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Islanding detection in distributed generation

Conference Paper · March 2016

DOI: 10.1109/ICCPCT.2016.7530295

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 2016 International Conference on Circuit, Power and Computing Technologies [ICCPCT]

Islanding Detection In Distributed Generation

Basanta kumar Panigrahi
Department of Electrical and
Electronics Engineering,
ITER, SOA University
Bhubaneswar, India
basanta1983@gmail.com
Ria Nandi
Department of Electrical and
Electronics Engineering,
ITER, SOA University
Bhubaneswar, India
nandiria@ymail.com
Bibhusmita Mahanta
Department of Electrical and
Electronics Engineering,
CUTM, Bhubaneswar, India
bibhusmita92@gmail.com
Kumaresh Pal
Department of Electrical and
Electronics Engineering,
CUTM, Bhubaneswar, India
kumaresh.pal@rediffmail.com

Abstract— In the present times, distributed generation has acquired is no active power source in a distribution system and also
lots of importance in the power industry. The consequences on the power is not supplied during fault detection in transmission
power system develop further significance with the increase in the line upstream, but with DG, this postulation is not any more
contribution of distribution energy resources to the electric power correct. Present applications show that DG is required by all
production. Nowadays islanding has become a major issue with utilities in order to get isolated from the grid effectively at the
increase in use of Distributed Generators (DG) in power system.
When a part of distributed system becomes electrically separated
earliest for islanding detection.
from the rest of the system and the DG(s) in the isolated portion
continues to power the local loads, then this condition is termed as According to the IEEE 929-1988 standard [3], in islanding
Islanding condition. In this paper, for the detection of islanding in condition the DG has to be disconnected as soon as possible.
distributed generation, we have used the wavelet transform which is Islanding can be classified as Intentional or Non Intentional.
due to the negative sequence component of current and voltage. The The shutdown of the utility grid might lead to Islanding of
islanding condition is further detected when the detailed coefficient at engenderers, throughout the maintenance accommodation on
the level-1 (d1) evidently isolates the event. the utility grid. The islanding is kenned, since the loss of the
Keywords— Distributed Generation (DG), Wavelet Transform, grid is voluntary. However, Non intentional islanding, due to
Islanding, Negative Sequence Component (NSC) fortuitous shut down of the grid is more interesting due to the
sundry problems with unintentional islanding. According to
I. INTRODUCTION the IEEE 1547-2003 standard [4], 2 seconds of maximum
delay is set forth for an unintentional islanding detection and
all DGs starts to discontinue energizing the distribution
In recent times, distributed generation has become a trend in
system. The quandary has been investigated and discussed
power engineering. This goes well in close association with
further.
the society’s common growth, where responses to a lot of
quandaries are regarded by minute scale solutions and
proximity. Minute isolated power sources, often called as II. DISTRIBUTED GENERATION
“Distributed Generation” (DG), have begun to be in demand a
substitute to greater quantity of electric power generation [1].
Distributed generation can be described as engendering
Numerous occasions have led to the emerging demand of DG;
resources except for central engendering stations which is
but nevertheless, DG can accommodate to be a cost
located proximate to the load that is being accommodated,
efficacious substitute to vital system enhancements for peak
customarily at customer site. It is accommodated as a
shaving or increasing load capacity limits in order to be more
substitute or as an improvement of the traditional power
renewable. Moreover, if required generation resources could
system. The most frequently used distributed resources are
be made to match the growing demand, the complete
wind potency, photo voltaic, hydro puissance.
distribution and transmission functional zones will be in need
of improving to conduct the supplemental loading. Therefore,
Flexibility - DG resources may be placed at various
designing extra power sources and customizing the
locations within the accommodation zone of the utility. In
transmission system will require paramount cost and time,
order to match the generation resources to system
while in both cases it may not be obtainable [2]. This paper
requirements this feature of DG equipment supplies a utility
investigates about a certain quandary that appears at the
huge flexibility.
interface between a distributed generation plant and the rest of
the puissance system. The quandary could be explained as
Amended Reliability -By putting supplemental generation
detection of islanding condition in power systems. Islanding
capacity more proximate to the load, DG facilities can amend
condition can be explained as the condition where a
grid reliability, hence in this way it reduces effects from
distribution system becomes electrically remote from the
transmission and distribution (T&D) system disturbances, and
remnant of the potency system, but still perpetuates to be
minimizes peak-period congestion on the local grid.
operated by the DG attached to it. As a matter of course, there
Moreover, in a single sizably voluminous central plant

