AREA OF PARALLELOGRAM

AND TRIANGLES

ar (||gm ABCD) = Base × Corresponding altitude

 IMPORTANT POINTS
= AB × BD = 5.2 × 4 sq.cm
 Parallelograms on the same base and
between the same parallels are equal in Ex.2 In parallelogram ABCD, AB = 10 cm. The
area. altitudes corresponding to the sides AB and
AD are respectively 7 cm and 8 cm. Find AD.
 Area of a parallelogram is the product of
its any side and the corresponding Sol. We have,
altitude. Area of a ||gm = Base × Height.
 Parallelogram on the same base and
having equal areas lie between the same  ar (||gm ABCD) = AB × DM
parallels. = (10 × 7) cm2 .... (i)
 If a parallelogram and a triangle are on
Also, ar (||gmABCD) = AD × BN
the same base and between the same
parallels, then area of the triangle, is half = (AD × 8) cm2 ....(ii)
the area of the parallelogram
D C
 Two congruent figures having same area.
 
N
EXAMPLES  8 cm
7 cm
Ex.1 ABCD is a quadrilateral and BD is one of its A B
diagonals as shown in fig. Show that ABCD M
10 cm
is a parallelogram and find its area.
Sol. Since diagonal BD intersects transversals AB From (i) and (ii), we get
and DC at B and D respectively such that 10 × 7 = AD × 8
ABD = CDB [Each equal to 90°] 10 7
 AD = cm = 8.75 cm.
i.e., alternate interior angles are equal. 8
 AB || DC Ex.3 In the adjoining figure, ABCD is a ||gm
Also, AB = DC [Each equal to 5.2 cms (Given)] whose diagonals AC and BD intersect at O. A
line segment through O meets AB at P and
Thus, one pair of opposite sides AB and DC 1
of quadrilateral ABCD are equal and parallel. DC at Q. Prove that are (APQD) = ar (||gm
2
Hence, ABCD is a parallelogram. ABCD).

Now D Q C
D 5.2cm C
90°
O
4cm

90° A P B
A 5.2cm B
Sol. Diagonal AC of ||gm ABCD divides it into A
two triangles of equal area.
1
 ar(ACD) = ar(||gm ABCD) ….(i)
2
In OAP and OCQ, we have
OA = OC B L D C

[diagonals of a ||gm bisect each other] D is the mid-point of BC.

AOP = COQ [vert. opp. ]  BD = DC
PAO = QCO [alt. int. ]  BD × AL = DC × AL
 OAP OCQ [Multiplying both sides by AL]

 ar(OAP) = ar(OCQ) 1 1
 (BD × AL) = (DC × AL)
2 2
 ar(OAP) + ar(quad. AOQD)
 ar (ABD) = ar (ADC)
= ar(OCQ) + ar(quad. AOQD)
ALITER Since s ABD and ADC have equal
 ar(quad. APQD) = ar(ACD) bases and the same altitude AL. Therefore,
1 ar ( ABC) = ar ( ADC).
= ar(||gm ABCD) [using (i)]
2 Ex.5 In figure, AD is a median of ABC and DE is
1 a median of DAC. Show that
 ar(APQD) = ar(||gm ABCD)
2 1
ar(AED) = ar(ABC)
4
 Triangles on the same base and between the A
same parallels are equal in area.
 The area of a triangle is half the product of any
of its sides and the corresponding altitude.
E
 If a triangle and a parallelogram are on the
same base and between the same parallels, the
area of the triangle is equal to half of the
parallelogram. B C
D
 The area of a trapezium is half the product of
its height and the sum of parallel sides. Sol. AD is a median of ABC
 Triangles having equal areas and having one  ar (ABD) = ar (ACD)
side of one of the triangles equal to one side of
the other, have their corresponding altitudes 1
ar (ACD) = ar (ABC) .... (1)
equal. 2

Ex.4 Show that a median of a triangle divides it DE is a median of DAC
into two triangles of equal area. 1
ar (AED) = ar (ACD) .... (2)
Sol. Given : A  ABC in which AD is the median. 2

To Prove ar (ABD) = ar (ADC) From (1) and (2),

Construction : Draw AL BC. 1 1  1

ar (AED) =  ar (ABC) = ar (ABC)
2 2  4
Proof Since AD is the median of  ABC.
Therefore, Ex.6 The diagonals of ABCD, AC and BD
intersect in O. Prove that if BO = OD, the
triangles ABC and ADC are equal in area.
Sol. Given : A quadrilateral ABCD in which its In DAC, S and R are midpoints of AD and
diagonals AC and BD intersect at O such that DC respectively.
BO = OD.
1
To Prove : ar ( ABC) = ar ( ADC)  SR || AC and SR = AC
2
Proof : In  ABD, we have BO = OD. Thus, PQ || SR and PQ = SR.
[Given]
 PQRS is a ||gm.
D C
Now, median AR divides ACD into two  of
O equal area.
1
 ar (ARD) = ar (ACD) ….(1)
A B 2
Median RS divides ARD into two  of
 O is the mid-point of BD equal area.
 AO is the median 1
 ar (DSR) = ar (ARD) ….(2)
 ar (AOB) = ar (AOD) ....(i) 2
From (1) and (2), we get
  Median divides a  into  
 two s of equal area  1
ar (DSR) = ar (ACD)
  In CBD, O is the mid-point of BD. 4

