Reinforced Concrete- II (CE 470)

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Handout #3
Footings
By

You are not allowed to write anything in this handout, otherwise you will not be
allowed to carry it during the exam.

CE 470 (RC - II) : Dr. Nadeem A. Siddiqui 1 November 27, 2014

 Allowable Soil Allowable soil pressure  q a 
qult

Pressures FS

Class of Material Maximum Allowable

Soil Pressure
(kN/m2)
Rock 20% of ultimate
crushing strength
Compact coarse sand, compact fine sand, hard clay, 385
sand clay
Medium stiff clay or sandy clay 200
Compact inorganic sand and silt mixtures 190
Loose sand 145
Soft sand clay or clay 95
Loose inorganic sand-silt mixtures 50
Loose organic sand-silt mixtures, muck or bay mud 0

CE 470 (RC - II) : Dr. Nadeem A. Siddiqui 2 November 27, 2014

 Gross and Net Soil Pressures
3
When there is no column load, the total downward load
from the weights of the soil and the footing is balanced
by an equal, but opposite, upward pressure. As a result,
the net effect on the concrete footing is zero. There are
no moments or shears in the footing due to this loading.

When the column load Pc is added, the pressure under

the footing increases by qn = Pc/A. The total soil pressure
is q = 540+qn. This is referred to as the gross soil
pressure and must not exceed the allowable soil
pressure, q0.

When moments and shears in the concrete footing are

calculated , the upward and downward pressures cancel
out, leaving only the net soil pressures, qn, to cause
internal forces (moments and shears) in the footing.

CE 470 (RC - II) : Dr. Nadeem A. Siddiqui November 27, 2014

 Gross and Net Soil Pressures
4
A footing is usually subjected to:
• Column load,
• Footing self weight,
• Weight of the soil above and
• A possible top surcharge such as ground slab and its load.
All these loads are uniform except concentrated column
force P.

Total soil pressure is :

q   h   s hs  q0 
P
A
Allowable net soil pressure is

qn  qa  h   s hs  q0  
P
A
Factored net soil pressure is
P
qnu  u
A
CE 470 (RC - II) : Dr. Nadeem A. Siddiqui November 27, 2014
 Design of Spread Footings
5

 Spread footings are square or rectangular

pads that spread a column load over an
area of soil large enough to support the
column load.
 The soil pressure causes the footing to
deflect upward, causing tension in two
directions at the bottom.
 As a result, reinforcement is placed in
two directions at the bottom.
 The minimum cover to the
reinforcements in footings cast against
the soil is 75 mm.
 The minimum depth of the footing above
the bottom reinforcement is 150 mm for
footing on soil and 300 mm for footings
on piles.

CE 470 (RC -II) : Dr. Nadeem A. Siddiqui November 27, 2014

 Rectangular Footings
6

 Rectangular footings may be used when there is inadequate

clearance for a square footing.
 One way-shear very often control the depths for rectangular
footings, whereas two-way shear normally controls the
depths of square footings.
 The reinforcing in the long direction are spaced uniformly
across the footing.

CE 470 (RC -II) : Dr. Nadeem A. Siddiqui November 27, 2014

 Rectangular Footings
(Reinforcing in short direction)
7

 In rectangular footing, the reinforcement in the short

direction is placed in three bands with a closer bar
spacing in the band under the column than in the two
end bands.
 The band under the column has a width equal to the
length of the short side of the footing, but not less than
the width of the column(if that is greater) and is
centered on the column.
 The reinforcement in the central band shall be 2/(β+1)
times the total reinforcement in the short direction.
Here β is the ratio of the long side of the footing to the
short side of the footing.
 The reinforcement within each band is distributed
evenly (as in the reinforcement in the long direction)

CE 470 (RC -II) : Dr. Nadeem A. Siddiqui November 27, 2014

 Design Steps
8

Assume footing thickness and then follow the

following steps:
1. Estimate size of footing and factored net pressure
2. Check thickness for two-way and one-way shears
3. Design reinforcement and check development
lengths
4. Design footing column joint (Dowels)

CE 470 (RC -II) : Dr. Nadeem A. Siddiqui November 27, 2014

 Step-1:Size of footing and Factored net pressure
9

Allowable net soil pressure is

qn  qa  h   s hs  q0 

Required footing area (Minimum footing area) :

P P  PL P  PL
qn   D  Areq.  D
Areq. Areq. qn
PD , PL : Unfactored service dead and live loads

Factored net soil pressure :

Pu
qnu 
A

CE 470 (RC -II) : Dr. Nadeem A. Siddiqui November 27, 2014

 Step 2: Check thickness for two way shear
10
The critical section is taken at distance d/2 away from the face of column.

