World History 1 PDF

World History
• Ancient societies
• Feudalism
• Renaissance
• Scientific Revolution
• Magna Carta
• American Revolution
• French Revolution
• World War-I
• World War -II
www.classmateacademy.com
Around 900 B.C,dark Ages up to 776 B.C
the Homeric epics (8th–7th century B.C)
The Illyad (Troy war) and Odyssey
First Olympics 776 B.C(end of dark ages )
• Cleisthenes (508 B.C) first Democracy in Athens

480 B.C Xerexes attacks Athens
• Peloponnesian war (431-404 B.C )

• Athens and Sparta
Leader of Colinth (Greece united=Hellenistic)
First Leader Phillip-2 of Macedonia
Alexander -2,(334 B.C )starts expanding
Greeks : Some Important People
• Socrates (470 B.C) : Good and Justice(Scientific approach breaking

up of many inti many sub-parts).
• Plato(423 B.C) : Republic State (Ideal state or Government),Theory

of Forms(material world not real).
• Aristotle(324 B.C): Teacher of Alexander the Great

Physics,Biology,Zoology,metaphysics,Logic
Ethics(Nicomachean Ethics)
Logic: Kant (Critique of Pure reason)
Biology and Medicine: classification

Euclid,Pythagoras,Archimedes
Hippocrates : Physician www.classmateacademy.com

Greece Polity :
• Oligarchy (Plutocracy: rule of few(rich))
• Tyrant(Monarchy)
• Democracy : Athens(Demos=people, Cratos =rule)
• Cleisthenes (508 B.C) first Democracy in Athens
• Society
Agrarian (Freemen =Citizens and Slaves(people defeated in
wars would be slaves))
Roman Empire :
• BC 27-14 AD-Agustus(First Emperor)
• 306 AD-337AD-Constantine-1 ,adopted

Christianity
• 480 AD –The Western Empire Comes to an End
• 1453 AD—The Eastern Roman Empire ends and

Ottoman Empire Begins
Feudalism : The Europe in the Middle Ages
Fief : land Given to the military people.
Vassal : the person who accepts the land became the vassal
Lord : The person who is giving the land
Serfs: who finally cultivated the land they were tied to land
,no mobility
Tithe : tax paid by the serfs
Corvee : Condition of unpaid labour by serfs
Problems: it discouraged a unified government

It was an individual arrangement between the people
pledging fealty(loyalty),but in practise often resulted in
wars www.classmateacademy.com
Renaissance : Re Birth
• 14-17 century(Printing press ,paper important in Spread of
Ideas).
• Started in Italy
• Humanism- generally prefers critical thinking and evidence
(rationalism, empiricism) over established doctrine or faith
(fideism).
• Politics-Machiavelli(The Prince),Thomas Moore.
• Arts- Leonardo-da-vinci, Michelangelo.
• Science-Copernicus,Galelio(Scientific method –Empirical

Observation)
• Religion-Martin Luther(Protestants,Calvin,Erasmus)
The Discovery of New World and its Effects:
Grains maize (corn) wild rice

Pseudograins sunflower
Beans peanut,
Fiber long-staple and upland cotton
Roots and
potato, sweet potato,
Tubers
Fruits guava, papaya, tomato,
Nuts cashew,
Other cocoa, maplesyrup,, rubber, tobacco,
The Triangular Trade
Scientific Revolution:
• Nicolaus Copernicus (1473–1543) published On the Revolutions of the Heavenly
Spheres in 1543.
• William Gilbert (1544–1603) published On the Magnet and Magnetic Bodies, and
on the Great Magnet the Earth in 1600.
• Galileo Galilei (1564–1642) improved the telescope, with which he made several
important astronomical discoveries, including the four largest moons of Jupiter,
the phases ofVenus, and the rings of Saturn, and made detailed observations
of sunspots.
• Johannes Kepler (1571–1630) published the first two of his three laws of planetary
motion in 1609.
• William Harvey (1578–1657) demonstrated that blood circulates, using dissections