 CO is a median 1
  Similarly, ar (BQP) = ar (ABC)
4
 ar (COB) = ar (COD) ....(ii)
 ar (DSR) + ar (BQP)
Adding (i) and (ii), we get
1
ar (AOB) + ar (COB) = ar(AOD) = [ar (ACD) + ar (ABC)]
4
+ ar(COD)
   ar (DSR) + ar (BQP)
 ar (ABC) = ar (ADC).
1
= ar [quad. ABCD) …..(3)
Ex.7 Let P, Q, R, S be respectively the midpoints 4
of the sides AB, BC, CD and DA of quad.
ABCD. Show that PQRS is a parallelogram Similarly, ar (CRQ) + ar (ASP)
1 1
such that ar(||gm PQRS) = ar(quad. ABCD). = ar (quad. ABCD) ….(4)
2 4
C Adding (3) and (4), we get

R ar (DSR) + ar (BQP) + ar (CRQ)

+ ar (ASP)
D Q
1
= ar (quad. ABCD) ….(5)
S 2

A P B But, ar (DSR) + ar (BQP) + ar (CRQ)

Sol. Join AC and AR. + ar (ASP) + ar (||gm PQRS)

In ABC, P and Q are midpoints of AB and = ar (quad. ABCD) ….(6)

BC respectively. Subtracting (5) from (6), we get
1 1
 PQ || AC and PQ = AC ar (||gm PQRS) = ar (quad. ABCD) 
2 2
Ex.8 The medians BE and CF of a triangle Since HGF and ||gm HDCF are on the same
ABC intersect at G. Prove that area of base HF and between the same parallel lines. 
GBC = area of quadrilateral AFGE. 1
 ar(HGF) = ar (||gm HDCF) ....(i)
Sol. Join EF. Since the line segment Joining the 2
mid-points of two sides of a triangle is Similarly, HEF and ||gm HABF are on the
parallel to the third side. So, EF || BC. same base HF and between the same
A parallels.
1
ar (HEF) = ar (||gm HABF) ....(ii)
F E 2
G Adding (iii) and (iv),we get
B C 1
ar (HGF) + ar (HEF) = [ar(||gm HDCF)
Clearly, sBEF and CEF are on the same 2
base EF and between the same parallel lines. + ar( ||gm HABF)]
So,
1
 ar (||gm EFGH) = ar (||gm ABCD).
ar (BEF) = ar (CEF) 2
ar (BEF) – ar (GEF) Ex.10 Two segments AC and BD bisect each other
at O. Prove that ABCD is a parallelogram.
= ar (CEF) – ar (GEF)
Sol. Given: AC and BD are two segments
 ar (BFG) = ar (CEG) .... (i) bisecting each other at O.
We know that a median of a triangle divides To Prove: ABCD is a parallelogram.
it into two triangels of equal area. Construction : Join AB, BC, CD and DA.
Therefore, D C
ar (BEC) = ar (ABE) 2
ar(BGC) + ar (CEG) = ar(quad. AFGE)
+ ar (BFG) O

ar(BGC) + ar(BFG) = ar (quad. AFGE) 1

+ ar (BFG) [Using (i)] A B
 ar (BGC) = ar (quad. AFGE) Proof : In s AOB and COD, we have
Ex.9 E, F, G, H are respectively, the mid-points of AO = CO [Given]
the sides AB, BC, CD and DA of
parallelogram ABCD. Show that the area of BO = DO [Given]
quadrilateral EFGH is half the area of the and, AOB = COD [Vertically opp. s]
parallelogram ABCD.
So, by SAS criterion of congruence
Sol. Given: A quadrilateral ABCD in which E, F,
G, H are respectively the mid-points of the AOB COD
sides AB, BC, CD and DA.
 AB = CD [ Corresponding parts of
To Prove : congruent triangles are equal]
1 and, 1 = 2.
(i) ar (||gm EFGH) = ar (||gm ABCD)
2 Thus, AB and DC intersect AC at A and C
Construction : Join AC and HF respectively such that 1 = 2 i.e. alternate
interior angles are equal.
D G C
 AB || DC
H F Thus, in quadrilateral ABCD, we have
AB = DC and AB || DC
A E B
 i.e. a pair of opposite sides are equal and Construction : Draw EOF|| AB and LOM || AD.
parallel. Hence, ABCD is a parallelogram.
Proof : We have,
Hence, ABCD is a parallelogram.
ar (AOD) + ar (BOC)
Ex.11 ABCD is a parallelogram. L and M are points
on AB and DC respectively and AL = CM. 1 1
= (AD × OE) + (BC × OF)
Prove that LM and BD bisect each other. 2 2
Sol. We have, AL = CM 1 1
 (AD × OE) + (AD × OF) [AD = BC]
  AB – BL = CD – DM 2 2

  – BL = – DM [ ABCD is a ||gm   
1
(AD × (OE + OF))
2
 AB = DC]
D M
  BL = DM .... (i) C
Now, AB || DC and transversals BD and LM
intersect them. E F
0
D M C A L B
4 2 1
 (AD × EF)
2
1
 (AD × AB) [EF = AB]
1 2
3
A L B 1
 ar (rect ABCD) and,
  3 = 4 and 1 = 2 ....(ii) 2

Thus, in s OBL and ODM, we have ar(AOB) + ar (COD)

