The International journal of analytical and experimental modal analysis ISSN NO: 0886-9367

Motivational Patterns of Women Entrepreneurs in Anantnag District of Jammu and

Kashmir
Dr. Merajud Din Drangay1 & Rifat Jan2
1
Assistant Professor of Commerce,
Vinayaka Mission's Research Foundation, AV Campus Chennai
E-mail: merajdin333@gmail.com
2
Research Scholar, Department of Commerce, Annamalai University, Tamil Nadu

Abstract
The economy of border state of Jammu & Kashmir has suffered from disturbed
conditions prevailing in the State since past 29 years. Both the Centre and state governments are
trying to put the economy back on the rails by enabling the average person to get employment
opportunities. This study focused on motivations, contributions, problems, accessibility to
resources, behavior, emergence, and performance of the entrepreneurs. Research in this direction
should reveal the parameters that can help to encourage Anantnag District women into
entrepreneurship for their effective contribution to the socio-economic development of the
District. Out of five hundred and seventy (570) women entrepreneurs that are involved in
agriculture, manufacturing, trade and service sectors, only 211 were selected. The researcher was
able to utilize the statistical tools: Percentage Analysis, Analysis of Variance (ANOVA), Chi-
square, correlation coefficient in testing stated hypotheses. It describes the methods adopted by
the researcher in terms of quantitative and qualitative techniques to collect and analyze data. The
survey methods address that social, financial, psychological and environmental implications of
women entrepreneurial are motivational variables. The results of this study show that the
motivational factors have significant implications on the women entrepreneurial activities.
Keywords: Entrepreneur, entrepreneurship, Motivation, Socio–Economic Development,
Agriculture, Manufacturing, Trade and service sectors.
Introduction
With the opening up on Indian economy and globalization, more and more women are
getting educated, seeking employment or taking up entrepreneurial activity especially in medium
and small scale enterprises. Traditionally, women in India have been generally found in low
productive sectors such as agriculture and household activities. As more and more women are
receiving education, they face the prospect of unemployment. In the present scenario, it is quite

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difficult for both the Centre and state governments to provide employment to people in
government sector. To provide alternatives, self employment can prove to be the best option
available to generate income. Women entrepreneurship can also prove to be an effective strategy
to solve the problems of rural and urban poverty.
The experience of Anantnag District in the process of economic development has not
been encouraging. This has resulted in low rate of economic indicators. The new value systems
introduced include inter-industry relationship, restructuring of production and distribution
processes, recognition of micro and macro enterprises, a new role assigned to development of
entrepreneurship, enhanced international competitive power, economic restructuring, industrial
development and employment generation strategies. These were targeted to improve the citizens
standard of living.
Stevenson and Jarillo, and Parboteeach define entrepreneurs as individuals who "pursue
opportunities without regard to the resources they currently control" According to Thomson
entrepreneurs are individuals who survey their potential business environment, identify
opportunities to improve it, marshal resources, and act to maximize operational opportunities.
Review of Literature
Women entrepreneurs are women who are involved in entrepreneurial activities. Who
have decided to take the risks involved in, combining resources together in a unique way so as to
take advantage of the opportunity identified in their immediate environment through production
of goods and services. Women entrepreneurs around the globe strive to maximize the utilization
of their talents, in their businesses. Majority of them are involved in micro, small medium scale
businesses and Self Help Groups which contribute more than 97% of all enterprises, 60% of the
nation’s GDP and 94% of the total share of the employment (Weller, et al 1999, Mayoux 2001,
Udechukwu, 2003, Ndubuisi 2004).
Many studies used entrepreneurial intentions as a powerful theoretical framework (Linan
& Fayolle, 2015). As a result entrepreneurial intentions have been considered as the subject of
importance in research on entrepreneurship (Karimi et al., 2016) Individuals will embark on
entrepreneurship only when they demonstrate sufficient level of intention towards
entrepreneurship. Furthermore, it is worth studying entrepreneurial intention because it is a
reliable predictor of entrepreneurial behavior and measuring actual entrepreneurial behavior is
difficult (Wu, 2015).

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The International journal of analytical and experimental modal analysis ISSN NO: 0886-9367

Method of Data Analysis

Data collected were analyzed with both manual and electronics based methods using a
data preparation grid and SPSS. The utilization of structured grids allowed specific responses to
be located with relative ease and facilitate the identification of emerging patterns Descriptive,
statistical and content analyses were used in analyzing the collected data, Using descriptive
analysis we were able to calculate; the mean, frequency distribution and percentage, analysis of
Variance (ANOVA), Chi-square, correlation coefficient in testing stated hypotheses.

Objectives of the Study

 To examine the factors that motivates women entrepreneurs across different business
sectors in the Anantnag District.
Hypotheses of the Study
Ho1 Different factors do not motivate women entrepreneurs across different business
sectors in the Anantnag District.
Analysis and Discussion
The descriptive statistics is one of the main variables used in this study. Factors that
motivate women to start and grow their business were observed and analyzed. Five factors were
identified; family influence, educational attainment, experience, personal dissatisfaction and role
modeling. Sub-factors are here presented under each of the main factors that were measured.
Education/Training
Education/training as a factor revealed that majority of the entrepreneurs, 146 (69.19%)
of the respondents were motivated to start and grow their business as a result of training they
received rather than their educational background which is 65 (30.81%). This implies that
training is very important to entrepreneurial venturing; meaning that irrespective of someone’s
educational background, through training, one can acquire the required skills for the success of a
business.
Experience
Most of the respondents, about 154 (72.99 %) had worked for someone before starting
their own businesses while 57 (27.01%) had not had working experience before going into
entrepreneurship. Also, many of them, about 163 (71.80%) of them started their businesses

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immediately they stopped working for someone. This implies that working experience is an
important factor that motivates women entrepreneurs into starting and growing their businesses.