Ultimate shear force,Vu  qnu  tributary area

Tributary area  Footing area - Area enclosed by b0    A  Ac 
Vu  qnu  A  Ac 

Because web reinforcement is rarely used in a footing, Vs  0

Design requirement is  (Vc  Vs )  Vu  Vc  Vu

Note : Web reinforcement is very seldom used in spread footings, due to the
difficulty in placing it, and due to the fact that it is usually cheaper and
easier to deepen the footing than it is to provide stirrups.
CE 470 (RC -II) : Dr. Nadeem A. Siddiqui November 27, 2014
 Contd.
Punching shear strength : Smallest of the following expressions
 f ' 
Vc  2 c 
bd
 6  0
 
 2   f c 
'
Vc  1   b0 d (Not applicable if   2)
   6  

 sd   f c' 

Vc    2  b0 d
 0 b  12 

Length of critical shear perimeter
b0  2(c1  d )  2(c2  d )
 is the ratio of the long side to the short side of the column (c2 / c1 )
b0 is the perimeter of the critical section.
 s  40 for columns in the center of footing Because there is reinforcement in both directions,
 30 for columns at end edge of a footing the average d will be used.
Average d  h  cover  d b
 20 for columns at a corner of a footing
CE 470 (RC -II) : Dr. Nadeem A. Siddiqui 11 November 27, 2014
 Step 3: Check for One-way Shear
12
The critical section for one-way shear is located at d away from the face of the
column or wall.

Vu  qnu  Tributary area

Because web reinforcement is rarely used in a footing, Vs  0

Design requirement is  (Vc  Vs )  Vu  Vc  Vu

As per SBC 304, nominal concrete shear

strength Vc in one-way shear is

 f ' 
Vc   c 
bd
 6 
 

CE 470 (RC -II) : Dr. Nadeem A. Siddiqui November 27, 2014

 Step 4: Moment and Reinforcement Calculation
13

Load per unit length, wu  qnu  (l or b)

x2
M u  wu
2 Critical section for moment Critical section for moment
(short direction) (long direction)

wu=qnul

CE 470 (RC -II) : Dr. Nadeem A. Siddiqui November 27, 2014

 Contd.
14
x
Step 1 : Calculate trial value of As assuming jd  0.95d
Mu wu=qnub
As 
f y  jd 
Step 2 : Calculate Improved value of As
Critical
As f y section
a
0.85 f c' b
h
 a
Moment arm jd   d  
 2 l
Mu
As 
f y  jd 

b
Step 3 : Calculate number of bars x
A
No. of bars  s
Ab
CE 470 (RC -II) : Dr. Nadeem A. Siddiqui November 27, 2014
 Step 5: Check for development length ld
15

• The footing reinforcement is chosen by

assuming that the reinforcement stress
reaches fy along the maximum-moment
section at the face of the column.
• The reinforcement must extend far
enough on each side of the points of
maximum bar stress to develop this
stress.
• In other words, the bars must extend ld
from the critical section or be hooked at
the outer ends.

9 fy 
ld  db
10 f c'  cb  K tr 
 
 db 

CE 470 (RC -II) : Dr. Nadeem A. Siddiqui November 27, 2014

 Transfer of Load from Column to Footing: Dowels
16

 The column applies a concentrated load on the footing.

This load is transmitted by (i) bearing stresses in the
concrete and (ii) by stresses in the dowels (or column
bars that cross the joint).
 Generally the column bars stop at the bottom of the
column, and dowels are used to transfer forces across the
column-footing joint.
 Regardless of how small a distance theoretically need to
be extended into the footing, dowels are usually bent in
their ends and set on the main footing reinforcing.
 Instead of using dowels, it is also possible to
increase the size of the column or increase fc’.
 For seismic areas the bars should be bent inward
and not outward. A1 is the column area and A2 is the area of
the portion of the supporting footing that
is geometrically similar and concentric
with the columns.