1 = 2 [From (ii)] 1 1 1
= (AB × OL) + (CD × OM)
2 2 2
BL = MD [From (i)]
1
3 = 4 [From (ii)] = (AB × OL) + (AB × OM) [ AB  CD]
2
So, by ASA criterion of congruence
1
OBL ~ = AB × (OL + OM)
 ODM 2
  OB = OD and OL = OM 1
= (AB × LM) [ LM  AD]
  Corresponding parts of  2
 
congruent triangles are equal 1 1
= (AB × AD) = ar (rect ABCD)
2 2
  O is the mid-point of BD and LM both.
  ar (AOD) + ar (BOC)
  BD and LM bisect each other.
= ar(AOB)+ ar (COD)
Ex.12 A point O inside a rectangle ABCD is joined
to the vertices. Prove that the sum of the areas Ex.13 ABCD is a rhombus and P, Q, R, S are the
of a pair of opposite triangles so formed is mid-points of AB, BC, CD, DA respectively.
equal to the sum of the other pair of triangles. Prove that PQRS is a rectangle.
Sol. Given : A rectangle ABCD and O is a point Sol. Given: A rhombus ABCD in which P, Q, R,
inside it, OA, OB, OC and OD have been S are the mid-points of sides AB, BC, CD and
joined. DA respectively. PQ, QR, RS and SP are
To Prove : ar (AOD) + ar (BOC) joined.
= ar (AOB) + ar (COD). To Prove: PQRS is rectangle.
Construction : Join AC. Again, ABCD is a rhombus
D R C  AB = BC = CD = AD

4  AB = BC, CD = AD
S Q 1 1 1 1
1  AB = BC, CD = AD
2 2 2 2
3 2
 AP = CQ, CR = AS ....(iii)
A P B
Now, in s APS and CQR, we have
Proof : In order to prove that PQRS is a
rectangle, it is sufficient to show that it is a AP = CQ [From (iii)]
parallelogram whose one angle is a right AS = CR [From (iii)]
angle. First we shall prove that PQRS is
parallelogram. and PS = QR [ PQRS is ||gm  PS = QR]
In ABC, P and Q are the mid-points of AB So, by SSS criterion of congruence
and BC respectively.
APS ~
 CQR
1
 PQ || AC and PQ = AC ....(i)  3 = 4 ....(iv)
2
In ADC, R and S are the mid-points of CD   Corresponding parts of 
and AD respectively.  
congruent triangles are equal
1 Now, 3 + SPQ + 2 = 180º
 RS || AC and RS = AC ....(ii)
2
and, 1 + PQR + 4 = 180º
From (i) and (ii), we have
 3 + SPQ + 2 = 1 + PQR + 4
PQ || RS and PQ = RS
 SPQ = PQR ...(v)
Thus, PQRS is a quadrilateral such that one
pair of opposite sides PQ and SR is equal and   1  2, from (ii) 
parallel.  
and 3  4, from (iv )
So, PQRS is a parallelogram.
Now, transversal PQ cuts parallel lines SP
Now, we shall prove that one angle of and RQ at P and Q respectively.
parallelogram PQRS is a right angle.
 SPQ + PQR = 180º
ABCD is a rhombus
 SPQ + SPQ = 180º [Using (v)]
 AB = BC
 SPQ = 90º
[ All sides of a rhombus are equal]
Thus, PQRS is a parallelogram such that 

1 1
AB = BC    SPQ = 90º.
2 2
Hence, PQRS is a rectangle.
 PB = BQ ....(i) Ex.14 Triangles ABC and DBC are on the same
 P and Q are the mid  po ints  base BC with A, D on opposite sides of line
 
 of AB and BC respectively  BC, such that ar ( ABC) = ar ( DBC).
Show that BC bisects AD.
Now, in PBQ we have,
Sol. Since s ABC and DBC are equal in area and
PB = BQ have a common side BC. Therefore the
 1 = 2 ....(ii) altitudes corresponding to BC are equal i.e.
AE = DF.
 Angles opposite to 
  Now, in s AEO and DFO, we have
equal sides are equal
  1 = 2 [Vertically opp. angles] D G C

 AEO = DFO [Each equal to 90°] E F

O
and, AE = DF
O
A H B
A
Proof: Since GH || DE and EF || DC
 OG || DE and OE || GD
1 O F
B C  EOGD is a parallelogram
E 2
Similarly, EAHO, HBFO and FOGC are
parallelograms.
D
Now, OD is a diagonal of parallelogram EOGD
So, by AAS criterion of congruence,
 ar (EOD) = ar (DOG) .... (iii)
 AEO  DFO
OA is a diagonal of parallelogram EAHO
 AO = DO
 ar (EOA) = ar (AOH) ....(iv)
 BC bisects AD.
OB is a diagonal of parallelogram HBFO
Ex.15 ABCD is a parallelogram and O is any point
 ar (BOF) = ar (BOH) ....(v)
in its interior. Prove that :
OC is a diagonal of parallelogram FOGC
1
(i) ar (OB) + ar (COD) = ar (||gm ABCD)
2  ar (FOC) = ar (COG)
(ii) ar (AOB) + ar (COD) Adding (iii), (iv) and (v), we get

= ar (BOC) + ar (AOD) ar (EOD) + ar (EOA) + ar (BOF)

