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Artícle Agricultural Sciences

January-June 2015 Vol.2 No.3, 143-6
Volume V – Issue X
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Accounting
V
Presentation
In the tenth issue seven sections are included. The Section of Agricultural Sciences includes the article
Compost of bagasse of Agave tequilana W., substrate for seedling production.
By Rodríguez Guzmán Eduardo, Arellano Rodríguez Luis Javier, De Luna Vega Alicia, Arriaga Ruiz Ma.
Cruz. .In the Section of Natural Sciences, the included article is Diagnosis and Treatment of Canine
Pyometra: Clinical Case Report by Lucio Rodolfo, Sesento Leticia, Bedolla Jose Luis Carlos, Cruz Angel
Raul. In the Section of Exact Sciences, the article Dopaminergic receptor type 1 antagonism in rat
ovarian tissue: effects on ovulation and ovarian compensatory hypertrophy is included. The autors
are: Guzmán Herrera Nataly, Sánchez García Octavio, Handal Silva Anabella, Morán Perales José Luis.In
the Section of Engineering Sciences, the following article is included: SQL Queries Examination System:
Automatic Test and Feedback by the authors: Gutiérrez Torres Luis Germán, Martínez López Fernando
José, Morales Orozco David. The Section of Technology Sciences includes the arcticle: Modeling, design
and construction of a six degrees of freedom didactic robot by Fernández Ramírez Arnoldo, Cuan
Duron Enrique, García Andrade Roxana, and Martínez Reyes Armando. In the Section of Social Sciences
the INTERNATIONALISATION OF AGRICULTURAL SMEs BASED ON NETWORK THEORY
is included. The authors are Castillo Giron Víctor Manuel, Ayala Ramìrez Suhey, De Leoan Mora Omar
Alonso. In the Section of Administrative Sciences Proposals of action for the tourist development from
the national and state governess. Electoral candidates is included. This research is authored by Mónica
Isabel Mejía Rocha, Betzabeth Dafne Morales, and Mónica Pérez.
Content
Article Page
Compost of bagasse of Agave tequilana W., substrate for seedling production 1-5
Rodríguez Guzmán Eduardo, Arellano Rodríguez Luis Javier, De Luna Vega Alicia,
Arriaga Ruiz Ma. Cruz.
Diagnosis and Treatment of Canine Pyometra: Clinical Case Report. 6-11

Lucio Rodolfo, Sesento Leticia, Bedolla Jose Luis Carlos, Cruz Angel Raul.
Dopaminergic receptor type 1 antagonism in rat ovarian tissue: effects on

ovulation and ovarian compensatory hypertrophy
Guzmán Herrera Nataly, Sánchez García Octavio, Handal Silva Anabella, Morán 12-27
Perales José Luis.
SQL Queries Examination System: Automatic Test and Feedback 28-34

Gutiérrez Torres Luis Germán, Martínez López Fernando José, Morales Orozco David
Modeling, design and construction of a six degrees of freedom didactic robot. 35-43
Fernández Ramírez Arnoldo, Cuan Duron Enrique, García Andrade Roxana, Martínez
Reyes Armando
Internationalisation of Agricultural SMEs Based on Network Theory 44-51

Castillo Giron Víctor Manuel, Ayala Ramìrez Suhey, De Leoan Mora Omar Alonso
Proposals of action for the tourist development from the national and state 52-57
governess. Electoral candidates.
Mónica Isabel Mejía Rocha, Betzabeth Dafne Morales, Mónica Pérez
Instructions for Authors
Originality Format
Authorization Form
___________________________________________________________________________________________________
1
Agricultural Sciences
January-June, 2018 Vol.V Issue.X 1-5
Compost of bagasse of Agave tequilana W., substrate for seedling production
RODRÍGUEZ-GUZMÁN, Eduardo †, ARELLANO-RODRÍGUEZ Luis Javier, DE LUNA-VEGA,
Alicia, ARRIAGA-RUIZ, Ma. Cruz.
eduardo.rguzman@academicos.udg.mx
University of Guadalajara. Department of Agricultural Production. University Center of Biological and Agricultural
Sciences, Camino Ing. Ramón Padilla Sánchez 2100, Nextipac, 44600 Zapopan, Jalisco
___________________________________________________________________________________________________
Abstract Resumen
The use of organic substrates from industry El uso de sustratos orgánicos a partir de derivados de
derivatives results in an alternative that allows waste la industria resulta una alternativa que permite
to be used that otherwise constitutes a contamination utilizar desechos que de otra manera constituyen un
problem, such as bagasse from Agave tequilana W. problema de contaminación, como el bagazo de
The objective of the study was to evaluate and Agave tequilana W. El objetivo del estudio fue
understand the potential of compost of bagasse of evaluar y conocer el potencial de la composta del
tequila agave as a substrate in the production of bagazo de agave tequilero como sustrato en la
seedlings. Two agave compost, with and without pig producción de plántulas. Se compararon dos
excreta, were compared with Sunshine Mix 3 and compostas de agave, con y sin excreta de cerdo con
Berger BM2 peatmoss for the production of Hermosa las turbas Sunshine Mix 3 y Berger BM2 para la
cv. tomato seedlings. A randomized complete block producción de plántula de jitomate variedad
design with 8 repetitions was used. In vigor index and Hermosa. Se empleó un diseño experimental de
percentage of emergence there was no difference bloques completos al azar con 8 repeticiones. En
between substrates, however Sunshine Mix 3 índice de vigor y porcentaje de emergencia no se
allowed greater volume and fresh root weight. The manifestaron diferencia entre sustratos sin embargo
highest values of seedling height, fresh and dry Sunshine Mix 3 permitió mayor volumen y peso
weight of aerial part and root dry weight were fresco de raíz. Los mayores valores de altura de
obtained in the agave compost without pig excreta. plántula, peso fresco y seco de parte aérea y peso
The results suggest the use of agave compost without seco de raíz se obtuvieron en la composta de agave
pig excreta, as a substrate for production of tomato sin excreta de cerdo. Los resultados permiten sugerir
seedlings allowing the use of this traditionally waste el uso de la composta de agave sin excreta de cerdo,
material. como sustrato para la producción de plántulas de
jitomate permitiendo el empleo de este material
Solanum lycopersicum, Agave tequilana Weber, tradicionalmente de desecho.
organic substrate, tomato seedling
Solanum lycopersicum, Agave tequilana Weber,
sustrato orgánico, plántula de jitomate
___________________________________________________________________________________________________
Cita: RODRÍGUEZ-GUZMÁN, Eduardo †, ARELLANO-RODRÍGUEZ Luis Javier, DE LUNA-VEGA, Alicia,
ARRIAGA-RUIZ, Ma. Cruz. Compost of bagasse of Agave tequilana W., substrate for seedling production. Título de la
Revista. 2015, 1-1: 1-11 – [Todo en Times New Roman No.10]
__________________________________________________________________________________________________
† Investigador contribuyendo como primer autor.
© ECORFAN
RODRÍGUEZ GUZMÁN, Eduardo, ARELLANO

RODRÍGUEZ Luis Javier, DE LUNA VEGA Alicia, ARRIAGA
ISSN-En linea: 2395-860X RUIZ Ma. Cruz.Compost of bagasse of Agave tequilana W.,
ECORFAN® Todos los derechos reservados substrate for seedling production. UTSOE-Journal
Multidisciplinary Science 2018, 5-10: 1-5.
2
1. Introduction Properties Agave bagasse

Nowadays, large quantities of natural plant Humidity (%) 71
substrates, usually mixtures of different Dry matter (%) 29
products, are used to improve their physical and pH 5.4
chemical characteristics, allowing an excellent Ashes (%) 8.8
germination and growth of seedlings (FAO,
2002), such is the case of peat moss derived from Organic matter (%)* 91.2
the partial decomposition of mosses of the genus Total organic carbon
50.6
Sphagnum which is one of the most used (%)**,
substrates, imported from Canada or Germany. Total nitrogen (%)*,** 0.53
The Sphagnum peat is a non-renewable resource C:N Relation 95.5
and its price is expected to rise inevitably. (De Table 1. Physical and chemical properties of
Grazia, Tittonell and Chiesa, 2007), besides that agave compost without pork excreta
its exploitation can’t be sustainable. *
Dry base, ** Kjeldahl Total nitrogen
In recent years, the growth of tequila market
brought with it that more bagasse is produced Tomato seeds of Hermosa cv. were planted in
and the problems in the disposition of it by the 72 cavity polystyrene trays, disinfected with a
tequila producing companies increase, which 2% chlorine solution. One seed per cavity was
sometimes resort to stacking, and sometimes it placed at a depth of approximately 1 cm and
burns down (Iñiguez and Crohn, 2004). Agave covered with substrate. Each tray consisted of
bagasse biotransformed is an alternative to use one repetition, divided into four sections of 18
as a substrate in the production of seedlings and cavities, each with the corresponding substrate,
plant development in nurseries and greenhouses under an experimental design of randomized
(Iñiguez et al., 2003 a). complete blocks with 8 repetitions. At the
beginning it was irrigated with water, until
1.1. Objective complete emergency, when the first real leaf
The objective of the study was to evaluate appeared, Steiner's Universal nutrient solution
and know the potential of compost of tequila was supplied at 0.3 atm, until the end of the
agave bagasse as a substrate in the production of experiment.
seedlings. Germination began 4 days after sowing,
emergency data of the seedlings were registered
2. Materials and methods and daily counts of seedlings were born, until
day 16 at the end of the emergency. Total
The experiment was carried out in a
emerged seedlings and emergence velocity or
greenhouse with plastic cover in the facilities of
vigor index were estimated (Maguire, 1972).
the University Center of Biological and
Thirty days after sowing, the seedlings were
Agricultural Sciences, in Las Agujas, Zapopan,
extracted for evaluation in the laboratory, the
Jalisco. Four substrates were used: two compost
substrate was washed to leave the roots clean and
from agave bagasse, one made at the University
seedling height (mm) was recorded.
of Guadalajara (CA), the second, with pig
Root volume (seedling roots were separated
manure (donated by a tequila house) and two
and immersed in a 10 ml tube); fresh weight of
imported mobs: Sunshine Mix 3 and Berger
the seedlings (g); root and aerial part were
BM2 .
RODRÍGUEZ GUZMÁN Eduardo, ARELLANO RODRÍGUEZ
Luis Javier, DE LUNA VEGA Alicia, ARRIAGA RUIZ Ma.
ISSN-En linea: 2395-860X Cruz. Compost of bagasse of Agave tequilana W., substrate for
ECORFAN® Todos los derechos reservados seedling production. UTSOE-Journal Multidisciplinary Science
2018, 5-10: 1-5.
3
separated (weight was recorded on a
a
precision digital scale).
Dry weight of seedling was estimated after a 0.88 b
dried for 48 hours at 60 ° C in stove (g) 0.7 ab 0.7
b
separately root and aerial part. The results were 0.53
c
processed with the statistical package SAS 2009 0.46 c
0.42
by analysis of variance, and Tukey test at 5% c 0.32
probability. 0.18
3. Results and Discusion PFR PSR
Percentage of seed emergence and seed’s CA CA+ec SS B

vigor index of Hermosa cv. hybrid tomato, there
were no statistically significant differences Figure 2. Fresh and dry root weight (g plant-1).
between substrates. In volume and fresh and dry DMSH = 0.21, DMSH = 0.5, respectively.
weight of roots, statistically significant * values with the same letter are statistically the same. CA:
differences were presented, the seedlings agave compost, CA + EC: agave compost with pig
manure, SS: Sunshine, B: Berenger
developed in peatmoss substrates produced
greater root volume and higher fresh weight Its cells are constituted by much lignified
(Figures 1 and 2), accompanied by the agave thin walls, which define large cavities that allow
compost (CA). Rodríguez, et al. (2010), report them to absorb and transport water, which, when
that the peat presents a higher water content in subtracted, maintains the structure of the cell
readily available, reserve and total available filled with air. In contrast, the agave compost
form, allowing a greater water supply to roots. produced the highest dry weight of roots that
a could be explained by the nutrient content,
a mainly K, Ca. and Mg (Rodríguez et al., 2010)
ab* 0.3 developing roots with greater amount of organic
0.27 matter. The highest seedlings were obtained in
0.23 agave compost, followed by Sunshine peat. Of
b
the two mobs, Sunshine showed better behavior
0.14 by generating greater volume and fresh root
weight.
Compost of agave (CA) allowed the
development of seedlings with higher height
CA CA+EC SS B (Figure 3), fresh and dry weight of the aerial part
(Figure 4) and dry root of the seedlings, the dry
Figure 1. Root volume (ml). DMSH= 0.11 matter produced is significantly higher than that
* values with the same letter are statistically the same. CA: produced in the other substrates.
agave compost, CA + EC: agave compost with pig
manure, SS: Sunshine, B: Berenger * values with the same
letter are statistically the same. CA: agave compost, CA +
EC: agave compost with pig manure, SS: Sunshine, B:
Berenger

2018, 5-10: 1-5.
4
by pepper (16% ) and cucumber (10%) (FIRA,

a* a 2016).
71.9
66.8
b
b a
52
46.5 1.05
b
0.81
c
c a
0.49 ab
0.38
0.33 bc 0.3
abc
0.11 0.2
CA CA+EC SS B
PFPA PSPA
Figure 3. Height of Plant (mm). DMSH= 7.4
* values with the same letter are statistically the same. CA: CA CA+ec SS B
agave compost, CA + EC: agave compost with pig
manure, SS: Sunshine, B: Berenger
Figure 4. Fresh and dry weight of aerial part (g
planta-1). DMSH= 0.14, DMSH= 0.13. CA:
The agave compost showed a behavior * values with the same letter are statistically the same. CA:
similar to the Sunshine peat in most of the agave compost, CA + EC: agave compost with pig
variables, which indicates its possible use as a manure, SS: Sunshine, B: Berenger
substrate in the production of seedlings and
substitute for it. The objectives of composting To measure the problem, Iñiguez et al.,
include facilitating the management of organic (2011) mention that the production of a liter of
waste from different activities, reducing its 100% agave tequila generates between 4 and 6
weight and volume, while stabilizing them and kg of bagasse in wet weight.
generating a useful product; in addition, to In 2003, the tequila industry produced
produce alternative materials to traditional around 200 million liters of tequila, resulting in
substrates due to the problems derived from the around one million tons of bagasse in dry
importation of materials such as peat. weight, with the advantage of reducing costs
Therefore, it can be considered that agave when produced locally (Crespo et al., 2013).
compost is a useful substrate in the production of
tomato seedlings, solving at least a couple of 4. Conclusions
problems, import substitution and contamination
Agave compost, as a substrate for tomato
(Crespo et al., 2013). seedling production, allowed good development
Importation of peatmoss to Mexico during expressed in the dry matter production of the
2015, 42 431 t represented an expense of $ seedling (root + aerial part), surpassing the
16,831,923 Dollars (INEGI, 2015). Tomato results obtained with the Sunshine peat.
production under greenhouse in the period 2005 Compost of agave is useful as a feasible
to 2015 showed an average annual increase of substitute for imported peat, under the
42.6%, from 345 ha to 13,747 ha that management carried out for its elaboration at the
represented in recent years 70% of the total
University of Guadalajara.
produced under protected agriculture, followed

2018, 5-10: 1-5.
5
5. References Iñiguez G., D. M. Crohn. (2004) Utilization of
by-products from the tequila industry. Part 6:
Crespo G. M. R., González E.D. R., Rodríguez
Fertilization of potted geranium with a
M. R., Rendón S. L. A., Real L. J. I. and J. P.
slaughterhouse waste Compost. International
Torres M. (2013) Evaluation of agave bagasse
Journal of Environmental Pollution, 20 (2): 53-
compost as a substrate component to produce
58
tequila blue agave seedlings. Rev. Mex. Science.
Íñiguez, G., Martínez, G. A., Flores P. A. and G.
Agríc. 4 (8): 1161-1173.
Virgen C. (2011) Use of by-products of the
De Grazia, J., Tittonell, P.A., and A Chiesa.
tequila industry. Part 9. Monitoring the evolution
(2007) Effect of substrates with compost and
of composting of two different sources of agave
nitrogen fertilization on the photosynthesis,
bagasse to obtain a substrate for tomato. Rev.
precocity and yield of pepper (Capsicum
Int. Contam. Ambie 27 (1) 47-59
annuum). One hundred. Inv. Agr. 34 (3): 195-
204. Maguire, J.D. (1962) Speed of germination-aid
FAO (United Nations Organization for in relation evaluation for seedling emergence
vigor. Crop Science. 2: 176-177.
Agriculture and Food) (2002). The Protected
Rodríguez M. R., Álcantar G. E. G .; Iñiguez C.
Cultivation in Mediterranean Climate. 340 p.
G. Zamora N. F., García L. P. M .; Ruiz L. M.
FIRA (Trusts established in relation to
A., Salcedo P. E. (2010) Physical and chemical
Agriculture, Directorate of Economic and
characterization of agricultural substrates from
Sectoral Research and Evaluation). 2016. Agro
tequila agave bagasse Interciencia, vol. 35 (7):
alimentary Panorama. Red Tomato. 2016. 36 p
515-520
Recovered from
https://www.gob.mx/cms/uploads/attachment/fi
le/200635/Panorama_Agroalimentario_Tomate
_Rojo_2016.pdf Date: April 21, 2018
González G. Yda; González R. O. and J.
Nungaray A. (2005) Potential of tequila Agave
bagasse for the production of biopolymers and
carbohydrases by cellulolytic bacteria and for
the production of phenolic compounds. e-Gnosis
(3): 0, 2005. [Date of consultation: April 21,
2018]. Available at:
http://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=7300031
4
INEGI (National Institute of Statistics and
Geography (Mexico) (2015) Commercial
balance of merchandise of Mexico: statistical
yearbook 2014: imports dollars / National
Institute of Statistics and Geography.-- Mexico:
INEGI, 2589 p.
Iñiguez G., S. Flores and L. Martínez. (2003a).
Utilization of by-products of the tequila
industry. Part 5. Biodegradation of the debris
material of the tannery industry. International
Journal of Environmental Pollution. 19 (2) 83-
91.
2018, 5-10: 1-5.
6
DIAGNÓSTICO Y TRATAMIENTO DE PIOMETRA CANINA: REPORTE DE UN CASO CLINICO.
Natural Sciences
GNOSIS AND TREATMENT OF CANINE PYOMETRA: CLINICAL CASE REPORT.
LUCIO- RODOLFO.1; SESENTO - LETICIA.2; BEDOLLA - JOSE LUIS CARLOS1; CRUZ-ANGEL
RAUL.1
1 Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia de la Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de
Hidalgo. 2 Colegio Primitivo y Nacional de San Nicolás de Hidalgo.
E-MAIL: dr.rlucio@hotmail.com
___________________________________________________________________________________________________
SUMMARY Keywords: Pyometra, diagnostic,