and other experimental techniques.
• Issac newton: “ Principa Mathematica“
Enlightenment : Age of Reason
Factors Responsible
Social
Discrimination: There was widespread discrimination between the
privileged and the unprivileged based on birth. Exploitation.
Scientific inventions: Spreading inventions and education questioned
existing beliefs and inspired new thinking.
Political
Absolutism: There was no democracy, no checks and balances, no
separation of powers. There were despotic monarchies. There was
no liberty for the masses.
Feudalism: All the high offices were monopolized by feudal lords.
State authority was being misused for personal benefits.
Arbitrariness: There was no rule of law. There were cahiers.
Cultural
Church: It dominated religious-cultural lives of people. It was an
absolute tyrant and no one could speak against it. Its voice was the voice
of God. Dissenters were suppressed brutally. There was no tolerance for
different ideas and religions and only catholicism was allowed. Church
indulged in massive corruption.
Economic
Exploitation: A small fraction of the population cornered most of the

resources and lives of majority were miserable.
Industrial revolution: Old landed groups lost their hold on economy and
new groups emerged which were guided by different set of interests
and ideas
Age of Enlightenment : Age of Reason
Dutch :
• Spinoza
• Pierre Bayle: French philosopher advocated separation of Science and Religion.
Italy :
• Alessandro Volta:
• Luigi Galvani : Neuro Electricity
• Cesare Beccaria: On Crimes and punishments
Germany :
• Mozart: Prodigal Musician
• Immaneul Kant : Critique of Pure Reason
Britain :
• Adam Smith :Wealth Of Nations, Theory of Moral Sentiments.
• Hobbes : The greatest Happiness of greatest people “Utilitarian and consequestialist”.
“Levithan”-Founder of Social Contract theory(questioned divine right of kings)
Liberal thought-the right of the individual; the natural equality of all men
Other famous People:
• Robert Hooke : father of science of microscopy.
• David Hume :Treatise on Human Nature,Empiricist
• Thomas Jefferson : United States Declaration of Independence (1776), especially

"All men are created equal.
• John Locke: The contractual basis of the state and the rule of law, personal liberty
emphasizing the rights of property. The philosopher who believed that all people are
born free and equal, with the rights to life, liberty, and property was
• James Madison : Key role in Constitution ,Federalist papers Bill of Rights.
• Montesquie : Separation of Powers.
• Thomas paine : Common Sense ,Called for Independence.
• Voltaire: denounced the influence of religion

Liberty : Free will
Thomas Hobbes, "a free man is he that in those things which by his
strength and wit he is able to do is not hindered to do what he hath
the will to do" (Leviathan)
Sir Robert Filmer : A liberty for everyone to do what he likes, to live as

he pleases, and not to be tied by any laws
John Locke: Freedom is constrained by laws in both the state of

nature and political society(Two treatise of government)
J S Mill : On Liberty, ...nature and limits of the power which can be

legitimately exercised by society over the individual
Isaaih Berlin : Two Concepts of Liberty

Negative Liberty: Free from arbitrary power ,tyranny
Positive liberty : free to dowww.classmateacademy.com
anything you want
• "country" denotes a region of land defined by geographical
features or political boundaries.
• Nation denotes a people who are believed to or deemed to

share common customs, religion, language, origins,
ancestry or history. However, the
adjectives national and international are frequently used to
refer to matters pertaining to what are strictly sovereign
states, as in national capital, international law.
• State refers to the set of governing and supportive

institutions that have sovereignty over a definite territory
and population. Sovereign states are legal persons.
• The government is the particular group of people, the

administrative bureaucracy, that controls the state
apparatus at a given time
Sovereignty, in layman's terms, means a state or a governing body has
the full right and power to govern itself without any interference from
outside sources or bodies.
Thomas Hobbes : Leviathan, Social contract for establishing

