Warning and Disclaimer:

For the attention of the flasher apprentice.

Before you begin you must know that:
- A vehicle approved by the services in the jurisdiction, lost its registration in case of modification
performed on this vehicle!
- Some of the nature of these changes, if the characteristics of the vehicle are changed, the vehicle is
no longer homologated for road use.
So it loses the right:
- The manufacturer's warranty
- A right of Insurance Reserve to ensure the vehicle.

In addition, the forum, the site and its authors are in no way responsible for personal or third party
damage caused by misuse of this document. You are fully responsible for your actions and are
warned.
This information is for educational purposes has.
The forum and its authors accept no responsibility for what you could make information and
materials on the site.

We can start :
Flashing, chiptuning, file modification, electronic preparation and other names, is nothing but
electronics and modification value of digital data.
That is to say that these actions are common to various applications in the world of electronics, such
as updating bios on a map from computer to computer mother, flashing a digital TV demodulator
reception release or games console improvements, etc ......
Actually, it is so close that we find the same electronic components in all these applications.

The modification process in this case is the same, namely:

- 1 Extraction software data in the ECU
- 2 reading, analysis, data modification
- 3 Calculates the Cheksum
- 4 Replacing the software data in the ECU

Several methods depending on the vehicle, may vary:

- For one component extraction, Action led directly and physically on the calculator engine (ECU)
of the vehicle and requires removal of this one and the internal memory.
- 2 For diagnostic socket is the replacement of the ECU software, without removing this one but
through the original electric system of the vehicle's diagnostic socket.
- 3 The special, some ECU requires some special handling for reading and writing. You have to read
the ECU dropping it without opening it, to see shunts for mode '' boot ''.

What will determine the method to be used, depend on the model, the year, the technology used and
the vehicle.
In any case, the first solution will always be applicable in case of failure of other method or when a
flash goes wrong, it is even the only method of repair, so the computer allows him physically (no
resin inside).

I Extraction:
The data that are on a component, has inside the ECU, on a ROM EEPROM type, which means that
even if it is not supplied with electric current, it does not lose its data. There are several types of
memory whose characteristics differ in dimension, building, electrical function, technology, etc ....
- For one component extraction, must be filed, component or is the data. To do this it must be
equipped with a desoldering iron and patience. Once removed the memory of the ECU, it is
necessary to retrieve data with a reader / programmer for the type of memory.
- 2 For diagnostic socket, you have direct access to the ECU data through an interface that plugs
into the vehicle's diagnostic socket. Several interface types exist, namely that this interface must be
compatible with the vehicle technology (branded the ECU EDC15, 16, etc ...).
- 3 Special, you play with the computer tools of the case mentioned above, but connecting the tool
directly to the ECU, it may be necessary to connect an ECU pin or to ground, that is no to allow the
intervention. If you encounter such ECU find out before surgery.

II reading, analysis, modification:

You find yourself now with a digital file that can have a variable weight of 256KB, 512KB,
1024Ko, 2048Ko.
These file sizes change according to the applied technology and automobile are not fixed.
The default file contains no such extension * .bin, * .hex, * .ori, * .mod, etc .... they are given by the
person who subjectively extracts the file. It is good to know that the file extensions are present as
owner of Microsoft and other software as they do not exist in the other OS like GNU / Linux.
To open this file you need a software that understands the file, in fact any hex editor software could
do the trick.
But dedicated software with advanced functions are very useful born. In the useful features that are
a graphics editor hexadecimal data in 2D and 3D, location address (offset) that is of interest to the
user, file comparator, etc ...
To know about places of interest in the file, a program adding a hex editor and necessary, and each
file type ECU extract has an addition to the main software, although these additions are pay and are
sold as DLLs or drivers. In some software, such as TunerPro, it is possible to manufacture them in
this condition know the parameters to be entered.
From that moment, a great work of research and analysis begins. Cartos identify, analyze values,
change the one we want. Knowing that each type, vehicle model has its own specificities.
An important work requires a dedicated document itself, that is why we say no more on this subject
in this document.

III checksum calculation: more detail here: http://www.chiptuners.fr/viewtopic.php?f=16&t=10

After changing the numerical values in the file, a major problem arises.
The original file contains a specific address value, the checksum, validating file integrity.
If a value of the original file is changed the value of the checksum is no longer valid, so the part of
the program will refuse vehicle start.
We must therefore recalculate the checksum to validate the final file. This is done with the aid of
additional software like drivers and DLLs mentioned above.
To better understand the checksum.

IV Replacing the data in the memory:

- For one component extraction, the file is re-injected using the reader / programmer supports the
type of memory. Then mends the component in place on the motherboard of the ECU. We
recommend a socket weld or mechanical storage medium that can receive seamless component for a
possible new operation.
- 2 For diagnostic socket, nothing more simple, the file and re-injected by the software and the
interface that was used during the extraction.
- 3 Special, you write the memory of the ECU with the tools of the case mentioned above, but
connecting the tool directly to the ECU, it may be necessary to connect a pin of the ECU is to
ground or more to allow the intervention.

There are cases of software that extract only the part of the memory to be changed then reinjected
by computing the checksum on the fly, I can not tell you more who have never had the opportunity
to analyze the process.

ECU for exemple :

Block diagram common rail diesel injection (CDI) Starter / control starter
1. Instrument cluster, information
2. Terminal 50, State
3. Starter, actuation
4. Relay terminal 87 combustion engine, actuation
5. Warm, demand
6. Glow plugs, actuation
7. Fuel pump relay, actuation
8. Diagnostic engine management, communication
9. Terminal 61 status
10. Calculator electronic selector module status
11. Hall sensor camshaft signal
12. coolant temperature sensor, signal
13. Sensor crankshaft position signal
14. rail pressure sensor, signal
15. Pressure control valve, actuator
16. Flow control valve, actuator
17. Fuel Injectors, actuation
18. hot film air mass flow meter, signal
19. Sensor intake air temperature signal
20. oil temperature sensor, signal
A1. Instrument cluster
A8 / 1. Key transceiver
B1. Oil temperature sensor
B2 / 5. Flow of hot film air mass
B2 / 5b1. Intake air temperature sensor
B4 / 6. rail pressure sensor
B6 / 1. Hall sensor camshaft
B11 / 4. Coolant temperature sensor
G2. Alternator
L5. Crankshaft position sensor
M1. Starter
M3. Fuel pump
N3 / CDI 9. calculator
N10 / SAM 1. Calculator module with fuses and relays before
N10 / 1.kM Relay terminal 50 starter
N10 / 1.kN Relay terminal 87 engine
N10 / SAM 2. Calculator module with fuses and relays back
N10 / 2.kD Fuel pump relay
N14 / 3 final warm-Floor
N15 / electronic selector 5. calculator module
N73. Calculator electronic ignition lock
N80. Calculator management module skirt
R9 /1. cylinder Glow plug 1
R9 /2. cylinder Glow Plug 2
R9 /3. glow plug cylinder 3
R9 /4. cylinder Glow Plug 4
X11 / 4 Diagnostic connector
Y74. Pressure regulating valve
Y76 / 1 cylinder fuel injector 1
Y76 / 2 cylinder fuel injector 2
Y76 / 3 cylinder fuel injector 3
Y76 / 4 cylinder Fuel Injector 4
Y94. Flow control valve
CAN CAN B. binnacle
CAN CAN C. transmission
CAN D CAN. diagnosis
CAN CAN E. undercarriage
LIN LIN C1. transmission

Text and images borrowed on Google for Education chip tuning ecu. By nbtechnic