ovariohysterectomy, treatment.
Pyometra is defined as a bacterial infection due
to accumulation of purulent discharge that
occurs at any age, after the first estrus, with an INTRODUCTION
age reported between 6 months and 16 years A
9 year old Doberman breed with vaginal The cystic endometrial hyperplasia complex
discharge was presented, a physical examination (HEQ) corresponds to a progressive pathological
was performed to determine the patient's health,
change, product of hormonal mediation in the
and complementary tests were performed to see
if the patient could enter the operation. A uterine lining (Root, 1998). Pyometra is the
solution was proposed to the owner, consisting severe state of a pathological process initially
of ovariohysterectomy. It began with a treatment manifested as HEQ (Niskanen & Thrusfield,
based on Ceftriaxone in a dose of 25 mg / kg, 1998), it is defined as a bacterial infection by
Tramadol at 4 mg / kg and Meglumine in accumulation of pus in the uterus that can cause
Flunixin at 2.2 mg / kg, to stimulate the excretion the release of endotoxins to the blood circulation
of purulent substances from the uterine horns.
The surgical technique called causing very serious symptoms in canine
ovariohysterectomy was performed through an females. The disease comes from the bacterial
abdominal incision in the midline, with routine interaction with an endometrium that has
closure of the same planes. In the surgery, as in undergone pathological changes of an
the ultrasound, both uterine horns filled with exaggerated response to the stimulation of
liquid were observed that through a cut a progesterone P4 (Ortega, 2009)
purulent fluid was observed, the patient
recovered and went home with Carprofen and Escherichia coli (E. coli) is the microorganism
Ceftriaxone with dose and frequency for 10 most frequently identified in canine pyometra
days. The ovariohysterectomy in women should (Laing, 1996). Corresponding to 62-90% of the
be a social importance because it has benefits cases (Ström Holst et al., 2003); this
such as the prevention of this infection, the predominance can simply be caused by being a
owners should be informed about these bacterium that normally makes part of the
conditions performing each of the corresponding vaginal flora and can penetrate the uterus during
exams, since with them a more assertive proestrus and estrus (Hagman, 2004). In the
prognosis can be made. The infection, this infected uterus, specific myometrial and
ensures safeguarding the life of the female. endometrial receptors for E. coli are present,
stimulated by the PG, which theoretically
LUCIO RODOLFO, SESENTO LETICIA, BEDOLLA JOSE LUIS

ISSN-En linea: 2395-860X CARLOS, CRUZ ANGEL RAUL. DIAGNÓSTICO Y
ECORFAN® Todos los derechos reservados TRATAMIENTO DE PIOMETRA CANINA: REPORTE DE UN
CASO CLINICO.UTSOE-Journal Multidisciplinary Science 2018,
5-10: 6-11.
7
Natural Sciences
increases the colonization of the bacteria in the At the time of consultation, the owner was not
uterus (Hagman, 2004); therefore, its aware of his pet's situation but he started noticing
pathogenicity is related to the ability to bind by that he did not eat and that had vaginal discharge,
antigenic sites specific to these receptors which affected the mood of the patient.
influenced by PG (Wykes & Olson, 1996).
Findings in the physical examination
The pyometra is classified as open neck and
closed neck, according to the presence or The patient was down with mild secretions of
absence of vulvar discharge (Nelson and Couto, vulvar purulent material. Physiological
2000). The patient arrives to have purulent or constants were taken. There were irregularities
bloody discharge, including abdominal in the temperature and she was agitated, since his
distention (Hedlun, 1999). The clinical signs of respiratory rate was high (Tabla 1).
pyometra to open neck range from mild vulvar
Table 1. Physiological constants of the female in physical examination.
discharge, with discrete enlargement of the
uterus, to severe systemic signs in which there is Reference
depression, anorexia, vomiting, polyuria, Parameter Value values
polydipsia, galactorrhea and other signs of Body temperature 39.3 °C 37.5-39 °C
septicemia or toxemia. Some sick females can Heart frequency 140 lat/min 70-120 lat/min
even reach the state of shock (Molano, 2007). Respiratory frequency 66 RPM 15-30 RPM
Pyometra in females occurs at any age, after the Weight 33.2 kg. ----
first estrus, with an age reported between 6 Normal appearance Normal ----
months and 16 years; spontaneous disease Abdominal palpation Annoyance ----
occurs more frequently in females 6 years of age,
within 8 weeks after the last estrus, in general, it Supplementary tests
is considered, primarily, a disease in middle-
A transabdominal ultrasound was performed,
aged females, cyclists, with an average age of 6
where in the left uterine horn (CUI), large
years (Niskanen & Thrusfield, 1998;
circular hypoechoic figures in the shape of a
Jayaprakash et al., 2007). In the present work a
Mickey Mouse that indicate the existence of
clinical case of pyometra is exposed in a female
fluid were detected (Figure 1).
Doberman race with 9 years of age.
In the right uterine horn (CUD), four circular
MATERIAL AND METHOD hypoechoic figures were detected that indicate
Patient evaluation the presence of fluid (Figure 2).
Review
A 9 year old Doberman breed canine female is
presented, that it had time without being
gestated but had already presented a birth, the
owner went to the Ted and Vet hospital because
the patient did not eat.
Anamnesis

5-10: 6-11.
8
Natural Sciences
Table 2. Hemogram of the patient in the initial evaluation.
Reference
Parameter Units Value values
Hematocrit L/L 0,43 0.37-0.55
Hemoglobin g/L 143 120-180
Erythrocytes x1012/L 6,4 5.5-8.5
Leukocytes x109/L 23,4 6.0-17.0
Neutrophils x109/L 15 3-11.5
Eosinophils x109/L 0 0-0.9
Lymphocytes x109/L 0,2 1-4.8
Monocytes x109/L 6,3 0.-1.4
Platelets x109/L 196 200-600
A solution was proposed to the owner, consisting
of the ovariohysterectomy, the advantage of this
Figure 1. Left uterine horn. Hypoechoic figures of and how it affected the health status of the pet.
a large size in the form of Mickey Mouse are
observed. Subsequently began with a treatment based on
Ceftriaxone at a dose of 25 mg / kg, Tramadol at
4 mg / kg and Meglumine of Flunixin at 2.2 mg
/ kg, in order to stimulate the excretion of
purulent substances from the uterine horns. Also
to fight infection towards the operation.
Surgical procedure
The patient arrived on an empty stomach the
next day, an epidural block was applied in the
lumbosacral area. The blood biochemistry
indicated that the kidney is not fulfilling its
function (Table 3). Therefore, if a local
anesthetic is applied, the kidney can not excrete
it, and inhaled anesthesia is used.
Figure 2. Right uterine horn. Four hypoechoic

segments are observed. Table 3. Renal profile in the initial evaluation.
Reference
Subsequently, a blood count was performed, this Parameter Units Value values
in order to observe if the patient can enter the Glucose mmol/L 4,96 3.88-6.88
operation. Which showed a low amount of Urea mmol/L 6,1 2.7-7.9
platelets that could be found in the form of macro
Creatinine umol/L 145 60-130
platelets. Degenerative neutrophils and a high
Fosforo umol/L 1,67 0.8-1.8
amount of monocytes were observed revealing
the existence of an infection in the patient
(Table2).

5-10: 6-11.
9
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The surgical technique called (Purswell, 1997). The Piometra occurs,
ovariohysterectomy was by incision in the generally, during the right-handed, period in
abdominal midline, with routine closure of the which the contribution of P4 by the corpus
same planes. luteum, is prolonged in a period of 9 to 15 weeks
(Gilbert, 1992).
In the surgery, as in the ultrasound, both uterine
horns filled with liquid were visualized that It should be taken into account that among other
purulent fluid was observed through the incision concomitant abnormalities in patients with
(See figure 3). Subsequently, the patient pyometra, stand out hypoglycemia, renal and
recovered without problems and went home with hepatic dysfunction, cardiac arrhythmias and
Carprofen with doses and Ceftriaxone with a coagulation abnormalities (Hedlund, 1999).
dose of 25mg / kg and frequency for 10 more
days, being evaluated at the end of the antibiotic The HEQ-Piometra complex corresponds to a
treatment, with evident clinical improvement histological change of the uterus, characterized
and without signs of disease. by endometrial hyperplasia and by the presence
of a large number of distended cystic
endometrial glands that present different sizes
and configurations (Chen et al., 2006).
The most common findings of the hemogram are
associated with signs of inflammation including
leukocytosis, neutrophilia with varying degrees
of cellular immaturity (left shift), monocytosis,
and increased serum concentrations of
immunoglobulins, circulating immune
complexes, and lysozymes (Faldyna et al...,
2001; Feldman & Nelson, 2000).
Inside among the treatments that can be used in
patients with pyometra we find
ovariohysterectomy, although if the animal has a
wide reproductive value, hormonal treatments
Figure 3. Both uterine horns are seen with purulent such as progestogens can be used, however,
material. before considering the application of these, it
should be taken into account. the age of the
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION female, the desire of the owner with respect to
the reproductive potential of the animal, severity
As occurred in the uterine horns, most authors of the condition at the time of examination and
who have studied the disease agree that there is presence or absence of some other concurrent
a series of histopathological changes in a disease. Likewise, PG produces lysis of the
syndrome called HEQ-Piometra (Feldman, corpus luteum and transient inhibition of luteal
2000). steroidogenesis in the second half of the luteal
phase of the canine estral cycle. The action of the
Uterine infections almost always occur due to PG depends in part on the dose, route, frequency
exaggerated endometrial responses to P4

5-10: 6-11.
10
Natural Sciences
of administration and moment of the estrous  Orozco P. S. C., Quiroz H. V. y Villegaz
cycle in which it is applied (Corrada, 2006). J. P. et. al., 2005, Piometra y gestación
simultánea en una perra: reporte de un
Recently, specific drugs have emerged to block caso, Revista Colombiana de Ciencias
progesterone in the genital tract of the pet, such Pecuarias, 18; 2, Colombia, p. 176-181.
as antiprostagens, one of which is aglepistrone  Root M., 1998, Piometra e Hiperplasia
(Gobello et al., 2003). According to Trasch et al. Endometrial Quística, La consulta
(2003), treatment with aglepristone has high Veterinaria en Cinco Minutos, Buenos
recovery rates. The administration of Aires, p. 984-985.
 Niskanen M., Thrusfiel M., 1998,
aglepristone 10 mg / kg, on days 1,2 and 8 during
Associations between age, parity,
the right-handed in the bitch, produces opening hormonal therapy and breed and
of the cervix with the consequent evacuation of Pyometra finish dogs, Veterinarian
the uterine content (Molano, 2007). Record, 143; 18, p. 493-498.
 Ortega V. H., 2009, Piometra en perras,
CONCLUSIONS Universidad Autónoma Agraria
“Antonio Narro”, Torreón, p. 1-2.
Pyometra is one of the most recurrent diseases in  Nelson R., Couto G., 2000, Hiperplasia
females with an average age of 6 years. The Endometrial Quística (HQE) Piometra,
ovariohysterectomy in females should be a Medicina Interna de Animales Pequeños,
social importance because it has benefits such as Buenos Aires, p. 588-593.
the prevention of this infection, owners should  Hedlund C., 1999, Cirugía en pequeñas
be informed about these conditions by especies, Fossum T., Buenos Aires, p.
performing each of the corresponding exams, 588-593.
since with them a more assertive prognosis can  Mulano S. y Echeverri L., 2007,
be made. The infection, this ensures Piometra en animales pequeños,
safeguarding the life of the female. consultado el 23 de Junio de 2017 en
vip.ucaldas.edu.co/vetzootec/downloads
In this case, the female is of an advanced age, /v1n2a08.pdf
which compromised her to suffer from the  Jayaprakash R., Sathiamoorthy T., et. al.,
disease, although there was no history of the use 2007, Incidence of pyometra in bitches:
of drugs that caused this HEQ complex, the place a retrospective study of 249 cases,
where she was housed and the cohabitation with Tamilnadu Journal Veterinary y Animal
other animals. As the sanitary conditions of it Sciences, 3:3, p. 164-165.
can be one of the factors that trigger these types  Feldman E. y Nelson R., 2000,
of infections. Endocrinología y reproducción en
perros y gatos, McGraw-Hill
Interamericana, México, p. 657-671,826-
829.
 Purswell B., 1997, Pyometra and Cystic
Endometrial Hyperplasia, Practical
Small Animal Internal Medicine,
REFERENCES Philadelphia, p. 422-426.

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 Gilbert R., 1992, Diagnóstico y  Hagman, R. 2004. New Aspects of
Tratamiento de Piometra en Perras, Canine Pyometra, Studies on
Compendio de Educación Continua para Epidemiology and Patogenesis. Vet.
Practica Veterinaria, 4; 6, p. 777-784. Zoo Tec. 1(2): 71-86, 2007 Uppsala,
 Chen Y., Lee C. Y Wright P., 2006, The Suecia: Swedish University of
roles of progestagen and uterine irritant Agricultural Sciencies. 55p.
in the maintenance of cystic endometrial
 Wykes, P.; Olson, P. 1996. Metropatías.
hyperplasia in the canine uterus,
En: Bojrab, J. Fisiopatología y clínica
Theriogenology, v. 42, p. 5-10.
 Faldyna M., Laznicka A. y Toman M., quirúrgica en animales pequeños. 2.ed.
2001, Inmunosupresión en perras con Buenos Aires, República Argentina:
Piometra, Journal of Animal Practice, v. Inter-medica. p.587-590.
42, p. 5-10.
 Corrada Y. y Gobello C., 2006,
Tratamiento médico de Piometra
canina: Una nueva opción para un viejo
problema, Colegio de Veterinarios de la
Provincia de Buenos Aires, consultado el
25 de Junio de 2017 en
www.cvpba.org/assets/pdf/pdf_poequen
os/tratamiento_piometra_canina.pdf
 Gobello C., Caxtex G., y Klima L. 2003.
Estudio de dos protocolos combinando
Aglepistrone y Cloprostenol para tratar
de abrir el cérvix con Piometra en una
perra. Tenogenologia, 60;5 p. 901-908.
 Trash K., Wehrend A., Bostedt H. 2003.
Follow-up Examinations of bitches after
conservative treatmen of pyometra whit
the antigestagen aglepristone. Journal of
veterinary medical association
physiology patology clinical medicinal.
Vol 50 (7) p. 375-379.
 Laing, E. 1996. Pyometra. En: Harari, J.
Small Animal Surgery. USA: Williams &
Wilkins. p.172173.
 Ström Holst, B.; Bergström, A.;
Lagerstedt, A.S.; Karlstam, E.; Englund,
L.; Båverud, V. 2003. Characterization
of the bacterial population of the genital
tract of adult bitch. American Journal
Veterinary Research. v.64, n.8, p.963-
968.