sovereignty
John Locke : Two Treatises of Government, questioned divine theory

of kings
Rosseau : the social contract ,Sovereignty located in people
Montesquies: spirit of laws (separation of powers)
A government is the system by which a state or community is

governed
Rousseau:
• The Social Contract argued against the idea that monarchs

were divinely empowered to legislate; as Rousseau asserts,
only the people, who are sovereign, have that all-powerful
right.
Voltaire :
• freedom of religion, freedom of expression, and separation of

church and state.
A government is the system by which a state or
community is governed
Plato : 5 types of government (Republic)
Some types of government based on common features
Aristarchy : Rule by small group of people with no

involvement of large majority of population.
Aristocracy People of noble birth

Meritocracy People on the basis of
merit
Technocracy People who are
technically qualified
Autocratic attributes are dominated by one person who has all
the power over the people in a country.
Autocrat Rule by one individual

Despotic Rule by an entity (Individual
or group)
Dictator Rule by individual having full
power over the country
Governments with monarchic attributes are ruled by a
king/emperor or a queen/empress who usually holds their
position for life.
Absolute monarchy Moarch the king exercises

the ultimate power
Constitutional monarchy Established by a constitution
and limited power
Diarchy Power shared between two
people
Power of a government is defined by and limited people other
than those associated with political power
Bankocracy Banks and bankers

influencing power
Corporatocracy Rule by corporations
Neptocracy (comes from Appointing close relatives to

nephew) positions
Kleptocracy Rule by theives

(mafia,mexico)
Governments with democratic attributes are most common in the
Western world and in some countries of the east that have been
influenced by western society
Democracy Greek δημοκρατία (dēmokra

tía) "rule of the people
Direct Democracy Direct people participation
Liberal democracy Representative democracy

with
liberalism(Political,Economic,
Social etc)
Representative democracy People elect representatives
Magna Carta :The great charter of liberties of England
• Magna Carta was the first document forced onto a King

of England(King John) by a group of his subjects,
the Feudal barons, in an attempt to limit his powers by
law and protect their rights.
• The charter is widely known throughout the English

speaking world as an important part of the protracted
historical process that led to the rule of constitutional
law in England and beyond.
• Jurist Edward Coke interpreted Magna Carta to apply

not only to the protection of nobles but to all subjects
of the crown equally.
Parliament : French word Parlement (parle-to speak),a
parlement is a discussion.
• 1295-Model Parliament ,Edward-I
• 1341-Commons(knights,Burgesses and citizens) and Lords (barons and Clergy).
• 1362-Parliament assent must to all lay taxation.
• 1376- “Good Parliament” Edward –III, annual meeting ,Commons deal with
corruption cases and initiate impeachment before Lords.
• 1377-Speaker
• James-1,Charles-1,James-2
1688-89 Glorious Revolution ,peaceful revolution where by Parliament asserted its
rights(Constitutional Monarchy ) William of Orange
1689- Bill Of Rights
• laws should not be dispensed with or suspended without the consent of
Parliament.
• no taxes should be levied without the authority of Parliament.
• the election of members of Parliament should be free;
• the freedom of speech and debates or proceedings in Parliament should not to
be impeached or questioned in any court or place out of Parliament
• Parliaments should be held frequently
1867 Second Reform Act. Proposed male household suffrage with
various minor
conditions and additions. Added approximately 1.12 million to the
existing
electorate of 1.40 million.
• 1918 Fourth Reform Act : Representation of the People Act. The
Act increased
the electorate from its pre-war level of 8 million to 21 million; gave
the vote to men over 21 fulfilling 6 months' residence qualification,
and to women over 30 meeting occupancy requirement.
Parliament (Qualification of Women) Act making women eligible to
become Members of Parliament.
• 1928 Representation of the People (Equal Franchise) Act. Voting

age for women lowered to 21.
American revolution : Birth of Oldest Democracy
• Sugar act(1764)
• Currency act(1764),control of currency
• Stamp Act,1765(Direct taxes, The goal of the tax on
printed material including newspapers, magazines, legal
documents, insurance policies and many other types of
paper material was to help finance for the British troops
in the colonies )
• Townshend acts(1767)-which placed a tax on a number
of essential goods including paper, glass, and tea.
• Boston massacre(1770)
• Boston Tea party(1773)
• Intolerable Acts -Boston must pay for Boston tea Party.
• First Continental Congress,1774(how to respond to

