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STD XTH Geometry Maharashtra Board PDF
STD XTH Geometry Maharashtra Board PDF
STD. X
Mathematics II
Geometry
Sixth Edition: March 2016
Salient Features
• Written as per the new textbook.
• Exhaustive coverage of entire syllabus.
• Topic–wise distribution of all textual questions and practice problems at
the beginning of every chapter
• Covers solutions to all textual exercises and problem set.
• Includes additional problems for practice.
• Indicative marks for all problems.
• Comprehensive solution to Question Bank.
• Constructions drawn with accurate measurements.
• Includes Board Question Papers of 2014, 2015 and March 2016.
* Internal Assessment
Home Assignment: 10 Marks 5-5 Home assignment for Algebra and
Geometry of 10 marks each would be given.
Marks obtained out of 100 would be converted
to marks out of 10.
Test of multiple choice 10 Marks Depending upon the entire syllabus, internal
question: test for Algebra and Geometry with 20 marks
each would be taken at the end of second
semester. Marks obtained out of 40 would be
converted to marks out of 10.
Total 20 marks
ALGEBRA AND GEOMETRY
2 Circle 55
4 Trigonometry 142
6 Mensuration 195
1
Std. X: Geometry
Concepts of Std. IX
Similarity of triangles
For a given one-to-one correspondence between the
vertices of two triangles, if A P
i. their corresponding angles are congruent and
4 3 6
ii. their corresponding sides are in proportion then the 2
correspondence is known as similarity and the two
triangles are said to be similar.
B CQ R
6 9
In the figure, for correspondence ABC PQR,
i. A P, B Q, C R
AB 2 BC 6 2 AC 4 2
ii. = , = = , = =
PQ 3 QR 9 3 PR 6 3
AB BC AC
i.e., = =
PQ QR PR
Hence, ABC and PQR are similar triangles and are symbolically written as ABC PQR.
Test of similarity of triangles
1. SSS test of similarity:
For a given one-to-one correspondence between the P
A
vertices of two triangles, the two triangles are similar
if the sides of one triangle are proportional to the 2 2 4
1
corresponding sides of the other triangle.
In the figure,
B 3 C Q 6 R
AB 1 BC 3 1 AC 2 1
= , = = , = =
PQ 2 QR 6 2 PR 4 2
AB BC AC
= =
PQ QR PR
ABC PQR ---- [By SSS test of similarity]
P
2. AAA test of similarity [AA test]:
A
For a given one-to-one correspondence between the
vertices of two triangles, the two triangles are similar
if the angles of one triangle are congruent to the
corresponding angles of the other triangle.
In the figure,
if A P, B Q, C R B C Q R
then ABC PQR ---- [By AAA test of similarity]
Note: AAA test is verified same as AA test of similarity.
For Understanding
When do you say the triangles have equal heights? A P
We can discuss this in three cases.
Case – I
In the adjoining figure,
segments AD and PS are the corresponding heights of ABC and
PQR respectively.
B D C S Q R
If AD = PS, then ABC and PQR are said to have equal heights.
Case – II A X Z
l
In the adjoining figure, ABC and XYZ have their one vertex on
one of the parallel lines and the other two vertices lie on the other
parallel line. Hence the two triangles are said to lie between the same
parallel lines and are said to have equal heights. m
B C Y
3
Std. X: Geometry
Case – III A
In the adjoining figure, ABC, ACD and ABD have a common
vertex A and the sides opposite to vertex A namely, BC, CD and BD
respectively of these triangles lie on the same line. Hence, ABC,
ACD and ABD are said to have equal heights and BC, CD and
B C D
BD are their respective bases.
Property – II
The ratio of areas of two triangles having equal base is equal to A D
the ratio of their corresponding heights.
Example:
ABC and DCB have a common base BC.
A(ABC) AP P B C Q
=
A(DCB) DQ
Property – III
The ratio of areas of two triangles having equal height is equal to
the ratio of their corresponding bases.
Example: A
ABC, ACD and ABD have a common vertex A and their sides
opposite to vertex A namely, BC, CD, BD respectively lie on the
same line. Hence they have equal heights. Here, AP is common
height.
B P C D
A(ΔABC) BC A(ΔABC) BC A(ΔACD) CD
= , = , =
A(ΔACD) CD A(ΔABD) BD A(ΔABD) BD
Property IV
Areas of two triangles having equal bases and equal heights are A
equal.
Example:
ABD and ACD have a common vertex A and their sides opposite to
vertex A namely, BD and DC respectively lie on the same line. Hence the
triangles have equal heights. Also their bases BD and DC are equal. B D C
E
A(ABD) = A(ACD)
Exercise 1.1 6
E B
1. In the adjoining figure, seg BE seg AB and seg BA seg AD.
A ΔABE
If BE = 6 and AD = 9, find . [Oct 14, July 15] [1 mark]
A(ΔBAD)
Solution: A 9 D
A ABE BE
= ---- [Ratio of areas of two triangles having equal base
A( BAD) AD is equal to the ratio of their corresponding heights.]
