BUILDING AUTOMATION

LABORATORY
Dr. RM.KUPPAN CHETTY
Mechanical Engineering (Mechatronics)
 EXP.No.1
HVAC CONTROLS & INSTRUMENTATION

• Objectives

Become familiar with the components of HVAC Systems

and Know their functions
Discriminate between the smaller Air-conditioning
system and HVAC system
Identify and understand the use of various Sensing and
Control strategies
Create and evaluate a simple HVAC sub system.

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 HVAC
• Heating, Ventilation and Air
Conditioning
• Provides comfort for people
• Allows humans to exist under
adverse conditions.

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SMALLER AIR-CONDITIONING SYSTEMS

Ref: http://twentyonecelsius.com.au/blog/everything-you-
need-to-know-about-hvac-systems/

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Basic function of a HVAC system:

Ref: http://twentyonecelsius.com.au/blog/everything-you-
need-to-know-about-hvac-systems/

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 HVAC upgrades at gym
A new heating, ventilation and air conditioning system sits above the basketball court in
the Maxwell Fitness Center
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 HVAC automatic control
• Maintain environmental quality
– Thermal comfort
– Indoor air quality
– Material protection
• Conserve energy
• Protect equipment

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BASIC HVAC SYSTEM COMPONENTS

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HVAC Components:

Condenser

1 Expansion
valve
2 Fan
3 Compressor
4 Heat
exchange coils

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HVAC Components:

Air Handler
1 Heat exchange coils
2
2 Fan

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HVAC Components:

Duct System

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 HVAC Components: Duct System

Supply Ducts

Supply
Plenum

Air Return Grille

Handler

Return
Plenum

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Schematic diagram of a typical HVAC system

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 HVAC Main subsystems

Exhaust air treatment

Fresh air treatment

(make-up air) Terminal air treatment
+
at production room level

Production Room
Central air handling unit

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 Main subsystems
Exhaust air treatment

Fresh air treatment

(make-up air) Terminal air treatment
+
at production room level

Production Room
Central air handling unit

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 Overview components
Exhaust Air Grille
SilencerFlow rate controller Fan Filter

Weather louvre Control damper

Heater
+
Humidifier
Prefilter Terminal filter

Cooling Secondary Filter

Production Room
coil
with
Heating
droplet
coil separator Re-circulated air

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 Basic HVAC Equipment

• Fans / Blowers
• Furnace / Heating unit
• Filters
• Compressor
• Condensing units
• Evaporator (cooling coil)
• Control System
• Air Distribution System

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Components (1)
l Weather louvre •To prevent insects, leaves, dirt
and rain from entering
l Silencer •To reduce noise caused by air
circulation
l Flow rate •Automated adjustment of
controller volume of air (night and day,
pressure control)
•Fixed adjustment of volume of
l Control damper air

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Components (2)

Heating unit •To heat the air to the proper temperature

•
Cooling unit •To cool the air to the required temperature
• /dehumidifier or to remove moisture from the air

Humidifier •To bring the air to the proper humidity, if

• too low
Filters
•To eliminate particles of pre-determined
dimensions and/or micro-organisms
Ducts
•To transport the air

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Problems with components

Flow rate controller •Blocked

Control damper •Poorly adjusted, bad pressure differential system

•Bad water/steam quality/poor drainage

Humidifier
•No elimination of condensed water/poor
Cooling battery drainage

Filters •Incorrect retention rate/damaged/badly

installed
Ducts •Inappropriate material/internal insulator
•leaking

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 Terminology

• Sensor
– Measures quantity of
interest
• Controller
– Interprets sensor data
• Controlled device
– Changes based on
controller output
Figure 2-13

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 Basic Refrigeration Cycle
Condenser

Compressor

Expansion Valve

Evaporator

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 outdoor

Direct Indirect
Closed Loop or Feedback Open Loop or Feedforward

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 HVAC SENSING AND CONTROLS
A proper environment is described with four variables:
• Temperature
• Humidity
• Pressure
• Ventilation – Air Flow
•Sensors used are
• TEMPERATURE – RTD, THERMOSTATS
• Humidity / DEW Point – Hygrometer – Resistance, capacitance
etc.
• Pressure – Diaphragm
• Ventilation – Air Flow – Anemometers, Pitot Tubes etc..
• Actuators : Heater, Valves, Dampers, Diaphragms and FANS
• Controllers used are
• Temperature Controller
• Humidity Controller
• Enthalpy Controller