Intolerable Acts)
• 1775 Fighting begins
• On July 4, 1776, the Second Continental Congress adopted

the Declaration of Independence which formally
proclaimed the 13 colonies as independent.
• Second congress at Philadelphia 1776,-”Declaration of

Independence” George Washington Commander
• Treaty of Paris which was signed on September 3, 1783.

War Officially ends
Thomas Paine: “CommomSense” ”Rights of men” ”The age of reason”
Thomas Jefferson: was an American Founding Father, the principal author of

theDeclaration of Independence (1776).
• The Declaration would eventually be considered one of Jefferson's major

achievements; his preamble has been considered an enduring statement of
human rights.[51] All men are created equal has been called "one of the
best-known sentences in the English language" containing "the most
potent and consequential words in American history"
James Madison : He is hailed as the "Father of the Constitution" for being

instrumental in the drafting of the United States Constitution and as the key
champion and author of the United States Bill of Rights
George Washington: He presided over the convention that drafted the United
States Constitution, which replaced the Articles of Confederation and remains
the supreme law of the land.
Intellectual Influences
• Rousseau :"Man is born free, and everywhere he is in
chains. Those who think themselves the masters of others
are indeed greater slaves than they.“
“Social Contract”
• John Locke: All men are created equal, ... they are endowed
by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights.
“Two treatise of Government”.
• Montesquie : The separation of powers between Legislature,
Executive , Judiciary
• We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are

created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with
certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty
and the pursuit of Happiness.
Achievements of America Revolution:
• Constitution
• Republic
• Bill of Rights
• Democracy
Bill Of Rights :
• Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting

the free exercise there of; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or the
right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the Government for a
redress of grievances.
• The Second Amendment protects the rights to keep and bear arms. The concept of
a right to keep and bear arms existed within English common law long before the
enactment of the Bill of Rights.
• The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects,
against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated, and no Warrants
shall issue, but upon probable cause, supported by Oath or affirmation, and
particularly describing the place to be searched, and the persons or things to be
seized.
• In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the right to a speedy and public
trial, by an impartial jury of the State and district wherein the crime shall have been
committed, which district shall have been previously ascertained by law, and to be
informed of the nature and cause of the accusation; to be confronted with the
witnesses against him; to have compulsory process for obtaining witnesses in his
favor, and to have the Assistance of Counsel for his defence
French Revolution: End of Monarchy and Church
• Meeting of Estates general(the clergy, nobility and rest of france

last met on 1614)Meeting (300 people from first and second
seated in row and 600 people from third estate standing)
Voting system was based on one vote for one estate .
Third estate wanted it to be one vote per person
Abbe Sieyes(What is the third estate,a pamphlet)

• Meeting on On 20 June -Mirabeau and AbbÈ SieyËs(leaders)
• Establishment of general assembly(from third estate )
• Tennis court Oath(not to separate until constitution is made)
• While the National Assembly was busy at Versailles drafting a
constitution, the rest of France seethed with turmoil. A severe
winter had meant a bad harvest; the price of bread rose, often
bakers exploited the situation and hoarded supplies.
• Storming of Basitille
10 % Land ,100%
10,000 exemption of tax
4,00,000 25% Land
25 million
14 July 1789,7000 people stormed the place
The Course of French Revolution :
The constitution of 1791, a Constituitonal