A ABE 6
=
A( BAD) 9
A ΔABE 2
=
A(ΔBAD) 3
4 4
Chapter 01: Similarity
2. In the adjoining figure, seg SP side YK and S
seg YT seg SK. If SP = 6, YK = 13, YT = 5 and
TK = 12, then find A(SYK) : A(YTK). T
[2 marks] 6 12
5
K
Solution: P Y 13
A(SYK) YK SP
= ---- [Ratio of areas of two triangles is equal to the ratio of the
A(YTK) TK YT product of their bases and corresponding heights.]
A(SYK) 13× 6
=
A(YTK) 12×5
A(ΔSYK) 13
=
A(ΔYTK) 10
A(SYK) : A(YTK) = 13 : 10
A(ΔTRK) RK
ii. = ---- [Ratio of the areas of two triangles having equal heights
A(ΔTPK) PK is equal to the ratio of their corresponding bases.]
A(ΔTRK) 5x
= ---- [From (i) and (ii)]
A(ΔTPK) 2x
A(ΔTRK) 5
=
A(ΔTPK) 2
A(TRK) : A(TPK) = 5 : 2
A(TRP) RP
iii. = ---- [Ratio of the areas of two triangles having equal heights
A(TRK) RK
is equal to the ratio of their corresponding bases.]
A(TRP) 3x
= ---- [From (i) and (ii)]
A(TRK) 5x
A(ΔTRP) 3
=
A(ΔTRK) 5
A(TRP) : A(TRK) = 3 : 5
5
Std. X: Geometry
4. The ratio of the areas of two triangles with the common base is 6 : 5. Height of the larger triangle is
9 cm. Then find the corresponding height of the smaller triangle. [Mar 15] [3 marks]
Solution:
Let A1 and A2 be the areas of larger triangle and smaller triangle respectively and h1 and h2 be their
corresponding heights.
A1 6
= ---- (i) [Given]
A2 5
h1 = 9 ---- (ii) [Given]
A1 h
= 1 ---- [Ratio of the areas of two triangles having equal base
A2 h2 is equal to the ratio of their corresponding heights.]
6 9
= ---- [From (i) and (ii)]
5 h2
59
h2 =
6
15
h2 =
2
h2 = 7.5 cm
The corresponding height of the smaller triangle is 7.5 cm.
A
5. In the adjoining figure, seg PR seg BC, seg AS seg BC and
seg QT seg BC. Find the following ratios: [3 marks]
A(ΔABC) A(ΔABS)
i. ii.
A(ΔPBC) A(ΔASC) P
A(ΔPRC) A(ΔBPR) Q
iii. iv.
A(ΔBQT) A(ΔCQT) B C
Solution: R S T
A(ABC) AS
i. = ---- [Ratio of the areas of two triangles having equal bases is
A(PBC) PR equal to the ratio of their corresponding heights.]
A(ABS) BS
ii. = ---- [Ratio of the areas of two triangles having equal heights is
A(ASC) SC equal to the ratio of their corresponding bases.]
A(PRC) RC× PR
iii. = ---- [Ratio of the areas of two triangles is equal to the ratio of
A(BQT) BT × QT product of their bases and corresponding heights.]
A(BPR) BR × PR
iv. = ---- [Ratio of the areas of two triangles is equal to the ratio of
A(CQT) CT × QT product of their bases and corresponding heights.]
6 6
Chapter 01: Similarity
A(DEF) DH
ii. = ---- [Ratio of the areas of two triangles having equal bases is equal
A(GEF) GK to the ratio of their corresponding heights.]
300 12
= ---- [Substituting the given values]
A(GEF) 20
300 20 = 12 A(GEF)
300 20
= A(GEF)
12
300 20
A(GEF) =
12
A(GEF) = 500 cm2 ---- (i)
7. In the adjoining figure, seg ST || side QR. Find the following ratios. [3 marks] P
A(ΔPST) A(ΔPST) A(ΔQST)
i. ii. iii.
A(ΔQST) A(ΔRST) A(ΔRST) S T
Solution:
A(PST) PS
i. =
A(QST) QS [Ratio of the areas of two triangles having equal heights Q R
A(PST) PT is equal to the ratio of their corresponding bases.]
ii. =
A(RST) TR
iii. QST and RST lie between the same parallel lines ST and QR
Their heights are equal.
Also ST is the common base.
A(QST) = A(RST) ---- [Areas of two triangles having common base and equal heights
A(QST) are equal.]
=1
A(RST)
If a line parallel to a side of a triangle intersects the other sides in two distinct points, then the line divides
these sides in proportion. [Mar 14] [4 marks]
Given: In PQR, line l || side QR. P
Line l intersects side PQ and side PR in points M and N
respectively, such that PMQ and PNR.
M N
PM PN l
To Prove that: =
MQ NR
Construction: Draw seg QN and seg RM.
Q R
Proof:
In PMN and QMN, where PMQ,
A(PMN) PM
= ---- (i) [Ratio of the areas of two triangles having equal heights
A(QMN) MQ is equal to the ratio of their corresponding bases.]
