Scribd Logo
Upload

Welcome to Scribd!

  • 2

    Uploaded by

    ARUN GOVIND MEDABALIMI
    40 views47 pages

    Copyright

    © © All Rights Reserved

    Available Formats

    PDF or read online from Scribd

    Did you find this document useful?

    Is this content inappropriate?

    Report this Document

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF or read online from Scribd
    Flag for inappropriate content
    Download as pdf
    40 views47 pages

    2

    Uploaded by

    ARUN GOVIND MEDABALIMI

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF or read online from Scribd
    Flag for inappropriate content
    Download as pdf
    of 47
    2016| IoT based Automatic Street Lightning System List of Figures itt List of Tables iv Abstract... CHAPTER INTRODUCTION 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Background... 1.3 Objective... CHAPTER 2 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY .... 2.1 Functional Description 2.2 Block Diagram 2.3 Flow Chart. CHAPTER 3 RESEARCH AND EXPERIMENTAL WORK DONE. 3.1 Hardware Description nnnnesnnnennnisnninesne 3.1.1 Solar Panel... Ce ee aA Hn hw NH 3.1.2 IR Sensors. 3.1.3 Arduino 3.1.4 Light Dependent Resistor (LDR)... 3.1.5 Power Light Emitting Diode (LED)... 3.1.6 Voltage Regulator (LM317)... 3.1.7 ULN2003 Darlington Pair 17 3.1.8 Resistors. 20 3.1.9 Capacitors 2 3.1.10 Op-Amp 741 2 3.2 Solar Battery Charging Circuit... 3.3 Input Module Working... 3.4 Output Module Working... 3.5 Internet of Things (Io)... CHAPTER 4 APPLICATIONS... 4.1 Area of applications... 4.2 Advantages... 2016| IoT based Automatic Street Lightning System 4.3 Disadvantages ....cnsnsnsnn CHAPTER 5 GANTT CHART... eseeeeee 34 5.1 Introduction, 5.2 Project schedule. 5.3 Cost estimation. 36 CHAPTER 6 RESULT AND DISCUSSION..... 37 6.1 Results and Discussions cnn 37 6.2 Challenges 39 6.3 Limitations 39 FUTURE SCOPE. 40 CONCLUSION. 4 AD REFEI 2016| IoT based Automatic Street Lightning System List of Figures Fig 2.1: Block Diagram. 6 Fig 2.2: Flow chatt.... Fig 3.1: Solar Panel... Fig 3.2: IR Sensor Diagram 10 Fig 3.3: Infra-Red Sensor. 10 Fig 3.4: IR Sensor... Fig 3.5: Arduino Specification... Fig 3.6: Arduino UNO...... seve 1B Fig 3.7: Symbol of LDR. 4 ig 3.8: LDR... 14 Fig 3.9: Power LE 15 Fig 3.10: Voltage Regulator Circuit diagram.. 16 Fig 3.11: Functional Diagram of LM317 7 Fig 3.12: Schematic for ULN2003 driver... nnn cee 1B Fig 3.14: ULN2003 Pin Diagtam....ssosnsennsnnsnnnsnnnnsnnnninsnnnensnai 19 Fig 3.16: Resistor 20 Fig 3.17: Capacitors 2 Fig 3.18: Op-Amp 741 2 Fig 3.19: Op-Amp 741 Pin Diagram..... Fig 3.20; Battery Charging Circuit through Solar Panel... Fig 3.21: Input Module Diagram Fig 3.22: Output Module Diagram. 27 Fig 3.23: Intemet of Things ... Fig 3.24: Firebase website... Fig 3.25: Firebase application front view 31 Fig 3.26: Firebase application inside view. 31 Fig 6.1: Solar Smart Street Light without any vehicle......cnnsnnnnnnnnnnnnnennnnnnnnee 37 Fig 6.2: Vehicle present at 1% Sensor... Fig 6.3: Vehicle present at 2" Sensor... Fig 6.4: loT display on web browser 39 2016| IoT based Automatic Street Lightning System List of Tables Table 5.1: Gantt Chart, 35 Table 5.2: Cost estimation chart. . 236 2016| IoT based Automatic Street Lightning System Abstract The main consideration in the present field technologies are Automation, Power consumption and cost effectiveness. Automation is intended to reduce man power with the help of intelligent systems. Power saving is the main consideration forever as the source of the power(Thermal, Hydro ete.) are getting diminished due to various reasons. As we all know that energy consumption has increased a lot and sources of energy are limited so in order to meet the increasing demand of energy use of renewable sources of energy is a must. The project aims to describe a method for modifying street light illumination by using sensors at minimum electrical energy consumption. When presence is detected, all surrounding street lights glow at their brightest mode, else they stay in the dim mode. LED bulbs shall be implemented as they are better than conventional incandescent bulbs in every way. This shall reduce heat emissions, power consumption, maintenance and replacement costs and carbon dioxide emissions. Coupled with SSSLS (Solar Smart Street Light System), massive energy-savings are envisioned. Also, a demonstration with a real-time proto type model involving costs and implementation procedure has been developed using internet of things (IoT) to visualize the real time updates of street processing and notifying the changes occur. 1[Page 2016| IoT based Automatic Street Lightning System CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 Introduction Nowadays, human has become too busy, and is unable to find time to switch the lights wherever not necessary. The present system is like the lights will be switched on in the evening before the sun sets and they are switched off the next day morning after there is sufficient light on the outside, But the actual timing for these lights to be switched on are when there is absolute darkness. With this, the power will be wasted up to some extent. This paper gives the best solution for electrical power wastage. Also the manual operation of the lighting system is completely eliminated. The energy consumption in entire world is increasing at the fastest rates due to population growth and economic development and the availability of energy sources remains woefully constrained. Resource augmentation and growth in energy supply has not kept pace with increasing demand and, therefore, continues to face serious energy shortages. Streetlights are an integral part of any developing locality. They are present on all major road- ways and in the suburbs too. Every day, streetlights are powered from sunset to sunrise at full strength, even when there is no one around. On a global scale, millions of dollars are spent each day on these street lights to provide the required electrical energy. The maintenance and replacement costs of conventional incandescent bulbs are immense. They consume a lot of electric power to function and their heat emissions are also quite high. All of this contributes to greater demand of electricity production and consequently, more carbon dioxide emissions from powerhouses. So, along with unnecessary light pollution, this practice causes damage to our planet too. The project aims at harvesting the energy from renewable energy sources like sun and to effectively use the harvested energy for the benefit of mainly the remote villages (villagers) facing the serious power problems. The main aim of the project is to provide a “IoT based Automatic Street Lightning System” powered with solar energy during night time, We use the word “smart” because the system not only provide power to the stre lights but also helps in detecting the direction of movement of the pedestrian and helps him by means of illuminating the path of movement till the near next street light. By integrating the entire street lights with 2|Page 2016| IoT based Automatic Street Lightning System Smart street light system it is possible to systematically help the pedestrian to reach the destination in the remote rural areas which are facing serious electric power supply problem. The same system can also be used in metropolitan cities as well. A simple and effective solution to this would be dimming the lights during off peak hours. Whenever presence is detected, the lights around it will glow at the normal (bright) mode. This would save a lot of energy and also reduce cost of operation of the streetlights. We can check the status of street light on internet using IOT (Internet of things) from anywhere in real time and solve the issues if happen during the processing Additionally, a table top prototype has been constructed to display the concept’s functioning, ‘The components used for the real-life implementation are substituted appropriately to recreate the ambience. 1.2 Background The key indicators of India’s energy problems include; Over 40 per cent of the households (particularly rural areas) in India still do not have electricity, about a third of our total primary energy supply to rural areas still comes from non-commercial sources (biomass, dung) and currently India faces an enormous demand supply gap of about 15-25% energy shortage. Due to shortage of the energy supply till today several villages have not facilitated with electricity and even if provided, the supply of the electricity is limited to few hours in a day and are facing serious problems due to unlimited power cuts. During the day time we get enormous amount of light energy from sun and the problem for pedestals are common during the night time. Though most of the streets are equipped with street lights in each and every village areas but due to the uncontrolled power failures/power cut it is becoming a serious problem for villagers to commute for intigational field work during the night time due to unlimited power cuts which indirectly affect the crop yield of the farmer. Such trends often discourage the villagers taking up agriculture which is the backbone of our economy. It also poses a serious threat to the villagers from physical hazards such as thieves, snakebite, ete. Installation of street lights may seem a pleasant option. Hence the best option is to install solar powered street lights and moving a step ahead, we designed this ‘Solar Powered Smart Street Lighting System with IO” 3|Page 2016| IoT based Automatic Street Lightning System 1.3 Objective The main objective of this project is to implement a loT based Automatic Street Lightning System. As the traffic decreases slowly during late-night hours, the intensity gets reduced progressively till morning to save energy and thus, the street lights switch on at the dusk and then switch off at the dawn, automatically. The process repeats every day. White Light Emitting Diodes (LED) replaces conventional HID lamps in street lighting system to include dimming feature. The intensity is not possible to be controlled by the high intensity discharge (IID) lamp which is generally used in urban street lights. LED lights are the future of lighting because of their low energy consumption and long life. LED lights are fast replacing conventional lights because intensity control is possible by the pulse width modulation. This proposed system uses an Arduino board. Strings of LED are interfaced to the Arduino board. A programmed Arduino board is engaged to provide different intensities at different times of the night. ly and This project is enhanced by integrating the LDR to follow the switching operation preci: TOT to display the status of street on web browser and help in controlling it. The main objectives are as follows: * To avoid unnecessary Waste of light, ‘+ Provide efficient, automatic and smart lightning system. * Totally based on Renewable energy sources. + Longer life expectancy. + Energy Saving. 4|Page 2016| IoT based Automatic Street Lightning System CHAPTER 2 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 2.1 Functional Description The present system employs power delivery via a single phase line to the streetlight. The proposed system involves five more components to regulate the power delivery. An Infra-Red Proximity Sensor at the base of the street light detects presence in a small area around the street light. The data from the sensor is sent to the Arduino which forms brain of the circuit. The Arduino then commands to switch between dim and bright modes depending upon the requirement and thus controls the brightness of the street light. A battery eliminator, also powered by the single phase line, is used to supply SV inputs to the sensors and Arduino, The design basically includes three working modes:~ ‘© OFF mode : When there is enough natural light in the surrounding i.e. during the daytime, the entire system is switched off and the batteries are charging. ‘* Active mode : When the natural light drops below a certain level the system automatically tums on and the motion sensors are powered. ‘+ ON mode : On the presence of pedestrians, the sensors turns on which in tum switches on the LED lights, These lights turns off after a period of time. 5|Page 2016| IoT based Automatic Street Lightning System 2.2 Block Diagram Solar Panel +| Switching >| Battery >| Circuit >| LDR Arduino IR Sensor Power LED IOT (Internet Circuit of Things) Fig 2.1: Block Diagram This block diagram describes the working of project ‘Solar smart Street light System with IoT”. ‘© Solar panel of 10Watt is used here with will converts the incoming sunlight into electrical energy and used to charge the battery using switching circuit which converts the vi vying voltage into stable voltage. ‘+ Now this charged battery is used as a supply source to rest of the system, ‘© Through battery we will provide supply to Arduino which is controlling the functioning of LDR and IR sensor as per the presence of vehicle. ‘+ Then according to the changed occur in IR sensor and LDR the Arduino controls the power LED circuit. ‘© The serial monitor data of Arduino is now displayed on web browser using IoT. This whole working in details in shown below using flow chart. 