‫ﺑﺴﻢ ﷲ اﻟﺮﺣﻤﻦ اﻟﺮﺣﯿﻢ‬

REINFORCED CONCRETE DESIGN-I

(CE 370)

LECTURE #20
Design of Continuous beams and One-Way Slabs
(Theory)

By

CE 370 (RC Design- I) : Dr. Nadeem A. Siddiqui May 28, 2017

 Contents
2

 Objectives of the present lecture

 Continuity in Reinforced Concrete Structures
 Design Loads for a continuous Floor System
 Influence and tributary areas
 Analysis of Continuous One-Way Floor Systems
 Load paths in a One-Way Floor System
 Width of analysis strip and tributary area for
one-way slab strip
 ACI/SBC Coefficient Method of Analysis
 Joist Slabs
 Problems
 Further reading

CE 370 (RC Design- I) : Dr. Nadeem A. Siddiqui May 28, 2017

 Objectives of the Present lecture
3

 To discuss continuity in reinforced concrete

structures and then present SBC/ACI coefficient
method for calculating moments and shears in
one way slabs, joists and continuous beams.
 To discuss design steps involved in the design of
one way slabs.

CE 370 (RC Design- I) : Dr. Nadeem A. Siddiqui May 28, 2017

Continuity in Reinforced Concrete Structures
4

 Once the formwork is complete and the reinforcement has been

placed in the forms, the concrete for the slabs and beams will be
placed in one monolithic pour.
 Following this, the columns for the next story are erected.
 SBC/ACI Code requires that the concrete in the columns (or walls)
have set before the concrete in floor supported by the those columns
is placed.
 Above sequence is required because the column concrete will tend
to settle in the forms while in the plastic state.
 If the floor concrete had been placed, this would leave a gap
between the column concrete and the beam.
 By placing the floor concrete after the column concrete is no longer
plastic , any gap that formed as the concrete settled will be filled.
 The resulting construction joints can be seen at the bottom and top
of each column in the figure.
 As a result of this placing sequence, each floor acts as a continuous
unit. Because the column reinforcement extends through the floor,
the columns act with the floors to form a continuous frame.

CE 370 (RC Design- I) : Dr. Nadeem A. Siddiqui May 28, 2017

 Braced and Unbraced frames
5

 A frame is said to be a sway frame

(or an unbraced frame) if it relies
on frame action to resist lateral
loads or lateral deformations.
 A frame is said to be a nonsway
frame (or a braced frame) if it is
adequately braced (e.g. by the
shear wall).
 If the lateral stiffness of the
bracing element in a story exceeds
6 to 10 times the sum of the lateral
stiffness of all the columns in that
story, a story can be considered to
be braced.

CE 370 (RC Design- I) : Dr. Nadeem A. Siddiqui May 28, 2017

 Design Loads for a continuous Floor System
6

 In RC structures, loading is applied as distributed or concentrated forces (and moments)

 The design loads can be selected in accordance with:
 SBC 301 (Structural- Loading and Forces) or

 ASCE/SEI 7-10 (Minimum design Loads for Buildings and other Structures)

 Load cases to consider:

 Dead load - Live load - Wind load - Earthquake load
 Last two (wind and earthquake) present in some regions only.

 Codes define appropriate load combinations for design.

 This chapter focuses on Dead and Live load cases with the following SBC ultimate load
combination:
 Ultimate load = 1.4 ×Dead load + 1.7 × Live load
 Usually dead and live loads are applied as area loads (kN/m2)
 Wall loads on beams may be considered as line load (kN/m)