In PMN and RMN, where PNR,
A(PMN) PN
= ---- (ii) [Ratio of the areas of two triangles having equal heights
A(RMN) NR is equal to the ratio of their corresponding bases.]
A(QMN) = A(RMN) ---- (iii) [Areas of two triangles having equal bases and equal
heights are equal.]
A(PMN) A(PMN)
= ---- (iv) [From (i), (ii) and (iii)]
A(QMN) A(RMN)
PM PN
= ---- [From (i), (ii) and (iv)]
MQ NR
7
Std. X: Geometry
Converse of Basic Proportionality Theorem:
If a line divides any two sides of a triangle in the same ratio, then the line is parallel to the third side.
P
If line l intersects the side PQ and side PR of PQR in the
PM PN
points M and N respectively such that = , then M N
MQ NR l
line l || side QR.
Q R
Applications of Basic Proportionality Theorem:
i. Property of intercepts made by three parallel lines on a transversal:
The ratio of the intercepts made on a transversal by three parallel lines is equal to the ratio of the
corresponding intercepts made on any other transversal by the same three parallel lines. [3 marks]
Given: line l || line m || line n
The transversals x and y intersect these parallel lines at points A, B, C and P, Q, R respectively.
AB PQ
To Prove that: =
BC QR
Construction: Draw seg AR to intersect line m at point H. x y
Proof:
In ACR, A P
l
seg BH || side CR ---- [Given]
B H Q
AB AH m
= ---- (i) [By B.P.T.]
BC HR
C R
In ARP, n
seg HQ || side AP ---- [Given]
QR RH
= ---- [By B.P.T.]
PQ HA
PQ AH
= ---- (ii) [By invertendo]
QR HR
AB PQ
= ---- [From (i) and (ii)]
BC QR
8 8
Chapter 01: Similarity
In AEC,
AEC ACE ---- [From (v)]
AE = AC ---- (vi) [Sides opposite to congruent angles]
BD AB
---- [From (i) and (vi)]
DC AC
Exercise 1.2
1. Find the values of x in the following figures, if line l is parallel to one of the sides of the given triangles.
[Oct 12, Mar 13] [1 mark each]
B S L
2
l 6 x 1.3 l
P
P l Q
3 P 8
4.5 3.9 3
N
A C Q
5 Y x M x
T R
(i) (ii) (iii)
Solution:
i. In ABC,
line l || side BC ---- [Given]
AP AY
= ---- [By B.P.T.]
PB YC
3 5
=
6 x
65
x =
3
x = 10 units
ii. In RST,
line l || side TR ---- [Given]
SP SQ
= ---- [By B.P.T.]
PT QR
x 1.3
=
4.5 3.9
1.3 4.5
x=
3.9
13 45
x=
39 10
x = 1.5 units
iii. In LMN,
line l || side LN ---- [Given]
MP MQ
= ---- [By B.P.T.]
PL QN
8 x
=
2 3
38
=x
2
x=34
x = 12 units
9
Std. X: Geometry
2. E and F are the points on the side PQ and PR respectively of PQR. For each of the following
cases, state whether EF || QR. [2 marks each]
i. PE = 3.9 cm, EQ = 1.3 cm, PF = 3.6 cm and FR = 2.4 cm.
ii. PE = 4 cm, QE = 4.5 cm, PF = 8 cm and RF = 9 cm.
iii. PQ = 1.28 cm, PR = 2.56 cm, PE = 0.18 cm and PF = 0.36 cm.
P
Solution:
PE 3.9 3 3.9
i. = = ---- (i)
EQ 1.3 1
E 3.6
PF 3.6 3
= = ---- (ii) 1.3
FR 2.4 2
Q F
In PQR,
PE PF
---- [From (i) and (ii)] 2.4
EQ FR
R
seg EF is not parallel to seg QR.
PE 4 8
P
ii. = = ---- (i)
QE 4.5 9 4 8
PF 8 E
= ---- (ii) F
FR 9
In PQR, 4.5 9
PE PF
= ---- [From (i) and (ii)] Q
QE FR R
seg EF || seg QR ---- [By converse of B.P.T.]
N
3. In the adjoining figure, point Q is on the side MP such that MQ = 2 and MP = 5.5.
Ray NQ is the bisector of MNP of MNP.
Find MN : NP. [2 marks]
Solution:
QP + MQ = MP ---- [MQP]
QP + 2 = 5.5
M P
QP = 5.5 2 2 Q
QP = 3.5
In MNP, 5.5
ray NQ is the angle bisector of MNP ---- [Given]
MN MQ
= ---- [By property of angle bisector of a triangle]
NP QP
10
10
Chapter 01: Similarity
MN 2 20 4
= = =
NP 3.5 35 7
MN 4
=
NP 7
MN : NP = 4 : 7
11
Std. X: Geometry
AN AL
= ---- (ii) [By B.P.T.]
ND LC
AM AN
= ---- [From (i) and (ii)]
MB ND
MB ND
= ---- [By invertendo]
AM AN
MB AM ND AN
= ---- [By componendo]
AM AN
AB AD
= ---- [AMB, AND]
AM AN
AM AN
= ---- [By invertendo]
AB AD
P
7. As shown in the adjoining figure, in PQR, seg PM is the median.
Bisectors of PMQ and PMR intersect side PQ and side PR in
points X and Y respectively, then prove that XY || QR. [3 marks]
X Y
Proof:
Draw line XY.