6|Page 2.3 Flow Chart 2016| IoT based Automatic Street Lightning System Presence of Night Time Yes | No? Vehicle ¥ IR sensor Wait for vehicle and LED lamp will will LED lamp will remain at be in OFF state, respond. low intensity. ¥ ¥ ¥ Respective LED lamp will glow at high intensity. ¥ Arduino checks the status of IR sensor and LDR. Arduino will show state of IR sensor at serial monitor. Arduino will show ‘0° state of IR sensor and ‘Day’ at serial monitor, Using IOT, serial monitor data will be updated on website, Fig 2.2: Flow chart 7|Page 2016| IoT based Automatic Street Lightning System CHAPTER 3 RESEARCH AND EXPERIMENTAL WORK DON 3.1 Hardware Description 3.1.1 Solar Panel Solar panels are active solar devices that convert sunlight into electricity. They come in a variety of rectangular shapes and are usually installed in combination to produce electricity. A solar panel or module is a series of interconnected silicon cells joined together to form a circuit, In greater numbers the amount of power produced by these interconnected cells can be increased and used as an electricity production system. At the present time about 80% of all solar panels are made from crystalline silicon (i.e. monocrystalline, polycrystalline, amorphous silicon or hybrids) solar cells. Typically the solar cells are laid out in a grid pattern — with perhaps as many as 72 different solar cells. The solar panels after being hermetically sealed to protect them, are covered in a non-reflective glass to protect the solar cells from environmental damage and placed into a rigid frame. Fig 3.1; Solar Panel Typically, the frame is designed to prevent it from deforming due to freezing weather or strong winds, The frame will usually include a drainage hole to help prevent water buildup on the panels, which can reduce output, The back of the panel is also sealed to prevent damage. This is typically where the junction box is located, Despite the current uncertainty in the industry caused 8|Page 2016| IoT based Automatic Street Lightning System by oversupply of panels, the future still looks bright for solar panels. Demand for renewable energy is growing, and potential applications of solar energy are expanding. At the same time, improvements in cell efficiency, assembly techniques and materials of construction are making solar power competitive. Dropout Voltage: The input voltage exceeds the input voltage by 1.25V when charging at the maximum rate the lower, the better. Low Dropout Voltage (LDO) is the catch phrase for anything under approximately 2V. This could potentially be reduced to below IV by making D3 a schottky rectifier. Current Limiting: Current limiting is provided by the solar panel —it is not a commonly understood fact that the solar panel tends to be a constant current device. For this reason, a solar panel can withstand a short circuit, Therefore, the control does not need current limiting, Voltage Adjustment: To set the voltage, disconnect the battery and connect a IK dummy load resistor to the output, The resistor is necessary to shunt potential MOSFET leakage current as well as the green LED current. 3.1.2 IR Sensors An infrared sensor is an electronic instrument that is used to sense certain characteristics of its surroundings by either emitting and/or detecting infrared radiation. It is also capable of measuring heat of an object and detecting motion, Infrared waves are not visible to the human eye. In the electromagnetic spectrum, infrared radiation is the region having wavelengths longer than visible light wavelengths, but shorter than microwaves. The infrared region is approximately demarcated from 0.75 to 1000um. Infrared technology is found in many of our everyday products. For example, a television has an IR detector for interpreting the signal from the remote control. Key benefits of infrared sensors include low power requirements, simple circuitry and their portable feature. 9|Page 2016| IoT based Automatic Street Lightning System IR (infrared) sensors detect infrared light. The IR light is transformed into an electric current and this is detected by a voltage or amperage detector. A property of light-emitting diodes (LEDs) is that they produce a certain wavelength of light when an electric current is applied but they also produce a current when they are subj -d to the same wavelength’ light. Fig 3.2: IR Sensor Diagram A pair of IR LEDs can be used as motion detectors. The first IR LED is wired to emit IR waves and the second LED is wired to transmit a signal when it receives an IR input. When an object comes within range of the emitting LED, it reflects the IR back to the receiving LED and produces a signal. This signal can be used to open sliding doors, tum on a light or set off an alarm. a= No chet presen IR it detec by Sasoe Objet resent elct IR WOM deletes by sneor Fig 3.3: Infra-Red Sensor 10|Page 2016| IoT based Automatic Street Lightning System Other Key Application Areas: * Climatology ‘+ Meteorology © Night vision © Photo bio-modulation © Gas detectors © Water analysis ‘+ Anesthesiology testing ‘+ Petroleum exploration © Rail safety Fig 3.4: IR Sensor 3.1.3 Arduino Arduino is a single-board microcontroller, intended to make the application of interactive objects or environments more accessibl The hardware consists of an open-source hardware board designed around an 8-bit Atmel AVR microcontroller, or a 32-bit Atmel ARM. Current models feature a USB interface, 6 analog input pins, as well as 14 digital VO pins which allows the user to attach various extension boards. The Arduino board exposes most of the microcontroller's /O pins for use by other circuits. The Diecimila, Duemilanove, and current Uno provide 14 digital /O pins, six of which can produce pulse width modulated signals, and six analog inputs. 