CE 370 (RC Design- I) : Dr. Nadeem A. Siddiqui May 28, 2017

 SBC 301 Specified Loads

CE 370 (RC Design- I) : Dr. Nadeem A. Siddiqui 7 May 28, 2017

 Influence and Tributary Areas
8

 If the member is raised by a unit amount,

say 1 in., the portion of the loaded area that
is raised is called the influence area, AI.
 This is called influence area because loads
acting anywhere in this area will have a
significant impact on the load effects in the
member in question.
 The Tributary area, AT, extends out from
the beam or column to the lines of zero
shear in the floor around the member
under consideration.
 The tributary areas are shown in a darker
shading.
 For case (a): AT = (1/2)AI; Case (b): AT =
(1/4)AI

Influence and Tributary areas

CE 370 (RC Design- I) : Dr. Nadeem A. Siddiqui May 28, 2017

 Analysis of Continuous One-Way Floor Systems
(One-way floor systems)
9

 As flexural stiffness is inversely related to span length, it is

clear that the slab panels shown would be much stiffer in
their shorter span direction than in the longer span
direction.
 Thus any load applied to floor panels, a higher percentage of
the load would be carried in the short span direction as
compared to the long span direction.
 In concrete floor system where the ratio of the longer to the
shorter span length is greater than or equal to 2, it is
common practice to provide flexural reinforcement to resist
the entire load in the short direction and only provide
minimum steel fro temperature and shrinkage effects in the
long direction.
 Such slabs are referred to as one-way slabs because they are
designed to carry applied loads in only one direction.
 A floor system consisting of one-way slabs and supporting
beams is referred to as a one-way floor system.
 Note: If ratio is less than 2, slabs are referred to as Two way slabs.

CE 370 (RC Design- I) : Dr. Nadeem A. Siddiqui May 28, 2017

 Load paths in a One-Way Floor System
10

 The loads applied on a floor are transferred

to the floor beams, which transfer them to
the Girders.
 The Girders transfer loads to the
supporting columns which finally transfer
the loads to the structure foundations.
 Note: Girder is the name given to a beam
that spans from column to column and
supports the floor beams.
 Footing and column loads are cumulated
from the above floors.

CE 370 (RC Design- I) : Dr. Nadeem A. Siddiqui May 28, 2017

 Tributary areas for floor beams
11

 Floor systems in almost all buildings are designed for uniformly

distributed dead and live loads (generally expressed in kN/m2)
 Floor beams typically are designed to resist loads acting within
the tributary area for that beam.
 The tributary area extends out from the beam in question to the
lines of zero shear on either side of the beam.
 The zero shear lines normally are assumed to occur halfway to the
next floor beam. Thus the width of the tributary area for a typical
floor beam is equal to the sum of one-half the distances to the
adjacent floor beams.
 For a floor system with uniformly spaced floor beams, the width
of the tributary area is equal to the center-to-center spacing
between the floor beams.
 The width of the tributary area for an edge beam is assumed to be
one-half the distance to the adjacent floor beam.
 After the tributary width has been established, the area load, q, is
multiplied by the tributary width to obtain a line load, w (kN/m),
that is applied to the floor beam, That is,
 w=area load (q)× tributary width

CE 370 (RC Design- I) : Dr. Nadeem A. Siddiqui May 28, 2017

 Width of analysis strip and tributary area for
one-way slab strip
12

 For one way slab, the width of the tributary area is

set equal to the width of analysis strip, which is
commonly taken as 1 m (1 foot in US customary
unit).
 Thus the cross-hatched area in the figure
represents both the tributary area and the width of
the analysis strip for the continuous one way slab
portion of this floor system.
 The effective line load, w, is found by multiplying
the area load, q, times the width of the analysis
strip (usually 1 m) That is
 w=area load (q)× tributary width (= 1 m) In SI unit, width of
analysis strip = 1 m

CE 370 (RC Design- I) : Dr. Nadeem A. Siddiqui May 28, 2017

 Pattern Loadings for Live Load
13

 Dead load is permanent and applied on all parts

of the structure.
 Live load is variable and may be applied on
selected parts only.
 The structure must be analyzed for many
combinations with different live load applications
to obtain maximum effects.
 For maximum negative moment and maximum
shear force in internal supports, apply live load
on the two adjacent spans to the support only.
 For maximum positive span moment and
maximum negative moment in external supports,
apply live load on alternate spans.
 The various load combinations will produce
envelope curves for shear force and bending
moment diagrams.