In PMQ, Q
R
M
ray MX is the angle bisector of PMQ. ---- [Given]
MP PX
= ---- (i) [By property of angle bisector of a triangle]
MQ QX
In PMR,
ray MY is the angle bisector of PMR. ---- [Given]
MP PY
= ---- (ii) [By property of angle bisector of a triangle]
MR RY
But, seg PM is the median ---- [Given]
M is midpoint of seg QR.
MQ = MR ---- (iii)
PX PY
= ---- [From (i), (ii) and (iii)]
QX RY
In PQR, seg XY || seg QR ---- [By converse of B.P.T.]
8. ABCD is a trapezium in which AB || DC and its diagonals intersect each other at the point O.
AO CO
Show that = . [3 marks]
BO DO B
A
Proof:
ABCD is a trapezium.
O
side AB || side DC and seg AC is a transversal.
BAC DCA ---- (i) [Alternate angles]
D C
In AOB and COD,
BAO DCO ---- [From (i) and AOC]
AOB COD ---- [Vertically opposite angles]
AOB COD ---- [By AA test of similarity]
AO BO
= ---- [c.s.s.t.]
CO DO
AO CO
= ---- [By alternendo]
BO DO
12
12
Chapter 01: Similarity
9. In the adjoining figure, ABCD is a trapezium. A B
Side AB || seg PQ || side DC and AP = 15, PD = 12, QC = 14, then
find BQ. [2 marks]
P Q
Solution:
D C
Side AB || seg PQ || side DC ---- [Given]
AP BQ
= ---- [By property of intercepts made by three parallel lines on a transversal]
PD QC
15 Q
= ---- [ AP = 15, PD = 12 and QC = 14]
12 14
15 14
BQ =
12
BQ = 17.5
A
10. Using the converse of Basic Proportionality Theorem, prove that the
line joining the midpoints of any two sides of a triangle is parallel to
the third side and is half of it. [4 marks]
P Q
13
Std. X: Geometry
1.3 Similarity
Two figures are called similar if they have same shapes not necessarily the same size.
Properties of Similar Triangles:
Exercise 1.3
1. Study the following figures and find out in each case whether the triangles are similar. Give reason.
[2 marks each]
P
M
a D
2 3
R T 70 A
T P 2b
2.5
6 2a 55 a
4 Q R
55 a
N K X M N
S
7.5 3b
(i) (ii) (iii)
Solution:
i. MTP and MNK are similar.
Reason:
MN = MT + TN ---- [MTN]
MN = 2 + 4 = 6 units
MT 2 1
= = ---- (i)
MN 6 3
MK = MP + PK ---- [MPK]
MK = 3 + 6 = 9 units
MP 3 1
= = ---- (ii)
MK 9 3
In MTP and MNK,
MT MP
= ---- [From (i) and (ii)]
MN MK
TMP NMK ---- [Common angle]
MTP MNK ---- [By SAS test of similarity]
14
14
Chapter 01: Similarity
iii. DMN and AQR are similar.
Reason:
In DMN and AQR,
DMN AQR ---- [Each is 55]
DNM ARQ ---- [Each is of same measure]
DMN AQR ---- [By AA test of similarity]
4. D is a point on side BC of ABC such that ADC = BAC. Show that AC2 = BC DC. [3 marks]
Proof: A
In ACB and DCA,
BAC ADC ---- [Given]
ACB DCA ---- [Common angle]
ACB DCA ---- [By AA test of similarity]
AC BC AB
= = ---- [c.s.s.t.] B D C
DC AC DA
AC BC
=
DC AC
AC2 = BC DC
15
Std. X: Geometry
5. A vertical pole of length 6 m casts a shadow of 4 m long on the ground. At the same time, a tower casts
a shadow 28 m long. Find the height of the tower. [3 marks]
Solution: P
AB represents the length of the pole. A
AB = 6 m
BC represents the shadow of the pole.
BC = 4 m
6m
PQ represents the height of the tower.
QR represents the shadow of the tower.
QR = 28 m
ABC PQR B 4m C Q 28 m R
---- [ vertical pole and tower are similar figures]
AB BC AC
= = ---- [c.s.s.t.]
PQ QR PR
AB BC 6 4
=
PQ QR PQ 28
6 1
= 6 7 = PQ
PQ 7
PQ = 42 m
Height of the tower is 42 m.
6. Triangle ABC has sides of length 5, 6 and 7 units while PQR has perimeter of 360 units. If ABC is
similar to PQR, then find the sides of PQR. [3 marks]
Solution:
Since, ABC PQR
AB BC AC
= = ---- [c.s.s.t.]