+ ar(FOC)
Sol. Given: A parallelogram ABCD and O is a
point in its interior. = ar (DOG) + ar (AOH) + ar (BOH)
(i) Since AOB and parallelogram ABFE are on + ar (COG)
the same base AB and between the same
 ar (AOD) + ar (BOC)
parallel lines AB and EF.
= ar (AOB) + ar (COD)
1
 ar (AOB) = ar (||gm ABFE) ....(i) Ex.16 A quadrilateral ABCD is such that diagonal
2
BD divides its area in two equal parts. Prove
Similarly, that BD bisects AC.
1 Sol. Given: A quadrilateral ABCD in which
ar (COD) = ar (||gm DEFC) ....(ii)
2 diagonal BD bisects it, i.e.
Adding (i) and (ii), we get ar (ABD) = ar (BDC)
ar (AOB) + ar (COD) Construction: Join AC.
1 Suppose AC and BD intersect at O. Draw
= ar (||gm ABCD)
2 AL  BD and CM  BD.
(ii) To Prove: ar(AOB) + ar(COD) To Prove : AO = OC.

= ar (BOC) + ar (AOD). Proof: We have, ar ( ABD) = ar( BDC)

Construction: Draw EOF ||AB and GOH || AD. Thus, s ABD and ABC are on the same base
AB and have equal area. Therefore, their
corresponding altitudes are equal.
 i.e., AL = CM In ABC, G is the mid-point of AC (proved
above) and EF || AB.
D C
L  F is the mid-point of BC
1 2
O 1
M  GF = AB ....(ii)
2
A B
  Segment joining the mid  po int s of 
Now, in s ALO and CMO, we have  
two sides of a  is half of the third sides
1 = 2 [Vertically opposite angles] From (i) and (ii), we have
 ALO = CMO [Each equal to 90°] 1 1
EG + GF = (DC) + (AB)
and,AL = CM [Proved above] 2 2
1
So, by AAS criterion of congruence  EF = (AB + DC)
2
ALO CMO
Ex.18 In ABC, D is the mid-point of AB. P is any
 AO = OC BD bisects AC. point of BC. CQ || PD meets AB in Q. Show
1
Ex.17 In Fig. ABCD is a trapezium in which side that ar (BPQ) = ar (ABC).
AB is parallel to side DC and E is the mid- 2
point of side AD. If F is a point on the side 1
BC such that the segment EF is parallel to Sol. To Prove: ar (BPQ) = ar (ABC)
2
side DC.
Construction: Join CD.
A B
A
E F Q
G

D C D

1
Prove that EF = (AB + DC).
2 B P C
Sol. Given : A trapezium ABCD in which AB || Proof: Since D is the mid-point of AB. So, in
DC, E is the mid-point of AD and F is a point ABC, CD is the median.
on BC such that EF || DC.
1
ar (BCD) = ar (ABC) .... (i)
1 2
To Prove: EF = (AB + DC)
2 Since sPDQ and PDC are on the same base
Proof: In ADC, E is the mid-point of AD PD and between the same parallel lines PD
and EG || DC (Given) and QC.
 ar(PDQ) = ar (PDC) ....(ii)
 G is the mid-point of AC
Now, from (i)
Since segment joining the mid-points of two
sides of a triangle is half of the third side. 1
ar (BCD) = ar(ABC)
2
1
 EG = DC ....(i)
2 1
 ar (BPD) + ar (PDC) = ar (ABC)
Now, ABCD is a trapezium in which 2
AB || DC. 1
 ar (BPD) + ar (PDQ) = ar (ABC)
But, EF || DC 2
[Using (ii)]
 EF || AB
1
 GF || AB  ar (BPQ) = ar (ABC)
2
Ex.19 If the medians of a ABC intersect at D G C
G, show that ar(AGB) = ar( AGC)
1 H F
= ar( BGC) = ar( ABC).
3
Sol. Given: A ABC such that its medians AD, A E B
BE and CF intersect at G. Proof: Since FH || AB (by construction).
To Prove : ar ( AGB) = ar ( BGC) Therefore, ABFH is a parallelogram.
1 Now, AF is a diagonal of ||gm ABFH
= ar (CGA) = ar ( ABC)
3
1
 ar (AFH) = ar(||gm ABFH) .... (i)
Proof : We know that the median of a triangle 2
divides it into two triangles of equal area.
In ||gm DCFH, DF is a diagonal.
In  ABC, AD is the median
1
 ar ( ABD) = ar ( ACD) .... (i)  ar(DFH) = ar(||gm DCFH) ....(ii)
2
In  GBC, GD is the median From (i) and (ii), we have
 ar ( GBD) = ar ( GCD) ....(ii) ar (AFH) + ar(DFH)
Subtracting (ii) from (i), we get 1 1
= ar (||gm ABFH) + ar(||gm DCFH)
ar ( ABD) – ar ( GBD) = ar ( ACD) – ar ( GCD) 2 2
 ar ( AGB) = ar ( AGC) ....(iii)  ar (AFH) + ar (DFH)
Similarly, 1
= [ar (||gm ABFH) + (ar (||gm DCFH)]
A 2
1
ar(AFH) + ar(DFH) = ar (||gm ABCD)
E 2
F
1
G  ar(ADF) = ar(||gm ABCD) ....(iii)
2
B D C
In ||gm AEGD, DE is a diagonal.
ar ( AGB) = ar ( BGC) ....(iv)
1
From (iii) and (iv), we get  ar(DEG) = ar (||gm AEGD) ....(iv)
2
ar( AGB) = ar( BGC) = ar( AGC) ....(v) In ||gm CBEG, CE is a diagonal.
But, ar ( AGB) + ar ( BGC) + ar ( AGC) 1
= ar ( ABC)  ar(CEG) = ar (||gm CBEG) ....(v)
2
 3 ar ( AGB) = ar ( ABC) From (iv) and (v),we have
1 ar (DEG) + ar (CEG)
 ar ( AGB) = ar ( ABC)
3
1 1
= ar ((||gm AEGD) + ar ((||gm CBEG)
Hence, ar ( AGB) = ar ( AGC) = ar ( BGC) 2 2
1
=  ar ( ABC).  ar (DEG) + ar (CEG)
3
1 1
Ex.20 In a parallelogram ABCD, E, F are any two = [ar (||gm AEGD + ar (||gm CBEG)]
point on the sides AB and BC respectively. 2 2
Show that ar (ADF) = ar (DCE). 1
 ar(DEG)+ ar(CEG) = [ar(||gm ABCD)
Sol. Construction: Draw EG || AD and FH || AB. 2
 1 From (iv) and (v), we get
 ar (DCE) = ar (||gm ABCD) ....(vi)
2 5 = 6
From (iii) and (vi), we get Thus, in OQM, we have
ar (ADF) = ar (DCE). 5 = 6
Ex.21 In Fig. PQRS is a parallelogram, PQ and QO
 OM = QM ....(vi)
are respectively, the angle bisectors of P
and Q. Line LOM is drawn parallel to PQ. [ Opp. sides of equal angles are equal]
Prove that : But,PL = QM ....(vii) [As proved above]
(i) PL = QM (ii) LO = OM. So, from (iii), (vi) and (vii), we get
Sol. Since PQRS is a parallelogram. OL = OM.
 PS || QR PL || QM Ex.22 The diagonals of a quadrilateral ABCD are
Thus, we have perpendicular. Show that the quadrilateral,
formed by joining the mid-points of its sides,
S R is a rectangle.
O
L M
3 6 Sol. Given: A quadrilateral whose diagonals AC
and BD are perpendicular to each other, P, Q,
2 5 R, S are the mid-points of sides AB, BC, CD
1 4 and DA respectively. PQ, QR, RS and SP are
P Q
joined.
PL || QM and LM || PQ [Given]
To Prove: PQRS is a rectangle.
 PQML is parallelogram. D R
PL = QM [ Opp. sides of a || gm are equal] C
This proves (i). O
S Q
Now, OP is the bisector of P
N M
 1 = 2 ....(i)
A P B
Now, PQ || LM and transversal OP intersects
them Proof: In ABC, P and Q are the mid-points
of AB and BC respectively.
 1 = 3 ....(ii)
From (i) and (ii), we get 1
 PQ || AC and PQ = AC .... (i)
2 = 3 2

