Dead key

A dead key is a special kind of a modifier key on a mechanical typewriter, or computer keyboard, that is
typically used to attach a specific diacritic to a base letter.[1] The dead key does not generate a (complete)
character by itself, but modifies the character generated by the key struck immediately after. Thus, a
dedicated key is not needed for each possible combination of a diacritic and a letter, but rather only one dead
key for each diacritic is needed, in addition to the normal base letter keys.

For example, if a keyboard has a dead key for the grave accent (`), the French character à can be generated
by first pressing ` and then a , whereas è can be generated by first pressing ` and then e .[2] Another
example is the Spanish letter Ñ, which can be generated via ~ and N , hence Ñ.

Usually, the diacritic itself can be generated as an isolated character by pressing the dead key followed by
space; so a plain grave accent can be typed by pressing ` and then Space .

Contents
Usage
Chained dead keys
Dead keys on various keyboard layouts
See also
References
External links

Usage
A dead key is different from a typical modifier key (such as AltGr or ⌥ Option ) in that rather than being
pressed and held while another key is struck, the dead key is pressed and released before striking the key to
be modified. In some computer systems, there is no indication to the user that a dead key has been struck so
the key appears dead, but in some text-entry systems, the diacritic is displayed, along with an indication that
the system is waiting for another keystroke to complete the typing sequence.

On a typewriter, the character modifier functionality is accomplished mechanically, by striking the

diacritical mark without advancing the carriage (in modern terminology, diacritical mark keys on typewriters
are non-spacing). With most mechanical typewriters, the key on the keyboard caused a small bar of metal to
rise; the letter desired was on the end of the bar. In addition to striking the paper through the ribbon, causing
ink to be deposited on the paper, the bar would prevent the platen-paper carriage assembly from advancing.
Thus, the following letter will strike the same spot on the paper. A typewriter is made in such a way that one
could place an acute accent (´) on a q, for example.

Computers, however, work differently. The dead key temporarily changes the mapping of the keyboard for
the next keystroke, which activates a special keyboard mode rather than actually generating a modifier
character. Instead of the normal letter, a precomposed variant, with the appropriate diacritic, is generated.
Each combination of a diacritic and a base letter must be specified in the character set and must be
supported by the font in use.
There is no precomposed character to combine the acute accent with the letter q, striking ´ and then q is
likely to result in ´q, with the accent and letter as separate characters. However, in some systems, the invalid
typing sequence may be discarded. (By using the combining characters available in the Unicode character
set, it may be possible to generate a combination that more or less looks like a q with an acute accent (q́ ),
but that technique is quite distinct from the dead key functionality. In addition, since a letter like q does not
normally take accents, font makers may not include the font attributes necessary for a combining accent to
be applied successfully or in an attractive way. It is necessary to test this usage on a font by font basis, since
support for accenting in this way varies considerably.)

Chained dead keys

Unicode encoded over one hundred precomposed characters with two diacritics, for use in Latin script for
Vietnamese and a number of other languages. For convenience, they are generated on most keyboards
supporting them, by pressing the two corresponding deadkeys in any order, followed by the letter key.
Therefore, these dead keys are chained, which means that the second keystroke does not trigger any
insertion, the system being still awaiting another key press.

This chained dead key behavior is toggled by the dead key flag, which is the fourth argument of the
DEADTRANS function (after the base character code, the diacritic code, and the composed character code).
If this flag is set to its default value zero, the composed character is inserted; if it is set to one, the composed
character code is handled as another diacritic code like those due to dead key presses, and occurs typically
as a second argument in other deadlist entries.

Chaining dead keys allows for compose key emulation by simply using the dead key feature. This may be
performed either with proprietary keyboard editing software,[3] or with driver development kits.[4]

Dead keys on various keyboard layouts

A key may function as a dead key by default, and many non-English keyboard layouts in particular have
dead keys directly on the keyboard. The basic US keyboard does not have any dead keys, but the US-
International keyboard layout, available on Windows and the X Window System, places some dead keys
directly on similar-looking punctuation marks. Old computer systems, such as the MSX, often had a special
key labeled dead key, which in combination with the Ctrl and Shift keys could be used to add some of the
diacritics commonly needed in the Western European languages (´, `, ˆ and ¨) to vowels that were typed
subsequently.