CE 470 (RC -II) : Dr. Nadeem A. Siddiqui November 27, 2014

 Step 6:Design Dowels
17
Bearing force at base of column  Pu

Allowable bearing force in concrete at base of column   0.85 f c',column A1 
 A2 
Allowable bearing force in footing concrete   0.85 f  '

A1  
c , footing 
 2 
 A1 
If the computed bearing force (Pu) is higher than the smaller of the two allowable values
in the column or the footing, it will be necessary to carry the excess load with dowels (or
with column bars extended into the footing).

Excess load  Pu  smaller of the above allowable bearing force  As f y

Excess load
 As  ( As  Area of dowels)
f y
Minimum As for dowels  0.5% of gross area of the column

CE 470 (RC -II) : Dr. Nadeem A. Siddiqui November 27, 2014

 Step 7: Development length of Dowels
18

For the column, use f c'of column.

0.24  f y
ldh  db
'
f c

ldh ,min  max150 mm or 8d b 

For the footing, use f c'of footing

0.24  f y
ldh  db
'
f c

ldh ,min  max(150 mm or 8d b )

Note: Regardless of how small a distance theoretically need to be extended into the
footing, dowels are taken down into the footing and set on top of the reinforcing
mat.

CE 470 (RC -II) : Dr. Nadeem A. Siddiqui November 27, 2014

 Combined Footings
19

 Combined footings are used

when it is necessary to support
two columns on one footing.
 When an exterior column is so
close to a property line that a
spread footing can not be used, a
combined footing is often used to
support edge column and an
interior column.
 Other situation in which they
may be used is when the columns
are so close together that isolated
individual footings would run
into each other.

CE 470 (RC - II) : Dr. Nadeem A. Siddiqui November 27, 2014

 Rectangular Combined Footing
20

 The shape of the footing is chosen such that

the centroid of the area in contact with soil
coincides with the resultant of the column
loads supported by the footing.
 This is necessary to make bearing
pressures uniform throughout the footing
to prevent uneven settlements.
 For the rectangular combined footing, the
distance from the exterior end to the
resultant of the loads is half the length of
the footing.

CE 470 (RC - II) : Dr. Nadeem A. Siddiqui November 27, 2014

 Trapezoidal Combined Footing
21

 If the interior column load is much

larger than the exterior column load,
a trapezoidal footing may be used.
 The location of the centroid can be
adjusted to agree with the resultant
of the loads by dividing the area into
a parallelogram or rectangle of area
A1, plus a triangle of area A2, such
that A1+A2 = required area and
y1 A1  y2 A2  y R A

CE 470 (RC - II) : Dr. Nadeem A. Siddiqui November 27, 2014

 Structural Action of Combined Footing
22

 The soil pressure is assumed

to act on longitudinal beam
strips, A-B-C.
 These transmit the load to
hypothetical cross beam, A-D
and B-E, which transmit the
upward soil reactions to the
columns.
 The cross beams are assumed
to extend a distance d/2 on
each side of the columns.

CE 470 (RC - II) : Dr. Nadeem A. Siddiqui November 27, 2014

 Design Steps
23

Assume footing thickness and then follow the following steps:

1. Estimate size of footing and factored net pressure
2. Calculate the bending moment and shear-force diagrams for
the longitudinal action.
3. Calculate the thickness required for maximum positive
moment
4. Check the two-way shear at the interior column
5. Check the two-way shear at the exterior column
6. Check one-way shear in the longitudinal direction
7. Design flexural reinforcement in the longitudinal direction
8. Design the transverse “beams”
9. Check the development of the top and bottom bars
10. Design the column-to-footing dowels

CE 470 (RC -II) : Dr. Nadeem A. Siddiqui November 27, 2014

 The centroid of the footing (C) should coincide with the
Footing size centroid of the column loads (O) to achieve uniform
soil pressure.
Centroid of column loads: The point at which
resultant of the column loads act without any
couple moment.
PLeft R PRight
R  PLeft  PRight

O Spacing between columns  s

x In order to locate the distance x, take the moment
x0 s of the two forces about point O so that the total
moment about O is zero.
Property  PRight ( s - x)  PLeft .x  0
line
  PRight s  PRight x  PLeft .x  0
C
PRight s
l/2 l/2 x
PLeft  PRight
l
A
l/2=(x+x0) l  2( x  x0 ); l  b  A  b 
l
CE 470 (RC - II) : Dr. Nadeem A. Siddiqui 24 November 27, 2014
 Good Luck!

CE 470 (RC - II) : Dr. Nadeem A. Siddiqui 25 November 27, 2014