Index
Note: Page numbers followed by “f” indicate figures and “t” indicate tables.
A Alexithymia, 299
AAL. See Automatic anatomical labeling
(AAL)
ABC model. See Arousal-Based Competition
model (ABC model)
ABM. See Aging Brain Model (ABM)
Abstract thinking/reasoning—arithmetic
processing, 281–283
ACC. See Anterior cingulate cortex (ACC)
Activation Decision Construction Action
Theory, 306
Activation Likelihood Estimate method
(ALE method), 269–270, 311
Acts, 31
ADHD. See Attention-deficit/hyperactivity
disorder (ADHD)
Adjacency matrix, 63, 64t
Adolescence, 124–125
Affective attack, 229–230
Affective cue classification system, 296–297
Affective Intelligence Theory (AIT), 362–363
Affective Misattribution Procedure (AMP),
357–358
Affective neuroscience, 164
Affective representation system, 296
Affiliation/baby-facedness, 174
Age, 167
and emotion interactions, 174–175
Aggression, 226–227, 237. See also Anger
Aging, 259–261
emotion and attention in, 263
behavioral findings, 265–266
biased competition model, 263, 263f
brain connectivity graph, 267f
emotion and attention relationship, 264f
neurological findings, 266–268
emotion recognition and, 271
behavioral findings, 272–273
neurological findings, 274–275
emotional memory and, 268
behavioral findings, 268–269
neurological findings, 269–271
theories in emotional aging, 261–263
Aging Brain Model (ABM), 261–262
Agreeableness, 73
AI. See Anterior insula (AI)
AI/FI cortex. See Anterior insula/fronto-
insular cortex (AI/FI cortex)
Airport network, 52–53
AIT. See Affective Intelligence Theory (AIT)
ALE method. See Activation Likelihood
Estimate method (ALE method)
Allostasis, 198
Ambiguous negative state, 223
aMCC/pACC. See Anterior/posterior
anterior cingulate cortex (aMCC/
pACC)
AMP. See Affective Misattribution Procedure
(AMP)
Amsel’s frustration theory, 227
Amygdala, 119, 148, 171, 229, 246–247, 266,
269, 359
influence of emotion, 270f
race perception and evaluation beyond,
341–342
Anger, 226–227, 272. See also Aggression
Animals’ motivation, 224–225
Anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), 8, 55, 76,
95–96, 118–119, 144, 210–211, 228–229,
237, 247, 251, 290, 306, 337–338, 340,
343, 389
Anterior insula (AI), 38, 247
Anterior insula/fronto-insular cortex (AI/FI
cortex), 290
Anterior prefrontal cortex (aPFC), 309–311
Anterior/posterior anterior cingulate cortex
(aMCC/pACC), 291
Antisocial personality disorder (APD), 238
Anxiety, 91–94
Anxiolytic drug effects, 37
APD. See Antisocial personality disorder
(APD)
aPFC. See Anterior prefrontal cortex (aPFC)
Appraisal models, 362
Approach behavior
from basics to states and traits, 43–44
and brain, 25–34
neuroimaging and, 40–41
state neuroimaging, 35–36
Approach-avoidance conflict, 30–31
Apriori hypothesis, 74
Arousal-Based Competition model (ABC
model), 268–269
ASC. See Autistic spectrum conditions
(ASC)
ASD. See Autism spectrum disorders (ASD)
Associative Sequence Learning model, 297
Assortativity, 53
Atomoxetine administration, 124
Attention and emotion in aging, 263
behavioral findings, 265–266
biased competition model, 263, 263f
brain connectivity graph, 267f
397
neurological findings, 266–268
relationship, 264f
Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder
(ADHD), 114, 120–121, 372–373
Attentional bias, 259–260, 265
Attentional impulsiveness, 115
Attenuating effect, 252
Attitude(s), 143–146
change, 360–361
Attractiveness halo, 173–174
Authoritarian profile, 326–328
Authoritarianism, 326–327. See also Prejudice
vmPFC damage
attitudes in patients with, 330–331
traits in patients with, 328–329
Autism spectrum disorders (ASD), 124–125,
214–215, 298–299, 316
Autistic spectrum conditions (ASC), 295, 298
Automatic anatomical labeling (AAL),
103–104
Aversion, 227–228
Aversive stimuli, 225–226
Avoidance
from basics to states and traits, 43–44
behavior and brain, 25–34
neuroimaging and, 41–43
state neuroimaging, 36–37
B
Barratt Impulsiveness Scale (BIS), 115
BAS. See Behavioral approach system (BAS)
BDNF. See Brain derived neurotrophic factor
(BDNF)
Behavioral activation, 93
Behavioral approach system (BAS), 31–33,
235
Behavioral data set
factor analysis of, 61–63
network analysis, 63–65
Behavioral Inhibition System (BIS), 30, 32f,
34f, 77–78, 235
Belief mechanism, 329–330
Benzodiazepine, 37
Betweenness centrality, 67
BFI. See Big Five Inventory (BFI)
Biased competition model, 263, 263f
Big Five. See Five-Factor Model (FFM)
Big Five Inventory (BFI), 60
network, 64f, 66f
Binarization process, 60
Biopolitics, 355–356, 365
Biosocial theory of personality, 92–93
398
BIS. See Barratt Impulsiveness Scale (BIS);
