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A Is A Sensor Able To Detect The Presence of Nearby Objects Any
A Is A Sensor Able To Detect The Presence of Nearby Objects Any
INFRARED
A proximity sensor often emits an electromagnetic field or a beam
of electromagnetic radiation (infrared, for instance), and looks for
changes in the field or return signal.
The object being sensed is often referred to as the proximity sensor's
target. Different proximity sensor targets demand different sensors.
For example, a capacitive or photoelectric sensor might be suitable
for a plastic target; an inductive proximity sensor always requires a
metal target.
INDUCTIV CAPACITIVE
Types of PROXIMITY SENSOR
Capacitive
Inductive
Passive optical
Ultrasonic sensor
MAGNETIC
Magnetic Proximity Sensors
Magnetic proximity sensors are non-contact proximity
devices that are used to detect magnetic objects (e.g.
permanent magnets).
They sense the presence of a magnetic object,
commonly referred to as the target. The target,
characterized by its magnetic field, triggers the
switching process when it enters the detection range of
the sensor.
The switch may be a reed switch or the device could
operate due to inductive, variable reluctance,
magneto resistive or hall effect operating principles.
Sensors Specifications
Performance Criteria
The lifespan of a magnetic sensor at low values of voltage and current depends on the
mechanical characteristics of the contact while for higher values the operating life depends upon
the charectristics of load.
Magnetic Proximity Sensors
Extremely small dimensions and high operating distances characterize these magnetic sensors in metallic case. To actuate sensor
a magnetic is required.
Features:
• High operating distance
• Threaded metallic case
• Protection degree of IP 67
• Hermetically sealed
• Compliant to the EMC directive
Output VA V A MODEL
NO 10 220 0.5 S3390 S3391 S3392 S3393
NO+NC 20 150 1 S3398 S3399 S3400 S3401
Dimensions: mm
1" = 25.4 mm
1 mm = .03937”
Wiring
NO
Changeover, NO+NC
not to scale
4
Rectangular Magnetic Proximity Sensors
To actuate sensor a magnetic is required.
Features:
• High operating distance
• Rectangular case
• Protection degree of IP 67
• Hermetically sealed
• Compliant to the EMC directive
CAPACITIVE
proximity sensor
Introduction
Capacitance is an electrical property which is created by applying
an electrical charge to two conductive objects with a gap between
them. The capacitance of a parallel plate capacitor is given by:
An eddy current sensor measures distance between the sensor head and
an electrically conducting surface.sensor operation is based on eddy
currents that are induced at the conducting surface as magnetic flux lines
from the sensor intersect with the surface of the conducting material.
The magnetic flux lines are generated by the active coil in the sensor,which
is driven at a very high frequency(1 MHz).
The magnitude of the eddy current produced at the surface of the
conducting material is a function of the distance between the active coil
and the surface.the eddy currents increase as the distance decreases.
Changes in the eddy currents are sensed with an
impedance(inductance) bridge.two coils in the sensor are used for
two arms of the bridge. The other two arms are housed in the
associated electronic package.
The first coil in the sensor is the active coil and the second coil is
inactive or balance coil.active coil changes inductance with target
movement which is wired into the active arm of the bridge.thw
second coil is wired into an opposing arm of the same bridge,where it
serves as a compensating coil and cancel the effects of temperature
change.
The output from the impedance bridge is demodulated and
becomes the analog signal,which is linearly proportional to distance
between the sensor and the target.
The sensitivity of the sensor is dependent on the target material,with
higher sensitivity associated with higher conductivity materials.
Thus eddy current sensors are high output devices if the specimen is
non magnetic and from the graph it says that the sensitivity
decreases significantly if the specimen material is magnetic.
For aluminium the sensitivity is typically 100mV/mil(4mV/mm).
For non conducting,poorly conduting or magnetic materials,it is
possible to bond a thin film of aluminium foil to the surface of the target
at the location of the sensor to improve the sensitivity.the thickness of
the foil can be little as 0.7mm.
The effect of temperature on the output of the eddy current sensor is
small. The sensing head with with dual coils is temperature
compensated,however a small error can be produced by
temperature changes in the target material,since resistivity of the
target materil is a function of temperature.
So while measuring output we should even take care of sensitivity.
The range of eddy current sensor is controlled by the diameters of the
coils,with the larger sensors exhibiting the larger ranges.the range to
diameter is usually about 0.25.
linearity is typically better than 0.05 percent
Eddy-Current Sensor Advantages
Compared to other noncontact sensing technologies such as optical,
laser, and capacitive, high-performance eddy-current sensors have
some distinct advantages.
Tolerance of dirty environments
Not sensitive to material in the gap between the probe and target
Less expensive and much smaller than laser interferometers
Less expensive than capacitive sensors
Eddy-Current sensors are not a good choice in these conditions:
Extremely high resolution (capacitive sensors are ideal)
Large gap between sensor and target is required (optical and laser
are better)
The Eddy Current Sensor
Precision eddy current noncontact measuring systems have been used for
more than 30 years for displacement, vibration, thickness, alignment,
dimensioning, and parts sorting applications. All these can be classified as
variations on displacement because in each case the parameter being
measured is the distance from the target to the sensor. The differences lie in
the interpretation and implementation of the displacement data.
The fact that eddy current sensors do not require contact for measuring
displacement is quiet important.as a result of this feature,they are often
used in transducer systems for automatic control of dimensions in
fabrication process.
They are also applied extensively to determine thickness of organic
coatings that are non-conducting.
Ultrasonic Sensors
Ultrasonic sensors are based on measuring the properties of
sound waves with frequency above the human audible
range.
1) Beam Type
2) Retro Reflective Type
Name Advantages Disadvantages
•Must install at two
•Most accurate points on system:
•Longest sensing emitter and receiver
Beam Type
range •Costly - must
•Very reliable purchase both
emitter and receiver
•Must install at two
• Slightly less
points on system:
accurate than
Reflective Type sensor and reflector
through-beam
•Sensing range less
•Very reliable
than beam type
Advantages
Effective in Dusty/ noisy enviroments
Uses focused beam
Long range
Higher sensing distance compared to Inductive and
capacitive type sensors
Immune to visible light interference
Drawbacks
Interference
Cost
Pb in fog/smoke/nontransparent materials
General Applications