5-10: 6-11.
12
Dopaminergic receptor type 1 antagonism in rat ovarian tissue: effects on ovulation and ovarian
compensatory hypertrophy
Exact Sciences
Dopaminergic receptor type 1 antagonism in rat ovarian tissue: effects on ovulation

and ovarian compensatory hypertrophy
GUZMÁN HERRERA NATALY, SÁNCHEZ GARCÍA OCTAVIO, HANDAL SILVA ANABELLA,
MORÁN PERALES JOSÉ LUIS †
Departamento de Biología y Toxicología de la Reproducción, Instituto de Ciencias / Benemérita Universidad
Autónoma de Puebla
†moranperales@yahoo.com.mx
___________________________________________________________________________________________________
Abstract antagonist on Dietrous-1. The NvSN by in situ ovary

We analized the effect of antagonist SCH-23390 was lower in all treated grupos with SCH-23390
microinjection (MI) inside of ovarian bursa in cyclic compared with sham groups. The CO of in situ OR
hemispayed (HX) on right- (RO) or left- (LO) ovary was lower compared with its sham group but not for
adult rats with the propouse to study the rol of LO. The OCH diminsed in all the groups treated with
dopaminergic receptor type 1 (DAR1) on estrous cycle SCH-23390 with in situ LO. These results inded that
(EC) duration, ovulation (number of ova shed: OvSN), RDA1 receptor participates in the functional
compensatory ovulation (CO) and ovarian regulation of Hypothalamus-Adenohipophysis-Ovary
compensatory hypertrophy (OCH). The SC-23390 MI exes.
was performed at 13:00h on different days of the EC.
The OvSN from extirpated RO in all cyclic animals SCH-23390, Dopaminérgic Receptor Type 1,
was higher compared with LO. The vaginal estrous Hemiovariectomy, Compensatory Ovulation,
sign was regard one day just in groups trated with Compensatory Hypetrophy, Female Rat
Citation: GUZMÁN-Nataly, SÁNCHEZ-Octavio, HANDAL-Anabella & MORÁN-José Luis†. Dopaminergic receptor type
1 antagonism in rat ovarian tissue: effects on ovulation and ovarian compensatory hypertrophy. Journal
Mulstidisciplinary Science. 1-1: 1-11.
______________________________________________________________________________________________
*Correspondence to authorr† (e-mail: moranperales@yahoo.com.mx)
© ECORFAN
GUZMÁN HERRERA NATALY, SÁNCHEZ GARCÍA OCTAVIO,

ISSN-En linea: 2395-860X HANDAL SILVA ANABELLA, MORÁN PERALES JOSÉ LUIS.
ECORFAN® Todos los derechos reservados Dopaminergic receptor type 1 antagonism in rat ovarian tissue: effects
on ovulation and ovarian compensatory hypertrophyUTSOE-Journal
13
Exact Sciences
1. Introduction cells of teak, granulose and ovocyte (Rey-Ares

et al, 2007).
The functions of the ovary are controlled by
hormonal and neuronal signals that originate Although we have analyzed the functional role
from the hypothalamus, the adenohypophysis of the dopaminergic type-2 (DA-2) receptor in
and the ovaries themselves through the synthesis the adult hemicastrated rat model, the purpose of
and delivery of different hormones (Conn, 1994; the present work was to analyze the function of
Feder, 1991; Fink, 1988). the dopaminergic receptor type-1 (DA-1) on
compensatory ovulation in this experimental
Hormone release is regulated recurrently model when it is blocked by its specific
throughout the reproductive cycle, which in antagonist: SCH23390, in different stages of the
small mammals is called the estrous cycle, an estrous cycle of the rat.
event that occurs parallel to the ovarian cycle
(Freeman, 2006). The purpose of both cycles is 1.1 Justification
to ensure the constant emission of viable
gametes throughout the fertile stage of the The various studies addressing the role of
female and her eventual fertilization. ovarian innervation on gonad functions have
addressed the noradrenergic and peptidergic
It all begins with the hypothalamic secretion of systems, however, there is not enough evidence
gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) that addressing the functional role of dopamine
travels through the hypothalamic pituitary present in ovarian tissues. The present work aims
carrier system to the adeno-hypophysis where it to broaden the knowledge of the functional role
stimulates the gonadotrope for the secretion of of dopamine in ovarian tissue through the
gonadotropins: follicle-stimulating hormone pharmacological blockade of the DA-1 receptor
(FSH) and luteinizing hormone. (LH. Halbach and to analyze ovarian function in the
and Dermietzel, 2006; Queenan, 2007). FSH and experimental model of the adult hemicastrated
LH are poured into the peripheral circulation and rat.
reach the ovary where they bind to specific
receptors in the functional tissues of the gonad: The study of DA-1 receptor antagonism induced
the follicular cells (teak and granulosa) and the by SCH-23390 in the ovarian tissue of the adult
ovocyte. FSH stimulates the growth and rat will allow, through the analysis of
maturation of ovarian follicles, while LH compensatory ovulation, to elucidate the role of
stimulates ovulation and the formation of the dopamine in the reproductive system of the adult
corpus luteum (Hazum and Conn, 1988; rat.
Tresguerres and Castillo, 2012).
1.2 Problem
Dopamine is considered a classical
neurotransmitter produced by specific neurons Dopamine plays a critical role in the regulation
in the central nervous system (CNS), typically its of various functions such as motor behaviour,
participation is associated with various brain emotion and affectivity, among others (García et
functions such as voluntary movement, memory, al, 2005; Trujillo et al, 2000). However, there is
learning, among others (Garcia et al, 2005). not enough evidence to address the functional
However, it has also been detected in the ovary role of dopamine present in ovarian tissues.
and its participation has not yet been clarified,
although its receptors have been located in the
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Exact Sciences
At the same time, the different studies that Diestro-2 and Proestro) on compensatory
approach the analysis of the role of ovarian ovulation.
innervation on the functions of the gonad have
focused on the study of the role of the 1.3.2.3 Compare the degrees of compensatory
noradrenergic and peptidergic systems (Aguado, ovulation with the ovary that remains in situ.
2002; Ahmed et al, 1986; Ben-Jonathan et al,
1982; Dees et al, 1985; Davoren and Hsueh, 2. Theoretical Frameword
1985; Dissen and Ojeda, 1999; Mayerhofer et al,
1997; McNeill and Burden, 1987). On the other Domínguez et al. (1987) evaluated the effects of
hand, there are few studies that address the role a dopamine antagonist in different phases of the
of the dopaminergic system on ovarian estrous cycle on ovulation and the distribution of
functions, focusing mainly on the analysis of the the follicular population of the ovaries of the
role of dopamine on the hormonal release of adult rat. In this experiment, female rats with
GnRH or gonadotropins (Ramírez et al, 1984; regular four-day estrous cycles were used and
Vijayan and McCann, 1978). treated with a single dose of haloperidol (2.5
mg/kg weight; i.m.), antagonist of
Other authors have analyzed its role in the dopaminergic receptors, at different times of
hypothalamus and the regulation of spontaneous each of the days of the estrous cycle: Estro,
ovulation (Morán and Domínguez, 1995, Morán Diestro-1, Diestro-2 and Proestro. The animals
and Domínguez, 1997) without delving deeper were sacrificed in the morning of the expected
into the analysis of dopaminergic function in the Estro. Haloperidol prevented spontaneous
ovary itself. ovulation in these animals when administered in
Estro and Diestro-1 but was less effective when
1.3 Objetives injected in Diestro-2 and Proestro. The follicular
population of the ovaries showed alterations in
1.3.1 General Objective the growth of the follicles that depended on the
moment in which the systemic blockade of the
To analyze the pharmacological blockade of the receptors to dopamine was carried out. The
DA-1 receptor induced by the microinjection of interpretation of these results allowed us to
the SCH-23390 antagonist into the remaining suggest that the dopaminergic information
ovarian bursa in adult hemicastrated rats on generated during the first half of the estrous
compensatory ovulation. cycle is fundamental for the sequence of
neuroendocrine and endocrine events
1.3.2 Specific Objectives culminating with ovulation to occur normally.
Recently, we have re-evaluated the participation
1.3.2.1 To analyze the pharmacological of dopamine in the regulation of the estrous
blockade of the DA-1 receptor induced by the cycle and the spontaneous ovulation of the rat
microinjection of the SCH-23390 antagonist into and we have confirmed the observations of
the remaining ovarian bursa in adult Domínguez and collaborators (1987). The
hemicastrated rats on compensatory ovulation. subcutaneous administration of a single dose of
haloperidol in the first (Ramirez-Avila, 2001) or
1.3.2.2 Analyze the effect of microinjection of in the second half of the estrous cycle (Pastelín-
SCH-23390 into the bursa of the right ovary in Rojas, 2003) interrupts the estrous cycle and
situ in the haemicastrated rat showing regular clearly inhibits the secretion of gonadotropins
four-day estrous cycles (Estro, Diestro-1, and estrogens. In these experiments, it was
15
Exact Sciences
confirmed that follicular development is 3. Research Methodology

interrupted and showed that atresia indices
increased almost absolutely in the animals 3.1 Biological Material:
treated with the antagonist. Although these
effects could be explained by the interruption of Eighty-four adult female rats of the CII-ZV
gonadotropin secretion, hormone replacement strain, provided by the Claude Bernand
was ineffective in restoring ovarian function Biotherium of the BUAP, aged between 90-120
(Vargas-Torres, 2002) which allows us to days and with body weights of 200-250 g, were
assume that the pharmacological blockade of used. The animals were housed in a cubicle with
dopaminergic information in the gonad could controlled photoperiod (14:00 h light / 10 h
directly involve mechanisms that control ovarian darkness; lights from 06:00-20:00 h), with free
functions. access to water and balanced feed in commercial
pellets.
Venegas and collaborators (2015), showed the
virtual existence of a local dopaminergic system 3.2 General Procedures:
in the ovary of the adult rat that participates
critically in the regulation of the estrous cycle Between 09:00-10:00h, all the animals were
and spontaneous ovulation, with variable roles registered with the appearance of the Pap smear
throughout the estrous cycle and even according by smearing the epithelial cells of the vagina in
to the time of day in which its function is order to select only animals with regular four-
analyzed. Its results are highly concordant with day stral cycles: Estro, Diestro-1, Diestro-2 and
what was reported by Domínguez and Proestro. Once the criterion of regular cyclicity
collaborators (1987) and show clear effects that was met, the rats were assigned to the different
the local antagonisms of the ovarian dopamine experimental groups according to the following
receptors have on the estrous cycle, that is to say, design: 1) Control groups: hemicastrated cyclic
it is very probable that there are nerve signals rats that were sacrificed the morning of the
generated from the ovary that reach sites at the vaginal estrus after five to six regular estral
central level that coordinate and control the cycles of four days. 2) Witness groups:
estrous cycle with ovulation. hemicastrated cyclic rats that at 13:00 hours of
the Estro, Diestro-1, Diestro-2 or Proestro were
The most direct antecedent to the present work applied a microinjection of the vehicle. 3)
consisted in the study of the blockade of the DA- Groups with SCH-23390: hemicastrated cyclic
2 receptor induced by the local microinjection of rats that to the 13:00 hours of the Estro, Diestro-
a single dose of sulpiride in the different days of 1, Diestro-2 or Proestro, a microinjection of
the cycle (Estro, Diestro-1, Diestro-2 and SCH-23390 was applied to them.
Proestro) in the hemicastrated rat model. In this
study it was reported that the sulpiride decreased 3.3 Hemicastration Technique:
the OC when it is the right ovary that remains in
situ, but it does not do so when it is the After three consecutive normal cycles of four
contralateral ovary that persists; In addition, the days duration were presented (Estro, Diestro-1,
degree of HCO developed by the right ovary was Diestro-2 and Proestro) the animals were
significantly higher than that reached by the left haemicastrated between 09:00h and 10:00h of
ovary. These results suggested that the ovarian the day of estro. The surgery was performed
dopaminergic system has lateralized function following this procedure:
(Letras et al, 2016).
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Exact Sciences
Two general groups of animals were formed, one Six experimental groups of hemicastrates cyclic
for right hemicastration (left ovary in situ) and rats of OI or OD were formed, distributed in
the other for left hemicastration (right ovary in different subgroups (Table 1).
situ). Before haemicastration, each animal was
sedated with isoflurane vapours (Sofloran Vet; At 13:00 hours on the day of Estro, Diestro-1,
PiSA) and then shaving the right or left Diestro-2 or Proestro, each animal was sedated
intercostal area, depending on each case. To with vapors of isoflourano (Sofloran Vet; PiSA).
perform the laparotomy, the sedated animal was
placed on a dissection board, the shaved skin Following the above technique for
was cleaned with an antiseptic solution of 2% hemicastration, the remaining ovary was
chlorhexidine and a vertical incision of exteriorized and microinjected into the ovarian
approximately 0.5 cm was made over the skin bursa with a solution of SCH-23390 (10 mg/ml;
and the subcutaneous fat was removed.; when Sigma Chemical Co. St Louis, MO, USA +
the abdominal muscle was observed, another Vehicle: NaCl 0.9%). Microinjection was
incision was made over it up to the peritoneal performed with a nanomolar perfusion pump,
cavity. Subsequently, the left ovary (OI) or right infiltrating 20 μL of the solution, followed by 60
ovary (OD) was externalized and removed as seconds of rest before removing the needle from
appropriate. The incisions were sutured with the microinjector of the bursa. Each of the
surgical silk #00 and aseptized with 2% control groups underwent the same procedure
chlorhexidine. and received 20 μL from the Vehicle: NaCl
0.9%. After perfusion, the ovary was returned to
The removed ovary was kept on ice and weighed the peritoneal cavity. The incisions over muscle
on a precision scale of 0.1 mg and the oviduct and skin were sutured with #00 surgical silk and
was dissected. With the help of a dissecting aseptized with 2% chlorhexidine.
stereomicroscope, the area of distention in each
oviduct was identified and the number of 3.5 Euthanasia and General Autopsy
ovocytes released was counted. (Endpoint):
Beginning the following morning, on all The experiments of the present study conformed
hemicastrated animals the appearance of the to NOM-062-ZOO-1999 (Technical
vaginal smear was continued to be recorded until Specifications for the Production, Care and Use
at least two consecutive regular cycles of four of Laboratory Animals) and were under the care
days were completed. All animals that met this of MVZ Francisco Ramos Collazo, director of
requirement were assigned to the different the Claude Bernard Biotherium of the BUAP.
subgroups for the microinjection technique
described below. All animals were slaughtered between 09:00 and
10:00 hours in the morning of the observed
oestrus, previously sedated in an isoflurane
vapour chamber (Sofloran Vet; PiSA) and
decapitated to extract blood from the trunk and
recover the remaining ovary (ovary in situ) and
3.4 Microinjection Technique: its oviduct. The latter was inspected in a
dissecting stereomicroscope to look for the sign
of distension and carry out a direct count of the
released ovocytes.
17
Exact Sciences
3.6 Data Analysis: The total number of days from haemicastration to

autopsy was similar between groups with right
The percentage of compensatory ovulation (OC) hemiovariectomy (HX-D) or left hemiovariectomy
in the different groups was calculated; for this (HX-I) (HX-D: 12.5±1.2 days vs. HX-I: 12.3±1.0
days), with 12.4±1.1 being the average number of
purpose, the number of ovocytes released (NOL)
days elapsed for the animals used in the present
by the remaining ovary (OR) and the NOL by the study.
excised ovary (OE) on the day of
haemicastration were analysed using the No significant differences were found in the average
following formula: body weight of the animals at the time of HX-D or
HX-I and at the time of the autopsy. Therefore, as the
NOL for OR (in situ) - NOL body weight of the animals did not change, the
por el OE weights of the ovaries will be expressed in terms of
OC= X 100
NOL for OE relative weight in the relevant analyses (Table 1).
The percentage of ovarian compensatory Tabla 1. Using of e.m of the body weight (g) of
hypertrophy (OHC) in the different groups was the animals subjected to hemicastration (HX) of
also calculated; for this purpose, the relative the left ovary (OD in situ) or of the right ovary
weight (PR: mg/100g) of the OR and the relative (OI in situ), which after presenting at least three
regular four-day estrous cycles, were subjected
weight of the EO on the day of haemicastration
to microinjection with 20 µL of a solution of
were analyzed with the following formula: SCH-23390 (5 µg/µL) or their vehicle (NaCl
0.9%). The autopsy was performed on the
PR from OR (in situ) – PR morning of the next oestrus observed.
OC= X 100
fromOE Day of HX Day of
HX
Weight of OE (g) autopsy (g)
OD in situ
212.43±1.7 216.50±6.0
(N=32)
3.7 Statistical Analysis: OI in situ (N=32) 210.68±1.8 214.62±6.2
4.1 Spontaneous Ovulation of the Excised
Data on the number of ovocytes released, OC Ovary:
and HCO percentages were analysed with the
Kruskall-Wallis test followed by Dunn's In the present study, a significant difference was
multiple comparisons test; body weight and observed in the number of ovocytes released
relative weight of the ovaries were analysed with between the two ovaries; the OD ovulated more
Single-Way Variance Analysis. In the cases of ovocytes than the OI, but no significant
comparison between means and medians of two differences were observed in the relative weight
groups, the Student t test or the Mann-Whitney between the ovaries removed in the morning of
U test was used, depending on the case. All the vaginal oestrus in all the haemicastrated
differences equal to or less than p<0.05 were animals (Table 2)
considered statistically significant.
Table 2. By the e.m. of the number of ovocytes
released (NOL) and with e.m. of the relative weight
(mg/100 g of body weight) of the removed ovary
(Ov-Ext) in the animals that were
4. Results hemiovariectomized in the morning of the estrus,
after presenting at least three regular estrus cycles
of four days of duration, that later were destined to

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receive a microinjection 20 µL of a solution of estrous cycle but net ovulation in the group with
SCH-23390 (5 µg/µL) or its vehicle (NaCl 0.9%). microinjection of the antagonist in the Diestro-1
Ov-Ext
Hemiovariectomy NOL is low with respect to all the groups with the
(mg/100g)
Left ovary vehicle (Diestro-1 (N=8): 7.9±1.0 ovocytes vs
4.9±0.1 16.9±0.5 0.9% NaCl in Estro (N=8): 13.5±0.5, Diestro-1
(N=32) (N=8): 13.0±0.9, Diestro-2 (N=8): 13.3±0.7,
Right ovary Proestro (N=8): 13.4±0.9 ovocytes; p<0.05
6.3±0.1* 16.1±0.4
(N=32) Kruskal-Wallis test followed by Dunn's multiple
*p< 0.001 compared with left ovary (Mann- comparisons test).
Whitney U)
4.2 Ovulation of the Ovary in situ After Table 3. By e.m. of the number of ovocytes
Microinjection of SCH-23390: released (NOL) and by e.m. of the estrous cycle
duration (ECD; days) of hemiovariectomized
Compared to their respective control group, a rats that presented a regular pattern of vaginal
general trend towards a decrease in the number cyclicity and that received a microinjection (MI)
of 20 µL of a solution of SCH-23390 (5 µg/µL)
of ovocytes released by the ovary in situ was or their vehicle (NaCl 0.9%) in the ovarian
observed in the groups treated with the bursa remotely in situ, 13:00 h Estro (E),
dopaminergic antagonist (SCH-23390 (N=32): Diestro-1 (D1), Diestro-2 (D2) or Proestro
10.6±0.5 ovocytes vs NaCl 0.9%: 13.3±0.4 (P).9%) in the ovarian bursa of the ovary
ovocytes; p<0.0001, Mann-Whitney U), is remaining in situ, 13:00 h Estro (E), Diestro-1
(D1), Diestro-2 (D2) or Proestro (P).
maintained when compared to the in situ ovary NOL DCE (days)
(OD in situ + SCH-23390 (N=16): 10.6±0.6 Day of NaCl SCH- NaCl SCH-
ovocites vs OD in situ + NaCl 0.9% (N=16): MI 23390 23390
13.7±0.5 ovocites; OI in situ + SCH-23390 0.9% 0.9%
(N=16): 10.6±0.8 ovocites vs OI in situ + NaCl E 13.5±0. 11.8±0.5 4.0±0. 4.0±0.0
Ovario Izquierdo
6 0
0.9% (N=16): 12.9±0.6 ovocites; p<0.001 OD in D 13.0±1. 7.5±1.4* 4.0±0. 5.0±0.0*
situ and p<0.03 OI in situ, respectively; U Mann-
In Situ
2 0 *
1
Whitney). D 12.5±1. 10.8±1.9 4.0±0. 4.0±0.0
2 0
2
P 12.7±1. 12.3±1.0 4.0±0. 4.0±0.0
The analysis of spontaneous ovulation with 7 0
respect to the day of the estrous cycle in which E 13.5±1. 11.8±0.9 4.0±0. 4.0±0.0
0 0
Right Ovary In
the microinjection of the dopaminergic 13.0±1. 8.3±1.5 4.0±0. 5.0±0.0*