Behavioral Inhibition System (BIS)
Blood-oxygen-level dependent signals
(BOLD signals), 33, 55, 79, 122, 167,
236f, 339, 356–357
fMRI, 95–96
Bodies, 177–178
Bottom-up approach, 72
Br areas. See Broca areas (Br areas)
Brain, 72f, 83–85. See also Cultural
neuroscience
default mode network, 95–96
function, 52, 365
imaging investigation integration of social
status, 197–198
mechanism, 286
stimulation studies of deception, 313
tDCS, 313–314
TMS, 314–315
structure, 364–365
Brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF),
83–84, 108
Brain lesions
without and with structural, 7–13
and hypersexuality, 7–13
frontal lobes, 8–10, 10f
other brain areas, 11–13
temporal lobes, 10–11, 11f
Brain network
implying brain’s metabolic budget during
rest, 213
DMN differences in disorder, 213–215
lesions causing difficulties in under-
standing ourselves, 215
overlapping for self-reflection, 212–213
Brain stimulation reward (BSR), 228
British public, interviews with, 375
brain, 375–377
interview data, 379–380
neuroscientific ideas
understanding others, 378–379
understanding themselves, 377–378
Broca areas (Br areas), 282
BSR. See Brain stimulation reward (BSR)
Bubbles, 166
Buffering effect. See Attenuating effect
C 177–178
(11C)-carfentanil, 98
Cartesian model, 329
Caucasian faces, 175
CBCT. See Cognitive-based compassion
training (CBCT)
CD. See Conduct disorder (CD)
Centrality metrics, 67
Cerebellar pacemaker, 237
Cerebral structures mediating lying in
children, 308
Character traits, 5, 92–93
Chest-beating, 188
Children
cerebral structures mediating lying in, 308
cognitive functions mediating lying in,
308
executive functioning, 308–309
ToM, 308
INDEX
Choice impulsivity, 116
CHRNA4 gene, 108
CI. See Classification image (CI)
Cichlasoma dimerus males, 187
Classical fear conditioning. See Pavlovian
conditioning
Classification image (CI), 166
Cloninger’s model, 72–74
Clustering coefficient, 53
CMS. See Cortical midline structures (CMS)
CNTRICS. See Cognitive Neuroscience
Treatment Research to Improve
Cognition in Schizophrenia
(CNTRICS)
Cognitive aging, 260
discoveries about aging brain, 260
theories in, 260–261
Cognitive anxiety. See Free floating anxiety
Cognitive control, 117–118, 120–122
Cognitive functions mediating lying in
children, 308
executive functioning, 308–309
ToM, 308
Cognitive neuroscience, 206–207
of self, 208–212
Cognitive Neuroscience Treatment Research
to Improve Cognition in Schizo-
phrenia (CNTRICS), 123
Cognitive reappraisal, 390–391
Cognitive task, 103
Cognitive-based compassion training
(CBCT), 391
Communities, 60
Community structure, 60
Compelling, 174
Compensation-Related Utilization of Neural
Circuits Hypothesis (CRUNCH),
260–261
Compound cue integration, 172–179. See also
Face processing neuroanatomy
emotion interactions
age and, 174–175
eye gaze and, 176–177
gender and, 174
race and, 175–176
emotion overgeneralization, 173–174
emotion residue, 177
faces, bodies, voices, and scenes,
neuroscience of compound social cue
processing, 178–179
nonneutrality of neutral, 172–173
Compound social cues, 160–161
Computerized tomography (CT), 4
Conceptual basis, 65
Conceptualization, 164
Conditioned response (CR), 246
Conditioned stimulus (CS), 246, 247f, 249,
252–253
Conduct disorder (CD), 238
Conscientiousness, 73
Contact, 346
Continuous performance task, 116
Continuous theta-burst stimulation
(cTBS), 315
Cooperativeness (C), 72–73, 93
Correlation matrix, 61, 61t, 63t
Cortical midline structures (CMS), 209,
211–212
Corticosteroids, 225
Counterstereotypic imagining, 345
CR. See Conditioned response (CR)
Cramer model, 59
Criterion approach, 40
Cross-race effect, 341
CRUNCH. See Compensation-Related
Utilization of Neural Circuits
Hypothesis (CRUNCH)
CS. See Conditioned stimulus (CS)
CS-US association, 254
CT. See Computerized tomography (CT)
cTBS. See Continuous theta-burst
stimulation (cTBS)
Cued recall test, 116
Cultural neuroscience, 281. See also Brain
abstract thinking/reasoning—arithmetic
processing, 281–283
moral reasoning/decision-making—moral
dilemmas, 283–286
D
dACC. See Dorsal anterior cingulate cortex
(dACC)
Darwin’s seminal work on facial
expressions, 168
Darwin’s theory, 163
DDT. See Delay discounting tasks (DDT)
Deception
brain stimulation studies, 313
tDCS, 313–314
TMS, 314–315
executive functions components
meta-analyses, 313f
isolated function, 312
neuroimaging studies, 309, 310t–311t
brain regions, 311f
DLPFC, 311–312
Decision-making, 281
Dedifferentiation, 260
Default mode network (DMN), 54, 209,
212–214, 260
differences in disorder, 213–215
Defining Wisdom Project, 384
