UNIT - I

CIRCUITS AND TRANSFORMERS

Ref:
1. I.J. Nagrath, T.P. Kothari., Basic Electrical Engineering, McGraw-Hill
Publishing company Ltd., Second edition, 2002.
2. Fundamentals of Electric Circuits, 4th edition, Alexander Sadiku

Disclaimer
Pictures and support materials used are open source information from various
references and online sources. The information in this presentation was compiled
from sources believed to be reliable for informational purposes and non
commercial use only.
VOLTAGE
• Potential difference between two points
• Electric Pressure
• UNIT - V
• W/ Q
• Energy required to move a Unit charge through
and element

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 Voltage
• The flow of charge is established by an external
“pressure” derived from the energy that a mass
has by virtue of its position: Potential energy
• Energy: the capacity to do work
– If a mass (m) is raised to some height (h) above a
reference plane, it has a measure of potential
energy expressed in joules (J) that is determined by
– W (potential energy) = mgh
where g is the gravitational acceleration (9.8 m/s2)

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 Voltage
• A potential difference of 1 volt (V) exists
between two points if 1 joule (J) of energy is
exchanged in moving 1 coulomb (C) of charge
between the two points
• The unit of measurement volt was chosen to
honor Alessandro Volta
Voltaic pile

1799

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 Current
• Uniform flow of electrons through a circuit
• Unit = Ampere or Amp
• i.e. rate of flow of electric charge
• With no external forces applied, the net flow of charge
in a conductor in any one direction is zero
• Basic electric circuit
• I = dQ/dt.

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 Cause and Effect
• Voltage – Cause
• Current – Effect
• Can Voltage exist without current?
• zero current does not mean zero voltage

Voltage and Current Voltage but no Current No voltage No current

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 Resistors
• A resistor is a circuit element that dissipates
electrical energy (usually as heat)
• Real-world devices that are modeled by resistors:
incandescent light bulbs, heating elements
(stoves, heaters, etc.), long wires
• Resistance is measured in Ohms (W)

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 POWER
• Work done per Unit time
• Unit = Watts (W)
• Rate per unit time in which electrical energy transferred by
an electric circuit.
• P=VQ/t (or) I2R

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 Below is a simple (though not all that functional) circuit: a 9V
battery connected across a 10Ω resistor.
How do we calculate the power
across the resistor?
Sol: P= V2 /R
For example, you want to light up a 10mm super-bright red LED at maximum brightness,
using a 9V battery. That LED has a maximum forward current of 80mA, and a forward
voltage of about 2.2V. So to deliver 80mA to the LED, What would be the value of
resistance used?

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 OHM’s LAW
• German Physicist George Ohm in 1827
• Unit - W
• Provides the Relationship between Current and Voltage
• VI; proportionality constant “R”
• V=IR

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 Ohm’s Law

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Thought Question?

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Answer

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Example 2:
A 12V battery is connected across a load having a
resistance of 40W. Determine the Current Flow in the
load, the power consumed and the energy dissipated in
2 minutes.

12V 40W

a. I = V/R = 0.3A
b. Power Consumed P = VI = 3.6W
c. Energy dissipated = P*t = 3.6 * 2*60 = 432J

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 Example: a 25W Bulb
• If the voltage across a 25W bulb is 120V, what
is its resistance?
R = V2/P = (120V)2/25W = 576 W
• What is the current flowing through the 25W
bulb?
I = V/R = 120V/576 W = 0.208 A

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 Thought Question?
• When I measured the resistance of a 25W
bulb as used in previous example I got a Value
of 40W. What’s wrong here?

 of tungsten = 4.5*10-3 / K

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 Open Circuit
• What if R=?
i(t)=0
The Rest +
of the
Circuit v(t)

• i(t) = v(t)/R = 0

An open circuit can be considered to be a resistor R = 

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 Short Circuit
• What if R=0?
i(t)
The Rest +
of the
Circuit v(t)=0

• v(t) = R i(t) = 0

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 Resistors in Series
• Daisy chained together
• Common current Flows through it

• Equivalent Resistance
Rtotal = R1 + R2 + R3 + ….. Rn etc.

a single value of resistance that can replace any number of resistors in series
without altering the values of the current or the voltage in the circuit
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 If two resistances or impedances in series are
equal and of the same value, then the total or
equivalent resistance, RT is equal to twice the
value of one resistor. That is equal to 2R and for
three equal resistors in series, 3R, etc.

If two resistors or impedances in series are

unequal and of different values, then the total or
equivalent resistance, RT is equal to the
mathematical sum of the two resistances. That is
equal to R1 + R2. If three or more unequal (or
equal) resistors are connected in series then the
equivalent resistance is: R1 + R2 + R3 +…, etc.