978-1-5090-1277-0/16/$31.00 ©2016 IEEE

 2016 International Conference on Circuit, Power and Computing Technologies [ICCPCT]
numerous units at a site can increment reliability by in case of a more damped system. The capacitances involved
distributing the capacity across various units in lieu. in the transients in the islanded system are found in cables and
shunt capacitances.
Improved Security - The utility is accommodated by a
local distribution point. This most importantly the natural
disasters, supplier insufficiencies or interruptions, or an act of III. PROPOSED DETECTION METHOD
terrorism reduces the susceptibility to interrupted
Out of many detection methods, negative sequence
accommodation from imported electricity supplies.
component method is the main condition in which the
existence of any disturbances in the voltage signal found at
Loading of Transmission & Distribution Equipment - DG
point of common coupling (PCC) [11]. Therefore, voltage
will decrease loadings on substation power transformers in the
signals of the negative sequence component found at PCC has
time of peak hours by positioning engendering units on the
been considered in this paper for analysis towards efficacious
low-voltage bus of subsisting distribution substations, , hence
detection of islanding and notch perturbance due to load
elongating the subsidiary life of substation power transformer
repudiation events. The zero, positive and negative sequence
equipment and delaying orchestrated substation upgrades
component of voltage signal at Point of Common Coupling
decreases the necessity to create incipient transmission and
can be represented by the symmetrical component of analysis
distribution lines or improving subsisting ones by decreasing
as.
transmission and distribution line losses [5], amending voltage
profile & power quality of the system [6].
1
As a matter of fact, all over the world various utilities so
Vn = (Va + λ2Vb + λVc )
far have a paramount perforation of DG in their system.
3
However, a lot of problems needs to be considered in case of
DG and the most important concern is islanding [7][8]. 1
Vp = (Va + λVb + λ2Vc )
The puissance systems are intricate and seldom facile to 3
immediately interpret. These systems are immensely
automated and expand over almost all nations and continents. 1
Contingencies and faults keep occurring conventionally and Vz = (Va + Vb + Vc )
numerous such cases are removed naturally without any 3
human interference [9]. The utilities are accountable for the
protection of the puissance system. where Va, Vb and Vc are the three-phase voltages
obtained at the PCC and Vn, Vp and Vz are the negative,
Electricity can result to be hazardous to both humans and
positive and zero sequence voltages, respectively, and Ȝ = 1 ‫ס‬
animals and it can nevertheless be harmful to equipment
120 ° is the intricate operator. The voltage signal obtained at
connected to the grid. If a component of the puissance system
PCC after the negative sequence component signal passed
creates an uncontrolled island there is a serious & immediate
through three-phase sequence analyzer in MATLAB block.
danger to those personnel discharged for maintenance work in
From the three different sequential components negative
the islanded system to get in contact with the live components
sequence component is only taken into consideration. In this
of the equipment. This might lead to severe injuries and even
paper negative sequence component method is adopted as it
death.
emulate the information under perturbance condition.
Assessment of voltage of the negative-sequence at point of
Therefore, it becomes essential for identification and shut
common coupling is done which gives tremendous protection
down of accidental electric islands. Many distribution feeders
to noise for the islanding detection, thus it gives good
have bulwark systems with automatic reclosing equipment.
performance [12]
This is worldly practice when the feeders are constructed with
A series of wavelet components gets fragmented from the
overhead lines where the fault is liable to vanish after a short
wavelet transform, each of which correlates to a time-domain
interruption. From previous data it is seen that internal faults
signal that covers a categorical frequency band comprising of
occurs in 10 to 15 % cases for feeder outages (IEEE 2003b).
many comprehensive information. The information in the
Reclosing by Automatic method increases the availability of
time–frequency plane is localized by Wavelets which is
the puissance system as the interruption time is reduced.
congruous for the non-stationary signals to be analysed. The
data, functions are divided into different frequency
Additional disadvantage with automatic reclosing in
components by WT, after which each component is studied
opposition to an energized feeder is that a capacitive switching
with a resolution matched to its scale. In this paper, the
transient can lead to rigorous overvoltage [10]. Three times of
voltage signals are being used as the input signals for the
the nominal voltage can be reached by the overvoltage in a
wavelet analysis. Daubechies4 (dB4) mother wavelet, is
lightly damped system and two times of the nominal voltage
 2016 International Conference on Circuit, Power and Computing Technologies [ICCPCT]
employed as it is being considered to perform well [13] [14].
Discrete wavelet transform (DWT) leads to the detection of
islanding in the study cases. Both approximation and details
information cognate fault voltages are obtained from the
pristine signal. When the utility grid isolates, it can be visually
understood that variations within the decomposition
coefficient of the voltage signals contain utilizable signatures
[15]. Filters having different cut-off frequencies are habituated
to analyze the signal at different scales. For analyzing, the
high frequencies signals are passed through a series of high
pass filters, and for analyzing the low frequencies signals are
passed through a series of low pass filters. Approximation and
detail components are the two decomposed part of the signal.
High-frequency, low-scale component is the detail one and
expansion of functions deal with Wavelet analysis. Wavelet
which generate from a mother wavelet by the process of
translations and dilatations [16].For a function f(t), its Discrete
Wavelet Transform (DWT) may be studied as follows:
1 § n − kx0m ·
¦ f (k )ϕ * ¨¨ m
¸¸ (1.1)
x0m k © x0 ¹
the various number of samples in the coarser stage to be more
or less a moiety of the different varieties at the finer level.
IV. PROPOSED MODEL
With regard to carry out the research on the operation and
behaviour of the number of various cases during sundry
contingencies, a simulation design has been carried out. It is
paramount that the simulated system demonstrates to display
an authentic system in all vital components. The demeanour of
the model has to be homogeneous to what transpires into an
authentic situation.
It is further described how this has been established. In this
paper the accentuation has been put on wind power turbines
and induction engenderers. This has been done for the
perpetual extension of wind puissance. In the primary
research, we have considered a system as shown in the Fig.1

