THE

HYDROSPHERE

UP PAHINUNGÓD
Teacher Development Program
07-12 May 2012
Occidental Mindoro Rachel Patricia B. Ramirez
UP Integrated School
THE HYDROSPHERE
 A large part of the earth’s surface is covered
with water

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WATER ON THE EARTH

Freshwater
2.4%

Ocean water
97.6%

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FRESHWATER (2.4%)
rivers, streams,
lakes; 0.8

in sediments; 20.6

in atmosphere; 0

locked up in ice;
78.5

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WATER
 Water has unique physical
and chemical properties

 The polar structure of water molecules

explains capillarity, cohesion, adhesion, and
its ability to dissolve substances

 Water may exist as solid, liquid, or gas

depending on its temperature

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WATER
 Water absorbs and releases large
amount of heat.
Melting and evaporation absorbs heat.
Freezing and condensation gives off
heat.

 Saltwater is more dense and has

lower freezing point than pure water

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WATER CYCLE
2

1
4

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Evaporation Precipitation
1. Water vapor leaves  Not evenly
the dissolved salts distributed
behind, forming
precipitation that is  Some places receive
freshwater
much more, other
places receive
2. Gaseous water almost none.
vapor is easily
transported in the
atmosphere from
one part of the
earth to another
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Evaporation and Precipitation

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OCEAN:
Evaporation > Precipitation

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LAND:
Precipitation > Evaporation

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EVAPORATION AND
PRECIPITATION

On the average
 More water is evaporated from the ocean
than is returned by precipitation

 More water is precipitated over the land than

evaporates

 Difference is returned to the ocean by rivers

and streams

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Freshwater
Basic source is precipitation.

More than two-thirds of the rain

returns to the atmosphere

Remaining amount:

1. flows downhill across the

surface of the land toward
a lower place

2. soaks into the ground

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Freshwater

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Freshwater

 Some of the precipitation soaks into the ground to

become groundwater.

 Groundwater slowly moves underground.

 Some emerge in streambeds.

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Runoff or groundwater
The amount of rainfall that becomes runoff or
groundwater depends on:

 type of soil on the surface

 how dry the soil is
 amount and type of vegetation
 steepness of the slope
 if the rainfall is long
and gentle or a
cloudburst

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Surface water
 streams, ponds, lakes, and reservoir

 Reservoir is a natural or man-made pond or

lake used for
 Water storage
 Flood control
 Generating electricity

 A reservoir can be used for one or two of

these purposes but not generally for all
three.
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Groundwater
• An important source of freshwater for human
consumption and for agriculture
• Often found within 100 m of the surface
• Source of water for wells
• Keeps streams flowing during dry periods

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Artesian Aquifer
 An artesian aquifer has groundwater that is under
pressure from the water at high elevations.
 The pressure will cause the water to rise above the
water table in a well drilled into the aquifer, becoming
a flowing well if the pressure is sufficiently high.

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SEAWATER
 Winds cause waves and surface currents.

 Earthquakes at the bottom of the oceans

cause tsunamis.

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OCEANS AND MAJOR SEAS

Only one ocean!

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OCEANS AND MAJOR SEAS

 Atlantic  Indian  Pacific

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MAJOR DISSOLVED MATERIALS
IN SEAWATER

Ion Percent (by weight)

Chloride 55.05
Sodium ion 30.61
Sulfate 7.68
Magnesium ion 3.69
Calcium ion 1.16
Potassium ion 1.10
Bicarbonate 0.41
Bromine 0.19
Total 99.89
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OCEAN CURRENTS
Which is denser?  Density currents
 Cold water or influenced by:
warm water
Water
 Very salty water or temperature
less salty water. Salinity
Suspended
 Water with lots of sediments
sediments or clear
water
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OCEAN CURRENTS
Which is denser?  Density currents
 Cold water or influenced by:
warm water
Water
 Very salty water or temperature
less salty water. Salinity
Suspended
 Water with lots of sediments
sediments or clear
water
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OCEAN FLOOR
 The ocean floor has wider plains, deeper
valleys (trenches), longer mountain ranges,
and taller volcanoes than those found on
land

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