D
antagonist was performed, showed some 6 0 *
Situ
1
changes that depended on the day of treatment. D 14.0±0. 10.3±0.5 4.0±0. 4.0±0.0
5 * 0
Apparently, in Diestro-1 there was a net decrease 2
in the number of ovocytes released by the ovary P 14.0±1. 12.0±0.7 4.0±0. 4.0±0.0
1 0
with respect to other days of the cycle (Diestro- *p<0.03 compared to his vehicle, Mann-
1 (N=8): 7.9±1.0 ovocytes vs Estro (N=8): Whitney U; **p<0.001 vs. all; Kruskal-Wallis
11.8±0.5 ovocytes and Proestro (N=8): 12.1±0.6 test followed by Dunn's multiple comparisons
ovocytes; p<0.05 Kruskal-Wallis test followed test
by Dunn's multiple comparisons test). No
changes were observed between the groups The analysis of the effects of microinjection of
treated with the vehicle in any of the days of the the antagonist with respect to the day estral cycle
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and to the ovary that remains in situ, did not (N=16): 105.9±10.1; p<0.001, Mann-Whitney
show significant differences in spontaneous U).
ovulation among the groups, but a clear tendency
to decrease the ovulatory quota in the group with However, the increase in OC of the OD seems to
microinjection of the antagonist in Diestro-1 depend on the phase of the ovarian cycle, since
when compared against all vehicle groups (OI in only in the follicular phase the increase is
situ + SCH-23390 (N=4): 7.5±1.4 ovocytes vs
notoriously significant with respect to the groups
OI in situ + NaCl (N=16): 12.9±0.6; OD in situ
+ SCH-23390 (N=4): 8.3±1.5 ovocytes vs OD in treated with the antagonist (SCH-23390 (N=8):
situ + NaCl (N=16): 13.6±0.5; p<0.05 Kruskal- 113.9±11.1% vs. NaCl 0.9%: 215.6±12.7%;
Wallis test followed by Dunn's multiple p<0.01, Mann-Whitney U).
comparison test). Likewise, only when the right
ovary remains in situ in the group treated with Therefore, in a general way and without taking
the Diestro-2 antagonist, showed a drop in into account the day of the cycle in which the
ovulatory quota with respect to the vehicle microinjection of the dopaminergic antagonist
groups (OD in situ + SCH-23390 (N=4): was performed, only when the OD remains in
10.3±0.5 oocytes vs OD in situ + NaCl (N=4): situ is there observed a decrease in the grade of
14.0±0.5; p<0.05 Kruskal-Wallis test followed
OC compared to its control group (OD in situ +
by Dunn's multiple comparisons test) (Table 3).
SCH-23390 (N=16): 108.8±12.9% vs NaCl
Globally and independently of the ovary that 0.9% (N=16): 194.4±14.9%, p<0.001, U of
remained in situ, a delay in the appearance of the Mann-Whitney). No differences were found in
vaginal estrus was recorded only in the groups the OC grade of the OI (OI in situ+SCH-23390
treated with SCH-23390 in the Diestro-1, i.e. the (N=16): 72.9±13.6% vs NaCl 0.9% (N=16):
histological sign of estrus, was delayed by one
105.9%±10.1, ns) (Graph 1)..
day (Table 3).
4.3 Compensating Ovulation (OC) of the

Ovary in situ:
The percentage of OC among ovaries remaining

in situ was similar between the two groups of
intact haemicastrated cyclic animals of OI or OD
(control group HX) (OI in situ (N=10):
149.5±27.2% vs OD in situ (N=10):
164.4±26.6% ns).
By comparing the OC between the in situ ovaries

of the groups with the vehicle, the in situ OD
developed a higher percentage of OC than the OI Graph 1. By.e.m of the percentage of compensatory
(in situ OD (N=16): 194.4±14.9% vs OI in situ ovulation of the in situ ovary of hemiovariectomized
rats that, presenting a regular pattern of vaginal
cyclicity, were subjected to a microinjection inside the
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ovarian bursa (MIB) with 20 µL of a solution of SCH 1. On the other hand, on the day of Diestro-2,
23390 (5 µg/µL) dissolved in NaCl 0.9% (Vehicle) there was a decrease in the grade of OC when the
(*p<0.001 compared to his vehicle; **p<0.05
compared to the control groups; Mann-Whitney U test). OD remains in situ (OD in situ + SCH-23390
(N=4): 107.0±9.6% vs OD in situ + NaCl 0.9%
(N=4): 218.8±14.5%, p<0.05, U Mann-
Whitney) (Table 4).
According to the data of spontaneous ovulation
of the ovary that remains in situ, OC is decreased
only in the group of animals that received
microinjection of the antagonist in the Diestro-1
4.4 Relative weight of the ovary in situ:
(SCH-23390 (N=8): 42.9±19.2% vs NaCl 0.9%
(N=8): 136.5±28.2%; p<0.01, Mann-Whitney
The relative weight of the ovary that was treated with
U), with respect to the animals treated in the SCH-23390 remained in situ in the groups treated
other days of the cycle. with SCH-23390 was relatively low compared to the
weight of the ovary in situ in the control groups
Table 4. By e.m.of the percentage of compensatory (SCH-23390 (N=32): 21.3±0.4 mg/100 g vs. NaCl
ovulation shown by hemiovariectomized rats that 0.9% (N=32): 23.1±0.6; p<0.05, Student's t test).
after presenting a regular pattern of vaginal
cyclicity were subjected to a microinjection inside
the ovarian bursa (MIB) with SCH-23390
dissolved in NaCl 0.9% (Vehicle) at 13:00 h of
Estro (E), Diestro-1 (D1), Diestro-2 (D2) or Table 5. Using e.m.s. of the relative weight of the
Proestro (P). ovary in situ (mg/100 g body weight) of
Ovary Compensatory Ovulation hemiovariectomized rats that presented a regular
MIB Percentage pattern of vaginal cyclicity after being subjected to
In Situ Vehicle SCH-23390 microinjection into the ovarian bursa (MIB) with
E 118.5±14.2 98.0±14.0 20 µL of a solution of SCH-23390 (5 µg/µL)
D1 101.8±22.2 20.3±23.9* dissolved in NaCl 0.9% (Vehicle) at 13:00 h of
Left D2 90.8±24.9 75.7±34.4 Estro (E), Diestro-1 (D1), Diestro-2 (D2) or
P 112.7±24.0 97.5±20.6 Proestro (P).
Control 149.5±27.1 Ovary Relative weight
E 175.0±26.3 141.7±30.2 MIB (mg/100g)
D1 171.2±49.0 65.5±28.5 In Situ Vehicle SCH-23390
Right D2 218.7±14.4 107.0±9.6* E 24.3±0.8 20.9±1.4
P 212.5±23.1 120.7±21.1 D1 24.3±0.9 20.7±0.8
Left
Control 164.3±26.6 D2 24.1±0.9 20.6±0.4
*p<0.05, compared with its vehicle, Mann- P 23.9±2.2 20.0±1.2
Whitney U. E 24.7±1.5 22.6±0.6
D1 21.0±0.8 20.7±0.2
Right
D2 22.4±2.1 23.5±2.7
P 19.8±2.0 20.1±0.9
When the OC of the ovary that remains in situ is
analyzed, in accordance with the day of the Apparently, this decrease in the average weight
estrous cycle in which the microinjection of of the remaining gonad is the result of the
SCH-23390 was performed, a significant drop in increase in the weight of the OI in situ in the
the OI in situ OC (OI in situ + SCH-23390 control group with respect to the weight of the
(N=4): 20.3±23.9% vs OI in situ + NaCl 0.9% remaining gonad in the groups treated with the
(N=4): 101.8±22.2%; p<0.05, Mann-Whitney antagonist (OI in situ + NaCl 0.9% (N=16):
U) was observed in the group treated in Diestro- 24.2±0.7 vs OI in situ +SCH 23-390 (N=16):
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20.8±0.5 or OD in situ + SCH 23390 (N=16):

21.9±0.7; p<0.05, ANOVA followed by Tukey's
test). However, the analysis of the relative
weight of the ovary that remained in situ with
respect to the day of the estrous cycle in which
the antagonist was adminstered did not reveal
differences (Table 5).
4.5 Ovary Compensating Hypertrophy

(OCO) in situ:
In a haemicastrated animal without treatment

(Control Group) the degree of HCO developed
by the OI is apparently higher than that
developed by the OD (OI in situ (N=10): Graph 2. By e.m. of the degree of compensating
59.8±13.2% vs OD in situ (N=10): 36.8±5.3%, hypertrophy of the in situ ovary of
ns). However, the HCO grade in the control group hemiovariectomized rats which, when presenting a
with OI in situ was significantly higher compared to regular pattern of vaginal cyclicity, were subjected
the control with OD in situ (OI in situ + NaCl 0.9% to microinjection into the ovarian bursa (MIB) with
20 µL of a solution of SCH 23390 (5 µg/µL)
(N=16): 54.5±8.4% vs OD in situ + NaCl 0.9%
(dissolved in NaCl 0).9%: vehicle) (*p<0.05
(N=16): 32.2±4.7%; p<0.05, Mann-Whitney U), compared to its vehicle and control group; Kruskal-
which reveals an asymmetric behaviour in the degree Wallis test followed by Dunn's multiple comparisons
of HCO that depends on the ovary remaining in situ test; **p<0.05 comparado with the control group
(HCO OI in situ (N=26): 56.5±7.1% vs OD in situ with OD in situ; Mann-Whitney Test U).
(N=26): 34.0±3.5%; p<0.01, Mann-Whitney U)
(Graph 2).
Table 6. By e.m. of the degree of ovarian
On the other hand, in general, the degree of compensatory hypertrophy (OCH) in situ of
HCO developed by the left gonad is hemiovariectomized rats with a regular pattern of
vaginal cyclicity after which they were subjected to
significantly lower in the groups treated microinjection into the ovarian bursa (MIB) with 20
with the antagonist with respect to control µL of a solution of SCH 23390 (5 µg/µL) (dissolved
and control group. (SCH-23390 (N=16): in NaCl 0).9%: vehicle) at 13:00 h Estro (E),
28.9±2.8% vs NaCl 0.9% (N=16): Diestro-1 (D1), Diestro-2 (D2) or Proestro (P).
54.5±8.4%; p<0.005, Mann-Whitney U). Ovary In HCO Percentage
MIB
Situ Vehicle SCH-23390
These changes were not observed when the E 51.7±13.3 28.62±8.7
OD remained in situ (SCH-23390 (N=16): D1 45.3±6.9 28.9±5.6
30.5±5.6% vs NaCl 0.9% (N=16): Left D2 46.7±8.6 28.6±5.2
32.2±4.7%, ns) (Graph 2). P 74.3±30.6 29.6±4.1
Control 59.8±13.1
E 16.6±4.4 29.3±7.0
D1 26.0±8.5 13.1±4.5
Right D2 54.7±8.8 57.4±11.1
P 31.4±4.0 22.10±8.4
Control 36.8±5.3

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However, taking into account the day of the it is probable that the difference between the
estrous cycle in which microinjection of the ovulatory response capacity of the remaining
antagonist was performed and the ovary ovary is related to alterations in the signals
remaining in situ, no significant differences were mediated by the dopaminergic receptor type and
found in the degree of HCO among the different that lead to the modification of the mechanisms
groups (Table 6). that control follicular selection and ovulation.
However, in order to resolve this approach, it is
5. Results Discussion still necessary to carry out more studies and go
deeper into aspects of the signalling cascades
In the present study, 64 adult female rats with that are induced when the DA-1 receiver or the
regular four-day estrous cycles were used, which DA-2 receiver are activated or blocked..
at the time of hemicastration showed significant
differences in the number of ovocytes among the On the other hand, independently of the removed
removed ovaries; the right ovary ovulated 1.32 ovary, the present study showed that in the
more ovocytes than the left ovary. Consistently, groups treated with SCH-23390 in the Diestro-1,
our rat strain shows this characteristic trait, since the presence of vaginal oestrus was delayed one
this result is similar to that reported by Letras y day (although all the animals ovulated in the
colaboradores (2016), who showed that the right morning of the next vaginal oestrus) the same
ovary of an intact cyclic animal ovulates occurs when the DA-2 receptor is antagonized
practically one ovocyte more than the by sulpiride (Letras et al, 2016), and matches
contralateral ovary. According to Domínguez et with similar results shown in other works of our
al (2003), these differences can be attributed to a group (Venegas et al, 2015). It remains to be
control of intrinsic asymmetric ovulation in the clarified what occurs in that phase of the estrous
rat, since there are differences in the quality cycle, where apparently endocrine,
and/or quantity of nerve fibers that supply each neuroendocrine and/or crucial nervous events
ovary (Klein and Burden, 1988; Toth et al, are being developed participating in the control
2007). The results of the present work show a of the estrous cycle, gonadotropin secretion and
general trend towards a decrease in the number spontaneous ovulation; in this phase of the
of ovocytes released in animals treated with the estrous or ovarian cycle, the dopaminergic
DA-1 receptor dopamine antagonist, regardless receptors of the ovary seem to play a critical role
of the ovary remaining in situ. Our data are in the functional regulation of the hypothalamus-
partially similar to those reported by Letras y adenohypophysis-Ovary axis.
colaboradores (2016), who showed that although
there is a decrease in the number of ovocytes Accordingly, regardless of which ovary remains
released after the administration of sulpiride. in situ, the data show a significant decrease in the
(DA-2 receptor dopaminergic antagonist) in number of ovocytes released in the groups given
haemicastrated cyclic animals, this is significant SCH-23390 on Diestro-1 day. It has been
only when it is the OD that remains in situ, but suggested that the binding of dopamine to the
not when it is the contralateral ovary that DA-1 receptor throughout the Diestro-1 is
remains in situ. Apparently, the functioning of crucial for the Hypothalamus-Adenophysis-
the DA-2 receptor coupled to the mechanisms Ovary axis to work properly and to induce
leading to ovulation in the haemicastrated spontaneous ovulation in the early hours of Estro
animal is lateralized (Letras et al, 2016). Due to day (Venegas et al, 2015).
the above and in relation to the results of the
specific antagonism towards the DA-1 receptor,
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The findings of our research group indicate that evident when the incorporation of the retrograde
the blocking of dopamine receptors induced by tracer True Blue into the ovarian bursa and its
local microinjection of different dopaminergic incorporation into celiac ganglion neurons in the
antagonists during the Diestro-1, significantly adult rat was analyzed (Morán et al, 2005). In
affects spontaneous ovulation by shifting the this work it was observed that the tracer mark
estrous cycle, which means that feedback signals was significantly higher when injected into the
from sexual steroids would not be occurring at OI bursa compared to the OD injection; in
the central level and thus the preovulatory addition, the injection of True Blue into the OD
secretion of gonadotropins would be repressed produced a positive neuronal mark on both sides
until estrogens reached their target cells in the of the celiac ganglion, while injecting into the OI
hypothalamus. Hormonal replacement of the the marks into the ganglion were exclusively
hypothalamic signal with GnRH restored ipsilateral.
ovulation satisfactorily, but estrogens did so
only partially; the latter opens a debate on the Also, Toth and colleagues (2007) using viral
ovarian signals mediated by dopamine, tracers showed that the OI sends more nerve
apparently crucial for central estrogen receptors information to the CNS than the OD, even
to exert their positive feedback effects and though years ago Klein and Burden (1988)
induce preovulatory discharge of GnRH pointed out that the number of nerve fibers that
(Venegas et al, 2015). the OD receives is greater than those of the OI.
In other works, it has been described that the When analyzing the degree of OC with respect
section of the right vagus nerve performed at to the day of the estrous cycle in which the
13:00 h of the Diestro-1, resulted in a smaller dopaminergic antagonist was administered
number of ovocytes released by the denervated inside the ovarian bursa, taking into account the
ovary, which was not observed in the other days ovary that remains in situ, a significant decrease
of the estrous cycle and shows the importance of of OC was found only in the group of animals
the physiological mechanisms that develop that received the microinjection of the antagonist
theirselves in the Diestro-1 stage and lead to a in the OI during the Diestro-1 and not so in the
normal and successful ovulation (Bonilla- group treated in the OD, in a similar way to that
Ramírez, 2015). reported by Letters and collaborators (2016).
Interestingly, in this study a clear asymmetry In this work, in the Diestro-2 the drop in the OC
was observed in the degree of OC in the control occurred when the DA-1 receptors in the OD
groups, such asymmetries could reveal different were blocked, which allows us to suggest the
sensitivities between OD and OI in response to possibility that the different subtypes of the
chemical or mechanical stimuli. In the case of dopamine receptor play different roles in certain
OD, the surgical maneuver or the effect of 0.9% stages of the estrous cycle, which has already
NaCl led to an increase in OC, while the same been shown in the whole animal by our working
procedure in OI was the opposite. group (Venegas et al, 2015).
One of the possible explanations that support our It is known that during the Diestro-2, estrogens
observations is the evidence that the ovaries are are capable of exerting positive feedback on the
asymmetrically innervated (Gerendai and adeno-hypophysis, in the hypothalamus and
Halász, 2001; Gerendai et al, 1995; Klein and other cerebral centers stimulating the release of
Burden, 1988). An example of this fact became LH (Hoffman, 1973; Karsch et al, 1997). This
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gradual increase in LH secretion manifests itself receptor would be actively participating in the
at night as the preovulatory event, which control of the HCO since, in the groups treated
occurred in all hemicastrated animals. It remains with the specific antagonist, a significant drop in
to be analyzed the specific changes that affect the weight of the remaining gonad occurred.
the ovulatory quota or the OC in certain stages
of the estrous cycle, as observed in the days of The results of the present study show that the
the right-handed. mechanisms that regulate the ovarian response
after blocking the DA-1 receptor depend on the
This leads us to propose that the dopaminergic day of the estrous cycle in which the antagonist
system has a participation in the regulation of the is administered, as well as on the gonad that
mechanisms involved in the development of remains in situ.
compensatory ovulation, within these
mechanisms may be involved the secretion of 6. Conclusions
gonadotropins, release of ovarian steroid
hormones, or the type of neural information that The results of the present work allow us to
reaches the ovaries (Burden, 1985; Flores et al, conclude that:
2011; Greenwald and Roy, 1994; Ojeda and
Aguado, 1984). 6.1 In the rat, there is an asymmetry in ovulatory
capacity among the ovaries: the right ovary
On the other hand, with respect to the differences ovulates more than the left.
in the percentage of HCO between the OI and the
OD of the groups treated with the vehicle, once 6.2 In Diestro-1, the involvement of the
again it is evident that there is an asymmetry in dopaminergic receptor type 1 in both ovaries is
the response capacity of the ovaries to the crucial for vaginal oestrus and spontaneous
gonadotropins proposed by some researchers ovulation to occur in the morning of the expected
and that could be related to differences in the oestrus.
quantity and/or quality of the nervous
information towards each gonad (Domínguez et 6.3 On the days of Right-1 and Right-2 the
al, 2003; Gerendai and Halász, 2001; Gerendai dopaminergic receptor type 1 is directly
et al, 1995; Klein and Burden, 1988). involved in the development of ovarian
compensatory ovulation in situ and its role is
It is known that, after hemiovariectomy, an asymmetrical.
immediate response of the adeno-hypophysis
develops to the deficit in inhibin production
caused by gonad removal. This has been 6.4 There is an asymmetry in the sensitivity of
interpreted as a decrease in negative feedback the ovaries for the control of ovarian
from the inhibin and the adeno-hypophysis that compensatory hypertrophy which depends on
responds by increasing the release of FSH, the phase of the ovarian cycle in which the ovary
which involves recruiting more ovarian follicles is manipulated.
and thereby increasing the weight of the gonad 7. References
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dopaminergic system mediated by the DA-1
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Neuroendocrinology 25: 150-165.
28
SQL Queries Examination System: Automatic Test and Feedback
Engineering Sciences

