….1.3%
Lead acetate………………………..1.6%
Glycerine…………………………….9.6%
Rose water………………………….87.5%
3) Synthe'c organic dyes
They are of two types.
a) Semipermanent dye. b) Permanent dyes
Thyoglycolic acid……50% Paraphenylene diamne dye
NH3 solu'on(PH 9.2)…100%
EvaluaJon
• SensiJzaJon test : This can be done on the
animal skin by applying dyestuff or the
prepara'on and observing the effect on the
skin.
• Long term toxic effect : This is also neccesory
to evaluate the long‐term effect. This can also
be done on animal.
HAIR GROOMING AIDS
• These are important group of cosme'cs which are
used both by men and women to keep their hair in
order for good looking, &enhance overall appearance.
• Types:‐
– Brillian'nes & Hair oils
– Hair sesng lo'ons
– Hair creams
– Hair lacquers or sprays
• EvaluaJon :
– Stability of the ingredients.
– Physical stability.
– Rheology.
DEPILATORIES
• These are the prepara'ons that remove superfluous hair by
chemical breakdown. This removes hair at the neck of the hair
follicle and thus has advantage over razor shaver which removes
hair on a level with the surface of epidermis.
• INGREDIENTS :‐ includes
1. Inorganic sulphates ( Sod, calcium, barium sulphide,Stron'um
sulphide)
2. Thioglycollates: ‐ (Calcium.thioglycollate & Lithium thioglycollate)
3. Stannites: ‐ sodium stannite
4. Enzymes:‐Kera'nase (3‐4%)
5. Humectant: ‐ Glycerol,Sorbitol ,Propylene glycol
Name of ingredient Amount
1 . S t r o n J u m 20.0 gm
sulphide
2.Talc 20.0gm
3.Methyl cellulose 3.0 gm
4.Glycerin 15.0 gm
5.Water 42.0 gm
6.Perfume q.s
7. PreservaJve q.s
• EvaluaJon :
– EsJmaJon of hair removing agents: As high concentra'on
of the chemical hair remover may be dangerous, it is
necessary to measure the quan'ty. It can be done by any
instrumental chemical analysis.
– Toxicity test: The test can be done on animal. For this
purpose rabbit can be used.
– Stability.
SHAVING PREPARATIONS
• Type
• Ued before shaving
• Used aeer shaving
PreparaJons before shaving includes
1) Lather shaving creams
2) Brushless shaving cream
3) Shaving soaps (solid, cream)
4) Aerosol prepara'on
PreparaJon ader shaving is
Aeershave lo'on
Brushless shaving cream LATHER SHAVING CREAM
Ingredients Amount
Butyl acetate 15 gm
Ethylene glycol monoethyl ether 80 gm
Propylene glycol ricinoleate 05 gm
Perfume q.s
CUTICLE REMOVERS AND SOFTENERS
• Cu'cle prepara'ons either soeen or remove the cu'cles.
• Formula
Lanolin 4.0 gm
Beeswax 1.0 gm
Petroleum jelly 95.0 gm
Perfume q.s.
• EvaluaJon parameter :
– Stability of the products, rheology, film characters etc. are some tests
which are required to be done depending on the type of the products
COSMETICS FOR EYES
• Includes following prepara'ons
– Eye shadow
– Mascara
– Eyebrow pencil
– Eye cream
– Eye liners
– Kajal
EYE SHADOW
• Give a back ground of color to the eye
• Formulated as cream, liquid, powder or s'ck.
• Ultramarine(20 part)& Ti02 ‐‐‐ (BLUE)
• Iron oxide(30 part) &Ti02 (5 part)‐‐ (BROWN)
Ingredients Amount
petroleum jelly 47.5 gm
Liquid lanolin 4.5 gm
Bees wax 4.5 gm
Micro 8.5 gm
crystalline wax
Isopropyl myristate 35 gm
EYE LINER
• Types
1. Pencil type
2. Liquid type (suspension in a base containing film forming
material)
3. Cake eye liners
• FormulaJon of Cake type eyeliner
Kaolin 5%
Zn Stearate 12%
Ppted Caco3 7 %
Pigment 10%
Talc to make 100 %
EYE BROW PENCIL
• Contain high propor'on of wax to increase M.P so that these can be
moulded into s'cks
Ingredient Amount
Bees wax 25%
Ozokerite 25%
Butyl stearate 8%
Lanolin 2%
Castor oil 25%
Mineral oil 15%
Perfume q.s
AnJoxidant q.s
MASCARA
• Black pigmented prepara'on for applying to eye
lashes or eye brows ,it darkens the eye lashes &
gives an illusion of their density and length.
• Type:‐ Cake , Cream , Liquid
FormulaJon of liquid mascara
Carbon black 55 %
Coconut oil sodium soap 25%
Palm oil –sodium soap 22.5%
TOOTH PASTES
• Tooth pastes are most popular valuable and
widely used prepara'ons for cleansing the teeth.
It has largest share of dental cleansing and care
prepara'ons.
• Tooth pastes are preferred over other dental
preparaJons because of following reasons.
– Easy to take and spread on the tooth brush
– No spillage or wastage
– A:rac've consistency
– Proper distribu'on in mouth
– Available in wide varie'es
• FormulaJon
– The binder is premixed with solid abrasive, which
is then mixed with the liquid phase, containing
humectant, preserva've and sweetener into a
mixer. Aeer forma'on of homogeneous paste, the
flavour and detergent are added, mixed, milled
deairated and tubed.
TOOTH POWDERS
• Tooth powders are oldest and simplest
prepara'ons. Over the years their market share
has been reduced due to popularity of pastes, but
steel they have a considerable market share.
• The main problems encountered with powders
are‐
– Floa'ng of powder in air during manufacturing.
– Forma'on of cake on storage
– Uneven distribu'on in mouth
• General procedure for manufacture
– This is done by simple mixing
– First ingredients of small quan'ty are premixed
and then mixed with other ingredients.
– Ribbon type or agitator type of mixer are used.
– Flavour can be sprayed on to the bulk or can be
premixed with part of some abrasive.
EVALUATION OF SOLID DENTAL PRODUCTS
• Iden'fica'on of ingredients and es'ma'on of their contents are
essen'al components of overall quality control and evalua'on of dental
care products. The products, tooth pastes and tooth powders, can be
basically classified into foam forming and non‐foam forming.
Some other special evaluaJon tests are as follows:
Abrasiveness
ParJcle size
Cleansing property
Consistency
PH of the product
Foaming character
Limit test for arsenic and lead
VolaJle maXers and moisture
Effect of special ingredients