Degree, 67
centrality, 67
Delay discounting, 119–120
Delay discounting tasks (DDT), 116
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental
Disorders (DSM-V), 113, 254–255
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental
Disorders IV (DSM IV), 316
Dickman’s Impulsivity Inventory, 115
Diffusion spectrum imaging (DSI), 4
Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI), 4, 8–9,
51–52, 76, 97–98, 190–191, 356
Direct emotional learning, 246
Direct oblimin rotation. See Oblique rotation
Disgust, 361–362
Dishonest behavior, 317–318
Disinhibition, 9–10
Dizygotic twins (DZ twins), 73
DLPFC. See Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex
(DLPFC)

DMN. See Default mode network (DMN)
DMPFC. See Dorsomedial prefrontal cortex
(DMPFC)
DNA pooling approach, 75
Dominance, 192–194
Dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (dACC), 36,
236, 386
Dorsal PAG, 229
Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC), 8,
144, 192, 230, 247–248, 271, 295, 306,
337–338, 340, 343
Dorsomedial prefrontal cortex (DMPFC),
192, 247, 275, 318
Doubt deficit, 329–330
Doubt mechanism, 329–330
Drug abuse, 121–122
Drug addiction, role for impulsivity in, 122
DSI. See Diffusion spectrum imaging (DSI)
DSM IV. See Diagnostic and Statistical Manual
of Mental Disorders IV (DSM IV)
DTI. See Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI)
Dual processing models, 358
Dual systems models, 358
DZ twins. See Dizygotic twins (DZ twins)
E neurological findings, 269–271
EBA. See Extrastriate body area (EBA)
Educational attainment, 189
EEG. See Electroencephalography (EEG)
Eigenvalues, 61, 61t
Eigenvector centrality, 67
Ekman’s theory, 164
Electroencephalography (EEG), 4, 79, 273,
284, 356–357
signals, 33
studies, 102, 105–109
genetic imaging, 107–108
synopsis, 108–109
Electromyography (EMG), 272
Emotion, 159, 163–164, 261, 361–362. See also
Anger
and attention in aging, 263
behavioral findings, 265–266
biased competition model, 263, 263f
brain connectivity graph, 267f
emotion and attention relationship, 264f
neurological findings, 266–268
expression, 141
facial expressions of, 193
interactions
age and, 174–175
eye gaze and, 176–177
gender and, 174
race and, 175–176
models, 362–363
overgeneralization, 173–174
perception, 159
residue, 177
social psychological models, 362
theories in emotional aging, 261–263
Emotion recognition, 142
and aging, 271
behavioral findings, 272–273
neurological findings, 274–275
Emotional aging, theories in
ABM, 262
INDEX
Selective Optimization with
Compensation Model, 262–263
SST, 261–262
Emotional expression, 163–165
Emotional homeostasis, 386, 390–391
Emotional learning and regulation, 245
of fear, 249
learning by observing others, 249–250
through firsthand experiences, 246–248
amygdala and emotional learning
network, 246–247
direct, Pavlovian, and observational
fear learning in humans, 248f
nonsocial and social fear learning in
humans, 247f
PFC and Emotional Regulation, 247–248
future challenges for study, 254–255
neural model, 254
observational extinction of learned fear,
252–254, 253f
social information
linking observational fear learning and
processing in brain, 251–252
processing, 250–251
Emotional memory and aging, 268
behavioral findings, 268–269
Emotional regions, 269–270
Emotional regulation, 247–248
Emotional States, 148–149
Empathy, 250–251, 289, 389
in atypical individuals, 298
alexithymia, 299
autism, 298–299
psychopathy, 299–300
seminal cue-based studies, 290
sharing, 291–293
interindividual differences in, 293–296
investigations, 296
self-other switch, 297–298
situation understanding system,
296–297
SOME, 296, 298
sociocognitive processes, 290
variety of disciplines, 289
Empathy Quotient (EQ), 290–291
Empirical studies, 95–96
DTI studies, 97–98
molecular imaging, 98
resting-state functional studies, 98–102
task-based studies, 102–109
VBM and morphological studies, 96–97
Endophenotypes, 76–82
genetics of potential neurobiological,
82–83
Energizing effect, 234, 237
EP. See Evoked potentials (EP)
EPQ. See Eysenck Personality Questionnaire
(EPQ)
EPSP. See Excitatory postsynaptic potentials
(EPSP)
EQ. See Empathy Quotient (EQ)
Eriksen flanker task, 116
ERN. See Error-Related Negativity (ERN)
ERPs. See Event-related potentials (ERPs)
Error-Related Negativity (ERN), 80–81
ESD. See External subjective decision (ESD)
399
Essential tremor (ET), 317
ET. See Essential tremor (ET)
EU. See European Union (EU)
Eudonic well-being (EWB), 55
European Union (EU), 371–372
Event-related potentials (ERPs), 79–81,
145–146, 151, 191, 266, 284
Evoked potentials (EP), 4