Thus, in OPL, we have In ADC, R and S are the mid-points of CD

and AD respectively.
2 = 3
1
OL = PL ...(iii)  RS || AC and RS = AC ....(ii)
2
  Opposite sides of equal  From (i) and (ii), we have
 
angles in triangle are equal PQ || RS and PQ = RS
Since OQ is the bisector of Q Thus, in quadrilateral PQRS, a pair of
opposite sides are equal and parallel. So,
 4 = 5 ....(iv) PQRS is a parallelogram.
Also, PQ || LM and transversal OQ intersects Suppose the diagonals AC and BD of
them quadrilateral ABCD intersect at O.
  4 = 6 ....(v) Now in ABD, P is the mid-point of AB and
S is the mid-point of AD.
  PS || BD PN || MO In ADC, R and S are the mid-points of CD
and AD respectively.
Also, from (i) , PQ || AC
 PM || NO 1
 RS || AC and RS = AC ....(ii)
2
Thus, in quadrilateral PMON, we have
From (i) and (ii), we have
PN || MO and PM || NO
PQ = RS and PQ || RS
 PMON is a parallelogram.
Thus, in quadrilateral PQRS one pair of
 MPN = MON opposite sides are equal and parallel.
[ Opposite angles of a ||gm are equal] Hence, PQRS is a parallelogram.
 MPN = BOA [ BOA = MON] Ex.25 The side AB of a parallelogram ABCD is
 MPN = 90º [ AC  BD BOA = 90º] produced to any point P. A line through A
parallel to CF meets CB produced in Q and
 QPS = 90º [ MPN = QPS] the parallelogram PBQR completed.
Thus, PQRS is a parallelogram whose one Show that ar (||gm ABCD) = ar (||gm BPRQ).
angle QPS = 90º Hence PQRS is a rectangle.
Sol. Construction: Join AC and PQ.
Ex.23 In a parallelogram ABCD diagonals AC and
D
BD intersect at O and AC = 6.8cm and C
BD = 13.6 cm. Find the measures of OC
and CD.
Sol. Since the diagonals of a parallelogram bisect A P
B
each other. Therefore, O is the mid-point of
AC and BD.
Q
1 1 R
 OC = AC = × 6.8 cm = 3.4 cm
2 2
To prove: ar (||gm ABCD) = ar(||gm BPRQ)
1 1
and, OD = BD = × 5.6 cm = 2.8 cm Proof: Since AC and PQ are diagonals of
2 2
parallelograms ABCD and BPQR respectively.
Ex.24 Prove that the figure formed by joining the
mid-points of the pairs of consecutive sides of 1
 ar (ABC) = ar (||gm ABCD) ....(i)
a quadrilateral is a parallelogram. 2
Sol. Given: ABCD is a quadrilateral in which P, 1
Q, R and S are the mid-points of sides AB, and, ar (PBQ) = ar (||gm BPRQ) ....(ii)
2
BC, CD and DA respectively.
Now, s ACQ and AQP are on the same base
To Prove: PQRS is a parallelogram.
AQ and between the same parallels AQ and CP
Construction: Join A and C.
 ar(ACQ) = ar (AQP)
D R C  ar(ACQ) – ar (ABQ)
= ar (AQP)–ar(ABQ)
S Q
[Subtracting ar (ABQ) from both sides]
 ar (ABC) = ar (BPQ)
A P B
1 1
 ar (||gm ABCD ) = ar (||gm BPRQ)
Proof: In ABC, P and Q are the mid-points 2 2
of sides AB and BC respectively.
[Using (i) and (ii)]
1
 PQ || AC and PQ = AC .... (i)  ar(||gm ABCD) = ar(||gm BPRQ).
2
Ex.26 In a parallelogram ABCD, the bisector of A Sol. Join XC and BY.
also bisects BC at X. Prove that AD = 2AB. Since s BXC and BCY are on the same base
Sol. Since AX is the bisector of A. BC and between the sum parallels BC and XY