Monarchy,creation of legislative assembly
165 Feuillants (constitutional monarchists) on the right,
about 330 Girondists (liberal republicans)
and Jacobins (radical revolutionaries)
Revolt by jacobins who were part of legislative assembly
Active citizens :
Only men above 25 years of age who paid taxes equal to at
least 3 days of a labourerís wage were given the status of
active citizens, that is, they were entitled to vote.
Passive citizens :The remaining men and all women were

classed as passive citizens.
Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen:
• Liberty, Fraternity and Equality and Republic
The situation in France continued to be tense during the following years. Although
Louis XVI had signed the Constitution, he entered into secret negotiations with the
King of Prussia
Marseillaise(song used to fight against Prussia and Russia) is now the national anthem
of France
National Convention :1792-1795

Killing of Louis -16(Jacobians mainly from lower classes )
1793-1794 :Committee of public safety under Maximalien Robespierre, All those
whom he saw as being ënemies of the republic ex-nobles and clergy,
Thermoridian Reaction under Girodinsts put an end to reign of terror
1795:New Constitution (Middle class ):
It provided for two elected legislative councils. These then appointed a Directory, an
executive made up of five members.
New Constitution called directory created,killed people associated with regin of terror
1799 : Napolean (Coup of 18 Brumaire),creation of Consulate and finally emperor in

1804 www.classmateacademy.com
• Working women had also to care for their families, that is, cook,
fetch water, queue up for bread and look after the children.
Their wages were lower than those of men.
• sixty womens clubs
• Women were disappointed that the Constitution of 1791

reduced them to passive citizens.
• Olympe de Gouges(A revolutionary Women)

• Woman is born free and remains equal to man in rights
• The goal of all political associations is the preservation of the
natural rights of woman and man: These rights are liberty,
property, security, and above all resistance to oppression.
• It was finally in 1946 that women in France won the right to

vote. www.classmateacademy.com
World War – I(1914-1918)
Main reason :
Imperialism and Colonialism.
Fight between New Powers and Old Powers.
Allied Powers (Entente) Vs Central Powers

Uk,Italy,USA,Russia Vs Germany,Austria ,Ottoman Empire
After War :
Treaty of Versallies : Germany
Treaty of Severes : Turkey
League of Nations :Wilson 14 point Formula,
Russian Revolution
• 1905 revolution (agrarian problems ,industrial problems)

• 22 Jan ,1905 the bloody Sunday, at St Petersburg
• October Manifesto and Creation of Duma by Tzar Nicholas-2
• 1917
• February revolution, In February 1917, food shortages were
deeply felt in the workers quarters,protests stared Tsar
wanted to Dissolved DUMA.
• On 22 February, a lockout took place at a factory on the right
bank(celebrated as womens day)
• Petrograd Soviet Abdication of Tzar 2Mar,1917
• Constituent Assembly Kerensky
• Apr, return of Lenin organisation of Bolsheviks
• October Revolution and Lenin becomes the leader
• Treaty of Versailles with the Allies was a harsh and humiliating peace.
Germany lost its overseas colonies, a tenth of its population, 13 per cent
of its territories, 75 per cent of its iron and 26 per cent of its coal to
France, Poland, Denmark and Lithuania.
• £6 billion war reparations
• Problems in 1920s
• Demands for Soviet-style governance. Controlled by force
• Political radicalisation was only heightened by the

economic crisis of 1923. Germany had fought the war
largely on loans and had to pay war reparations in gold.
• 1929 Economic Depression.

• German Industrial out put fell by 40%,Unempolyment
reached 6million.
Hitler and his rise :

• Participates in WW-1,Medals awarded
• 1919-German Workers Party,renames it National Socialist
German Workers party.
• 1923 tried to march to Berlin,arrested.
• 1929 recession and problems
• Nazi propaganda stirred hopes of a better future

• In 1928, the Nazi Party got no more than 2. 6 per cent votes in
the Reichstag ñ the German parliament. By 1932, it had become
the largest party with 37 per cent votes.
• Promises
• strong nation, undo the injustice of the Versailles Treaty and
restore the dignity of the German people. He promised
employment for those looking for work, and a secure future for
the youth.
• President Hindenberg Invites Hitler appointed Chancellor.(1933)