EWB. See Eudonic well-being (EWB)
Excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSP),
79–80
Executive functions, 113–114, 190–191,
308–309, 328
Experimental extinction, 223
Exploratory factor analysis, 59
External subjective decision (ESD), 209
Extinction, 93–94
burst, 227
Extraction method, 59
Extrastriate body area (EBA), 150–151
Extraversion, 40–41, 44, 57, 72–73
Eye gaze
behavior, 165
and emotion interactions, 176–177
Eye-spot configurations, 165
Eysenck Impulsiveness Questionnaire, 115
Eysenck Personality Questionnaire (EPQ),
72
Eysenck’s model, 72
Eysenck’s Neuroticism scale, first
whole-genome study of, 75
F
FA. See Fractional anisotropy (FA)
FA-EEG. See Frontal EEG asymmetry
(FA-EEG)
Face processing neuroanatomy. See also
Compound cue integration
extended area utilization in, 171
face perception models, 171–172
FFA, 169–170
OFA, 170–171
STS, 171
Face(s), 177–178
expert, 170
identity, 141
perception, 173
specialty in, 160–161
Facial Action Coding System (FACS), 273
Facial emotion, 176
Facial expressions of emotions, 193
Facial expressivity, 163. See also Social
identity
emotional expression, 163–165
eye gaze behavior, 165
FACS. See Facial Action Coding System
(FACS)
Factor analysis, 40, 58–60, 92
assumption of, 57–58
of behavioral data set, 61–63
Factor loadings, 61–63, 62t–63t
FADE. See Fronto-Amygdala Differences in
Emotion (FADE)
False belief task, 211–212
False Tagging Theory (FTT), 329–330
Familiarity, 146–147
400
FBA. See Fusiform body area (FBA)
fcMap. See Functional connectivity map
(fcMap)
Fear
emotional learning and regulation, 249
learning by observing others, 249–250
observational extinction of learned fear,
252–254
Fear = frustration hypothesis, 227–228, 235
FEAR circuit, 237
FFA. See Fusiform face area (FFA)
FFFS. See Fight-Flight-Freeze System (FFFS)
FFM. See Five-Factor Model (FFM)
FG. See Fusiform gyrus (FG)
FI. See Fronto-insular (FI)
Fight-Flight-Freeze System (FFFS), 235–237
Figural outlines, 194
Five-Factor Model (FFM), 56–57, 73
(18F)-fluoro-l-dopa, 98
(18F)-fluorodeoxyglucose, 99
fMRI. See Functional magnetic resonance
imaging (fMRI)
fNIRS. See Functional near infrared
spectroscopy (fNIRS)
Folk psychology, neurologization of, 372–373
Fractional anisotropy (FA), 8–9, 78, 97
Free floating anxiety, 94
Friendliness, 56
Frontal compensation, 260
Frontal EEG asymmetry (FA-EEG), 80
Frontal lobes, 8–10, 10f
Fronto-Amygdala Differences in Emotion
(FADE), 268
Fronto-insular (FI), 294
Frustrating box, 227
Frustration, 223–224, 237
emotional and physiological responses to,
225–226
fear = frustration hypothesis, 227–228
frustration-aggression theory, 226–227
future directions, 238
motivation-frustration hypothesis,
224–225
multitrial reward schedule task,
232–234, 232f
neural basis of frustration state, 234–238
reward blockage inducing, 230–234
SEEKING, aversion, and RAGE circuits,
227–228
Frustrative nonreward, 227, 230–231,
234–235
FTT. See False Tagging Theory (FTT)
Functional connectivity map (fcMap), 100
Functional independence, 208
Functional magnetic resonance imaging
(fMRI), 4, 79, 81–82, 100–104, 164, 188,
205, 224, 246, 262, 281–282, 290,
328–329, 332, 337–339, 356–357, 373,
386, 388
BOLD signal, 318
study, 318–319
Functional near infrared spectroscopy
(fNIRS), 4
Functional neuroimaging, 4, 208
Functional polymorphisms, 74
Functional uniqueness, 208
INDEX
Fusiform body area (FBA), 150–151
Fusiform face area (FFA), 141, 144–145,
169–170, 337–338, 340–341
Fusiform gyrus (FG), 141–143, 247
G HS. See Hypersexual (HS)
Garner paradigm, 178
GCSR. See Goal–conflict-specific rhythmicity
(GCSR)
Gender, 165–167
and emotion interactions, 174
Genetic determinants of personality
finding specific genes using genetic
linkage and association methods,
74–76
heritability assessment, 73–74
phenotypes, 72–73
Genetic(s), 72f, 83–85
association methods, 74–76
correlations, 73
imaging, 107–108
linkage methods, 74–76
Genome-wide association studies (GWAS), 74
Ghrelin, 38
Global efficiency, 53
GM. See Gray matter (GM)
Go/no-go task, 37, 116
Goal conflict, 29–31
from basics to states and traits, 43–44
neuroimaging and, 41–43
state neuroimaging, 37–38
Goal interactions, 29–31, 32f
Goal–conflict-specific rhythmicity (GCSR),
38
Gombos’s theory, 306
Grace hypothesis, 318
Gradients, 29–31
Graph analysis, 101
Graph theory, 53
Gray matter (GM), 76, 118–119, 238
GWAS. See Genome-wide association
studies (GWAS)
H 357–359
HA. See Harm avoidance (HA)
Hairstyle, 167
Happiness, 57, 273
Harm avoidance (HA), 72–73, 91, 93–94
network, 95–96, 95f
Hemispheric asymmetry reduction in older