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 Control Devices
• Thermostats
– Manual
– Programmable
• Optimum Start
• DDC Systems
• Variable Speed Drives
• Automatic Valves and Dampers
• Outdoor Sensors

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EXAMPLE 1: ROOM TEMPERATURE CONTROL

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 Two-Position Control Systems
• Used in small, relatively simple systems
• Controlled device is on or off
– It is a switch, not a valve
• Good for devices that change slowly

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 Modulating Control Systems
• Used in larger systems
• Output can be anywhere in operating range
• Three main types
– Proportional
– PI
– PID

Electric (pneumatic) motor

Position (x)

fluid

Volume flow rate

Vfluid = f(x) - linear or exponential function
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 Modulating Control Systems
Example: Heat exchanger control
– Modulating (Analog) control

Cooling coil

air
x

water

(set point temperature)

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 Proportional Controllers
x  A  K  (Tset point  Tmeasured )
x is controller output
A is controller output with no error
(often A=0)
Kis proportional gain constant
e = Tset point  Tmeasured is error (offset)

Issues ?
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 The PID constants
control algorithm
time

e(t) – difference between

set point and
measured value
Position (x) Proportional Integral Differential

For our example of heating coil:

K d (Tset point  Tmeasured )

x  K  (Tset point  Tmeasured )   (Tset point  Tmeasured )d  K  Td
Ti d

Proportional Integral Differential

(how much) (for how long) (how fast)

Position
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of the valve RMKP-BASLAB-2018 31
 Proportional + Integral (PI)
K
x  A  K  (Tset point  Tmeasured )   (Tset point  Tmeasured )d
Ti

K/Ti is integral gain

If controller is tuned
properly, offset is reduced
to zero

Issues ?
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Figure 2-18a
 The Real World

• 50% of buildings have control problems

– 90% tuning and optimization
– 10% faults
• 25% energy savings from correcting control
problems
• Commissioning is critically important

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 BACKGROUND READING
• Identify and explain how the central air-conditioning system work? Have
you heard about Chilled Water System used in air-conditioning? Explain in
detail.

• Identify and list the benefits of a Control system. With neat sketch explain
in detail about sensing and control of Air Handling Unit, Temperature and
Humidity in HVAC system.

• At this era the computer plays a major role in any digital control systems.
Identify the role of digital computer in HVAC systems and explain about
the direct digital control (DDC) systems that are used in modern HVAC
Systems.

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 HANDS ON EXERCISE
1. Design and Develop a simple Room Temperature
Control System, where the temperature of the room is
to be maintained.
• Objective is to switch on the fan when the
temperature increases from room temperature. It
is recommended to identify and use any suitable
sensor and a final control element.
• Design a suitable on-off controller for the above
problem and evaluate its performance.

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 or

2. For the same problem, develop a

MATLAB/Simulink model, and evaluate the
performance for
1. ON-OFF
2. Proportional (P)
3. Proportional – Integral (PI) and
4. PID controllers.

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RUBRICS FOR ASSESSMENT (ASSESSMENT CRITERIA)
Mark Allotted in Total – 20 marks:
Time: two lab sessions
• Timely Submission – 1 Mark
• LAB Exercises – 16 Marks
• Overview – 10%
• Background work – 10%
• Design and Development – 30%
• Explanations/calculations – 20%
• Completion and execution – 20%
• Inference – 10%
• Contributions amongst the team members – 2 Mark
• Attendance – 1 Mark
Report Submission due: One day Before the Next Lab Session

THANK YOU
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Example: Temperature Controlled FAN Circuit

ON and OFF a DC 12V fan according to the changes in temperature

It is recommended to design a Digital Controller /

using LabVIEW, Arduino, or even MATLAB
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 Additional Information / Resources
• ASHRAE – The American Society of Heating,
Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers
– www.ashrae.org
• Geothermal heat pump consortium
www.geoexchange.org
• www.buildingscience.com
• www.energycodes.gov

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