CE 370 (RC Design- I) : Dr. Nadeem A. Siddiqui May 28, 2017

 General Behavior of Slab
14

 Slab behavior is described by (thin or thick) plate bending theory,

which is a complex extension of beam bending theory.
 Plates are structural members with one dimension (thickness) much
smaller than the other two.
 Beams are members with one dimension (length) much greater than
the other two.
 Beams and plates have specific bending theories derived from general
elasticity.
 Plate bending is more complex and involves double curvature and
double bending.

CE 370 (RC Design- I) : Dr. Nadeem A. Siddiqui May 28, 2017

 Contd.
15

 Codes of practice allow use of simplified theories for slab analysis, such
as the yield line theory.
 In a rectangular slab panel, subjected to area load and supported by
edge beams, load is transferred from the slab to the beams according to
yield lines with 45 degrees.
 Long beams will receive trapezoidal load
 Short beams will be subjected to triangular load.
A B

Ws Ln2 / 2 Ws Ln2 / 2
Ln2

45o 45o
C D
Ln1 Long beam load Short beam load

Yield line model

CE 370 (RC Design- I) : Dr. Nadeem A. Siddiqui May 28, 2017
 One-way and Two-way Slabs
16

 In general loads are transferred in both directions (two-way action)

 If the long beams are much longer than short beams, triangular loads
on short beams will become negligible.
 Loads are then considered to be transferred to long beams only. This is
called one-way action.
 Structural slabs are classified as one-way slabs or two-way slabs.
 Limit on length ratio between the two types is fixed by most codes (SBC
and ACI) as:
Long span
If :  2.0  One - way
Short span
Long span
If :  2.0  Two - way
Short span

CE 370 (RC Design- I) : Dr. Nadeem A. Siddiqui May 28, 2017

 Types of One Way slabs
(One way slab with beams and Girders)
17

 For each panel, aspect ratio greater or

equal to two E
Long span
 2.0
Short span
D
 Slab supported by beams which rest on
columns or girders C
 Analysis and design of 1-m strip
 Shrinkage (temperature) steel provided in
B
other direction.
 Slab strip modeled as continuous beam A
1 2 3
1-m slab
with beams as supports
strip

CE 370 (RC Design- I) : Dr. Nadeem A. Siddiqui May 28, 2017

 Typical joist (rib)
Joist (Ribbed Slab)

 Joists (Ribs) are closely

spaced T-beams. Space
between ribs may be void or
filled with light hollow
blocks called “Hourdis”
 Joist slab very popular and
offers many advantages Vertical section
(lighter, more economical, bf
better isolation).
hf
hw
bw S
Void or hollow
block (Hourdis)

CE 370 (RC Design- I) : Dr. Nadeem A. Siddiqui 18 May 28, 2017

One way slab with beam in one direction only
19

 In this case the loads are transferred to the supporting

beams whatever the aspect ratio.

A B

C D

CE 370 (RC Design- I) : Dr. Nadeem A. Siddiqui May 28, 2017

 Elastic Analysis versus
Approximate RC Code Methods
20

 Continuous beams and one way slabs can be analyzed using standard
elastic analysis methods (indeterminate structures).
 Codes such as SBC and ACI provide approximate and simplified
methods for analysis for these structural parts.
 These methods can be used if conditions are satisfied.
 Code methods offer advantages over elastic analysis:
 They are simpler to use

 They consider various loading patterns (presence of live load on

selected spans)
 They allow for partial fixity of external RC supports (in elasticity, a
support either pinned or totally fixed).