adults model (HAROLD model), 260
Hemodynamic response function (HRF), 357
Heritability assessment, 73–74
HIE. See Human intracranial electrophysi-
ology (HIE)
Hierarchical control, 31–33
Hierarchical social structures, 187
Honesty. See also Lying
cognitive perspective on, 305–306
deception
brain stimulation studies, 313–315
neuroimaging studies, 309–312
human brain, 305
neuroscience and moral judgment,
317–319
Hot Cognition Hypothesis, 359
HPA axis. See Hypothalamus-pituitary-
adrenal axis (HPA axis)
HRF. See Hemodynamic response function
(HRF)
5-HT brain levels, 123–124
5-HT transporter (5-HTTLPR), 123–124
Hub, 53–54
Hull’s goal-gradient hypothesis, 224–225,
234, 236
Human Brain Project, 371–372
Human intracranial electrophysiology (HIE),
4–5
Hypersexual (HS), 6
Hypersexuality, 5–6
without and with structural brain lesions
brain lesions and hypersexuality, 7–13
PSCC in non-brain-lesion HS subjects, 7
challenges of NPSCC with, 13–14
Hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis (HPA
axis), 192
Hypothetical hypersexuality scenario, 6
I
IAPS. See International affective picture
system (IAPS)
IAT. See Implicit association test (IAT)
Identity, 372–373
categorical representations, 152
multivoxel identity patterns, 146
recognition, 141
Ideological differences, 364
brain function, 365
brain structure, 364–365
individual differences in political
attitudes and, 364f
IFG. See Inferior frontal gyrus (IFG)
IFS. See Inferior frontal region (IFS)
Imaging
genetics approach, 81
techniques, 14
Impersonal dilemmas, 284
Implicit association test (IAT), 332, 339,
Impulse control, 390–391
in clinical populations, 120–123
during development, 124–125
and failure, 113–114
Impulsive traits and personality
impulse control and failure, 113–114
multidimensional nature of impulsivity,
117
Impulsivity, 41, 113
measurement, 115–117
multidimensional nature, 117
neurochemistry of, 123–124
as personality trait, 114–115
Income, 189
Income-to-Needs ratio (ITN ratio), 189
Individual differences in social status,
196–197
Individuation, 345–346
Inferior frontal gyrus (IFG), 37, 118, 295
Inferior frontal region (IFS), 315
Inferior occipital gyrus (IOG), 272

Information sampling task, 116
Inhibitory deficit hypothesis, 260–261
Inhibitory postsynaptic potentials (IPSP),
79–80
Insula, 228–229
anterior and posterior, 36–37
state neuroimaging of, 38–39
Insular salience network, 100–101
Intelligence quotient (IQ), 57, 315–316
Intergroup relations, 339
Intermediate phenotypes
genetic determinants of personality
finding specific genes using genetic
linkage and association methods, 74–76
heritability assessment, 73–74
phenotypes, 72–73
genetics, brain, and personality, 72f
genetics of potential neurobiological
endophenotypes, 82–83
linking genetics, brain, and personality,
83–85
personality and brain
ERPs and personality, 80–81
fMRI and personality, 81–82
functional neuroimaging methods
comparison, 78t
personality and individual differences
in brain structure, 76–79
resting-state EEG and personality, 80
strengths and weaknesses, 79–80
structural brain correlates of
personality, 77t
searching for biological roots of
personality and individual
differences, 71–72
Internal subjective decision (ISD), 209
International affective picture system
(IAPS), 106–107, 365
Interpersonal insult, 230
Interpersonal Reactivity Index (IRI), 290–291
Intraparietal sulcus (IPS), 194–195
IOG. See Inferior occipital gyrus (IOG)
IPS. See Intraparietal sulcus (IPS)
IPSP. See Inhibitory postsynaptic potentials
(IPSP)
IQ. See Intelligence quotient (IQ)
IR Model. See Iterative Reprocessing Model
(IR Model)
IRI. See Interpersonal Reactivity Index (IRI)
ISD. See Internal subjective decision (ISD)
Iterative Reprocessing Model (IR Model),
358–359
ITN ratio. See Income-to-Needs ratio (ITN
ratio)
J lesions), 8, 99, 147, 194–195, 198, 208,
James’ theory, 163–164
K Meditation, 392. See also Prefrontal cortex
K-core decomposition, 53–54
“Kernel of truth” hypothesis, 162
Klein Levin syndrome, 12
Kluver-Bucy syndrome (KBS), 10
Know thyself, 205
Koniocellular ganglion cells, 169
INDEX
L MEP. See Motor evoked potential (MEP)
Lack of perseverance, 115–117
Lack of planning, 117
Lack of premeditation, 115–116
Language, 191–192
Late positive potential (LPP), 107
Lateral PAG. See Dorsal PAG
“Law of Effect”, 223
Learning by observing others
processes distinguishing observational
from pavlovian learning, 249–250
shared processes in observational and
pavlovian learning, 249
Lesion, 328–330
method, 13–14
overlap of vmPFC patients, 331f
Life-Dinner Principle, 31
Limbic lobe, 12, 12f