11|Page 2016| IoT based Automatic Street Lightning System Arduino Specifications: Microcontroller ATmega328 Operating Voltage Sv. Input Voltage (recommended) 7-12V Input Voltage (limits) 6-20V Digital I/O Pins 14 (of which 6 provide PWM output) Analog Input Pins 6 DC Current per |/0 Pin 40mA DC Current for 3.3V Pin 50 mA Flash Memory 32 KB (ATmega328) of which 0.5 KB used by bootloader SRAM 2KB (ATmega328) EEPROM 1B (ATmega328) Clock Speed 16 MHz Length 686mm width 534mm Weight Be Fig 3.5: Arduino Specification The Arduino integrated development environment (IDE) is a cross-platform application written in Java, and is derived from the IDE for the Processing programming language and the wiring projects. It is designed to introduce programming to artists and other newcomers unfamiliar with software development. It includes a code editor with features such as syntax highlighting, brace matching and automatic indentation, and is also capable of compiling and uploading programs to the board with a single click. A program or code written for Arduino is called a "sketch". Arduino programs are written in C or C++. The Arduino IDE comes with a software library called "Wiring" from the original wiring project, which makes many common input/output operations much easier 12|Page 2016| IoT based Automatic Street Lightning System It is an open-source project, software/hardware is extremely accessible and very flexible to be customized and extended. It is flexible, offers a variety of digital and analog inputs, SPI and serial interface and digital and PWM outputs. It is easy to use, connects to computer via USB and communicates using standard serial protocol, runs in standalone mode and as interface connected to PC/Macintosh computers. It is inexpensive, around 30 euro per board and comes with free authoring software. Pin 013 LED rar tay low dropout Fogulator Power pins: Fig 3.6: Arduino UNO. 3.1.4 Light Dependent Resistor (LDR) A LDR or a photo resistor is a device whose resistivity is a function of the incident electromagnetic radiation. Hence, they are light sensitive devices. They are also called as photo conductors, photo conductive cells or simply photocells. They are made up of semiconductor materials having high resistance. There are many different symbols used to indicate a LDR, one of the most commonly used symbol is shown in the figure below. The arrow indicates light falling on it. When light falls i.c. when the photons fall on the device, the electrons in the valence band of the semiconductor material are excited to the conduction band. These photons in the 13|Page 2016| IoT based Automatic Street Lightning System incident light should have energy greater than the band gap of the semiconductor material to make the electrons jump from the valence band to the conduction band, Hence when light having enough energy is incident on the device more & more electrons are excited to the conduction band which results in large number of charge carriers, The result of this process is more and more current starts flowing and hence it is said that the resistance of the device has decreased. XO Fig 3.7: Symbol of LDR Fig3.8: LDR A light dependent resistor works on the principle of photo conductivity. Photo conductivity is an optical phenomenon in which the materials conductivity (hence resistivity) reduces when light is absorbed by the material. LDR’s are light dependent devices whose resistance decreases when light falls on them and increases in the dark. When a light dependent resistor is kept in dark, its resistance is very high. This resistance is called as dark resistance. It can be as high as 1012 Q. And if the device is allowed to absorb light its resistance will decrease drastically. If a constant voltage is applied to it and intensity of light is increased the current starts increasing. LDR’s have low cost and simple structure. They are often used as light sensors. They are used when there is a need to detect absences or presences of light like in a camera light meter. Used in 14|Page 2016| IoT based Automatic Street Lightning System street lamps, alarm clock, burglar alarm circuits, light intensity meters, for counting the packages moving on a conveyor belt, ete. 3.1.5 Power Light Emitting Diode (LED) A high-power LED light source is a single LED power higher than 0.5W. At present, many ‘manufacturers use low power LED, but it need use a lot of LED, and also lower power LED with higher light decay. So its trend to use high power LED source in commercial lighting, High power LED is a light emitting diode with high rated current. Low LED power is generally 0.1W, operating current is 20mA but high power LED can reach 1W, 2W, or even tens of watts, operating current can be range from tens of mA to several hundred mA. Due to the constraints of flux conversion efficiency and cost, it decides high-power mainly used in some special lighting areas in short-term and long-term goal is the general lighting. Fig 3.9: Power LED High power LED advantages: High-power LED as the light source with features of low power consumption, less he: ig, long life, fast response, good direction and so on, Housing is available for PC pipe, able to bear high temperature of 135 degrees, low temperature of -45 degrees High power LED disadvantages: Current high-power LED light conversion efficiency is still low, and cost is high. White LED color is easy to be changed for long time use, cooling 15|Page 2016| IoT based Automatic Street Lightning System Applications: High-power LED mainly used in oilfield, petrochemical, railway, mining, military and other special industries. And most important is high power LED is more and more popular in general lighting. 3.1.6 Voltage Regulator (LM317) The LM317 device is an adjustable three-terminal positive-voltage regulator capable of supplying more than 1.5 Ampere over an output-voltage range of 1.25 V to 37 V. It requires only two extemal resistors to set the output voltage. The device features a typical line regulation of 0.01% and typical load regulation of 0.1%. It includes current limiting, thermal overload protection, and safe operating area protection. Overload protection remains functional even if the ADJUST terminal is disconnected. Features: ‘+ Output Voltage Range Adjustable From 1.25 V to 37 V ‘© Output Current Greater Than 1.5. A ‘* Internal Short-Circuit Current Limiting ‘+ Thermal Overload Protection + Output Safe-Area Compensation Vin (28V Max) eo ‘0.1uF Fig 3.10: Voltage Regulator Cireuit diagram 16|Page 2016| IoT based Automatic Street Lightning System ums17 Pin Arrangement Fig 3.11: Functional Diagram of LM317 The LM317 is versatile in its applications, including uses in programmable output regulation and local on-card regulation. Or by connecting a fixed resistor between the ADJUST and OUTPUT terminals, the LM317 can function as a precision current regulator. An optional output capacitor can be added to improve transient response. The ADJUST terminal can be bypassed to achieve very high ripple-rejection ratios, which are difficult to achieve with standard three-terminal regulators, 3.1.7 ULN2003 Darlington Pair ‘We are using this IC as the switch circuit for the power LED. This IC has many advantages and used in many application Ul LN2003 is a high voltage and high current Darlington