CE 370 (RC Design- I) : Dr. Nadeem A. Siddiqui May 28, 2017

 ACI/SBC Coefficient Method of Analysis
21

 Because large parts of the ACI code were developed

and written before the broad accessibility to
structural analysis software, a set of approximate
moment and shear coefficients were developed for
the analysis and design of (non-prestressed)
continuous beams and one-way slabs subjected to
distributed loading and having relatively uniform
span lengths.
 It allows for various load patterns with live load
applied on selected spans.
 Maximum shear force and bending moment values
are obtained by envelope curves.
 It allows for real rotation restraint at external
supports, where real moment is not equal to zero.
 Elastic analysis gives systematic zero moment
values at all external pin supports.
 Coefficient method is more realistic but valid for
standard cases on conditions.
 Use the method whenever conditions are satisfied.
 Elastic analysis used only if conditions of the code
method are not satisfied.
CE 370 (RC Design- I) : Dr. Nadeem A. Siddiqui May 28, 2017
 Conditions of application of ACI/SBC Method
22

1. Two spans or more

2. Spans not too different. Ratio of two adjacent spans less than or equal to 1.2
For two successive spans (i) and (i+1), we must have :
Max ( Li , Li 1 )
 1.2
Min ( Li , Li 1 )
3. Uniform loading
4. Unfactored live load less or equal to three times unfactored dead load, that is:
LL  3DL
5. Beams with prismatic sections

CE 370 (RC Design- I) : Dr. Nadeem A. Siddiqui May 28, 2017

Definitions of clear span and average span for use with ACI/SBC
moment and shear coefficients
23
M u  Cm w l  2
u n 
w l 
Vu  Cv  u n 
 2 
Shear force 

Positive moment   ln  ln of span
External negative moment 
lnLeft  lnRight
Internal negative moment   ln 
2

• For shear force, span positive moment and external negative moment, ln is the clear
length of the span
• For internal negative moment, ln is the average of clear lengths of adjacent spans.

CE 370 (RC Design- I) : Dr. Nadeem A. Siddiqui May 28, 2017

 Moment and Shear Coefficients
Cm and Cv

• Moment coefficients given

for each span at supports
(negative) and at mid-span
(positive)
• Shear coefficients given at
both ends (supports)
• The exterior negative
moment depends on the type
of support:
• If the support is a beam or a
girder, the coefficient is: -
1/24
• If the support is a column,
the coefficient is: -1/16

CE 370 (RC Design- I) : Dr. Nadeem A. Siddiqui 24 May 28, 2017

 ACI/SBC Coefficient Method of Analysis
(Same as before drawn again for clarity)
25

+1/11 +1/16 +1/16

Unrestrained end

(More than 2 spans) Cm 0 -1/10 -1/11 -1/11 -1/11 -1/11 -1/11

Cv 1.0 1.15 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0

+1/14 +1/16 +1/16

Integral end
Cm -1/24(-1/16)* -1/10 -1/11 -1/11 -1/11 -1/11 -1/11
(More than 2 Spans)
Cv 1.0 1.15 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0

+1/14 +1/14
Integral end

(with 2 Spans) Cm -1/24(-1/16)* -1/9 -1/9 -1/24 (-1/16) *

Cv 1.0 1.15 1.15 1.0

CE 370 (RC Design- I) : Dr. Nadeem A. Siddiqui May 28, 2017

 ACI/SBC Coefficient Method of Analysis
(Tabular Form)
Unrestrained end – More than two spans
External span Internal span
External Internal Internal Internal
Locations support Span support support Span support
Moment Coeff. Cm 0 1/14 -1/10 -1/11 1/16 -1/11 *The coefficient
Shear Coeff. Cv 1.0 * 1.15 1.0 * 1.0 method does not
give any value for
Integral end – More than two spans mid-span shear.
External span Internal span However for shear
Internal Internal Internal design, it is safer to
Locations External support Span support support Span support consider live load
Moment -1/24 (Beam support ) applied on half span
Coeff. Cm -1/16 (Column support ) 1/14 -1/10 -1/11 1/16 -1/11 only, which gives a
Shear Coef. Cv 1.0 * 1.15 1.0 * 1.0 shear at mid-span
equal to:
Integral end –Two spans wLu Ln
VuL / 2 
External span 1 External span 2 8
Internal Internal External where factored live load
Locations External support Span support support Span support wLu  1.7 wL
Moment -1/24 (Beam support ) -1/24
Coeff. Cm -1/16 (Column support ) 1/14 -1/9 -1/9 1/14 -1/16
Shear Coef. Cv 1.0 * 1.15 1.15 * 1.0