GUTIÉRREZ TORRES-Luis Germán †, MARTÍNEZ LÓPEZ-Fernando José, MORALES OROZCO-
David
licgerman@itsur.edu.mxfj.martinez@itsur.edu.mxp. d.morales@itsur.edu.mx
Instituto Tecnológico Superior del Sur de Guanajuato, Av. Educación Superior No. 2000, Uriangato, Gto.
___________________________________________________________________________________________________
Resumen Abstract
Este documento muestra el desarrollo de un sistema This paper shows the development of an information
de información cuyo principal objetivo es la system whose main objective is the automated and
evaluación automática e inmediata de varios immediate evaluation of several selection query
problemas de consultas de bases de datos en el problems in the SQL structured language. This paper
lenguaje estructurado SQL. Este documento fue was developed in the following order: analysis and
desarrollado en el siguiente orden: análisis y definition of the query evaluation criteria; black box
definición de los criterios de evaluación; pruebas de testing of the query evaluation; development of the
caja negra para la evaluación de consultas; desarrollo test database; modeling and creation of the
de la base de datos de pruebas; modelado y creación evaluating system database; and implementation in
de la base de datos del sistema de evaluación e classrooms. This software currently works on a web
implementación en el salón de clase. Este software platform with a layered architecture. Presently there
actualmente trabaja en una plataforma web con una is no automatic judge working in a similar way. The
arquitectura en capas. Actualmente no existe un juez purpose of the paper is to contribute to learning
automático que trabaje de la misma manera. El complex queries of the SQL language, which has
propósito de este documento es contribuir al been used in database management systems for more
aprendizaje de consultas complejas del lenguaje than forty years.
SQL, el cual ha sido usado en sistemas manejadores
de bases de datos por más de cuarenta años. Keywords
SQL, Automatic Judge, Database
Palabras Clave
SQL, Juez automático, Base de datos.
___________________________________________________________________________________________________
Cita: GUTIÉRREZ TORRES-Luis Germán †, MARTÍNEZ LÓPEZ-Fernando José, VEGA FLORES-Patricia. SQL Queries
Examination System: Automatic Test and Feedback. Título de la Revista. 2018, 1-1: 1-11
___________________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________________
† Researcher contributing as first author
© ECORFAN
ISSN-En linea: 2395-860X GUTIÉRREZ TORRES Luis Germán, MARTÍNEZ LÓPEZ

ECORFAN® Todos los derechos reservados Fernando José, VEGA FLORES Patricia SQL Queries Examination
System: SQL Queries Examination System: Automatic Test and
Feedback.UTSOE-Journal Multidisciplinary Science 2018, 5-10:
28-34.
29
Introduction system proposed by Mitrovic (2003) that allows

virtual and intelligent tutoring. It is designed as a
Automated evaluation has an important role in system for practice designed for students that
modern education since it reduces the workload have knowledge of the SQL language. It is a
of professors, allowing them to devote more time desktop application that allows working only with
to the teaching-learning process. There exists a SELECT sentences. This system has a problem
wide variety of evaluation systems. However, set for different databases and the ideal solution
most of them are centered in multiple choice in each case. It allows the evaluation of the
questions. In order to have a complete evaluation, queries that the student does through the
systems should exist that not only present some comparison with an ideal solution. It does not
options to the user, but also evaluate their show the results of the query; it only receives
problem-solving skills. feedback about the errors that are generated by
the queries. A noteworthy inconvenience of this
To the date, there is no automated SQL tool is that each person works in a local way in
(Structured Query Language) that serves as a tool their computer and professors do not have any
for both professors and students in the teaching- records of the advancement of his or her students
learning process. SQL has been the most widely nor can add problems for making evaluations for
used Database Management System (DBMS) all of the students. In SQLTutor, teachers are not
over the past 40 years. SQL is composed of three able to generate exams for evaluating their
additional languages: Data Definition Language students. Before Mitrovic, similar systems used
(DDL), Data Manipulation Language (DML), some kind of SQL evaluation, by example
and Data Control Language (DCL). SQL is a WinRDBI by Dietrich, Eckert, & Piscator (2005).
very important language in database courses, both Kearns, Shead & Fekete (1997) to mention a
in university and college courses. similar platform.
Currently, there is no free system that allows Allen (2000) proposes WebSQL, an interactive
creating evaluations with a SQL query automated environment developed in the University of
evaluator. Professors and students from Minnesota that is useful for the execution of SQL
Engineering in Computer Systems, Engineering queries through the Internet. It does not evaluate
in Informatics, Engineering in Software, and even them in an automatized way, rather students have
high school students can benefit from this type of to compare their results with the official ones
software. manually. WebSQL receives SQL instructions
through a web browser, sends the instructions to
For these reasons the next research question is a server and the later sends it to a Data Base
raised: Is it possible to develop a system that Management System. Three different types of
allows the evaluation of selected automated databases can be made.
Structured Query Language queries and provides
feedback about the obtained results? SQL-trainer is a web tool that was presented by
Laine (2001). It offers only one database. The
Evaluation Systems commands are evaluated in ORACLE. SQL-
trainer was developed in the University of
There exist a few tools that help to learn and Helsinki. Currently, the server is not operating.
evaluate selected SQL queries: SQLTutor is a

28-34.
30
Bhagat, S., Bhagat, L., and Sasikumar (2002) development and application of various test cases
developed Acharya, a system for teaching SQL to verify the proper functioning of the evaluator.
that supports any SQL command and determines 4. Development of the test database for the
the next problem to solve depending on the evaluator system.
previous correct queries. They call it Intelligent 5. Modeling the automated database
Tutoring System (ITS). evaluator. In this step, the system database is
modeled using a relational diagram.
Coleman (2003) proposes AsseSQL, a system for 6. Design and creation of the evaluator
applying evaluations to students. It shows a system database. A script is generated so that it
system in which the student has to solve a set of allows the database to store the problems and the
problems in a given time range. This software corresponding solutions. The database
evaluates the queries of the student and compares management system (DBMS) is MySQL because
the results with the expected ones showing the of its popularity, because of the use license that it
corresponding feedback messages. It allows the works with, and because of its good overall
execution of SQL sentences. characteristics.
Sadiq, Orlowska, Sadiq, & Lin (2001) created The Proposed System
SQLator. Dekeyser, S., de Raadt, M., and Lee, T.
(2006) developed SQLify. Both systems are
The Structured Query Language (SQL) is quite
similar to AsseSQL and allow the evaluation of
wide, and it includes three languages inside it:
SQL queries.
DML, DDL, and DCL. DDL manages the
instructions related to the creation of databases
Kenny & Pahl (2005) propose an automated
and tables. DCL is the language responsible for
system of tutoring with databases that organize
security instructions which include CREATE
the SQL sentence problems in various levels
USER, GRANT, DENY. DML contains the
according to a given difficulty degree. The
related commands with data manipulation such as
system allows feedback in three ways.
SELECT, INSERT, UPDATE, and DELETE,
among others. The SQLJudge system developed
Methodology
in this project has the capacity of evaluating
specifically SQL queries which are part of the
1. Analysis and definition of the evaluation DML language. A simple example of the
criteria of the queries. The first step of the selection queries is the next one: “Select key,
methodology consists of identifying and name, price from products where price <= 150”.
documenting the criteria that will be used for the The queries are a fundamental part of the SQL
evaluation of the queries. language. They are also important in the
2. Development of the SQL query module. development of an information system since they
This is the nucleus of the system, the most allow information that is inside a database to be
important part which contains the necessary obtained.
methods for verifying that the sent SQL queries
correspond exactly with the official solution. In Figure 1, Problem List, two key sections can
3. Black box tests to the SQL evaluation be found. The first section shows a list of the
module. This process consists of the problems that the system contains. There the user

28-34.
31
can select one problem to solve. In section 2 of Figure 2. The key module in the system. Source: Own
the interface, the user can navigate between made.
different pages to browse the problems. The SQL Judge system shows one of the
following messages as a response to the query
evaluation:
1. ACCEPTED. This message appears
when the result of the query is identical to the one
that appears in the official answer. This message
shows that the answer is correct.
2. INCORRECT ANSWER. It is shown if
the tuple that results from the user query has the
same number of rows and the same number of
columns that the official solution, but that the
resulting data do not match.
3. INCORRECT ROWS NUMBER. This
message appears when the row number does not
match the official solution.
Figure 1. Problem List. Source: Own made. 4. INCORRECT COLUMN NUMBER.
This message is shown when the number of row
Once that the problem has been chosen, the user matches, but the number of columns does not
can read its description. In Figure 2, Key Module with the official solution.
System, three-page sections are highlighted and 5. EXECUTION ERROR. This error
in the first section, the problem name and message is shown when the sent query cannot be
description appear. In the second one, there is a evaluated since it causes an execution time error.
space for users to either write their solution or This problem can be a result of a syntax error, an
elaborate on their answer in their preferred query error in the object name, or any other error that
editor. Once that the problem has been solved, does not allow the execution of the query.
their solution can be pasted. In the third section, 6. DUPLICATED COLUMN NAMES
a button appears to send the answer alongside a ARE NOT ALLOWED. Due to the way queries
space where the system informs the user about his are evaluated, the system does not allow two
or her result. columns to have the same name. The SQL
language allows two columns in the result to have
the same name, but due to technical reasons, this
is limited in the evaluator.
The evaluation of SQL queries is made

comparing the SQL sentence sent by the user
against the solution that is also stored as a SQL
sentence in the system. Figure 3, SQL evaluation
process, depicts a step-by-step the algorithm used
for this end. The user should seek the
“ACCEPTED” message, but the user can also
obtain feedback messages that allow the user to

28-34.
32
understand what is failing in the solution sent to disablement of the graphic user interface and the
the system. database code, aside from allowing with ease the
future integration with a web system. The use of
these tools allows a great speed in the evaluations.
The results of the evaluation are delivered to the
end user immediately. In most of the test, the
result was shown in less than a second and there
was no case that exceeded two seconds.
B. System architecture.
The system uses a tier architecture structure. A
multi-tier architecture is a client-server
architecture in which the processing logic, data
access, database storage and user interface are
developed as independent modules on separate
platforms. Multi-tier architecture is a software
design pattern and a well-established software
architecture.
The three-tier architecture allows any one of the

three tiers to be upgraded or replaced
independently.
The main tiers in a multi-tier architecture are:
Presentation Tier: This tier communicates with

other tiers by sending results to the browser and
Figure 3. SQL evaluation process. Source: Own made. other tiers in the network.
A. Selected software. Business Tier: This tier is also called the middle
The Data Base Management System, MySQL, is tier or logic tier controls application functionality
one of the most frequently used; a great by performing detailed processing.
percentage of the websites around the world use
it. For this reason, it was decided to develop the Data Tier: This tier houses database servers. Data
evaluator for this database manager, although the in this tier are reserved independently of
used procedure for the query evaluation allows application servers or business logic.
different evaluations with different database
managers. Results
For the development of the desktop application, The SQLJudge system was tested creating a
Microsoft Visual Studio Community Edition was second opportunity exam in the Fundaments of
selected using the Visual Basic.net programming Data Bases course in the Instituto Tecnológico
language and a layers architecture that allows the Superior del Sur de Guanajuato (ITSUR). It also

28-34.
33
was used in the creation and evaluation of the

third unit of the Database Workshop course of the
same institution. The software answered to the
SQL selection and it allowed the system users to
obtain feedback in each of the evaluated
problems.
User Solved Problems

2 5
5 5
7 5
8 5
10 5 Figure 4. First exam revision time.
11 5
13 5 In the second examination revision time spent
16 5 only took 8.3% versus expected time. It was
3 4 reduced from 120 to just 10 minutes. Figure 5
9 4 shows the difference.
12 4
14 2
15 2
200
4 1
180
6 1
160
120
Table 1. Solved problems. 140
120
The application examinations were conducted in 100
a classroom that has 25 networked computers. 80
Each of the students used a username and 60
password that provided the professor and the 40 10
results were automatically concentrated by the
20
system on a database server MySQL. The time
0
spent by the teacher to revise decreased from 200 Manual Automatic
to 28 minutes in the first test as shown in Figure
4, only 14% of the normal time. Figure 5. Second exam revision time.
Conclusions
The main question of this paper is the following:

Is it possible to develop a system that makes
automated evaluations of selected queries in the
Structured Query Language and also provides

28-34.
34
feedback to the users of the system about the Dekeyser, S., de Raadt, M., & Lee, T. (2006). Do
obtained result? The developed prototype and its students SQLify? Improving learning outcomes
uses in the student evaluations in the Systems with Peer review and enhanced computer-
Engineering program show if it is possible that a assisted assessment of Querying Skills. 6th Baltic
system evaluates automatically the selected SQL Sea Conference on Computing Education
queries, aside from allowing the users of the Research.
system to obtain feedback of each of the
evaluated problems. Dietrich, S. W., Eckert, E., & Piscator, K. (1997).
WinRDBI: a Windows-based Relational
The goal of this project is to develop web Database Educational Tool. 28th ACM SIGCSE
platforms where it will be available to any user in Technical Symposium on Computer Science
the world who has an interest in learning and Education, 126-130.
practicing the SQL language.
Kearns, R., Shead, S., & Fekete, A. (1997). A
Diverse module could be developed for Teaching System for SQL. Second Australasian
complementing the central one, among them, the Computing Education Conference (ACE), 224-
registration of students and educational 231. Kenny, C., & Pahl, C. (2005). Automated
institutions; the rating administration of users; the tutoring for a Database Skills Training
possibility of generating problems and test cases Environment. ACM SIGCSE Technical
by other professors that apply to their student and Symposium on Computer Science Education
sharing them with other users; the creation of 2005, 58-62.
SQL language contests in order to spread the
academic contests among students of information Kenny, C., & Pahl, C. (2005). Automated
technologies; and the categorization of problems tutoring for a Database Skills Training
according to diverse didactic objectives. Environment. ACM SIGCSE Technical
Symposium on Computer Science Education
References 2005, 58-62.
Allen, G. N. (2000). WebSQL: An interactive Laine, H. (2001). SQL-Trainer. First Annual

Web Tool for teaching Structured Query Finnish/Baltic Sea Conference On Computer
Language. 2000 Americas Conf. On Information Science Education, 13-17.
System, 2066-2071.
Mitrovic, A. (2003). An intelligent SQL tutor on
Bhagat, S., Bhagat, L., & Sasikumar, S. (2002). the web. International Journal of Artifical
Acharya: An intelligent tutoring environment for Intelligence in Education, 13, 173-197.
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(2004). SQLator An Online SQL Learning
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256.