Where, parameters m and k, being integer variables replaces

x and y. A scaling function is associated with the wavelet. The
scaling function accompanied with the wavelet function
engenders a multi-resolution analysis (MRA) of the signal.
The scaling function of one level can be written as a sum of a
scaling function of the next finer level.
∞
ϕ (t ) = ¦ h( n)
n = −∞
2ϕ (2t − n) (1.2)

The wavelet function is further related to the scaling

function as [17]
Fig 1: Single Line Diagram of the Proposed Model
∞
ϕ (t ) = ¦ h ( n)
n = −∞
1 2ϕ (2t − n) (1.3) V. RESULT ANALYSIS

In Fig 4, the waveform of negative sequence component of

∞ voltage is affected by the islanding fault.
c j (k ) = ¦c
m = −∞
j +1 ( m) h( m − 2k ) (1.4)

∞
d j (k ) = ¦c
m = −∞
j +1 (m)h1 (m − 2k ) (1.5)

Equations (1.4) and (1.5) present that the coefficients at a

rougher stage can be procured by processing the coordinates
belonging to a finer stage to their individual filters which is
proceeded by an execution of the two, which further leads to
Fig 2: Sequence Analyzer Output in Mundane Case
 2016 International Conference on Circuit, Power and Computing Technologies [ICCPCT]
Fig 3: Condition I – Islanding Condition, Switching Fault
Fig 4: Negative Sequence Component of Voltage and d-1
coefficient for Islanding Condition
The voltage waveform is reduced between the switching
time 0.3 to 0.5s. And its corresponding wavelet coefficients
waveform is shown which is very much homogeneous to the
s-component.
Fig 5: Condition II – Wavelet due to ABCG fault
In Fig 6, the waveform of negative sequence component of
voltage is affected by the ABCG fault.
Fig 6: Negative Sequence Component of Voltage and d-1
coefficient for Fault Condition.
The voltage waveform is reduced between the switching
time 0.3 to 0.5s. And its corresponding wavelet coefficients
waveform is shown which is homogeneous to the s-
component.
Fig 7: Condition III – Current Waveform due to Islanding
Condition
In Fig 8, the waveform of negative sequence component of
current is affected by the islanding fault.
The voltage waveform is incremented vigorously between
the switching time 0.3 to 0.5s. And its corresponding wavelet
coefficients waveform is shown which is very much akin to
the s-component.
Fig 8: Negative Sequence Component of Current and d-1
coefficient for Islanding Condition.
In Fig 10, the waveform of negative sequence component of
voltage is affected by the ABCG fault.
Fig 9: Condition IV - Current Waveform due to ABCG fault
 2016 International Conference on Circuit, Power and Computing Technologies [ICCPCT]
Fig 10: Negative Sequence Component of Current and d-1
coefficient for Fault Condition.
The current waveform is incremented between the
switching time 0.3 to 0.5s. And its corresponding wavelet
coefficients waveform is shown which is homogeneous to the
s-component.
VI. CONCLUSION
With the incrementing price of electricity, the sizably
voluminous pressure from the environment, distributed
generation will play a consequential role in future power
supply. Albeit distributed generation offers many benefits, it
still faces many quandaries. Islanding is the most prominent
issue among them. This thesis investigated several subsisted
islanding detection methods with the results obtained from
MATLAB simulation. The result shows these methods have
immensely colossal non-detection zone with practical noise
distorted voltage signal and facilely mal-operate with other
mundane non-islanding operation. In this method, first
wavelet-transform is utilized to detect the time when event
(including islanding and non-islanding) is transpiring. The
reason why wavelet-transform is culled is that wavelet is
prodigiously sensitive to the sudden change of signal and here
in this case, the energy associated with the wavelet
coefficients of the PCC three-phase voltage shows drastic
change as anon as event occurs. Thus we can facilely detect
the time when event transpires. The performance as well as the
robustness of the proposed technique was tested with a
different islanding and non-islanding conditions. The
simulation results show high precision and robustness against
the noise in voltage signal .Thus, in terms of dependability,
precision and sensitivity to unbalanced system and the size of
NDZ, the proposed wavelet technique shows better results
than other passive islanding detection methods.
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