In the absence of a default dead key, even a normal printing key can temporarily be altered to function as a
dead key by simultaneously holding down another modifier key (typically AltGr or Option). In Microsoft
Word (and in most other text-input fields), using the Control key with a key that usually resembles the
diacritic (e.g. ^ for a circumflex) acts as a dead key: [5]

Ctrl + ' → á, é, í, ó, ú
Ctrl + ` → à, è, ì, ò, ù
Ctrl + ⇧ Shift + : → ä, ë, ï, ö, ü, ÿ
Ctrl + ⇧ Shift + ^ → â, ê, î, ô, û
Ctrl + ⇧ Shift + ~ → ã, õ, ñ
Ctrl + , → ç

On the Macintosh, many keyboard layouts employ dead keys. In the U.S. layout, the following selection of
dead keys appears:
 ⌥ Option + e → á, é, í, ó, ú
⌥ Option + ` → à, è, ì, ò, ù
⌥ Option + u → ä, ë, ï, ö, ü, ÿ
⌥ Option + i → â, ê, î, ô, û
⌥ Option + n → ã, õ, ñ

For example, when ⌥ Option + E are first pressed simultaneously and then followed by A , the result is á.
On a Macintosh, pressing one of these Option-key combinations creates the accent and highlights it, then the
final character appears when the key for the base character is pressed. However, some diacritically-marked
Latin letters less common in the Western European languages, such as ŵ (used in Welsh) or š (used in many
Eastern European languages), cannot be typed with the U.S. layout, which predates Unicode and only
provides access to characters found in the legacy Mac Roman character set. Access to many more diacritics
is provided by the U.S. Extended keyboard layout.

In AmigaOS, dead keys are generated by pressing Alt in combination with F (acute), G (grave), H
(circumflex), J (tilde) or K (trema) (e.g., the ALT-F combination followed by the a key generates á and
ALT-F followed by e generates é, whereas ALT-G followed by a generates à and ALT-G followed by e
generates è).[6]

See also
Modifier key
Compose key
AltGr key
Windows Alt keycodes
Precomposed character
Combining character
Sticky keys

References
1. "Dead Key | Definition of Dead Key by Merriam-Webster" (http://www.merriam-webster.com/dic
tionary/dead%20key). Merriam-webster.com. Retrieved 2017-05-01.
2. The Unicode Standard, version 8.0.0, ch.05, §12 Strategies for Handling Nonspacing Marks:
Keyboard Input | https://www.unicode.org/versions/Unicode8.0.0/ch05.pdf#G1076
3. "Chained dead keys" (http://www.kbdedit.com/manual/dead_chained.html). Kbdedit.com.
Retrieved 2017-05-01.
4. "Download Windows Driver Kit Version 7.1.0 from Official Microsoft Download Center" (https://
www.microsoft.com/en-us/download/details.aspx?id=11800). Microsoft.com. 2010-02-26.
Retrieved 2017-05-01.
5. "How do I get letters with accent marks in Microsoft Word?" (https://www.computerhope.com/is
sues/ch000657.htm). www.computerhope.com. Retrieved 21 February 2019.
6. Commodore-Amiga, Inc. AMIGA ROM Kernel Reference Manual LIBRARIES. Addison-
Wesley. pp. 823–827. ISBN 0-201-56774-1.

External links
Microsoft Office Keyboard shortcuts for international characters (https://support.office.com/en-
us/article/keyboard-shortcuts-for-international-characters-108fa0c1-fb8e-4aae-9db1-d60407d1
 3c35)

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This page was last edited on 4 November 2019, at 10:58 (UTC).

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