Role Model
Role modeling is also another factor that motivates women entrepreneurs. 172 (80.09%)
of the women entrepreneurs were encouraged by their role model.
Finance
It shows that 148 (83.65%) of the respondents agreed that they went into business mainly
because they wanted extra income while 63 (16.35%) of them disagreed that they entered into
business because of money.
Entrepreneurial Perception, Innovative Skill and Creative Indices
It shows different perceptions women entrepreneurs hold about themselves. There are
eight prominent perceptions. The first among these is ability to find customers which has a mean
score of 4.14 followed by self achievement 4.11 followed by independence by 4.04. This is not
surprising as the issue of women liberation has become the main reason for women going into
business, politics and other activities.
The fourth is self esteem with a mean score of 4.0344, creativity and innovation
(4.0343), acquisition of the skills required for the business (3.9876), desire for extra finance
(3.9876) and energy and strength (3.9811).
Motivation and Business Performance
It shows different perceptions that women entrepreneur held about the reason for better
performance or otherwise of businesses being owned by them. There are six prominent
perceptions, many of them believed that their business is growing because of their inputs,
competence and special marketing skills. Most women entrepreneurs believed that they are hard
working and this has resulted in better performance in their business in terms of their financial
investment. This is shown in the mean score which is the highest at 4.08. This is closely
followed by the perception that their personal income have increased since they started their own
business with a mean score of 3.88. This is also followed by other items such as, ‘business
expansion as a result of the input of extra hours in their business’ with a mean score of 3.86,
increase in business profitability because of their personal involvement in business, with a mean

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score of 3.81, increase in business revenue with a mean score of 3.75 and increase in return on
share with a mean score of 3.73.
Hypotheses Testing
Hypotheses were raised and tested in this study using appropriate statistical tests.
Hypothesis sought to differentiate between motivational patterns across different business sectors
operated by women entrepreneurs. One way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and Correlation
Coefficient were used to test this.
Hypothesis 1
Hypothesis tested in the study states that different factors do not motivate women
entrepreneurs across different business sectors in the Anantnag District
Summary of Correlation Coefficient between the factors that Motivate Women
Entrepreneurs Across Different business Sectors in Anantnag District

Variables 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
1. Family
- 0.67* 0.72* 0.58* 0.18 0.72* 0.88* 0.34*
2. Psychological
- - 0.42* 0.66* 0.71* 0.59* 0.64
3. Financial
- 0.61* 0.51* 0.96 0.71* 0.66
4. Environmental
- 0.85* 0.79 0.58 0.51
5. Agricultural -
0.42 0.48 0.32
6. Manufacturing -
0.33 0.21
7. Trade - 0.65

8. Service -

P<0.05 (2-tail test)

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Table above indicates positive relationship among each of the motivational patterns of
the Anantnag District . Among these relationships, eight of them are very high. These are the
coefficient relationships between financial factor and manufacturing sector (0.96), family
influence and trade sector (0.88), environment factor and agricultural sector (0.85),
environmental factor and manufacturing sector (0.79), family and manufacturing sector (0.72),
psychological factor and agricultural sector (0.71), financial factor and service sector (0.66) and
psychology factor and service sector (0.62). The result revealed that there is a high positive
correlation between the motivational patterns and SMEs sub-sectors, except family, which shows
a very low significant relationship with agricultural sector at r=0.18.
The reason for this might probably be that a lot of women with families see agriculture as not the
best type of business that will allow women to show off as their personal achievement since
majority of them started business because of their desire for self-achievement.
The summary of the findings of the study are hereby presented below;
The result from the testing of Hypothesis one revealed a significant difference at F (3, 419)
=21.958, and p<0.015 at 3 degree of freedom and 0.05 significant level. The result of coefficient
correlation revealed that a positive correlation exists between the motivational patterns and
SMEs sub-sectors except family influence as a factor which showed a very low significant
relationship with agricultural sector at r=0.18. Thus, the null Hypothesis one is rejected. This
implies that different motivational patterns do exist among women entrepreneurs across different
industrial sectors of the South-West Anantnag District.
Conclusion
The conclusions are largely based on the analysis and assessment of the views of the
respondents in the course of the study. They are also drawn from the literature and views of the
key women entrepreneurs that were interviewed. The findings of this study show that women's
entrepreneur motivational patterns is a complex function and cut across different sectors of the
economy. These could be categorized as pull and push factors. "Pull" factors such as seeking
recognition and the opportunity for self-expression were most important, while “push” factors
such as personal dissatisfaction and discrimination were equally important. The findings clearly
show that through women entrepreneurship sought the opportunity to stretch their skills,
experience and the freedom to determine their destiny.

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This study equally revealed that women entrepreneurs have preferences for business that
are convenient to their dual roles and provided opportunities for satisfaction and growth. This
research discovered that discrimination against women helps in motivating women into seeking
for entrepreneurial venture (Morris et al, 1995; Mansor, 2005 and Familoni, 2007). The results
of this study show that the motivational factors have significant implications on the women
entrepreneurial activities.

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