PQ QR PR
5 6 7
= =`
PQ QR PR
By theorem on equal ratios,
567
each ratio =
PQ QR PR
18
= ---- [ Perimeter of PQR = PQ + QR + PR= 360]
360
1
=
20
5 6 7 1
= = = ---- (i)
PQ QR PR 20
5 1
= ---- [From (i)]
PQ 20
PQ = 20 5
PQ = 100 units
6 1
= ---- [From (i)]
QR 20
QR = 6 20
QR = 120 units
7 1
= ---- [From (i)]
PR 20
PR = 7 20
PR = 140 units
PQR has sides PQ, QR and PR of length 100 units, 120 units and 140 units respectively.
16
16
Chapter 01: Similarity
A(PBC) 25
iii. = ---- [By invertendo]
A(PQA) 1
A(PBC) A(PQA) 25 1
= ---- [By dividendo]
A(PQA) 1
A(QBCA) 24
=
A(PQA) 1
A(ΔPQA) 1
= ---- [By invertendo]
A(QBCA) 24
A(PQA) : A( QBCA) = 1 : 24
D C
8. In the adjoining figure, seg AB || seg DC.
Using the information given, find the value of x. [3 marks]
Solution: O
Side DC || Side AB on transversal DB.
A B
ABD CDB ---- (i) [Alternate angles]
In AOB and COD,
ABO CDO ---- [From (i), D O B]
AOB COD ---- [Vertically opposite angles]
AOB COD ---- [By AA test of similarity]
OA OB
= ---- [c.s.s.t]
OC OD
3 x 19 x3
= ---- [Substituting the given values]
x 5 3
3(3x 19) = (x 3)(x 5)
9x 57 = x2 8x + 15
x2 8x 9x + 15 + 57 = 0
x2 17x + 72 = 0
(x 9)(x 8) = 0
x 9 = 0 or x 8 = 0
x = 9 or x = 8
9. Using the information given in the adjoining figure, find F. [3 marks]
A 12 cm
3 3 cm F E
Solution: 3.8 cm 80
AB 3.8 1 60
= = ---- (i) B C 6 3 cm 7.6 cm
DE 7.6 2 6 cm
BC 6 1 D
= = ---- (ii) [Substituting the given values]
EF 12 2
CA 3 3 1
= = ---- (iii)
FD 6 3 2
In ABC and DEF,
AB BC CA
= = ---- [From (i), (ii) and (iii)]
DE EF FD
ABC DEF ---- [By SSS test of similarity]
C F ---- (iv) [c.a.s.t]
In ABC,
A + B + C = 180 ---- [Sum of the measures of all angles of a triangle is 180.]
80 + 60 + C = 180 ---- [Substituting the given values]
C = 180 140
C = 40 ---- (v)
F = 40 ---- [From (iv) and (v)]
42
42
Chapter 01: Similarity
10. A vertical stick 12 m long casts a shadow 8 m long on the ground. At the same time a tower casts the
shadow of length 40 m on the ground. Determine the height of the tower. P [2 marks]
Solution:
Let AB represent the vertical stick, AB = 12 m.
A
BC represents the shadow of the stick, BC = 8 m.
PQ represents the height of the tower.
12 m
QR represents the shadow of the tower, QR = 40 m.
ABC PQR
AB BC AC
= = ---- [c.s.s.t.]
PQ QR PR
B 8m C Q 40 m R
12 8
= ---- [Substituting the given values]
PQ 40
PQ = 12 5 = 60
The height of the tower is 60 m.
11. In each of the figures, an altitude is drawn to the hypotenuse. The lengths of different segments are
marked in each figure. Determine the value of x, y, z in each case. [3 marks each]
A
Solution:
4
i. In ABC, mABC = 90 ---- [Given]
x D
seg BD hypotenuse AC ---- [Given]
5
BD2 = AD DC ---- [By property of geometric mean] y
y2 = 4 5 ---- [Substituting the given values] B C
z
y = 45 ---- [Taking square root on both sides]
y= 2 5 ---- (i)
In ADB,
mADB = 90 ---- [ Seg BD hypotenuse AC]
AB2 = AD2 + BD2 ---- [By Pythagoras theorem]
2 2 2
x = (4) + y ---- [Substituting the given values]
2 2 2
x = 4 + (2 5 ) ---- [From (i)]
2
x = 16 + 20
x2 = 36
x =6 ---- [Taking square root on both sides]
In BDC,
mBDC = 90 ---- [ Seg BD hypotenuse AC]
BC2 = BD2 + CD2 ---- [By Pythagoras theorem]
2 2 2
z = y + (5) ---- [Substituting the given values]
2 2 2
z = (2 5 ) + (5) ---- [From (i)]
2
z = 20 + 25
z2 = 45
z= 9 5 ---- [Taking square root on both sides]
z= 3 5
x = 6, y = 2 5 and z = 3 5
43
Std. X: Geometry
ii. In PSQ,
P
m PSQ = 90 ---- [ Seg QS hypotenuse PR]
4
PQ2 = PS2 + QS2 ---- [By Pythagoras theorem]
(6)2 = (4)2 + y2 ---- [Substituting the given values] 6 S
36 = 16 + y2 x
y
y2 = 36 16
y2 = 20 Q R
z
y = 4 5 ---- [Taking square root on both sides]
y = 2 5 ---- (i)
In PQR,
seg QS hypotenuse PR ---- [Given]
QS2 = PS SR ---- [By the property of geometric mean]
y2 = 4 x ---- [Substituting the given values]
2 5
2
= 4x ---- [From (i)]
20 = 4x
20
x=
4
x=5 ---- (ii)
In QSR,
m QSR = 90 ---- [ Seg QS hypotenuse PR]
2 2 2
QR = QS + SR ---- [By Pythagoras theorem]
z2 = y2 + x2 ---- [Substituting the given values]
z2 = (2 5 )2 + (5)2 ---- [From (i) and (ii)]
z2 = 20 + 25
z2 = 45
z = 9 5 ---- [Taking square root on both sides]
z=3 5
x = 5, y = 2 5 and z = 3 5
12. ABC is a right angled triangle with A = 90. A circle is inscribed in it. The lengths of the sides
containing the right angle are 6 cm and 8 cm. Find the radius of the circle. [4 marks]
Construction: Let P, Q and R be the points of contact of tangents AC, AB and BC respectively and draw
segments OP and OQ. C
Solution:
In ABC,
BAC = 90 ---- [Given]
6 cm
BC2 = AC2 + AB2 ---- [By Pythagoras theorem]
R
BC2 = (6)2 + (8)2 ---- [Substituting the given values]
2
BC = 36 + 64 x O
BC2 = 100 P
BC = 10 units ---- (i) [Taking square root on both sides] x x
Let the radius of the circle be x cm.