Local efficiency, 53
Long-term potentiation (LTP), 313
“Look of concentration”, 160
Louvain method, 63
LPP. See Late positive potential (LPP)
LTP. See Long-term potentiation (LTP)
Lying, 307. See also Honesty; Pathological
lying
children
cerebral structures mediating lying in,
308
cognitive functions mediating lying in,
308–309
cognitive studies of lie production, 306
learning to lie, 307–308
types of lies, 306–307
M
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), 4, 76,
118–119, 356. See also functional
magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)
cortical gray matter volume measurement,
392
structural MRI, 356
Magnetoencephalography (MEG), 4, 292
Magnocellular ganglion cells, 169
Magnocellular projections, 178
MAOA-L gene. See Monoamine oxidase A-L
gene (MAOA-L gene)
Matching familiar figures
task, 118
test, 116
MD. See Mean diffusivity (MD)
Mean degree, 67
Mean diffusivity (MD), 8–9, 78, 98
Medial forebrain bundle (MFB), 12
Medial prefrontal cortex lesions (mPFC
211, 213–215, 247–248, 266, 293,
337–338, 340, 388
(PFC); Ventral medial prefrontal
cortex (VMPFC)
MEG. See Magnetoencephalography (MEG)
Memory narrowing, 268
Mental state attribution (MSA), 5, 250–251
Mentalizing, 388–389
401
Methylphenidate, 121, 124
MFB. See Medial forebrain bundle (MFB)
MFG. See Middle frontal gyrus (MFG)
MID. See Monetary Incentive Delay (MID)
Midbrain PAG, 229, 234–235, 236f
Middle frontal gyrus (MFG), 37
Middle temporal gyrus (MTG), 54–55
“Mind read”, 171
Mirror neuron system (MNS), 247
Mismatch-negativity (MMN), 105–106
MNS. See Mirror neuron system (MNS)
Modularity, 60, 65–67
additional metrics, 67
maximization algorithms, 60
Pi, 65–66
visualization, 66–67
Module-specific traits, 34
Modules, 60
Molecular imaging, 98
Monetary Incentive Delay (MID), 318
Monoamine oxidase A-L gene (MAOA-L
gene), 230
Monozygotic twins (MZ twins), 73
Moral decision-making, 283–286
Moral dilemmas, 283–286
Moral reasoning, 283–286, 388–389
Moral sensitivity, 388
Morality, 384
Morphological studies, 96–97
Motivated reasoning, 360
Motivation, 28–29, 224
Motivation-frustration hypothesis, 224–225
Motor evoked potential (MEP), 292, 314
Motor impulsiveness, 115
mPFC lesions. See Medial prefrontal cortex
lesions (mPFC lesions)
MRI. See Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
MSA. See Mental state attribution (MSA)
MSIT. See Multi-Source Interference Task
(MSIT)
MTG. See Middle temporal gyrus (MTG)
“mu rhythm”, 292
Multi-Source Interference Task (MSIT),
271–272
Multidimensional nature of impulsivity, 117
Multitrial reward schedule task, 232–234,
232f
Multivariate analysis of twin data, 73
Multivoxel pattern analysis (MVPA), 341
MZ twins. See Monozygotic twins (MZ
twins)
N
N200 amplitudes, 106–107
native Chinese speakers (NCS), 281–282,
282f
native English speakers (NES), 281–282, 282f
NCS. See native Chinese speakers (NCS)
Near infrared spectrography (NIRS). See
Near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS)
Near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS), 95–96,
98–102, 104–105
Negative emotionality, 97–98
Negative emotions, 226–228
402
Negative goals, 26–28
NEO. See Neuroticism, Extraversion and
Openness (NEO)
NES. See native English speakers (NES)
Network analysis, 55–56, 58, 60. See also
Factor analysis
assumption of, 58
of behavioral data set, 63–65
differences and additional thoughts on, 65
conceptual and statistical basis, 65
modularity, 65–67
Network-like models of personality, 58–59
Network(s), 8–9, 12–13, 52–53
metrics, 53–54
science, 52–53
applying to behavioral data, 59
degree distribution, 53
graph theory, 53
network metrics, 53–54
and neuroscience, 54
neuroscience, and personality, 54–55
small-world phenomenon, 53
Neural basis
of frustration state, 234–238
of impulsivity, 117–120
brain areas involved in impulse
control, 118
functional correlates of impulsive
behavior, 120
structural abnormalities related to
impulsivity, 118–120
Neural responses during prejudice
expression, 344–345
contact, 346
counterstereotypic imagining, 345
individuation, 345–346
perspective taking, 345
prejudice replacement, 346–347
Neuroanatomy of social vision, 168–172
basic vision, 169
and compound cue integration,
172–179
of face processing, 169–172
Neurochemistry of impulsivity, 123–124
Neurodiversity movement, 374
Neuroessentialism, 373
Neuroimaging, 4. See also State
neuroimaging
and approach traits, 40–41
and avoidance and goal conflict
traits, 41–43
methods, 356
EEG, 357
fMRI, 356–357
structural MRI, 356
from system architecture to, 33–34
studies, 309, 332
deception, 309–312, 310t–311t