28-34.
35
Modeling, design and construction of a six degrees of freedom didactic robot.
Technology Sciences
FERNÁNDEZ RAMÍREZ - Arnoldo †, CUAN DURON - Enrique1, GARCÍA ANDRADE - Roxana,

MARTÍNEZ REYES - Armando
arnoldo_fr@yahoo.fr, kcuand@gmail.com, roxanaitnl@gmail.com,armando2k@hotmail.com
Instituto Tecnológico de Nuevo León, División de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación, Departamento de Ingeniería
Eléctrica y Electrónica, Ave. Eloy Cavazos 2001 Col. Tolteca, Guadalupe, Nuevo León C.P. 67170 Tel: (81) 81570500.
1
Instituto Tecnológico de la Laguna, División de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación, Blvd. Revolución y Czda. Cuauhtemóc
s/n, Torreón, Coahuila. C.P. 27000 Tel (871) 7051313
(Indicar Fecha de Envio: Mayo, 25, 2018); Aceptado (Indicar Fecha de Aceptación: Uso Exclusivo de ECORFAN)
___________________________________________________________________________________________________
Resumen Abstract
En este trabajo se presenta el diseño y desarrollo de This work presents the design and development of a
un robot de 6 grados de libertad en base a prototipos 6 degrees of freedom robot based on prototypes made
realizados en los últimos años en el Instituto in recent years at the Technological Institute of
Tecnológico de Nuevo León. Nuevo León.
El diseño y construcción del robot se llevó a cabo con The design and construction of the robot was carried
la ayuda del software SolidWorks, la representación out with the help of SolidWorks software, graphic
gráfico o simulación con el software Matlab. representation or simulation with Matlab software.
Para el robot de 6 grados de libertad se ha For the 6 degrees of freedom robot a graphical
implementado una interfaz gráfica que se basa en interface has been implemented that is based on
desarrollos previos, con esta interfaz se puede previous developments, with this interface can show
mostrar el diseño de los eslabones creados en the design of the links created in SolidWorks.
SolidWorks. The kinematic scheme was obtained with modified
El esquema cinemático se ha obtenido con los Denavit-Hartenberg parameters, to represent the
parámetros Denavit-Hartenberg modificados, para robot in the graphical interface in alternative form.
representar el robot en la interfaz gráfica en forma Communication between the interface and the robot
alternativa. La comunicación entre la interfaz y el is done through the serial communication port. A
robot se realiza a través del puerto de comunicación simple trajectory was generated by manipulating two
serial. Se generó una trayectoria simple mediante la of the six joint variables, which correspond to two of
manipulación de dos de las seis variables articulares, the degrees of freedom of the robot.
que corresponden a dos de los grados de libertad del
robot. Keywords: Interface, trajectory, didactic robot,
design, simulation.
Palabras clave: Interfaz, trayectoria, robot
didáctico, diseño, simulación.
__________________________________________________________________________________________________
Cita: FERNÁNDEZ RAMÍREZ - Arnoldo †, CUAN DURON - Enrique1, GARCÍA ANDRADE - Roxana, MARTÍNEZ
REYES - Armando. Modeling, design and construction of a six degrees of freedom didactic robot. Título de la Revista. 2015,
1-1: 1-11 – [Todo en Times New Roman No.10]
__________________________________________________________________________________________________
† FERNÁNDEZ RAMÍREZ - Arnoldo.
© ECORFAN
FERNÁNDEZ RAMÍREZ Arnoldo, CUAN DURON Enrique,

ISSN-En linea: 2395-860X GARCÍA ANDRADE Roxana, MARTÍNEZ REYES Armando.
ECORFAN® Todos los derechos reservados Modeling, design and construction of a six degrees of freedom
didactic robot.UTSOE-Journal Multidisciplinary Science 2018, 5-
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Technology Sciences
Introduction. presented a behavior-based robot control

method of brush drawing. Differential
In the present work, a robot and a graphical movement was adopted instead of transversal
interface have been developed to execute points. The simulation verifies the feasibility of
simple trajectories for drawing applications. behavior-based robot drawing. In robots of 6
degrees of freedom the experimental platform,
an orchid was drawn by mounting some
It has been necessary to investigate what complex behaviors. The original technique
architecture is required to design the robot, called Bifeng was used in the orchid that the
including the design of the links and the experiment draws, which shows that the
selection of the actuators that will provide the behavioral control scheme can be applied to the
desired movement for each of the links. drawing with robots.
This robot is controlled through a graphical
interface. It is desired that the robot performs In (Tresset & Fol Leymarie, 2013) a robotic
simple tasks along straight lines and curves installation that produces people's face-looking
defined in the plane. drawings. Paul is a naive trainer: he does not
have a high level of knowledge of the
Previously, prototypes of fingers and robotic constituent structures of the human face (such
systems have been elaborated in the institute are as mouth, nose, eyes), nor ability to learn
mentioned below: experience based on experiences as a human.
However, Paul is able to draw with the use of
In (Hernández Hernández & Fernández the equivalent of the stylistic signature of an
Ramírez, 2014), it was carried out using the artist based on a number of processes, skills and
Arduino one board, by means of programming techniques, which together form a drawing
of Arduino software. cycle. In addition, the first efforts in the
realization of two different versions of visual
In addition, projects have been developed on regeneration are presented here to allow the
prototypes of multi-robot systems for robot to iteratively increase and improve a
prehension (De Leon Treviño, Garcia Andrade, drawing that at the beginning is constructed
Fernández Ramírez, Cuan Duron, & Urquizo from a process of recovery of outgoing lines.
Barraza, 2015) and manipulation (Cárdenas The first form of computational visual
Nieto, Duarte Salinas, Rodríguez Jacobo, & regeneration that is presented as a purely
Fernandez Ramirez, 2014). internal representation (based on memory) of
regions to give shading path for the robot. The
Background. second version involves the use of a camera as
an 'eye' that takes the new sudden shots of the
The inverse kinematics model (Junyou, Guilin, current artifact. This is then analyzed to make
Le, Dianchun, & Xu, 2011) is generally used to decisions about where and how to give shading
solve the problem of drawing paths in a robot afterwards. A main point that is accentuated
drawer system, but there are some problems with this work is the publication of incarnation
such as the solution of robot inverse kinematics, of graphic systems, in our case on a robotic
trajectories are not in a plane. This work has platform. We present arguments in favor of

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such a position for the graphing community. 2 0 90 D₂ θ2 0

Finally, it is emphasized that the drawings 3 0 0 D₃ θ3 0
produced by Paul have been considered of 4 0 90 D₄ θ4 R₄
5 0 -90 0 θ5 0
interest by fine art professionals in recent
6 0 90 0 θ6 0
international fairs and exhibitions. In
manufacturing technology, 3D measurement Table 1 Parameters of the didactic robot with 6 degrees
mechanisms and geometric reconstruction play of freedom.
a key role. In the last ten years 3D techniques
are increasingly popular, however the market
demands that these techniques are cheap, fast
and easy to use.
The work presented in (Eugenio, Guerrero,

Nicolás, & Patrón, 2014) is the design and
construction of a digitizing arm to be used in
digitization and 3D reconstruction. Describe
the relationship between the ideal computer
design and the natural deviations of the
construction process. The functions of 3D
geometric transformation are used for the Figure 1 Representation of joints and links.
kinematic calibration of the arm. The shape
calibration is achieved through an experimental Direct cinematic modeling.
box of measurements using a FIM calibration
standard. As a result, the digitalization of a 2D The direct model is the relation that allows to
object in space R3 is shown. determine the matrix column x of operational
coordinates of the robot corresponding to a
Mathematical modeling. given configuration q.
This model is expressed as:
Kinematic modeling.
x  f q  (1)
The direct kinematic problem consists of
determining what is the position and orientation
The direct geometric model of a robot can be
of the final end of the robot, with respect to a
obtained from the homogenous transformation
coordinate system that is taken as a reference,
matrix of the robot that defines the n-frame of
known joint values and geometric parameters of
the terminal link with respect to the frame 0 of
the elements of the robot.
the base of the robot. In the case of simple
structure robots, the transformation matrix is
Parameters D-H.
given by:
Next, Table 1 shows the Denavit-Hartenberg
parameters for the didactic robot.
0
nT  01T  12T   n1nT (2)
Link s αj(°) dj θj rj
1 0 0 0 θ1 0 Substituting the data for link 1, the matrix 01T
is obtained

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C1  S1 0 0  And with those of link 6 the matrix 5

6 T is
 S C1 0 0  obtained.
0
T   1 (3)
1
 0 0 1 0
  C 6  S 6 0 0
 0 0 0 1  0
 0 1 0 
With those of link 2 the matrix 12T is obtained. 5
T  (8)
6
 S 6 C 6 0 0
 
C 2  S 2 0 D2   0 0 0 1
 0 0 1 0 
2T 
1  (4) Mechanical design, construction of links and
 S 2 C 2 0 0 assembly of the didactic robot.
 
 0 0 0 1
Through the design software for mechanical
Substituting the data for link 3, the matrix T2 modeling SolidWorks, each of the links was
3
elaborated by means of line drawings with
is obtained. dimensions in order to obtain a scale model
with real measurements and they were
C3  S3 0 D3  assembled each one by means of positional
 S C3 0 0  relations together with its servomotor
3T 
2  3 (5)
 0 0 1 0 (articulation) for the construction of the final
  assembly.
 0 0 0 1 In figure 2 we can see each of the components
of the designed robot.
3
And with those of link 4, the matrix 4T is
obtained.
C 4  S 4 0 D4 
 0 0 1 R4 
3
T  
4
 S 4 C 4 0 0
 
 0 0 0 1
(6)
Substituting the data for link 5, we obtain the

matrix 45T .
 C5  S5 0 0
 0 0 1 0 
5T 
4  (7)
  S5 C5 0 0
 
 0 0 0 1

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component we go to the folder in which the

Figure 2 Base and links of the robot. designs were saved, and then insert them one by
one.
Two pieces were designed to form the end
effector by means of an assembly, by means of After having inserted all the designs (links), the
concentric and coinciding positional next thing is to use the position relationships
relationships. The final effector, figure 3, is tool where it offers us several options of
attached to joint whose angle is 6. relationships such as coincident, parallel,
perpendicular, tangent and concentric.
Depending on the type of relationship required,

in our case the types of coincident and
concentric relationship were used.
Coincident for the relations of position of some

face of the link where said face could support
the servomotor and the same link. And
concentric for those relations of position where
Figure 3 End effector. a joint will be located which would allow the
link to turn on the same axis of the concentric
The final assembly of the prototype didactic relation or to keep the servomotor fixed to the
robot was made with the SolidWorks assembly link without having the problem that at the
tool, shown in figure 4. moment of wanting to turn the link it turns
together with the servomotor.
The pieces or links of the robot prototype were

made of aluminum with which the windows are
manufactured in the home, said aluminum was
cut with a blade, taking based on the measures
previously established for each link, likewise it
was repaired each one of the pieces and each of
the holes were made with a drill in which the
servomotors would be fixed with their screws
seeing it in figure 5.
Figure 4 Final assembly of the prototype didactic robot.
Once all the links mentioned in the previous

section have been designed, in the tab insert

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mathematical modeling of 6 GDL manipulative

robots.
Figure 5 Manual elaboration of the links.
Once the links were obtained, the didactic robot of 6

degrees of freedom was assembled. The result is shown
in figure 6.
Figure 7 Simplified robot model Motoman K6SB for

configuration.
The graphical user interface designed for the 6

degrees of freedom robot (Figure 9) is based on
the interface used for the Motoman K6SB robot
shown in Figure 7, but unlike the interfaces
previously developed, not only shows the
Figure 6 The robot built. robot's schema but also shows the original
design of the links created for the robot (Figure
Graphical user interface. 8) imported through the Simmechanics plug-in
of the SolidWorks software.
In (Cuan Duron, Fernandez Ramirez, &
Urquizo Barraza, 2013) and (Cuan Duron,
Fernández Ramírez, & Urquizo Barraza, 2014)
a simulator is presented that is used as a didactic
pedagogical tool in the teaching of the
calculation of the direct kinematics of robot
manipulators of 6 degrees of freedom (GDL), in
different subjects of the robotics area.
In the subjects of robotics, a strategy based on

the development of a simulator was
implemented to help students transfer
mathematical, computer, scientific and
technological concepts applied to the

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Figure 8 Robot design in SolidWorks.
To establish communication between the

interface and the robot, a serial communication
port is used, which is opened by clicking on the
"Start Communication" button.
In Figure 9a and 9b, both the graphic interface

and the robot can be observed at the time of
establishing communication.
When performing this action, the serial port to

which the Arduino Mega board is connected
opens, at that moment, by clicking on the slide
b) Didactic robot in the configuration connected to the
bars, all the changes produced in the values of interface.
the joint variables (q1, q2, q3, q4, q5, q6), will be Figure 9 Communication established between the
reflected both in the graphic interface and in the interface and the robot.
robot.
Next in table 2, the program that was loaded on
the Arduino Mega board is presented so that,
while the serial port is open, all the information
that is being written on it is read and transmitted
to each of the servomotors of the robot.
#include<Servo.h> void loop()

Servo servo[6]; {
int pin[6]= if (Serial.available()){
{ for (int i=0;i<6;i++)
a) The interface when communicating with the robot. 1,2,3,4,5,7, {
};
grados=Serial.parseInt();
void setup()
{ if(grados>0&&grados<180
//servo[0].attach(3); )
for(int i=0;i<6;i++) {
{ servo[i].write(grados);

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delay(15); design of a robot, in the selection of the

servo[i].attach(pin[i]) actuators and in the assembly of the same.
; }
} } Conclusions.
Serial.begin(9600); }
A didactic robot with 6 degrees of freedom was
} } designed and built.
int grados;
The design of each of its links was made by
SolidWorks, in order to simulate the movement
of the set of links linked by joints. This in order
Table 2 Program for Arduino Mega to read the serial to observe, in simulation, that there was no
port.
impediment produced by the geometry of the
links of the robot.
A trajectory. By means of position relationships, in
SolidWorks, each of the links joined by the
A trajectory that was generated is a simple joints were assembled in a virtual way to form
trajectory, for which only the values of q3 and the final assembly of the robot. This allowed us
q1 of the initial configuration were varied q = [0 to simulate the movement produced by each of
°, 90 °, 0 °, 0 °, 0 °, 0 ° ] The joint variable q 3 its joints.
was assigned the value of 1°, and the variable A GUI was developed that uses the geometries
q1 took values from the approximate range of - generated in the design made in SolidWorks.
65° to 65°, figure 10. It was possible to generate a non-linear
In the following figure, a sequence of images trajectory through the sliders q1 and q3 through
captured at the moment in which the robot the graphical interface, which the robot was
executes the trajectory is shown. able to draw a semicircle on a sheet of paper
It is worth mentioning that, thanks to the
addition of the start and end buttons of
communication in the graphical interface, it
was possible to avoid problems in the
communication between the robot and the
interface, previously the serial port was opened
and closed each time it was used, for example
by clicking on the slide bars and not giving
enough time for the robot to react.
Referencias
Cárdenas Nieto, A. J., Duarte Salinas, G.,

Rodríguez Jacobo, J. L., & Fernandez
Ramirez, A. (2014). Sistema de
Figure 10 Trajectory, when q3 goes from -65 ° to 65 °.
manipulación. ITNL.
The development of this example allowed to Cuan Duron, E., Fernandez Ramirez, A., &
identify the areas of opportunity existing in the Urquizo Barraza, E. (2013). Desarrollo de
un Recurso Educativo Digital de apoyo a

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Technology Sciences
la Materia de Robótica. In Tecnologías y

Aprendizaje. Avances en Iberoamerica
ISBN 978-607-96242-1-7 (pp. 270–275).
Cuan Duron, E., Fernández Ramírez, A., &
Urquizo Barraza, E. (2014). Recurso
Educativo Digital para la Determinación
del Modelado de Robots de 6 GDL. In
Tecnologías y Aprendizaje. Innovaciones
y Experiencias ISBN 978-0-9915776-1-3
(pp. 209–213).
De Leon Treviño, R., Garcia Andrade, R.,
Fernández Ramírez, A., Cuan Duron, E.,
& Urquizo Barraza, E. (2015). Modelado,
diseño y construcción de un sistema de
prensión. In Memorias Electro 2015 ISSN
1405-2172 (pp. 396–401).
Eugenio, F., Guerrero, L., Nicolás, P., &
Patrón, G. (2014). Diseño y construcción
de un brazo digitalizador para la captura
de geometrías. Ingenierias ISSN 1405-
0676, XVII(63), 45–57.
Hernández Hernández, J., & Fernández
Ramírez, A. (2014). Diseño Y
Construcción De Un Mini-Robot Para
Reproducir Los Movimientos De Un
Dedo Humano. ITNL.
Junyou, Y., Guilin, Q., Le, M., Dianchun, B.,
& Xu, H. (2011). Behavior-based control
of brush drawing robot. Transportation,
Mechanical, and Electrical Engineering
(TMEE), 2011 International Conference
on.
https://doi.org/10.1109/TMEE.2011.6199
408
Tresset, P., & Fol Leymarie, F. (2013). Portrait
drawing by Paul the robot. Computers &
Graphics, 37(5), 348–363.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cag.2013.01.012

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INTERNATIONALISATION OF AGRICULTURAL SMEs BASED ON NETWORK THEORY
Social Sciences

CASTILLO GIRON VÍCTOR MANUEL, AYALA RAMÌREZ SUHEY, DE LEOAN MORA OMAR ALONSO
University of Guadalajara
Abstract the development of new paradigms. Among them