A x Q B
OP = OQ = x ---- [Radii of same circle]
8 cm
In OPAQ,
OPA = OQA = 90 ---- [Radius is to the tangent]
PAQ = 90 ---- [Given]
POQ = 90 ---- [Remaining angle]
OPAQ is a rectangle ---- [By definition]
But, OP = OQ ---- [Radii of same circle]
OPAQ is a square ---- [A rectangle is a square if its adjacent sides are congruent]
OP = OQ = QA = AP = x ---- [Sides of a square]
44
44
Chapter 01: Similarity
Now, AQ + BQ = AB ---- [AQB]
x + BQ = 8 ---- [Substituting the given values]
BQ = 8 x
AP + CP = AC ---- [APC]
x + CP = 6 ---- [Substituting the given values]
CP = 6 x
BQ = BR = 8 x ---- (ii) [Length of tangent segments drawn from a external point
CP = CR = 6 x ---- (iii) to the circle are equal.]
BC = CR + BR ---- (iv) [CRB]
10 = 6 x + 8 x ---- [From (i), (ii), (iii) and (iv)]
2x = 4
x=2
The radius of the circle is 2 cm.
13. In PQR, seg PM is a median. If PM = 9 and PQ2 + PR2 = 290, find QR. [2 marks]
Solution:
P
In PQR,
seg PM is the median ---- [Given]
2 2 2 2
PQ + PR = 2PM + 2MR ---- [By Apollonius theorem] 9
290 = 2(9)2 + 2MR2 ---- [Substituting the given values]
290 = 2(81) + 2MR2 Q M R
290 = 162 + 2MR2
2MR2 = 290 162
2MR2 = 128
128
MR2 =
2
MR2 = 64
MR = 8 ---- (i) [Taking square root on both sides]
Also, QR = 2MR ---- [ M is the midpoint of seg QR]
QR = 2 8 ---- [From (i)]
QR = 16
45
Std. X: Geometry
15. D and E are the points on sides AB and AC such that AB = 5.6, AD = 1.4,
AC = 7.2 and AE = 1.8. Show that DE || BC. [2 marks] B
Proof:
DB = AB AD ---- [ADB]
DB = 5.6 1.4 ---- [Substituting the given values]
DB = 4.2 units D
AD 1.4 1
= = ---- (i) A C
DB 4.2 3 1.8 E
Also, EC = AC AE ---- [AEC] 7.2
EC = 7.2 1.8 ---- [Substituting the given values]
EC = 5.4 units
AE 1.8 1
= = ---- (ii)
EC 5.4 3
In ABC,
AD AE
= ---- [From (i) and (ii)]
DB EC
seg DE || seg BC ---- [By converse of B.P.T.]
17. In the adjoining figure, XY || AC and XY divides the triangular region ABC into two equal areas.
Determine AX : AB. A [4 marks]
Solution:
seg XY || side AC on transversal BC X
XYB ACB ---- (i) [Corresponding angles]
In XYB and ACB,
XYB ACB ---- [From (i)]
C Y B
ABC XBY ---- [Common angle]
XYB ~ ACB ---- [By AA test of similarity]
A(XYB) XB2
= ---- (ii) [By theorem on areas of similar triangles]
A(ACB) AB2
1
Now, A(XYB) = A(ACB) ---- [ seg XY divides the triangular region ABC into two equal
2
areas]
A(XYB) 1
= ---- (iii)
A(ACB) 2
XB2 1
= ---- [From (ii) and (iii)]
AB2 2
XB 1
= ---- [Taking square root on both sides]
AB 2
46
46
Chapter 01: Similarity
XB 1
1 =1 ---- [Subtracting both sides from 1]
AB 2
AB XB 2 1
=
AB 2
AX 2 1
= ---- [AXB]
AB 2
AX : AB =
2 1 : 2
A
18. Let X be any point on side BC of ABC, XM and XN are drawn
parallel to BA and CA. MN meets produced BC in T. Prove that M
TX2 = TBTC. [4 marks]
N
Proof:
In TXM,
seg BN || seg XM ---- [Given] T C
B X
TN TB
= ---- (i) [By B.P.T.]