1  ar(BXC) = ar(BCY) .... (i)

 1 = A .... (i)
2 B C
Since ABCD is a parallelogram.
Therefore, AD || BC and AB intersects them. Y
X Q
P
 A + B = 180º
[ Sum of interior angles is 180º]
A
D C
Also, s BXC and ABX are on the same base
BX and between the same parallels BX and AC.
 ar (BXC) = ar (ABX) ....(ii)
X
2 Clearly, sBCY and ACY are on the same
base CY and between the same parallels
1 AB and CY.
A B
 ar(BCY) = ar (ACY) ....(iii)
 B = 180º – A
From (i), (ii) and (iii), we get
In ABX, we have
ar(ABX) = ar (ACY).
1 + 2 + B = 180º
Ex.28 In Fig. AD and BE are medians of ABC and
1 BE || DF.
 A + 2 + 180º – A = 180º
2 A
1
 2 –  E
2
1 F
     ....(ii)
2
D C
From (i) and (ii), we have B
1 = 2. 1
Prove that CF = AC
Thus, in ABX, we have 4

1 = 2. Sol. In BEC, DF is a line through the mid-point

D of BC and parallel to BE intersecting CE at
 BX = AB [ Sides opposite to equal F. Therefore, F is the mid-point of CE.
angles in a  are equal] Because the line drawn through the mid-point
of one side of a triangle and parallel to
2BX = 2AB [Multiplying both sides by 2] another side bisects the third side.
 BC = 2AB [X is the mid-point of BC  Now, F is the mid-point of CE
      AD = BC] 1
 CF = CE
AD = 2AB 2

[ ABCD is a ||gm  AD = BC] 1 1  E is the mid  po int 


 CF =  AC   1 
Ex.27 In Fig. BC || XY, BX || CA and AB || YC. 2 2   of AC  EC  AC 
 2 
Prove that:
1
ar (ABX) = ar (ACY).  CF = AC
4
Ex.29 D, E, F are the mid-points of the sides BC, Ex.30 ABC and DEF are two triangles such that
CA and AB respectively of ABC, prove that
BDEF is a parallelogram whose area is half
that of ABC. Also, show that
1 Sol.
ar (DEF) = are (ABC).
4
Sol. Since D and E are the mid-points of sides BC
and AC respectively.
AB, BC are respectively equal and parallel to
DE, EF; show that AC is equal and parallel to
DF.
Given:Two triangles ABC and DEF such that
AB = DE and AB || DE. Also BC = EF and
BC || EF
To Prove: AC = DF and AC || DF
A D

F E C
F
B E

B D C Proof : Consider the quadrilateral ABED.