of temperament traits, 94–95
Neuroimaging personality, social cognition,
and character (NPSCC), 3. See also
Personality, social cognition, and
character (PSCC)
challenges with hypersexuality
lesion method, 13–14
newer imaging techniques, 14
epistemological questions, 3–4
INDEX
Neuropolitics. See Political neuroscience
Neuropsychological studies, 118
Neuroscience, 371
of compound social cue processing,
178–179
folk psychology neurologization, 372–373
honesty and moral judgment, 317–319
interviews with British public, 375–380
in media, 373–374
network science, 54
and personality, 54–55
neuroscientists responsibility, 380–381
in personal lives, 374–375
Neuroscientists responsibility, 380–381
Neuroticism, 41–42, 55, 57, 72–73
importance of amygdala, 42
neurobiology, 42
number of fMRI studies, 42
positive association, 42–43
Neuroticism, Extraversion and Openness
(NEO), 7, 117
New World monkeys, 168
99mTC-HMPAO. See Technetium
99m-hexamethylpropylene amine
oxime (99mTC-HMPAO)
NIRS. See Near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS)
Nonneutrality of neutral, 172–173
Nonplanning impulsiveness, 115
Nonverbal behaviors, 160
Novel behavioral patterns, 30
Novelty seeking (NS), 72–73, 93
NPSCC. See Neuroimaging personality, social
cognition, and character (NPSCC)
NS. See Novelty seeking (NS)
Nucleus of the solitary tract (NTS), 229
O Person perception and evaluation,
Obedience, 325
Objectively rated neutral expression, 173
Oblique rotation, 59, 61
Observational extinction of learned fear,
252–254, 253f
Observational fear learning,
linking, 251–252
Observational safety learning, 252–253
Obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD), 8–9,
120–121
Occipital face area (OFA), 141, 170–171
OCD. See Obsessive compulsive disorder
(OCD)
OFA. See Occipital face area (OFA)
OFC. See Orbitofrontal cortex (OFC)
OFC–OTC prediction loop, 151
Old World monkeys, 168
Openness, 73
Optimism, 56
Optogenetics, 4–5
Orbital frontal cortex (OFC). See
Orbitofrontal cortex (OFC)
Orbitofrontal cortex (OFC), 8–9, 31, 76, 118,
150, 171, 178–179, 193, 337–338, 340
Orthogonal rotation, 59
Overactivation, 260
Overgeneralization
effects, 173
theory, 142
Own-race bias, 145
P
P200 component, 106
P300 amplitudes, 106–107
PAG. See Periaqueductal gray (PAG)
Pan-culture recognition, 163
Parametric coordinate-based approach, 81
Pareidolia, 161
Parietal cortex (PC), 314
Parkinson’s disease (PD), 317
Participation coefficient (Pi), 65–66
Parvocellular ganglion cells, 169
PASA. See Posterior-anterior shift in aging
(PASA)
Path length of node, 53
Pathological gambling, 122–123
Pathological lying, 315–316. See also Lying
neurological conditions with, 316–317
psychiatric conditions with, 316
Pavlovian
conditioning, 246
learning
processes distinguishing observational
from, 249–250
shared processes in observational
and, 249
PC. See Parietal cortex (PC)
PCA. See Principal component analysis
(PCA)
PCC. See Posterior Cingulate Cortex (PCC)
PD. See Parkinson’s disease (PD)
PE. See Positivity effect (PE)
Perceivers, 5
Periaqueductal gray (PAG), 36–37, 229
Persistence, 72–73, 93
Person knowledge, 146–147
Person perception, 152, 159–160
social status conspecifics shaping,
192–197
individual differences in social status,
196–197
perceived social status from perceptual
cues of dominance, 192–194
status identification and attention to social
status, 193f, 194–195
status-based evaluation, 193f, 195–196
Personal moral dilemma, 283–284
Personality, 5, 72f, 83–85, 91–92
network science, neuroscience, and, 54–55
network-like models of, 58–59
neuroscience, 5
psychology, 56
research, 41
Personality, social cognition, and character
(PSCC), 3–4
lesion-induced changes in, 14
in non-brain-lesion HS subjects, 7
Personality/character neuroscience
integration, 51–52
brain functioning, 52
network science, 52–53
degree distribution, 53
graph theory, 53
network metrics, 53–54
and neuroscience, 54
neuroscience, and personality, 54–55
small-world phenomenon, 53

network science applying to behavioral
data, 59
analytic comparison in behavioral data
set, 60–65
conceptual overview of tools, 59–60
personality and progress built upon factor
analysis, 55–56
assumption of factor analysis, 57–58
assumption of network analysis, 58
Big Five, 56–57
equivalent statistical techniques, 57
impact on life outcomes, 57
network-like models of personality, 58–59
personality psychology, 56
predictive validity, 57
target and observer agreement, 57
Personhood, 371–374, 379–380
Perspective taking, 345
PET. See Positron emission tomography (PET)
PFC. See Prefrontal cortex (PFC)