NM BX
In TMC,
seg XN || seg CM ---- [Given]
TN TX
= ---- (ii) [By B.P.T.]
NM CX
TB TX
= ---- [From (i) and (ii)]
BX CX
BX CX
= ---- [By invertendo]
TB TX
BX TB CX TX
= ---- [By componendo]
TB TX
TX TC
= ---- [TBX, TXC]
TB TX
TX2 = TBTC
D
19. Two triangles, ABC and DBC, lie on the same side of the base BC.
From a point P on BC, PQ || AB and PR || BD are drawn. They A
intersect AC at Q and DC at R. R
Prove that QR || AD. [3 marks] Q
Proof:
C
In CAB, B P
seg PQ || seg AB ---- [Given]
CP CQ
= ---- (i) [By B.P.T.]
PB AQ
In BCD,
seg PR || seg BD ---- [Given]
CP CR
= ---- (ii) [By B.P.T.]
PB RD
In ACD,
CQ CR
= ---- [From (i) and (ii)]
AQ RD
seg QR || seg AD ---- [By converse of B.P.T.]
47
Std. X: Geometry
20. In the figure, ADB and CDB are on the same base DB. A
A ADB AO
If AC and BD intersect at O, then prove that =
A CDB CO
O M B
[3 marks]
D N
Proof:
A(ADB) AN
= ----(i) [Ratio of areas of two triangles with the same
A(CDB) CM base is equal to the ratio of their corresponding
C
In ANO and CMO, heights]
ANO CMO ---- [Each is 90]
AON COM ---- [Vertically opposite angles]
ANO CMO ---- [By AA test of similarity]
AN AO
= ---- (ii) [c.s.s.t.]
CM CO
A(ΔADB) AO
= ---- [From (i) and (ii)]
A(ΔCDB) CO
BD AB E
21. In ABC, D is a point on BC such that = . Prove that AD is the bisector of A.
DC AC
(Hint: Produce BA to E such that AE = AC. Join EC) [5 marks]
Proof:
seg BA is produced to point E such that AE = AC and seg EC is drawn. A
BD AB
= ---- (i) [Given]
DC AC
AC = AE ---- (ii) [By construction]
BD AB
= ---- (iii) [Substituting (ii) in (i)] B D C
DC AE
seg AD || seg EC ---- [By converse of B.P.T.]
On transversal BE,
BAD BEC ---- [Corresponding angles]
BAD AEC ---- (iv) [ B A E]
On transversal AC,
CAD ACE ---- (v) [Alternate angles]
In ACE,
seg AC seg AE ---- [By construction]
AEC ACE ---- (vi) [By isosceles triangle theorem]
BAD CAD ---- [From (iv), (v) and (vi)]
Ray AD is the bisector of BAC
24. Two poles of height ‘a’ meters and ‘b’ metres are ‘p’ meters S
apart. Prove that the height ‘h’ drawn from the point of P
intersection N of the lines joining the top of each pole to the foot
N
ab b
of the opposite pole is metres. [4 marks]
ab a
h
Proof:
Let RT = x and TQ = y. R x T y Q
In PQR and NTR, p
PQR NTR ---- [Each is 90]
PRQ NRT ---- [Common angle]
49
Std. X: Geometry
PQR NTR ---- [By A A test of similarity]
PQ QR
= ---- [c.s.s.t.]
NT TR
a p
= ---- [Substituting the given values]
h x
ph
x= ---- (i)
a
In SRQ and NTQ,
SRQ NTQ ---- [Each is 90]
SQR NQT ---- [Common angle]
SRQ ~ NTQ ---- [By AA test of similarity]
SR QR
= ---- [c.s.s.t]
NT QT
b p
= ---- [Substituting the given values]
h y
ph
y= ---- (ii)
b
ph ph
x+y= + ---- [Adding (i) and (ii)]
a b
1 1
p = ph ---- [R T Q]
a b
p ba
=
ph ab
1 ab
h ab
ab
h= metres ---- [By invertendo]
a+b
A
25. In the adjoining figure, DEFG is a square and BAC = 90.
Prove that: i. AGF DBG ii. AGF EFC G F
2
iii. DBG EFC iv. DE = BDEC
[5 marks]
Proof: B C
D E
i DEFG is a square. ---- [Given]
seg GF || seg DE ---- [Opposite sides of a square]
seg GF || seg BC ---- (i) [BDEC]
In AGF and DBG,
GAF BDG ---- [Each is 90]
AGF DBG ---- [Corresponding angles of parallel lines GF and BC]
AGF DBG ---- (ii) [By AA test of similarity]
A PQR
One-Mark Questions 7. In the adjoining figure, find .