We have, AB = DE and AB || DE
Therefore, DE || BA DE || BF
Similarly, FE || BD. So, BDEF is a  One pair of opposite sides are equal and
parallelogram. Similarly, DCEF and AFDE parallel
are parallelograms.  ABED is a parallelogram.
Now, DF is a diagonal of ||gm BDEF.  AD = BE and AD || BE ....(i)
 ar (BDF) = ar (DEF) .... (i) Now, consider quadrilateral BCFE.
DE is a diagonal of ||gm DCEF We have, BC = EF and BC || EF
 ar (DCE) = ar (DEF) ....(ii)  One pair of opposite sides are equal and
parallel
FE is a diagonal of ||gm AFDE
 BCFE is a parallelogram.
 ar (AFE) = ar (DEF) ....(iii)
 CF = BE and CF || BE ....(ii)
From (i), (ii) and (iii), we have
From (i) and (ii), we have
ar (BDF) = ar (DCE) = ar (AFE)
= ar (DEF) AD = CF and AD || CF
But, ar (BDF) + ar (DCE) + ar (AFE)  ACFD is a parallelogram
+ ar (DEF) = ar (ABC) AC = DF and AC || DF
 4 ar (DEF) = ar (ABC) Ex.31 Parallelogram ABCD & rectangle ABEF have
the same base AB and also have equal areas.
1 Show that perimeter of the parallelogram is
 ar (DEF) = ar (ABC).
4 greater than that of the rectangle.
Now, ar (||gm BDEF) = 2 ar (DEF) Sol. Given: A ||gm ABCD and a rectangle ABEF
with the same base AB and equal areas.
1
 ar (||gm BDEF) = 2 × ar(ABC)
4 To Prove: Perimeter of ||gm ABCD
> Perimeter of rectangle ABEF
1
= ar (ABC) i.e. AB + BC + CD + AD > AB + BE + EF + AF.
2
 F D E C  FK = KC ....(ii)
From (i) and (ii), we have
AF = FK = KC ....(iii)
Now, AC = AF + FK + KC
A B
 AC = AF + AF + AF [Using (iii)]
Proof: Since opposite sides of a parallelogram
 AC = 3 (AF)
and a rectangle are equal.
1
 AB = DC [ ABCD is a ||gm]  AF = AC
3
and, AB = EF [ ABEF is a rectangle]
 DC = EF .... (i)
 AB + DC = AB + EF ....(ii)
Since, of all the segments that can be drawn
to a given line from a point not lying on it, the
perpendicular segment is the shortest.
BE < BC and AF < AD BC > BE and AD > AF
 BC + AD > BE + AF ....(iii)
Adding (ii) and (iii), we get
AB + DC + BC + AD > AB + EF + BE + AF
AB + BC + CD + DA > AB + BE + EF + FA.

Ex.32 In ABC, AD is the median through A and E

is the mid-point of AD. BE produced meets
1
AC in F. Prove that AF = AC.
3
Sol. Through D, draw DK || BF. In ADK, E is
the mid-point of AD and EF || DK.
A

F
E
K

B D C
 F is the mid-point of AK
 AF = FK .... (i)
In BCF, D is the mid-point of BC and
DK || BF
 K is the mid-point of FC
 IMPORTANT POINTS TO BE REMEMBERED
1. Two figures are said to be on the same base
and between the same parallels, if they have a
9. If a triangle and a parallelogram are on the
common side (base) and the vertices (or the
same base and between the same parallels,
vertex) opposite to the common base of each
then the area of the triangle is equal to the
figure lie on a line parallel to the base.
half of the parallelogram.
2. Two congruent figures have equal areas but
10. The area of a trapezium is half the product of
the converse need not be true.
its height and the sum of parallel sides.
3. A diagonal of a parallelogram divides it into
11. Triangles having equal areas and having one
two triangles of equal area.
side of one of the triangles, equal to one side
4. Parallelograms on the same base and between of the other, have their corresponding
the same parallels are equal in area. altitudes equal.
5. The area of a parallelogram is the product of 12. If each diagonal of a quadrilateral separates it
its base and the corresponding altitude. into two triangles of equal area, then the
quadrilateral is a parallelogram.
6. Parallelograms on equal bases and between
the same parallels are equal in area. 13. The area of a rhombus is half the product of
the lengths of its diagonals.
7. Triangles on the same bases and between the
same parallels are equal in area. 14. Diagonals of a parallelogram divide it into
four triangles of equal area.
8. The area of a triangle is half the product of
any of its sides and the corresponding 15. A median of a triangle divides it into two
altitude. triangles of equal area.
 EXERCISE
Q.9 In the figure, ABCD is a parallelogram and a
Q.1 Two opposite angles of a parallelogram are
line through A cuts DC at P and BC produced
(3x – 2)° and (50 – x)°. Find the measure of
at Q. Prove that arc (BPC) = arc (DPQ)
each angle of the parallelogram.

Q.2 If an angle of a parallelogram is two-third of

its adjacent angle, find the angles of the A B
parallelogram.

Q.3 Find the measure of all the angles of a

C
parallelogram, if one angle is 24° less than D P
twice the smallest angle. Q

Q.4 The perimeter of a parallelogram is 22 cm. If Q.10 If one angle of a parallelogram is 24°less than
the longer side measures 6.5 cm what is the twice the smallest angle, then find the largest
measure of the shorter side? angle of the parallelogram.

Q.5 In a parallelogram ABCD, D = 135°, Q.11 If an angle of a parallelogram is two-third of

determine the measures of A and B. its adjacent angle, then find smallest angle of
the parallelogram.
Q.6 ABC is a triangle. D is a point on AB such that
Q.12 In the given figure, ABCD is a parallelogram
1
AD = AB and E is a point on AC such that in which DAB = 75° and DBC = 60°
4
Then find BDC.
1 1
AE = AC . Prove that DE = BC. D C
4 4

Q.7 In fig. ABCD is a parallelogram in which P is

the mid-point of DC and Q is a point on AC 60°
75°
1 A B
such that CQ = AC. If PQ produced meets
4 Q.13 Two parallelograms stand on equal bases and
BC at R, prove that R is a mid-point of BC. between the same parallels. Then find ratio of
D P C D P C their areas.
Q Q.14 If a rectangle and a parallelogram are equal in
R Q R
area and have the same base and are situated
A B A B on the same side, then the quotient:
Q.8 ABCD is a parallelogram, E and F are the Perimeter of rectangle
Perimeter of || gm
mid-points of AB and CD respectively. GH is
any line intersecting AD, EF and BC at G, P Q.15 ABCD is a parallelogram, E, F are the mid
and H respectively. Prove that GP = PH. points of BC and AD respectively and G is
any point on EF. Then find area of GAB.
Q.16 P and Q are any two points lying on the sides
DC and AD respectively of a parallelogram
ABCD. Show that ar (APB) = ar (BQC).
Q.17 The altitude of a parallelogram is twice the
length of the base and its area is 1250 cm2.
Then find lengths of the base and the altitude.
Q.23 In figure, diagonals AC and BD of quadrilateral
ABCD, intersect at O such that OB = OD. If
AB = CD. then show that :
D A
O