array IC. It contains seven open collector Darlington pairs with common emitters. A Darlington pair is an arrangement of two bipolar transistors, ULN2003 belongs to the family of ULN200X series of ICs. Different versions of this family interface to different logic families. ULN2003 is for SV TTL, CMOS logic devices. These ICs are used when driving a wide range of loads and are used as relay drivers, display drivers, line drivers etc. ULN2003 is also commonly used while driving Stepper Motors. Each channel or Darlington pair in ULN2003 is rated at 500mA and can withstand peak current of 600mA. The inputs and outputs are provided opposite to each other in the pin layout, Each driver also contains a suppression diode to dissipate voltage spikes while driving inductive loads. The schematic for driver is given below: 17|Page 2016| IoT based Automatic Street Lightning System Fig 3.12: Schematic for ULN2008 driver Main specifications: ‘© 500 mA rated collector current (single output). ‘+ 50 V output (there is a version that supports 100 V output). ‘* Includes output flyback diodes. ‘+ Inputs compatible with TTL and 5-V CMOS logic Seven TTL or CMOS Compatible Sasa Inputs Fig 3.13: ULN2003 Darlington transistor array ++ oon aa I ov Inga x OA tC ¥ ANAM 1 > Seven NPN Darington High Currant Sink Outputs 18|Page 2016| IoT based Automatic Street Lightning System IN3 IN4 INS IN 6 IN7 GND g OUT] OUT 2 OUT3 ENP OUT 4 OUTS OUT 6 OUT7 COM Fig 3.14: ULN2003 Pin Diagram Pin No| — Function Name 7 Taput for 1 channel input t Z Tnput for 2 channel input 2 3 Input for 3® channel input 3 4 Input for 4° channel input 4 5 Input for §* channel Input § 6 Tnput for 6 channel input 6 T Tnput for 7 channel input 7 e Ground (07) Ground 9 Common free wheeling dodes Common 10 Gutput for7* channel Output 7 i Gutput for & channel Output 6 2 Output for 5 channel Output 5 3 Cutput ford channel Output 4 4 Cutput for 3* channel Output 3 6 Gutput for2* channel Output 2 6 Gutput for channel Output 4 Fig 3.15: ULN2003 Pin functioning 19|Page 2016| IoT based Automatic Street Lightning System 3.1.8 Resistors ‘A resistor is an electrical component that limits or regulates the flow of electrical current in an electronic circuit. Resistors can also be used to provide a specific voltage for an active device such as a transistor, All other factors being equal, in a direct-current (DC) circuit, the current through a resistor is inversely proportional to its resistance, and directly proportional to the voltage across it. This is the well-known Ohm's Law. In alternating-current (AC) circuits, this rule also applies as long as the resistor does not contain inductance or capacitance. Resistors can be fabricated in a variety of ways, The most common type in electronic devices and systems is the carbon-composition resistor. Fine granulated carbon (graphite) is mixed with clay and hardened. The resistance depends on the proportion of carbon to clay; the higher this ratio, the lower the resistance. Another type of resistor is made from winding Nichrome or similar wire on an insulating form. This component, called a wire wound resistor, is able to handle higher currents than a carbon- composition resistor of the same physical size. However, because the wire is wound into a coil, the component acts as an inductors as well as exhibiting resistance. This does not affect performance in DC circuits, but can have an adverse effect in AC circuits because inductance renders the device sensitive to changes in frequency. Fig 3.16: Resistor 20|Page 2016| IoT based Automatic Street Lightning System 3.1.9 Capacitors Capacitor is a passive component used to store charge. The charge (q) stored in a capacitor is the product of its capacitance (C) value and the voltage (V) applied to it, Capacitors offer infinite reactance to zero frequency so they are used for blocking DC components or bypassing the AC signals. The capacitor undergoes through a recursive cycle of charging and discharging in AC circuits where the voltage and current across it depends on the RC time constant. For this reason, capacitors are used for smoothing power supply variations. Other uses include, coupling the various stages of audio system, tuning in radio circuits etc. These are used to store energy like in a camera flash. Capacitors may be non-polarized/polarized and fixed/variable. Electrolytic capacitors are polarized while ceramic and paper capacitors are examples of non polarized capacitors. Since capacitors store charge, they must be carefully discharged before troubleshooting the circuits. ‘The maximum voltage rating of the capacitors used must always be greater than the supply voltage. Applications are: ‘+ store charges such as in a camera flash circuit, ‘© smoothing the output of power supply circuits + coupling of two stages of a circuit (coupling of an audio stage with a loud speaker) ‘filter networks(tone control of an audio system) ‘* delay applications (as in $55 timer IC controlling the charging and discharging) ‘+ tuning radios to particular frequencies phase alteration. Fig 3.17: Capacitors 21|Page 2016| IoT based Automatic Street Lightning System 3.1.10 Op-Amp 741 The Operational Amplifier is probably the most versatile Integrated Circuit available, It is very cheap especially keeping in mind the fact that it contains several hundred components. The most common Op-Amp is the 741 and itis used in many circuits The OP AMP is a ‘Linear Amplifier’ with an amazing variety of uses. Its main purpose is to amplify (increase)a weak signal - a little like a Darlington Pair. The OP-AMP has two inputs, inverting ( - ) and non-inverting (+) and one output at pin 6. The chip can be used in a circuit in two ways. If the voltage goes into pin two then it is known as an inverting amplifier. If the voltage goes into pin three then the circuit becomes a non-inverting amplifier The 741 integrated circuit looks like any other ‘chip’. However, it is a general purpose OP-AMP. You need only to know basic information about its operation and use. The diagram opposite shows the pins of the 741 OP-AMP. The important pins are 2,3 and 6 because these represent inverting, non-inverting and voltage out. Fig 3.18: Op-Amp 741 Inverting amy ifier: Leg two is the input and the output is always reversed. In an inverting amplifier the voltage enters the 741 chip through leg two and comes out of the 741 chip at leg six. If the polarity is positive going into the chip, it negative by the time it comes out through leg six. The polarity has been ‘inverted’ 22|Page ‘Non-Inverting amplifier: 2016| IoT based Automatic Street