CE 370 (RC Design- I) : Dr. Nadeem A. Siddiqui 26 May 28, 2017

Design of one-way solid slabs with beams and girders
27
1m
 Slab is supported by beams which are supported by
columns or by girders
E
 Analysis and design of 1-m slab strip is then performed
in main direction and design results are generalized all
over the slab.
 Shrinkage (temperature) steel is provided in other
D
direction
 Slab strip model is a continuous beam with supports as
beams. C
 Coefficient method of analysis used if conditions are
satisfied.
 Standard flexural RC design methods used to determine
required reinforcement. B
 Concrete cover = 20 mm, and stirrups are not used in
slabs.
 Design results are expressed in terms of bar spacing. A
 Minimum steel / maximum spacing requirements must 1 1-m slab strip 2 3
be met.
Long span
For each panel,  2. 0
Short span
CE 370 (RC Design- I) : Dr. Nadeem A. Siddiqui May 28, 2017
 SBC Provisions
28

CE 370 (RC Design- I) : Dr. Nadeem A. Siddiqui May 28, 2017

 Note
29

Standard methods of RC design are also used for slabs but

with following particularities:
 Minimum steel for slabs is different from that in beams
 Design results are expressed in terms of bar spacing
 Maximum bar spacing must not be exceeded
 Concrete cover in slabs = 20 mm
 Stirrups are generally not required and shear checks are
performed to verify the slab thickness

CE 370 (RC Design- I) : Dr. Nadeem A. Siddiqui May 28, 2017

 Joist Slabs
30
Typical joist (rib)
 Joists (Ribs) are closely spaced T-
beams which are supported by
transverse beams resting on girders
or columns.
 Joist slab very popular and offers
many advantages (lighter, more
economical, better isolation).
 Space between ribs may be void or
filled with light hollow blocks called
“Hourdis”

bf
Vertical section
hf
hw
bw S Void or hollow
block (Hourdis)

CE 370 (RC Design- I) : Dr. Nadeem A. Siddiqui May 28, 2017

 ACI/SBC Conditions on Joist Slabs
31
• ACI / SBC codes specify that
Web width : bw  100 mm
concrete shear strength may be
Web thickness : hw  3.5bw
increased by 10 % in joists.
S / 12
• Usually stirrups are not required in Flange thickness : h f  
joists, but are used to hold 50 mm
Spacing : S  800 mm
longitudinal bars.
• It is therefore recommended to bf
consider stirrups when computing
hf
longitudinal steel depth.
hw
bw S Void or Hourdis

 Flange width : b f  bw  S

CE 370 (RC Design- I) : Dr. Nadeem A. Siddiqui May 28, 2017

 Analysis and Design of Joist Slabs
32

 Analysis and design of joist slabs is thus equivalent to analysis

and design of a typical joist as a T-beam.
 Shrinkage reinforcement must then be provided in the secondary
direction
 Joist loading is determined with the flange width acting as a
tributary width. If Hourdis blocks are present, their weight is
added to dead load :
Dead load  Slab load  b jf  Web weight  Block weight
Dead : w jD  ( SDL   c h jf )  b jf   c b jw h jw   b Sh jw
Live : w jL  LL  b jf