• On 3 March 1933, the famous Enabling Act was passed. This Act
established dictatorship in Germany
• the Storm Troopers(SA), these included the Gestapo (secret state
police), the SS (the protection squads), criminal police and the
Security Service (SD) www.classmateacademy.com
• He pulled out of the League of Nations in 1933,
• Nuremberg laws on Jews ,1935
• reoccupied the Rhineland in 1936,
• and integrated Austria and Germany in 1938 under the slogan,

• One people, One empire, and One leader.
• He then went on to wrest German speaking.
Sudentenland from Czechoslovakia, and gobbled up the entire country.
German Lebensraum
World War : II (1939-1945)
Allies Vs Axis Powers
Soviet Union,UK,USA,France Vs Japan ,Italy,Germany
• United Nations : 1945
• Universal Declaration of Human Rights,1948

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World History

the Homeric epics (8th–7th century B.C)

The Illyad (Troy war) and Odyssey

First Olympics 776 B.C(end of dark ages )

• Cleisthenes (508 B.C) first Democracy in Athens

• Peloponnesian war (431-404 B.C )

• Socrates (470 B.C) : Good and Justice(Scientific approach breaking

• Plato(423 B.C) : Republic State (Ideal state or Government),Theory

• Aristotle(324 B.C): Teacher of Alexander the Great

Logic: Kant (Critique of Pure reason)

Biology and Medicine: classification

Hippocrates : Physician www.classmateacademy.com

• Oligarchy (Plutocracy: rule of few(rich))

• Democracy : Athens(Demos=people, Cratos =rule)

• Cleisthenes (508 B.C) first Democracy in Athens

• BC 27-14 AD-Agustus(First Emperor)

• 306 AD-337AD-Constantine-1 ,adopted

• 480 AD –The Western Empire Comes to an End

• 1453 AD—The Eastern Roman Empire ends and

Lord : The person who is giving the land

Tithe : tax paid by the serfs

Corvee : Condition of unpaid labour by serfs

Problems: it discouraged a unified government

• Politics-Machiavelli(The Prince),Thomas Moore.

• Arts- Leonardo-da-vinci, Michelangelo.

• Science-Copernicus,Galelio(Scientific method –Empirical

Grains maize (corn) wild rice

Other cocoa, maplesyrup,, rubber, tobacco,

• William Harvey (1578–1657) demonstrated that blood circulates, using dissections

• Issac newton: “ Principa Mathematica“

Exploitation: A small fraction of the population cornered most of the

• Robert Hooke : father of science of microscopy.

• David Hume :Treatise on Human Nature,Empiricist

• Thomas Jefferson : United States Declaration of Independence (1776), especially

• James Madison : Key role in Constitution ,Federalist papers Bill of Rights.

• Montesquie : Separation of Powers.

• Thomas paine : Common Sense ,Called for Independence.

• Voltaire: denounced the influence of religion

Sir Robert Filmer : A liberty for everyone to do what he likes, to live as

John Locke: Freedom is constrained by laws in both the state of

J S Mill : On Liberty, ...nature and limits of the power which can be

Isaaih Berlin : Two Concepts of Liberty

• Nation denotes a people who are believed to or deemed to

• State refers to the set of governing and supportive

• The government is the particular group of people, the

Thomas Hobbes : Leviathan, Social contract for establishing

John Locke : Two Treatises of Government, questioned divine theory

Rosseau : the social contract ,Sovereignty located in people

Montesquies: spirit of laws (separation of powers)

A government is the system by which a state or community is

• The Social Contract argued against the idea that monarchs

• freedom of religion, freedom of expression, and separation of

Plato : 5 types of government (Republic)

Some types of government based on common features

Aristarchy : Rule by small group of people with no

Aristocracy People of noble birth

Autocrat Rule by one individual

Absolute monarchy Moarch the king exercises