This paper investigates elements of network are comparative advantage, specialisation and
theory applied to the internationalisation of the benefits which are obtained in international
SMEs. Diverse conditions related to agricultural trade. (Czinkota, Ronkainen y Moffet, 2011). As
activity often make it difficult for SMEs in this a result of international trade benefitting its
sector to make this transition, necessitating population by increasing its well-being, it is
collaboration among the different players to becoming a trend to be more open to external
reach foreign markets. The analysed company is markets.
representative of the agricultural sector. It has
formed networks described in the literature, both Mexico provides an appropriate example of this
horizontally and vertically, exemplifying the phenomenon. In the 1980s, it began to venture
dynamic of internationalisation within into trade in spite of being one of the most closed
companies who suffer from unfavorable economies in the world, subject to financial
economies of scale. setbacks such as devaluations, increasing
Keywords: networks, SMEs, agricultural, external debt and constant economic crises. One
internationalisation of the main measures taken to combat economic
isolation was the General Agreement on Tariffs
Introduction and Trade (GATT), which mandated the
The internationalisation of the firm finds its roots lowering of tariffs from eighty to fifty percent.
in international trade, which, in classical theory, Also, before the North American Free Trade
refers to the dynamic of countries specialising in Agreement (NAFTA) came into effect in 1994, it
production with an absolute advantage. This pared the average tariff in the agricultural sector
theory, developed by Adam Smith, suggests that down to ten and twenty percent while import
the advantage in production costs with respect to licences, which were required for the majority of
other countries allows said specialisation. This in agricultural products, were eliminated altogether.
turn generates a surplus in production which can Other actions taken were firm privatisations,
be sold to other countries which produces greater money supply regulation and the elimination of
benefits such as increased quality of living for the subsidies on agricultural input such as credit,
host community. By the same token, the term fertilisers, electricity, irrigation and water
comparative advantage, developed by David (Málaga, Williams and Gary, 2010; Grennes,
Ricardo, counters that an absolute advantage Hernández, Krissoff, Matus, Sharples and
does not determine international trade, rather, an Valdes, 1991). These changes drastically
advantage in its relative costs on certain products affected agricultural and non agricultural
(Cardozo, Chavarro y Ramírez, 2013). Although companies, although the agricultural sector took
this theory has been much argued because of its the most advantage.
limitations in the analysis of the international
market scene and its noted absence in The majority of agricultural producers find
contemporary situations, it has attributed themselves in a position where competitivity is
important terminology and food for thought on not an option, neither is the potential to make an
Castillo Giron Víctor Manuel, Ayala Ramìrez Suhey, De Leoan

ISSN-En linea: 2395-860X Mora Omar Alonso. INTERNATIONALISATION OF
ECORFAN® Todos los derechos reservados AGRICULTURAL SMEs BASED ON NETWORK
THEORY.UTSOE-Journal Multidisciplinary Science 2018, 5-10:
44-51.
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Social Sciences
entrance into an international market. (Ferro-

Soto y Mili, 2013). Nevertheless, some producers 1. Internationalisation from the Perspective
have been able to breach the US market thanks to of Networks
the influence of the NAFTA and geographical This perspective focuses on explaining
proximity; eighty-six percent of agricultural internationalisation as a logical organizational
exports go to this northern market and a much process stemming from the implementation of
smaller portion is directed towards the European social networks. (Cardozo, et al, 2013). This
Union and Asian countries (Málaga, et al, 2010). refers to internationalisation as a result of
Under this context, the food industry increased interactions between local businesses and their
its exports to seventy-one percent between 2007 international networks, as a way to participate in
and 2012. This means that not only is the sector international markets (Johanson and Mattson,
more competitive but it participates mainly on 1998). A network is understood to be the sum
the international market scene in spite of total of the relationships between companies
unfavourable conditions (Málaga, et al, 2010). which provide resources for their respective
activities (Doddy, 2002).
This article will try to explain why, how and
when agricultural companies gained entry to These networks boast strategic alliances which
international markets through exports. To this transfer advantages such as the rapid acquisition
end, the Cítricos Selectos San Martín company, of technological innovation, the exploration of
CSSM, located in the municipality of San Martin new markets, the minimisation of financial and
Hidalgo, Jalisco, was selected to be the case political risks and the acquisition of knowledge
study. It has targeted markets in the United from other companies (Elmuti and Katwala,
States, Japan, South Korea and the European 2001). Business networking also allows for the
Union with their star product, the Persian lime. optimisation of resources for reaching medium
The association is made up of of 14 producers and long-term objectives (Renau, 1996).
who come from the same region. The
networking characteristics of the company are Network theory analyses the relationships
more than appropriate for this case study and are between companies that are in the process of
thoroughly described in this document. internationalisation and their business networks:
clients, suppliers, competitors and the
While different theories and perspectives have government (Johanson and Mattson, 1998). As
been developed with respect to the the company becomes internationalised, the
internationalisation of companies, this particular network grows and relationships are
study focuses on network theories from the strengthened. These relationships also become
perspective of small businesses in the process of established with other analogous companies in
internationalisation. foreign countries. (Rialp y Rialp, 2001; cit. en
Cardozo, et al, 2013) When international
Along with this introduction and a conclusion, requirements are met, the business can take
the article is divided into 3 sections. The first advantage of the opportunities resulting from
does a theoretical analysis about the role of both the size and diversity of the network.
networking in the internationalisation of firms. (Aldrich y Zimer, 1986)
The second explains the methodology used to
carry out the investigation and the third presents An emerging perspective on the theory is that
the results. which observes the measures the company takes

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in order to better manage the network (Rialp y information that has been developed through
Rialp, 2001; cit. en Cardozo, et al, 2013) This is personal experiences, facilitates their entrance
where vertical and horizontal relationships make into international markets (Ellis, 2000), as well
their appearance. The vertical category is made as influences the ability of the company to form
up of relationships forged between the small and maintain relationships.
business and its suppliers and clients. The
horizontal category refers to the These relationships can be formal or informal or
relationship with competitors and governmental, they can be channeled through an agent. The role
non governmental and educational institutions of an agent in commercialisation is that of the
(Martinez 2009). These relationships are heavily risk-taker who is responsible for promoting
influenced by the social circles of the business products overseas when the direct relationship
owner. The horizontal network allows companies between the buyer and seller is adversely affected
to improve their economies of scale, implement by reputation and commitment issues (Ellis,
specialisation for product diversification and find 2000) as well as shipment complications. Figure
solutions to common problems, something that 2 presents a map which considers the
mostly large companies enjoy (Camisón, 1996, aforementioned factors and the way in which
cit. en Martínez, 2009). Figure 1 depicts the they impact internationalisation.
relationship between vertical and horizontal
networks.
Figure 2. Elements of internationalisation based on

networking
Source: prepared by author
The process of internationalisation in network

theory is comprised of 3 steps. Relationships are
first forged with foreign business partners,
followed by commitment to the shared goals of
the network and finally the embedding of the
network abroad (Cardozo, et al,
2013). Furthermore, the theory mentions the
Figure 1- Vertical and horizontal network
levels of internationalisation that a company can
Source. Prepared by autor. achieve depending on their relationships: a) the
early starter: lacks both interaction with foreign
An important aspect in these interactions which countries and knowledge of international
is highlighted by various sources is the migratory markets. b) the lonely international: while the
experience of the members who make up the company’s national network has no relationship
network. A member who has worked overseas with the international market, it has sufficient
will use his contacts to seek out and engage in knowledge of it. C) the late starter: contact with
business propositions. (Cardozo, et al, the international market is indirect, channeled
2013) This means that the quality of information through competitors, suppliers and collaborators.
contributed by each member of the network, d) the international company: the company and
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its networks are highly internationalised and

expansive with highly coordinated activities in
foreign markets (Cardozo, et al, 2013).
One of the principal limitations of the theory is

the inability to analyse decision making and the
medium of entrance. (Axelsson y Johanson,
1992) . Furthermore, it is only applicable to
companies that are already internationalised
(Renau, 1996). However, the limitations were
able to be investigated through the methodology
used in this paper.
2. Methodology and regional context

As previously mentioned, the methodology was
extracted from a case study, and while it may be
challenged because of the generality of its nature,
it has advantages thanks to a profound analysis Figure 3. Jalisco state exports in agricultural sub-sectors
in millions of dollars (2011-2015)
which led to the discovery of new factors that are Source: Jalisco State Office for Rural Sustainable
not observed in general models. Here, we Development Data (OIEDRUS-Jalisco) 2015.
describe the context of the unit analisis which is
based in the agricultural sector. From among all The Persian lime represents 22.5% of the total
the agricultural sub-sectors, the fruit and fruit produced in fruit products in thousands of pesos
product sub-sector is the principal exporter in the from 2015, (OIEDRUS-Jalisco, 2015),
state of Jalisco, showing a one hundred and occupying the second most important place after
twenty-nine percent increase in growth from bananas in fruit products in the State. The
2011 to 2015, reaching $1040.36 million dollars municipality of San Martin de Hidalgo makes up
in 2015 alone, as shown in figure 3. twenty-nine percent of this sum, positioning
itself internationally as an important municipal
producer and exporter of Persian limes (Romo,
2015). CSSM was the first Persian lime
organisation in the region to export the product
and is the leading export company today. It was
launched in 2002 and made its first export to the
US that same year, kick-starting a trend which
caused other producers to transition their crops to
Persian limes as well, as shown in Figure 4.

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In this context, company partners were

interviewed and given free reign to share their
experiences in order to facilitate the exchange of
knowledge on the internationalisation process of
the company. The results of the investigation,
which were enriching thanks to the interviewees’
openness and attention to detail, are presented
below.
3. Results
Figure 4- cultivated surface area in the San Martin
Hidalgo municipality (2011-2015)
Network theory was evident in the description of
Source- OIEDRUS-Jalisco (2015). the company’s history, and certain factors
mentioned in literature were confirmed. In the
Sixteen percent of San Martin Hidalgo’s year 2000, an association of 38 Persian lime
agricultural land belongs to CSSM, with a total producers was formed. It become the first
of 150 cultivated hectares. It became the first network of lime producers in the municipality,
company in Jalisco state to export to South thanks to the idiosyncrasy of the agricultural
Korea, as well as break ground in the US, sector. Many producers in the country form
Germany, Poland, Holland and Japan (Romo, relationships in order to face the problems they
2015), becoming an important company in the have in common. However, the majority of these
fruit subsector. Today, sixty-nine percent of associations are not and do not intend to become
exports go to the US market and one percent to internationalised.
the Asian and European Union markets. The rest,
for reasons of subquality, remain within the As many producers did not share the the same
national market, as shown in Table 1. personal goals, the first network could not
embark on the journey to internationalisation.
Under this context, a leader emerged who had
lived in the US, had the US nationality, spoke the
language and came accompanied by a wealth of
contacts and information about the international
market and paved the way for lime exports. This
individual invited lime producers, who were
Table 1. Percentage of CSSM sales to foreign markets considered to have the aptitude to form part of an
(2015) international networking system, to collaborate
Source. CSSM data. in order to improve the economies of scale and
break into international markets. 14 lime
producers responded positively to the call and
For this reason, this company was chosen as the became committed to the shared goal. The
case study, in spite of the difficulties that the network became the Society for Rural
agricultural sector routinely faces. It has Production.
provided the opportunity to carefully observe the
adherence to the network theory and to find out Various factors related to horizontal networking
its importance in the internationalisation of firms. presented themselves over the course of the
investigation. First came the leader with quality

44-51.
49
Social Sciences
information, followed by the implementation of investment. The Secretary of Economy trains the
public relations skills (as evidenced by his ability producers in the process of export protocol while
to speak 2 languages), and finally the the Secretary of Rural Development (SEDER)
establishing of the partnerships, who, in other subsidises thirty to fifty percent of the
contexts, would have been competitors. This investments made to the packing house.
confirms the first of three steps in networking
theory. Nevertheless, these factors are subject to For the vertical network, aspects such as
incentives of the international market, since lime commitment and the company’s reputation when
exports have garnered the most profitability out dealing with international clients are mentioned
of all the other activities in the region. in the theory. Agriculture is known for its risky
nature with regards to economical, biological and
CSSM is a network of micro businesses and not climatological adversities (Lancieri and Nava,
a conglomerate of producers. Each member 2005) which affect production in terms of
conserves its independence and decision-making seasons and product quality. This causes a
capacities regarding lime production on their surplus of product in some months and the
land. CSSM is the produce packer company, inability to meet the quota in others. The
improving the economies of scale of the relationship with international clients who
producers and making CSSM the main risk taker demand quality and availability are often
while expanding its own reputation in the affected. These variables in production make the
international market. Within this network, roles existence of agents necessary in networking
and responsibilities are distributed based on the when the company is unable to meet the
reputation and commitment of the producer. commitment. Their role is to source extra clients
Furthermore, the company also has relationships when there is a glut on the market so that stock
with its competitors who, on occasion, function can be sold out.
as agents, buying from non-associate producers
and selling to international clients. The quality of the Persian lime is measured
mainly by the dark green hue of its skin. This
Horizontal networking actors such as the aspect is sought out in Asian, European and
government and educational institutions have North American markets, in this order from
influenced the internationalisation process. greatest to least. CSSM has managed to maintain
Educational institutions of high renown from a direct relationship with its clients in the US
Jalisco such as Monterrey Technological without the need for agents since their standard
University and the University of Guadalajara of quality is lower and CSSM can always meet
have performed market studies and product with it. However, the exports to the European
innovation projects. Union demands higher quality product and if the
company is unable to deliver the quantities,
Governmental institutions have contributed by agents are involved. Asian countries are the most
determining the legal framework and subsidies. demanding and even so, direct agreements have
On the part of the legal framework, the National been able to be reached with them. However, it is
Service of Health, Safety and Agroalimentary proving impossible to keep up with their
Quality (SENASICA) approved the certifications demands for high quality product, thus
necessary for continued participation in weakening the relationship. Produce of the
international markets, and subsidies were lowest quality has been excluded from the
provided in the form of training and monetary international circuit and relegated to the national

44-51.
50
Social Sciences
market. Nonetheless, the company has come to hand knowledge of the international market was
form part of a cluster who is in the process of provided through a partner with overseas
adding value to low quality products, a strategy contacts, commitment was cemented when the
which has been beneficial to CSSM in dealing Society of Rural Production was formed, and the
with countries such as Russia and Canada. position of the producer in the network was
International trade fairs have been advantageous established. Finally, it can be argued that CSSM
for presenting products to different potential is a Late Starter company, because its
international clients. These fairs were a crucial internationalisation is achieved only because of
stepping stone to making connections with Asian its competitors or collaborators and negotiation is
countries who, for geographical and culture not directly with the client.
limitations, would have been difficult to connect
with. Even so, the relationships are subject to the 4. Conclusions
decision of all CSSM’s partners, since failure to This article has demonstrated the relevance of
meet requirements can affect the company’s network theories in internationalisation,
overall reputation. especially in sectors and markets with businesses
who operate under small economies of scale. The
On the other hand, the relationship with the importance of the horizontal network has also
suppliers is defined differently. Each producer been highlighted, where collaboration with
has the right to receive product from any supplier competitors as well as educational and
it wants. The fact that friendship among CSSM’s governmental institutions help to strengthen the
associates influences their decision to supply network and the capacity of the business to
each other is self-evident, even though the synergise relationships within the network.
majority of companies that dominate the Although companies endeavor to avoid
agricultural supplies market are transnationals. interference from agents in order to eliminate
Figure 5 shows the described network for extra costs and generate more profits, they are
producers belonging to CSSM. necessary on occasion, especially when
companies are uncertain about being able to
fulfill their commitments to overseas clients.
4 types of vertical networks were visible in this

company, the first one being with Asian
companies. Today, it is weakening because of the
firm’s inability to keep commitments. The
second strongest is that of the US because of
geographical proximity, national trends, the
NAFTA and a lower standard of expected
quality. The third network is the use of agents
when one cannot fulfill an obligation to a client
and the fourth is through a cluster, which
Figure 5. Internationalisation network of CSSM although in project stage, has been formally
producers implemented. This is how the different vertical
Source: Prepared by autor.
networks affect internationalisation. Although
the Persian lime producer, CSSM, is considered
Therefore, the aspects described in the network a Late Starter company, it has demonstrated that
theory were fulfilled in the following way: first-
44-51.
51
Social Sciences
it can form a committed horizontal network Romo, P. (2015) “Jalisco envía embarque de
including collaboration with different players limón a Corea del Sur”. El economista. Jun
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rural e internacionalización mediante redes
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vol. 14, no. 2, pp. 117-134. Estado”. Disponible en:
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México Free Trade Agreement, Documento estadísticos”. Disponible en:
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Ellis, P. (2000). Social ties and foreign market dónde de la internacionalización de la
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Agropecuario. Septiembre de 2005.