Lightning System eg three is the input and the output is not reversed. In a non- inverting amplifier the voltage enters the 741 chip through leg three and leaves the 741 chip through leg six. This time if itis positive going into the 741 then itis still positive coming out. Features of 741 IC Short circuit and overload In theory, the de output vol protection provided. tage will be zero if both the inputs of the 741 IC are connected to the ground. But in practice, a small de output may appear due to minor internal unbalances. It is usually unnoticed in normal applications. But for critical conditions, the output voltage can be set precisely to zero by connecting a 10K potentiometer between terminals marked “offset-null”. Low power consumption. Large common mode rejection ratio (CMRR) and differential voltage ranges. No extemal frequency compensation is required. It also does not need any extemal compensation for phase component. This simplifies the circuit design and minimizes the number of components used. No latch-up problem. OFFSET NULL INVERTING INPUT NON-INVERTING INPUT Ch NC 2 V+ C3 ouTPUT C4 OFFSET NULL Fig 3.19: Op-Amp 741 Pin Diagram 23|Page 2016| IoT based Automatic Street Lightning System 3.2 Solar Battery Charging Circuit Solar concept is not new for us. We all know the importance of solar energy. Solar gadgets are ine ing day by day. As non-renewable energy sourees are decreasing, usage of solar energy is increased. This solar energy is not only used on the Farth but also used in space stations where no electrical power is available. Here is the simple circuit to charge rechargeable Lead-acid battery from the solar panel, This solar charger has current and voltage regulation and also has over voltage cutoff facilities. This circuit may also be used to charge any battery at constant voltage because output voltage is adjustable, Solar Battery Charger Circuit Principle: Here the solar panel produces 12V DC. The charging current passes to LM317 voltage regulator through the diode D1. The output voltage and current are regulated by adjusting the adjust pin of LM317 voltage regulator. Solar Battery Charger Circuit Design: The circuit uses a 12V solar panel and an adjustable voltage regulator LM317. Solar panel consists of 1.2V rated solar cells, Pot RVI is used to set the output voltage to the battery. Diode D2 prevents the discharge of battery. For 12V Application: Output voltage: set for 14v Input voltage: Battery discharged (12v): 14.75V min @ 1.5mA (available from solar panel Characterized for 12V operation). Battery charged (14V): 16V min @ 10mA. Power Dissipation: In this, power is limited because of the thermal resistance of LM317 voltage regulator and the heat sink. To keep the temperature below 125 degree Celsius, the power must be limited to 10W. M317 voltage regulator internally has temperature | iting circuit so that if it gets too hot, it shuts down automatically. 24|Page 2016| IoT based Automatic Street Lightning System When battery is charging, heat sink becomes warm, When completing the charging at maximum voltage, heat sink runs hot. This heat is because of excess power that not needed in the process of charging a battery. Current Limiting: As the solar panel provides constant current, it acts as a current limiter. Therefore the circuit does not need any current limiting, Solar Charger Protection: In this circuit, capacitor C1 protects from the static discharge. Diode D1 protects from the reverse polarity. And voltage regulator IC provides voltage and current regulation, Solar Charger Specifications: Solar panel rating: 20W (12V) or 10W (6V) Vout range: 5 to 14V ‘Maximum power dissipation: 10W (includes power dissipation of schottky diode) Typical drop out value: 2 to 2.75V (depends on load current) Max current: 1.5A (internally it limited to 2.2A) Voltage regulation: +/- 100mV Fig 3.20: Battery Charging Circuit through Solar Panel 25|Page 2016| IoT based Automatic Street Lightning System 3.3 Input Module Working In this input module of the project, we used 4 IR sensors which are interfaced with Arduino and work individually with respective to each other. In this we are connecting the output pins of IR sensor to pins 2,4,7,8 of arduino to give status of IR sensor. IR sensor senses the presence of a vehicle or a pedestrian on the road and increases the intensity of LED street lamps on the road through output module, AILIR sensor works on SV and arduino is working on less than SV supply (Battery or Laptop USB driver). Fig 3.21: Input Module Diagram 26|Page 2016| IoT based Automatic Street Lightning System 3.4 Output Module Working In this output module of project, the digital output pins 6,9,10,11 of arduino are taken as a input to ULN2003a driver which works as a switching circuit. This ULN2003a output is connected to LED street lamps and increases the light intensity when required. LDR is connected to analog pin AO of arduino and helps in switching between day,evening and night time modes. In this, ULN2003a is working on 9V supply with is used to give to LED lamps. 330 ohm 380 ohm funn) Fig 3.22: Output Module Diagram 3.5 Internet of Things (IoT) The Internet of Things is an emerging topic of technical, social, and economic significance. Consumer products, durable goods, cars and trucks, industrial and utility components, sensors, 27|Page 2016| IoT based Automatic Street Lightning System and other everyday objects are being combined with Intemet connectivity and powerful data analytic capabilities that promise to transform the way we work, live, and play. Projections for the impact of IoT on the Intemet and economy are impressive, with some anticipating as many as 100 billion connected oT devices and a global economic impact of more than $11 trillion by 2025. Fig 3.23: Internet of Things ‘At the same time, however, the Internet of Things raises significant challenges that could stand in the way of realizing its potential benefits. Attention-grabbing headlines about the hacking of Intemnet-connected devices, surveillance concerns, and privacy fears already have captured public attention. Technical challenges remain and new policy, legal and development challenges are emerging. The term Internet of Things generally refers to scenarios where network connectivity and computing capability extends to objects, sensors and everyday items not normally considered computers, allowing these devices to generate, exchange and consume data with minimal human intervention. There is, however, no single, universal definition. 