CE 370 (RC Design- I) : Dr. Nadeem A. Siddiqui May 28, 2017

Steps in the analysis and design of Joist slabs
33

1. Thickness: Determine or check thickness

2. Geometry and Loading: Check joist dimensions and determine loading,
adding possible Hourdis weight to dead load
3. Analysis: Determine ultimate moments / shear forces at major locations
using coefficient method (if conditions are satisfied)
4. Flexural RC design: Perform RC design using standard methods
5. Shrinkage reinforcement: Determine shrinkage reinforcement and
corresponding spacing
6. Shear check: Perform shear check with Vc increased by 10%. If not checked,
stirrups must be provided.
7. Flange check: Part of the flange is un-reinforced. It must be checked as a
plain concrete member.
8. Detailing: Draw execution plans

CE 370 (RC Design- I) : Dr. Nadeem A. Siddiqui May 28, 2017

 Analysis and Design of Floor Beams
34
• Analysis and design of beams is performed using the same steps as in
one way solid slabs.
• Load is transferred by joists to beams according to tributary width lt
as in one way solid slabs
• Area load (kN/m2) used for this purpose is equal to the joist load
(kN/m) divided by the flange width.
• In order to avoid duplication of the joist-beam joint weight, we must
use the beam clear tributary width ltn, obtained by subtracting the
beam width.
• Because of the interaction between the beam and the slab, the
effective beam section is:
T-section for internal beams
L-section for edge beams.
• However with a small flange thickness (less than 80 mm), it is
frequent to use a rectangular section.

Beam loading : Clear tributary width of beam :

Live : wbL  LL  lt ltn  lt  bb
w jD
Dead : wbD  ltn   c bb hb  SDL  bb  wwall
b jf
CE 370 (RC Design- I) : Dr. Nadeem A. Siddiqui May 28, 2017
 Wall loading on Beams
35

 All external beams and girders generally support a wall of certain

thickness and height. Wall loading is a line load (kN/m) and is a
part of dead load.
 The wall line load is : wwall   wall  Thickness Height

CE 370 (RC Design- I) : Dr. Nadeem A. Siddiqui May 28, 2017

 Analysis and Design of Girders
36

 Girders are analyzed and designed as beams (same

steps)
 With the presence of concentrated forces applied on
the girder, one of the conditions of the coefficient
method is not satisfied.
 Girder analysis must therefore be performed using
standard elastic analysis.
 Alternatively, concentrated forces may be
transformed to equivalent uniform loading in order
to use the coefficient method. This is possible in
some simple cases only.
 Girder tributary width is determined by mid-lines
between the girders.
 In order to avoid duplication of the beam-girder joint
weight, the clear tributary width ltn must be used. It
is obtained by subtracting the girder width:

ltn  lt  bg

CE 370 (RC Design- I) : Dr. Nadeem A. Siddiqui May 28, 2017

 Transformation of Concentrated forces to
equivalent uniform load
37
 Example: Simply supported beam subjected to concentrated
mid-span force P

Maximum moment and shear force under the concentrated force

and under the equivalent uniform loading must be the same.

PL P
Concentrat ed force : M P max  , VP max 
4 2
wL2 wL
Equivalent uniform load : M w max  , Vw max 
8 2
PL wL2 2P
Equating maximum moments :  w
4 8 L
P wL P
Equating maximum shear forces :  w
2 2 L

CE 370 (RC Design- I) : Dr. Nadeem A. Siddiqui May 28, 2017

 Further Reading
38

Read more about the theory of continuous beams and

one-way slabs from:
1. Reinforced concrete, Mechanics and Design by James
K. Wight and James G. Macgregor, Sixth Edition,
Pearson Prentice Hall, USA.
2. Design of Reinforced Concrete by Jack C. McCormac
and Russell H. Brown, Eighth Edition, John Wiley &
Sons.

CE 370 (RC Design- I) : Dr. Nadeem A. Siddiqui May 28, 2017

 Thank You
39

CE 370 (RC Design- I) : Dr. Nadeem A. Siddiqui May 28, 2017