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 The Voltage Divider Circuit
• Splits the supply voltage proportionally across each resistor
in the series chain
• larger resistance will have a larger voltage drop across it

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Applications of Resistors in Series
Thermistor Circuit – used to measure Temperature

For example, the following

thermistor circuit has a
resistance of 10KΩ at 25°C and a
resistance of 100Ω at 100°C.
Calculate the output voltage
(Vout) for both temperatures.

At 25°C

At 100°C

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Resistors in Parallel
Resistors are said to be
connected together in parallel
when both of their terminals
are respectively connected to
each terminal of the other
resistor or resistors

• Have Common Voltage across them

• Current divides & it may not be
same in all branches

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Parallel Resistor Equation

Calculate the individual branch currents and total current drawn from the power supply
for the following set of resistors connected together in a parallel combination.

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Resistors in Series and Parallel
• Resistor Combination or mixed resistor circuits

But if Circuit is as Follows?

Apply Kirchoff’s Current law and Voltage law

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STAR – DELTA TRANSFORMATIONS
• Used for complex circuits where elements are neither in parallel
nor in series
• To convert impedances connected together in a 3-phase
configuration from one type of connection to another
• Star (Y) – Wye
• Delta () -  Pie

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T-connected and Equivalent Star Network

Pi-connected and Equivalent Delta Network

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Delta to Star Network
Compare the resistances between
terminals 1 and 2.

4.61W
18.46W
12.31W

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Star to Delta Transformation
The value of the resistor on any one side of the delta, Δ network is
the sum of all the two-product combinations of resistors in the star
network divide by the star resistor located “directly opposite” the
delta resistor being found.

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Example: Convert the following Star Resistive Network into an
equivalent Delta Network.

Both Star Delta Transformation and Delta

Star Transformation allows us to convert
one type of circuit connection into another
type in order for us to easily analyse the
circuit.
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Summary

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Ex.: Find the Resistance across AB for the given circuit
Step 1: Identify the Star network in the
circuit. Then convert them into delta

Step 2:

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Resistance Equivalent across AB is

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Kirchoff’s Laws

Unit I
Circuit Definitions
• Node – any point where 2 or more circuit
elements are connected together
– Wires usually have negligible resistance
– Each node has one voltage (w.r.t. ground)
• Branch – a circuit element between two nodes
• Loop – a collection of branches that form a
closed path returning to the same node
without going through any other nodes or
branches twice

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 Example
• How many nodes, branches & loops?

R1
+

+ Vs Is
R2 R3 Vo
-

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 Example
• Three nodes

R1
+

+ Vs Is
R2 R3 Vo
-

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 Example
• 5 Branches

R1
+

+ Vs Is
R2 R3 Vo
-

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 Example
• Three Loops, if starting at node A

A B
R1
+

+ Vs Is
R2 R3 Vo
-

-
C

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 Kirchhoff’s Laws
• Kirchhoff’s Current Law (KCL)
– sum of all currents entering a node is zero
– sum of currents entering node is equal to
sum of currents leaving node
• Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law (KVL)
– sum of voltages around any loop in a circuit
is zero

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KCL (Kirchhoff’s Current Law) i1(t) i5(t)

i2(t) i4(t)
• Also called as Junction / Node Law
i3(t)
• Gustavo Kirchoff - 1854
• Kirchhoff’s first law that deals with the
conservation of charge entering and
leaving a junction.
• The algebraic sum of ALL the currents
entering and leaving a junction must be
equal to zero as: Σ IIN = Σ IOUT.
n

 i (t )  0
j 1
j

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Analogy: mass flow at pipe junction

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Kirchoff’s Voltage Law (KVL)
• Kirchhoff’s second law that deals with the conservation of energy
around a closed circuit path.
• Law of conservation of energy or loop law
• the algebraic sum of all the voltages around any closed loop in a
circuit is equal to zero
• i.e. for any closed loop, the sum of the voltage lift is equal to the
sum of the voltage drop.
• ΣV = 0 or Vnet = 0
•  Voltage drops =  Voltage rises

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Contd..
• The algebraic sum of voltages around each loop is zero
– Beginning with one node, add voltages across each branch in the loop
(if you encounter a ‘+’ sign first) and subtract voltages (if you encounter
a ‘– ‘sign first).

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Analogy of KVL

(h0-h1) + (h1-h2)+ (h2-h3)+(h3-h0) = 0

V1+V2+V3−V=0.

Equivalent circuit in electrical

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 KVL (Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law)
+ –
v2(t) +

v1(t) + v3(t)
–
–

• The sum of voltages around a loop is zero:

n

v
j 1
j (t )  0

• Analogy: pressure drop thru pipe loop

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 Summary Kirchoff’s Laws
Kirchoff’s first law: The sum of the currents entering a junction is equal
to the sum of the currents leaving that junction.

Junction Rule: SI (enter) = SI (leaving)

Kirchoff’s second law: The sum of the emf’s around any closed loop
must equal the sum of the IR drops around that same loop.

23-07-2018 Voltage Rule: SE = SIR

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 THANK YOU FOR YOUR PATIENCE

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