44-51.
52
Proposals of action for the tourist development from the national and state governess. Electoral
candidates.
Administrative Sciences
Proposals of action for the tourist development from the national and state
governess. Electoral candidates.
Mónica Isabel MEJÍA ROCHA,Betzabeth Dafne MORALES, Mónica PÉREZ SÁNCHEZ

monicamejia@ugto.mx
Fracc. El Establo Marfil s/n. Guanajuato, Gto.
___________________________________________________________________________________________________
Resumen Abstract
La actividad turística se asocia Tourism activity is significantly associated with

significativamente con el desarrollo de las the development of societies. The tourism
sociedades. El fenómeno turístico se ha phenomenon has positioned itself as one of the
posicionado como una de las principales fuentes main generating sources of sight and an engine
generadora de divisar y un motor para la for the constant generation of jobs, also boosting
generación constante de empleos, dinamizando, the economic and social activities of the
además, las actividades económicas y sociales destinations where it takes place (Blanco, 2008,
de los destinos donde se lleva a cabo (Blanco, Chávez, 2005 ; OMT, 2013; Osorio, 2006). The
2008; Chávez, 2005; OMT,2013; Osorio, 2006). purpose of this paper is to analyze the way in
El presente trabajo tiene como finalidad el which the candidates for the republic and the
analizar la manera en la que los candidatos a la state of Guanajuato propose development
república y del estado de Guanajuato, proponen strategies, preferably aimed at sustainable
estrategias de desarrollo encaminadas, tourism development, during their electoral
preferentemente, hacia un desarrollo turístico campaigns. Among the main results, it was
sostenible, esto durante sus campañas known that even though all the candidates allude
electorales. Dentro de los principales resultados, to the importance of this activity for the
se pudo conocer que aun cuando todos los development of the country, none of the
candidatos aluden a la importancia de esta candidates raises a strategic plan of tourism
actividad para el desarrollo del país, ninguno de development towards sustainability, smart
los candidatos plantea un plan estratégico de destinations, among others, in addition , there are
desarrollo turístico hacia la sostenibilidad, issues such as child sex tourism, insecurity and
destinos inteligentes, entre otros, además, hay shelter and promotion of national and state crafts
temas como el turismo sexual infantil, la in tourism, which have not been addressed by
inseguridad y el resguardo y fomento de las any of the candidates who have submitted their
artesanías nacionales y estatales en materia proposals on tourism development.
turística, que no han sido tratados por ninguno
de los candidatos que han presentado sus Keywords: tourism, candidates, state, nation,
propuestas en materia de desarrollo turístico. proposals
Palabras clave: turismo, candidatos, estado,

nación, propuestas
I. Introduction
Mónica Isabel Mejía Rocha, Betzabeth Dafne Morales, Mónica

ISSN-En linea: 2395-860X Pérez. Proposals of action for the tourist development from the
ECORFAN® Todos los derechos reservados national and state governess. Electoral candidates. UTSOE-
Journal Multidisciplinary Science 2018, 5-10: 52-57.
53
candidates.
Tourism social phenomenon that alludes to the Kong, Greece, Russia, Japan and Canada; being
act, a lot more complex than a geographic only surpassed by such nations as: France,
displacement on itself, it refers to the voluntary United States, Spain, China, Italy, United
migration of impact and significance in same life Kingdom and Germany.
of the people (Toselli, 2003). This effect activity
multiplier becomes visible more in an older
number of groups and spaces each time.
In the world, tourism has already shown his

value when being considered as a dynamizer
element gives birth to the progress development
socioeconomic of the nations (OMT, 2017). The
volume of the tourist business in some occasions
is equal or superior that petrochemical
exportations, food or automotive sectors. The
previous is confirmed when representing the 10
Figure 1 International Tourists in Mexico and position in
% of GDP; giving origin to one of each ten World Ranking (2008 - 2017). Source: SECTUR 2018.
employments; reflecting 1.4 trillions of US
dollars in exportations; the 7% of the worldwide
exportations and the 30% of the exportations in In the state of Guanajuato, tourism activity
services. shows an equally favorable behavior,
With not much more than 200 million representing 9.4% of GDP, becoming the second
international tourists who arrived at the economic force of the state, surpassed only by
Américas zone in year 2017, it is expected that the automotive sector and leaving behind the
tourist activity plays a relevant role in the agricultural sector and leather and footwear.
delivery of solutions towards the sustainable Within the National Ranking there has been a
development of this region where such topics significant participation in recent years (Graph
attend one I eat: The relief to the poverty, 2).
Biodiversity protection, the cultural heritage and
the community development of their villages
(OMT, 2018).
Tourist activity in Mexico shows a Graph 2. Tourists in the state of Guanajuato and position
behavior suitable in last years, it reflects the in the National Ranking (2009 - 2017). Source: Own
elaboration from OTEG, 2018
8.5% of the GDP, whereas in the OCDE other
member countries, he reaches at least the 4.1%.
According to the World Tourism Organization
In previous year, 2017 (SECTUR, 2018), an
(WTO) and the International Cultural Council
increment in arrive of tourists have been
(ICOMOS), the cultural heritage - tangible or
achieved. The arrival of international tourists in
intangible - of a destination becomes a strong
the country has contributed in managing to
attractor for tourist travel. In the state of
position and keep in the first nations in the
Guanajuato, it can be observed that the
worldwide ranking, achieving in last year (2017)
destination with the longest stay is a business
one suitable position when placing above
destination (Salamanca), in recent development,
Thailand, Turkey, Austria, Malaysia, Hong
54
candidates.
while the destination with the largest number of Guanajuato, propose development strategies
tourists is León. aimed, preferably, towards sustainable tourism
development, this during their election
Mexico has recently gone through a campaigns.
transcendent electoral process, in which not only
a president, state governors, a head of II. Literature review
government, mayors, councilmen, aldermen,
municipal boards, unions, senators and local and Tourist system
federal deputies have been elected, giving a total
of 18,311 disputes throughout the country, Tourist activity is significantly associated with
which would be elected by a nominal list of 89 the development of societies. The tourist
million people, the highest in all its history (INE, phenomenon has positioned itself as one of the
2018). main sources generating divisar and an engine
for the constant generation of jobs, dynamizing,
From last October (2017) to June (2018), it is in addition, the economic and social activities of
estimated that almost 60 million messages from the destinations where it takes place (Blanco,
candidates for different positions were broadcast 2015; Chávez, 2005; OMT, 2013; Osorio, 2016).
on both radio and television. The candidates for In addition, it promotes the mobilization of
president of the Republic were: Ricardo Anaya different public and private sectors for the
Cortes, for the alliance "México al Frente", José planning, development and relevant and
Antonio Meade Kuribreña "Todos por México", competitive permanence of the destinations
Andrés Manuel López Obrador "Juntos Haremos within the national and international tourist
Historia" and Jaime Heliodoro Rodríguez market.
Calderón "Candidatura Independiente" (INE,
2018). The Tourist System, turns out to be the biggest
In the state of Guanajuato (IEEG, 2018), five unit of analysis and structuring of a nation. The
candidates for governor were registered: Diego surface of this unit is usually variable and will
Sinhue Rodríguez Vallejo (PAN, PRD, MC), depend on the total extension of the countries,
Gerardo Sánchez García (PRI), Felipe Arturo the distribution of their attractions and the
Camarena García (PVEM), Francisco Ricardo distance between them. Boullon (1985)
Sheffield Padilla (MORENA, PT, ES) and María considers that the tourist space results from the
Bertha Solorzano Lujano (NA). These presence and territorial distribution of the tourist
candidates would be nominated for election attractions, where together with the tourist plant
according to the vote of 4,358,478 and infrastructure of a determined entity, they
Guanajuatenses registered in the nominal list and constitute the essential elements to delimit the
with the right to vote. tourist space of any country.
Electoral campaigns, strategic and tactical
decisions (Heras, Diaz and Medrano, 2017) in This space is usually represented randomly, due
which political groups through their candidates to which, this author suggests the alignment of
generate, distribute and enhance information of all tourist space, through points (scale centers,
political interest to citizens on issues relevant to stadium centers or units), plans (zones, areas,
various problems, needs and political issues. complexes, nuclei, sets or distribution centers),
Our study intends to analyze the way in which and lines (transfer corridors or stay corridors).
the candidates to the republic and the state of
55
candidates.
In terms of tourist space, recent planning models Tourism planning can be considered as the
consider the territory as an integral tourist rational, orderly and systematic process for
product that includes at least landscape, managing and achieving the development and
companies, infrastructures, equipment, heritage consolidation of tourist areas (Blanco, Vázquez,
elements, among others. The fact of being able Reyes, Guzmán, 2015).
to count on the identification of these elements Michael E. Porter in his theory of "Competitive
for the optimum management of tourist spaces is Advantage", states that an organization, entity or
considered relevant (UNWTO, 2006). product is capable of determining and sustaining
its competitive processes. Whereas, value chains
The World Tourism Organization considers are key pieces in that process. That identifying
tourism resources to be all "goods and services the elements that affect value chains is essential
which, through the activities of man and the for the design of strategies and decision making
means at his disposal, make tourism possible and that lead to competitiveness.
satisfy the needs of demand". From this
perspective, all the resources of a destination can The new models of tourist planning conceive the
be considered as elements of the tourist heritage, tourist product as the geographic space that
as long as they show their potential to satisfy the integrates in itself: landscape, business,
needs, this, as long as the corresponding infrastructure, patrimonial elements, equipment,
intervention of the authorities is given for its etc. Considering, therefore, of vital importance
implementation and adequate use within the the identification of these elements. In order to
tourist product of a certain destination. carry out the selection of the resources that will
integrate the tourist offer, it will be necessary to
The OAS (cited by Pitarch, 2009) proposed a begin with an identification of the places of
methodology to categorize and value, in some tourist interest, to register them through an
way, some element in order to be able to inventory and later to typify them in order to
consider it or not as a tourist resource. There are contribute to the development of plans,
four delimited hierarchies: programs and projects (Bote, 1990), which have
a. Hierarchy 0, Attractive incapable of an impact on the competitive development of a
attracting visitors. tourist destination. It is considered that a "tourist
b. Hierarchy 1, Attractive with some inventory" alludes to the fact of listing, through
important trait and capable of attracting long- a catalogue, the places, objects and events of
distance visitors who have come to a destination tourist interest of a determined area, together
with other intentions. with the complementary services that allow to
c. Hierarchy 2, Exceptional attraction in a attend in a satisfactory way the tourist's needs.
tourist space, which is capable of promoting the
movement of currents of national or foreign
visitors, alone or in conjunction with other
adjacent attractions.
d. Hierarchy 3, Attractive with exceptional Metodology
features that alone motivates an important
stream of visitors. The proposals of the candidates for President of
the Republic and Governor of the State of
2.5 Tourism Planning Guanajuato were reviewed in order to identify
tourism development proposals for the country
56
candidates.
and the state. Analysis of documentary type in on indicators such as: security, infrastructure,
archives and electronic platforms where these private investment, connectivity, etc.
proposals could be known. Unfortunately, there are no proposals for
II. Results solutions to the problems generated by the
A) Proposals of federal candidates development of tourism activities, such as:
- Greater security in the country's tourist sustainable development integrated into existing
destinations (AMLO, Anaya, Meade). destinations, intelligent destinations, among
- Decentralization of tourism industry others, there are also issues such as child sex
institutions in order to reactivate their dynamism tourism, insecurity and the protection and
(AMLO). promotion of national and state crafts in tourism,
• Economic impulse to the Mayan zone and which have not been addressed by any of the
south region of the country (AMLO). candidates who have presented their proposals
- Promote private capital investment in the sector on tourism development.
from the national to the international (AMLO, From the above, it can be said that even though
Anaya, Meade). Mexico and the state of Guanajuato are
- Autonomy in tourism organizations to increase positioned in favorable places within the tourist
their efficiency of competition (Meade). activity, it is still necessary to redouble strategies
- Reactivate inland tourism in the country and actions to promote a sustainable
(Anaya). development of tourism, in addition to
- Strengthen meeting, business and convention considering the problems that arise from this
tourism (Meade). social phenomenon.
- Strengthen air connectivity to and from tourist
areas (AMLO, Meade, Anaya). Referenes
• Decrease of migratory procedures and visas in
some countries of Europe and Asia (Meade). Blanco, P., Vázquez, V., Reyes, J., Guzmán, M.
B) Proposals State Candidates (2015). Inventario de recursos turísticos
- Creation of tourist tianguis in the region como base para la planificación
between Yuriria, Salvatierra and Acámbaro, in territorial en la zona Altiplano de San
the process of obtaining the appointment of these Luis Potosí, México. Cuadernos de
municipalities as "Magical Villages" (Sinhue). Turismo, Universidad de Murcia. (35).
- Elimination of Silao - Guanajuato (Sheffield) Boullón, R. (1985). Planificación del espacio
quota payment. turístico. México: Trillas.
- Strengthen the Moroleón, Uriangato and El Financiero (2018).
Yuriria areas as an economic-tourist pole http://www.elfinanciero.com.mx/empres
(Sánchez). as/las-9-propuestas-en-turismo-de-
- Security to municipalities - state destinations anaya-amlo-y-meade
(Sinhue, Camarena, Sheffield; Lujano). INEGI (2000). Marco Geoestadístico Nacional
http://www.inegi.org.mx/geo/contenidos
Conclusions /geoestadistica/catalogoclaves.aspx
OEA (2018). La OEA y la OMT presentan
It can be seen that the proposals of federal informe “El turismo y los Objetivos de
candidates have greater coverage in terms of Desarrollo Sostenible: Buenas Prácticas
state proposals, even in their own field of en las Américas”. Recuperado de:
application. Most of these focus their attention http://www.oas.org/es/centro_noticias/c
57
candidates.
omunicado_prensa.asp?sCodigo=C-
018/18
OMT (2011). Manual para el desarrollo de
productos turísticos. OMT: España
Ruleta Rusa (2018).
https://www.ruletarusa.mx/gto/primer-
mes-de-propuestas-de-los-candidatos-a-
la-gubernatura/
UNWTO (2017). ¡Por qué el Turismo? El
turismo: un fenómeno económico y
social. Recuperado de:
http://www2.unwto.org/es/content/por-
que-el-turismo
Jiménez, L. y Jiménez, W. (2013). Turismo,
tendencias globales y planificación
estratégica. Bogotá: Ecoe Ediciones.

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UTSOE-Journal Multidisciplinary Science
Compost of bagasse of Agave tequilana W., substrate for seedling production

Rodríguez Guzmán Eduardo, Arellano Rodríguez Luis Javier, De Luna Vega Alicia,
Arriaga Ruiz Ma. Cruz.
Diagnosis and Treatment of Canine Pyometra: Clinical Case Report.

Lucio Rodolfo, Sesento Leticia, Bedolla Jose Luis Carlos, Cruz Angel Raul.
Dopaminergic receptor type 1 antagonism in rat ovarian tissue: effects on

ovulation and ovarian compensatory hypertrophy
Guzmán Herrera Nataly, Sánchez García Octavio, Handal Silva Anabella, Morán
Perales José Luis.

Gutiérrez Torres Luis Germán, Martínez López Fernando José, Morales Orozco David

Fernández Ramírez Arnoldo, Cuan Duron Enrique, García Andrade Roxana,
Martínez Reyes Armando
Internationalisation of Agricultural SMEs Based on Network Theory

Castillo Giron Víctor Manuel, Ayala Ramìrez Suhey, De Leoan Mora Omar Alonso
Proposals of action for the tourist development from the national and
state governess. Electoral candidates.
Mónica Isabel Mejía Rocha, Betzabeth Dafne Morales, Mónica Pérez Sánchez

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I

Artícle Agricultural Sciences

Sánchez García, Alejandro MsC.

TARQUIS- Ana, PhD.

GARCIA MENDOZA- Ruben, PhD.

MINA ROSALES- Alejandra, cPhD.

MARCANO CEDEÑO- Alexis, PhD.

RUIZ FERNANDEZ– Daniel, PhD.

RAMIREZ LEMUS-Lidia, PhD

Diagnosis and Treatment of Canine Pyometra: Clinical Case Report. 6-11

Dopaminergic receptor type 1 antagonism in rat ovarian tissue: effects on

SQL Queries Examination System: Automatic Test and Feedback 28-34

Internationalisation of Agricultural SMEs Based on Network Theory 44-51

Instructions for Authors

RODRÍGUEZ GUZMÁN, Eduardo, ARELLANO

1. Introduction Properties Agave bagasse

3. Results and Discusion PFR PSR

Percentage of seed emergence and seed’s CA CA+ec SS B

RODRÍGUEZ GUZMÁN Eduardo, ARELLANO RODRÍGUEZ

by pepper (16% ) and cucumber (10%) (FIRA,

RODRÍGUEZ GUZMÁN Eduardo, ARELLANO RODRÍGUEZ

Hidalgo. 2 Colegio Primitivo y Nacional de San Nicolás de Hidalgo.

SUMMARY Keywords: Pyometra, diagnostic,

LUCIO RODOLFO, SESENTO LETICIA, BEDOLLA JOSE LUIS

LUCIO RODOLFO, SESENTO LETICIA, BEDOLLA JOSE LUIS

Figure 2. Right uterine horn. Four hypoechoic

LUCIO RODOLFO, SESENTO LETICIA, BEDOLLA JOSE LUIS

LUCIO RODOLFO, SESENTO LETICIA, BEDOLLA JOSE LUIS

LUCIO RODOLFO, SESENTO LETICIA, BEDOLLA JOSE LUIS

LUCIO RODOLFO, SESENTO LETICIA, BEDOLLA JOSE LUIS

Dopaminergic receptor type 1 antagonism in rat ovarian tissue: effects on ovulation

Abstract antagonist on Dietrous-1. The NvSN by in situ ovary

GUZMÁN HERRERA NATALY, SÁNCHEZ GARCÍA OCTAVIO,

1. Introduction cells of teak, granulose and ovocyte (Rey-Ares

confirmed that follicular development is 3. Research Methodology

3.6 Data Analysis: The total number of days from haemicastration to

GUZMÁN HERRERA NATALY, SÁNCHEZ GARCÍA OCTAVIO,

the microinjection of the dopaminergic 13.0±1. 8.3±1.5 4.0±0. 5.0±0.0*

4.3 Compensating Ovulation (OC) of the

The percentage of OC among ovaries remaining

By comparing the OC between the in situ ovaries

20.8±0.5 or OD in situ + SCH 23390 (N=16):

4.5 Ovary Compensating Hypertrophy

In a haemicastrated animal without treatment

GUZMÁN HERRERA NATALY, SÁNCHEZ GARCÍA OCTAVIO,

vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP)-containing catecholaminergic blockade by haloperidol or

Neill, JD., editors. The Physiology of ovary. Endocrinology 178: 3320-3329.

receptor repertoire of human granullosa cells. 8. Acknowlegments

SQL Queries Examination System: Automatic Test and Feedback

ISSN-En linea: 2395-860X GUTIÉRREZ TORRES Luis Germán, MARTÍNEZ LÓPEZ

Introduction system proposed by Mitrovic (2003) that allows

ISSN-En linea: 2395-860X GUTIÉRREZ TORRES Luis Germán, MARTÍNEZ LÓPEZ

ISSN-En linea: 2395-860X GUTIÉRREZ TORRES Luis Germán, MARTÍNEZ LÓPEZ

The evaluation of SQL queries is made

ISSN-En linea: 2395-860X GUTIÉRREZ TORRES Luis Germán, MARTÍNEZ LÓPEZ

The three-tier architecture allows any one of the

The main tiers in a multi-tier architecture are:

Presentation Tier: This tier communicates with

ISSN-En linea: 2395-860X GUTIÉRREZ TORRES Luis Germán, MARTÍNEZ LÓPEZ

was used in the creation and evaluation of the

User Solved Problems

The main question of this paper is the following:

ISSN-En linea: 2395-860X GUTIÉRREZ TORRES Luis Germán, MARTÍNEZ LÓPEZ