Q.18 In the figure if area of parallelogram ABCD C B

is 30 cm2, then find ar (ADE) + ar (BCE). (i) ar (DOC) = ar (AOB)
E (ii) ar (DCB) = ar (ACB)
D C
(iii) DA || CD or ABCD is a parallelogram

Q.24 The area of a triangle is equal to the area of a

rectangle whose length and breadth are 18 cm
A B and 12 cm respectively. If the base of the
triangle is 24 cm, then find its altitude.
Q.19 In the figure, ABCD is a parallelogram, if
area of AEB is 16 cm2, then find area of Q.25 In figure, ABC is a triangle, AD is a median
BFC. and E is the mid-point of AD.BE is joined
E and produced to intersect AC in a point F.
D C
Prove that :
F
1
AF =   AC
3
A B A

Q.20 If the ratio of the altitude and the area of the

parallelogram is 2 : 11, then find the length of
F
the base of the parallelogram.
E
Q.21 Two adjacent sides of a parallelogram are 24 cm
M
and 18 cm. If the distance between the longer
sides is 12 cm, then find the distance between B
D
the shorter sides. C

Q.22 ABCD is a trapezium with parallel sides Q.26
AB = a cm and DC = b cm. E and F are the
mid-points of the non-parallel sides. Then
find ratio of ar (ABFE) and ar (EFCD).
D b
C Q.27
E F
A B
a
ABC is triangle right-angled at B and P is the
mid-point of AC. Prove that :
1
PB = PA = AC
2
The diagonals of a parallelogram ABCD
intersect at a point O. Through O, a line is
drawn to intersect AD at P and BC at Q.
Show that PQ divides the parallelogram into
two parts of equal area. (See figure)
 P A B
A D

O
D
E C
B Q C
 Fill in the blanks Types Questions
Q.28 ABCD is a quadrilateral. A line through D,
Q.36 Fill in the blanks :
parallel to AC meets BC produced in P. Prove
(i) The triangle formed by joining the mid-
that area of ABP = area of quad. ABCD.
points of the sides of an isosceles triangle
Q.29 In figure, ABCD is a parallelogram, P is any is ……… .
point on AB produced, AQ is drawn parallel (ii) The triangle formed by joining the mid-
to CP to intersect CB produced at Q and points of the sides of a right triangle is
parallelogram BQRP is completed. Show that ……….. .
area of ||gm ABCD = area BQRP. (iii) The figure formed by joining the mid-
D C points of the consecutive sides of a
quadrilateral is ……
A P Q.37 In figure CD || AE and CY || BA.
B
(i) Name a triangle equal in area of CBX
(ii) Prove that ar(ZDE) = ar(CZA)
Q R
(iii) Prove that ar(BCZY) = ar(EDZ)
 True/False Type Questions C D
B
Q.30 In a parallelogram, the diagonals are equal. Z
X
Y
Q.31 In a parallelogram, the diagonals bisect each
A E
other.
Q.38 In figure PSDA is a parallelogram in which
Q.32 In a parallelogram, the diagonals intersect
PQ = QR = RS and AP || BQ || CR. Prove that
each other at right angles.
ar(PQE) = ar(CFD).
Q.33 If ABCD is a parallelogram with two adjacent P Q R S
angles A and B equal to each other, then the
parallelogram is a rectangle. E

F
Q.34 If ABCD is a parallelogram and E, F are the
centroids of  s ABD and BCD respectively,
A B C D
then EF = AE.
Q.39 In figure ABCD is a trapezium in which
Q.35 ABCD is a parallelogram one of whose
AB || DC and DC = 40 cm and AB = 60 cm.
diagonals is AC. Then ar (ADC) = ar (CBA)
If X and Y are, respectively, the mid-point of
AD and BC, prove that :
 D C

x y

A B
(i) XY = 50 cm
(ii) DCYX is a trapezium
9
(iii) ar(trap. DCYX) = ar(trap. (XYBA))
11

Q.40 D is the mid-point of side BC of ABC and E

is the mid-point of BD. If O is the mid-point
1
of AE, prove that ar(BOE) = ar(ABC).
8
 ANSWER KEY

1. 37°, 143°, 37°, 143° 2. 108°, 72°, 108°, 72° 3. 68°, 112°,68°, 112° 4.45 cm
4.45°, 135° 10. 112º 11. 72º
12. 45° 13. 1 : 1 14. Less than 1
1
15. (||gm ABCD) 17. 25 cm, 50 cm 18. 15 cm2
4
19. 16 cm2 20. 5.5 units 21. 16 cm
22. (3a + b) : (a + 3b) 24. 18 cm 30. Flase
31. True 32. Flase 33. True
34. True 35. True

36. (i) Also isosceles  (ii) Also right angle  (iii) Parallelograme