A RSQ
P
AB BC AC
1. In ABC and XYZ , = = ,
YZ ZX XY
then state by which correspondence are T
R Q
ABC and XYZ similar.
Solution:
ABC XYZ by ABC YZX. S
Solution:
T Ratio of the areas of two triangles having
2. In the figure, RP : PK = 3 : 2. equal bases is equal to the ratio of their
A TRP corresponding heights.
Find .
A TPK A PQR PQ
R P K =
Solution: A RSQ ST
Ratio of the areas of two triangles having
equal heights is equal to the ratio of their 8. Find the diagonal of a square whose side is
corresponding bases. 10 cm. [Mar 15]
A TRP RP 3 Solution:
= =
A TPK PK 2
Diagonal of a square = 2 side.
5. What is the ratio among the length of the 10. In the adjoining figure, A
sides of any triangle of angles 45 45 90? using given information, 60
Solution: find BC. 24
The ratio is 1 : 1 : 2 .
B 30 C
6. State the test A Solution:
by which the
given triangles 3
BC = AC ---- [Side opposite to 60]
are similar. C D 2
B
3
Solution: = 24
2
ABC EDC by SAS test of similarity.
E BC = 12 3 units
51
Std. X: Geometry
11. Find the value of MN, so that A(ABC) AB A(ΔABC) 2
= =
A(ABC) = A(LMN). A(DCB) DC A(ΔDCB) 3
A P
M N
15. Find the diagonal of a square whose side is
4 cm 16 cm. [July 15]
8 cm Solution:
Diagonal of a square = 2 side.
L = 2 16 = 16 2 cm
B D C
5
Additional Problems for Practice
Solution:
A(ABC) = A(LMN) Based on Exercise 1.1
1 1
BC AD = MN LP 1. In the adjoining figure, QR = 12 and SR = 4.
2 2
Find values of P
1 1
5 8 = MN 4 A PSR
2 2 i.
A PQR
58
MN = A PQS
4 ii. Q R
MN = 10 cm A PQR S 4
12
A PQS
iii. [3 marks]
12. If the sides of a triangle are 6 cm, 8 cm and A PSR
10 cm respectively, determine whether the
triangle is right angled triangle or not.
[Mar 14] 2. The ratio of the areas of two triangles with the
Solution: equal heights is 3 : 4. Base of the smaller
Note that, triangle is 15 cm. Find the corresponding base
of the larger triangle. [2 marks]
62 + 82 = 102,
By converse of Pythagoras theorem, the given
triangle is a right angled triangle. 3. In the adjoining figure, seg AE seg BC
and seg DF seg BC. A
13. Sides of the triangle are 7 cm, 24 cm and Find
25 cm. Determine whether the triangle is A ABC D
i.
right-angled triangle or not. [Oct 14] A DBC
Solution: A DBF
The longest side is 25 cm. ii. B F E C
A DFC
(25)2 = 625 ….(i)
Now, sum of the squares of the other two sides A AEC
iii. [2 marks]
will be A DBF
(7)2 + (24)2 = 49 + 576
= 625 ….(ii) Based on Exercise 1.2
2 2 2
(25) = (7) + (24) ….[From (i) and (ii)] A
Yes, the given sides form a right angled 4. In the adjoining figure, E
triangle. seg EF || side AC,
….[By converse of Pythagoras theorem] AB = 18, AE = 10,
BF = 4.Find BC. B C
A F
14. In the following figure [3 marks]
seg AB seg BC, 2
seg DC seg BC. 5. In the adjoining figure, A
If AB = 2 and DC = 3, B C
seg DE || side AC and
A(ΔABC) seg DC || side AP. D
find . [Mar 15] 3
A(ΔDCB) BE BC
Prove that =
Solution: D EC CP B P
Ratio of the areas of two triangles having equal base E C
is equal to the ratio of their corresponding heights. [3 marks]
52
52
Chapter 01: Similarity
6. In the adjoining figure, 13. In the map of a triangular field, sides are
P
PM = 10, MR = 8, 10 shown by 8 cm, 7 cm and 6 cm. If the largest
QN = 5, NR = 4. M side of the triangular field is 400 m, find the
State with reason 8 remaining sides of the field. [3 marks]
whether R
Q 5 N4 14. EFG RST and EF = 8, FG = 10, EG = 6,
line MN is parallel to
side PQ or not? [2 marks] RS = 4. Find ST and RT. [2 marks]
53
Std. X: Geometry
23. In the adjoining P 48 S 29. In the adjoining P
figure, figure, PQR is an
PQR = 90, 30 equilateral triangle,
PSR = 90. seg PM side QR.
Find: Q 40 R
Prove that:
i. PR and ii. RS [3 marks] PQ2 = 4QM2 Q M R
[3 marks]
24. In the adjoining figure,
Based on Exercise 1.7
ABCD is a trapezium, seg AB || seg DC,
seg DE side AB, seg CF side AB. 30. In PQR, seg PM is a median. PM = 10 and
D 7 C PQ2 + PR2 = 362. Find QR. [2 marks]
54
54