28|Page 2016| IoT based Automatic Street Lightning System ‘The Intemet of Things (IoT) is the network of physical objects—devices, vehicles, buildings and other items—embedded with electronics, software, sensors, and network connectivity that enables these objects to collect and exchange data, The JoT allows objects to be sensed and controlled remotely across existing network infrastructure, creating opportunities for more direct integration of the physical world into computer-based systems, and resulting in improved efficiency, accuracy and economic benefit; when [oT is augmented with sensors and actuators, the technology becomes an instance of the more general class of cyber-physical systems, which also encompasses technologies such as smart grids, smart homes, intelligent transportation and smart cities. In this project, we used IoT to display the status of roads and sensors on web browser using a cloud service provider named Firebase that display the output of serial monitor data of arduino on its own app in real time, We have used python code to interface arduino to this cloud service provider by providing the COM port and destination to address of application. Firebase is a cloud services provider and backend as a service company based in San Francisco, California, Firebase was founded in 2011 by Andrew Lee and James Tamplin and launched with a realtime cloud database in April 2012. Firebase's primary product is a realtime database which provides an APT that allows developers to store and syne data across multiple clients. The company was acquired by Google in October 2014. Build Extraordinary App Fig 3.24: Firebase website 29|Page 2016| IoT based Automatic Street Lightning System Realtime Database: Firebase provides a realtime database and backend as a service. The service provides application developers an API that allows application data to be synchronized across clients and stored on Firebase’s cloud. The company provides client libraries that enable integration with Android, iOS, JavaScript, Java, Objective-C and Nodes applications. Developers using the realtime database can secure their data by using the company's server-side~ enforced security rules. Firebase Auth: Firebase Auth is a service that can authenticate users using only client-side code. It supports social login providers Facebook, GitHub, Twitter and Google. Additionally, it includes a user management system whereby developers can enable user authentication with email and password login stored with Firebase Hostin; Firebase Hosting is a static asset web hosting service that launched on May 13, 2014. It supports hosting static files such as CSS, HTML, JavaScript and other files that do not change dynamically. The company states that Firebase Hosting grew out of customer requests, developers were using Firebase for its real-time database but needed a place to host their content. For this project we follow following steps to introduce IoT and use it: 1. Firstly, we need to interface the arduino’s serial monitor to firebase application. For this we need to use python to interface it by give source as COM port and destination as App address. 2, Then we need to design an App where we want to show our real time data, 30|Page 2016| IoT based Automatic Street Lightning System NTRODUCING-IOT Fig 3.25: Firebase application front view 3. Firebase will automatically update the data and store it on its cloud service. MY 2p ctr cam 5 Ore se Fig 3.26: Firebase application inside view 31|Page 2016| IoT based Automatic Street Lightning System CHAPTER 4 APPLICATIONS 4.1 Area of applica ns It can be used in some clocks, alarms, and other electronic devices that are dependent on sunlight. We can used it outside of house, corridors or industry area, which helps to save power. Tt-can be used as a street light. In sea off-shore side we can use it as a dangerous sign. Photo resistors have many uses, most of which involve detecting the presence of light. Street lights use photo resistors to detect whether it is day or night and turn the light on or off accordingly. Photo resistors are also used in digital cameras to detect how much light camera sees and adjust the picture quality accordingly. Smoke detection Automatic lighting control. Burglar alarm systems. Camera (electronic shutter). Strobe (color temperature reading), 4.2 Advantages Solar street light is independent of grid as a result of this operating cost is much low. Maintenance cost is much low compared to conventional street light. Intensity of LED can be controlled effectively without changes in its light color, Risk of accidents is very low. Itis environmental friendly, no harmful emissions. Longer life compared to conventional street lights Power consumption is much lower. LDRs are sensitive, inexpensive and readily available devices. They have good power and voltage handling capabilities, similar to those of a conventional resistor. 32|Page 2016| IoT based Automatic Street Lightning System They are small enough to fit into virtually any electronic device and used all around the world as a basis component in many electrical systems Photo resistors convert light into electricity and are not dependent on any other force Photo resistors are simply designed and are made from materials that are widely available, allowing hundreds of thousands of units to be produced each year ALLDR may be connected either way round and no special precautions are required when soldering. 4.3 Disadvantages Tnitial investment is very high. Rechargeable batteries have to be replaced from time to time, Non-availability of sunlight during rainy and winter seasons is a problem. Dust accumulation on the surface of panel creates a problem, It is sensitive to ambient light and require careful shielding, Can be more complicated to align detector pairs. Photo resistors are only sensitive to light and no other force can power it without risking damage, Also, they are unable to detect low light levels and may take a few seconds to deliver a charge while their electrons build up momentum. 33|Page 2016| IoT based Automatic Street Lightning System CHAPTER 5 GAN T CHART 5.1 Introduction Project management objective is to achieve project goals with effective project organizing, planning, and resources controlling within a specified time period. Project scope, project time, project budget and human resource were the primary constraints in this research. The schedule of the project had been tabulated on Gant Chart which use as the guideline in time management of this project. After that, cost estimation on the component or device was performed to ensure minimal project cost while keeping project to achieve the project objectives. Market survey on different device supplier was done in this process. Then, the price of the component was tabulated to compute calculate the final cost, 5.2 Project schedule Project Gantt chart is shown in Table 5.1 In contrast to Gantt chart, project Gantt chart shows a delay on task. This is due to the supplier of the current sensor and microcontroller from overseas delayed the delivery of the component. In addition, the shipping time of the component from overseas was about three weeks. As microcontroller is the brain of system, so the other task component assembling and software implementation were postponed. 34|Page 2016| IoT based Automatic Street Lightning System Week | 1 | 2 Activity 3 5617 \8 |9 10 11 12} 13 14/15 Project Finalization Component Survey Cireuit Preparation Hardware Implementation Software Implementation Testing and result analysis Report Presentation -~ Expected Time -~ Actual Time Table 5.1: Gantt Chart 35|Page 5.3 Cost estimation Table 5.2 shows the cost estimation for Solar Smart Str 2016| IoT based Automatic Street Lightning System light System with IOT, The most expensive component in this system is Arduino, A higher durability programmer is needed to monitor the LED performance. As far as stock availability and price cone n, Arduino UNO was selected in this project. Meanwhile, the price for other components that use in system is affordable and stock availability. S.No. ‘Component Price per Quantit Sub Total Name Component(Rs.) T Tamper wires [4.6 30 230 2. Power LED strip | 70 2 140 3 TMBI7 10 7 10 4. LEDs 2 10 20 5 Resistors T 20 20 6 Potentiometer | 5 3 25 7 Diodes 2 3 6 8 Capacitors 2 2 a 9. Solar panel 600 1 600 10. PCB 10 2 20 i. Male-Female | 10 4 0 Berg 12. Arduino Board | 600 T 600 3B. ULN2003 15 1 15 14, ICs Bed 10 4 70 15. LDR 3 1 3 16. TR transmitter | 5 8 0 and Receiver 17. Op-amp 741 10 4 rT) Sub Total | 1855 “Table 5.2: Cost estimation chart 36 |Page 2016| IoT based Automatic Street Lightning System CHAPTER 6 RESULT AND DISCUSSION 6.1 Results and Discussions The project aims were to reduce the side effects of the current lighting system and find a solution to save power. In this project the first thing to do is to prepare the inputs and outputs of the system to control the lights. The project shown in the figure has been implemented and works as expected and will prove to be very usefil Fig 6.1: Solar Smart Street Light without any vehicle 37|Page 2016| IoT based Automatic Street Lightning System ae | Fig 6.2: Vehicle present at 1" Sensor Fig 6.3: Vehicle present at 2™ Sensor 38|Page 2016| IoT based Automatic Street Lightning System Pee ed = Fig 6.4: loT display on web browser 6.2 Challenges ‘© Switching of LED Strips when vehicle is present based on the voltage supply. ‘+ Interfacing of Arduino to the web browser. ‘* Displaying serial monitor data of Arduino onto the web browser + Fixing the range of LDR. 6.3 Limitations ‘* Delay in displaying the data on web brow: © Variation Input voltage. ‘© The sensors used are not suitable for real life setup. ‘+ Power LED should be of greater voltage for actual setup, 39|Page 2016| IoT based Automatic Street Lightning System FUTURE SCOPE The above project i.e. Solar Smart Street Light System with Io can be powered from a battery, which can be charged during day time by harvesting the solar energy through a solar cell. The solar energy harvested from sunlight can be stored, inverted from DC voltages to AC voltage using sun tie converter. The AC voltage can be stepped up and given to the electric grid, The AC voltage from the electric grid can be stepped down, rectified and used for powering the circuit. Meanwhile, the street light can also be powered by the A.C. voltage, which is controlled by a relay switch connected to the switching part of the circuit. The above mentioned strategy will enable us to harvest solar energy in an effective way for the operation of the circuit and for powering the street light also. Using this smart project, we can also estimate the speed of the vehicle, recognizing the number plate, recognizing the accidents took place on roads etc. This Smart Street light project not only helps in rural areas but also beneficial in urban areas too. As we are moving towards more advancement we require more power so use of renewable resources is useful and advantageous. With this project, we can even add smart parking of vehicle and it is even useful for driverless cars, This project has a bright future not only to save power but also reduced the calamities and even reduced the crime rate. 40|Page 2016| IoT based Automatic Street Lightning System CONCLUSION The use of power electronics is increasing exponentially across various sectors of human life. The components used in the project, like Arduino and sensors are slowly becoming an indispensable part of our daily routines. So, it is only fitting that we use them to improve efficiency in every walk of life. Keeping in mind the urgent need for energy conservation, Solar Smart Street Light System with oT is an excellent and effective solution. It combines safe lighting protocols with consumption of minimal amount of power. The energy savings, as discussed before are phenomenal. The future scope of this project expands into speed detection and customizable area of illumination. An additional component which would lead to better functioning of the concept would be the use of LED bulbs. Despite their high initial costs, they are a viable option as they drastically reduce the power consumption. They will aid in further saving of energy and reduction in operational costs, 41|Page 2016| IoT based Automatic Street Lightning System REFERENCES 1] http:!vww.ehow.com/how-does_$561845_do-ir-sensors-work.html#ixzz3 10syLD61 2] hutp://homepages.which.net/~paul hills/Eme/BeeBody.html 3] hutp://en. wikipedia org/wiki/Arduino ] 1 1 4] http://www. galeo.com/comp/prod/sensor.htm 5] http://www. passmyexams.co.uk/GCSE/physies/LM324.html [6] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_of_Things 7] http://www internetsociety.org/doc/loT-overview i 8] https://www.firebase.com C C C [ L li C i [9] https://en. wikipedia org/wiki/Firebase [10] hitp://www.main.org/polycosmos/glxywest/vimanas.htm-Indian Flying Machines [11] hitp://www.electronicsforyou.coml. [12] hitp://www.triplepundit.com/201 1/08/solar-farming-potential-india/-SolarFarming [13] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_cell [14] htp://www.planetarypower.com.au/solar_panels.htm [15] http://www icreateproject.info/uncategorized/arduino-

    You might also like