Phenotypical differences, 166
Physical aggression, 230
Physiologic baseline, 212
Political attitudes
attitude change, 360–361
brain regions and structures, 358f
IR Model, 358–359
motivated reasoning, 360
political evaluation, 357–360
psychology, 359
Political behavior
ideological differences, 364–365
individual differences in, 363–364
political interest and expertise, 366
values, 365–366
Political evaluation, 357–360
Political neuroscience, 355–356
brain regions and structures, 358f
future research, 366–367
individual differences in political
behavior, 363–364
ideological differences, 364–365
political interest and expertise, 366
values, 365–366
neuroimaging methods, 356–357
political attitudes and evaluation, 357–361
politics
emotion and, 361–363
social cognition and, 361
questions in, 357
relationship between uncertainty and
threat, 363f
Political psychology, 355–357, 359–360
Political science, 361–362
Politics
emotion and, 361–363
social cognition and, 361
Positive goals, 26–28
Positivity effect (PE), 261
Positron emission technology scan (PET
scan). See Positron emission
tomography (PET)
Positron emission tomography (PET), 4, 39,
51–52, 95–96, 98–102, 122, 167, 205,
213, 317, 356
Positron emission topography (PET). See
Positron emission tomography (PET)
INDEX
Postaffective neutral (PTN), 177
Posterior Cingulate Cortex (PCC), 196–197,
208, 211–213, 388
Posterior Superior Temporal Sulcus (pSTS),
196–197, 388
Posterior-anterior shift in aging (PASA), 260
Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), 84,
238, 254–255
Practical wisdom, 387
Preaffective neutral (PRN), 177
Predictive validity, 57
Prefrontal cortex (PFC), 76, 95–96, 118,
247–248, 260, 358–359. See also Medial
prefrontal cortex lesions (mPFC
lesions); Ventral medial prefrontal
cortex (VMPFC)
Prejudice, 325, 342–344. See also
Authoritarianism
neural correlation, 331–332
replacement, 346–347
Prejudice intervention, 337
measurement, 338–340
network of brain areas, 340
neural responses, 344–345
contact, 346
counterstereotypic imagining, 345
individuation, 345–346
perspective taking, 345
prejudice replacement, 346–347
neuroimaging studies, 348t
race perception
and evaluation beyond amygdala,
341–342
and prejudice, 340–341
self-regulation and, 342–344
Primary vision center of brain, 169
Principal axis factor
analysis, 59
extraction method, 61
Principal component analysis
(PCA), 59, 117
PRN. See Preaffective neutral (PRN)
Prosocial attitudes and behaviors, 386, 389–390
Proximity effect on frustration, 234
PSCC. See Personality, social cognition, and
character (PSCC)
pSTS. See Posterior Superior Temporal
Sulcus (pSTS)
Psy. See Psychoticism (Psy)
Psychiatric disorders, 94
Psychological traits, 39
Psychopathy, 299–300
Psychoticism (Psy), 72
PTN. See Postaffective neutral (PTN)
PTSD. See Posttraumatic stress disorder
(PTSD)
Public engagement, 380–381
R anxiety
Race, 167–168
and emotion interactions, 175–176
perception
and evaluation beyond amygdala,
341–342
and prejudice, 340–341
race-triggered stereotypes, 143–144
(11C)raclopride, 98
403
RAGE
circuit, 237
circuitry, 234–235
system, 227–228
Random networks, 53
rCBF. See regional cerebral blood flow
(rCBF)
RD. See Reward dependence (RD)
Reaction time (RT), 231–234
Reading Mind in Eyes Task (RMET), 391
Reflection, 384–386
impulsivity, 116
practical, 387
wise, 384–385
regional cerebral blood flow
(rCBF), 99–100
Regions of interest (ROI), 82, 98, 275
Reinforcement learning modeling (RL
modeling), 252
Reinforcement Sensitivity Theory
(RST), 235
Reinstatement test, 252–253
Repetitive TMS (rTMS), 314
Resistance
to distractor interference, 116
to extinction, 227
to proactive interference, 116
Response inhibition, 116
Resting EEG, 79
Resting-state EEG, 80
Resting-state functional studies, 98–102
functional magnetic resonance imaging,
100–101
NIRS, 101–102
PET, 99–100
Retrosplenial cortex (RSC), 150
Reverse correlation, 166
Reward blockage, 223
inducing frustration, 230–234
Reward dependence (RD), 72–73, 93
Reward omission, 223–224
Reward pursuit, 228
Rhythmical slow activity (RSA), 37
Right-wing authoritarians, 326
RL modeling. See Reinforcement learning
modeling (RL modeling)
RMET. See Reading Mind in Eyes Task
(RMET)
ROI. See Regions of interest (ROI)
Rotation, 59
RSA. See Rhythmical slow activity (RSA)
RSC. See Retrosplenial cortex (RSC)
RST. See Reinforcement Sensitivity Theory
(RST)
RT. See Reaction time (RT)
rTMS. See Repetitive TMS (rTMS)
Rules-of-thumb, 59
Rumination behavior. See Free floating
S
Scaffolding Theory of Aging and Cognition
model (STAC model), 260–261
Scenes, 177–178
Schizophrenia, 123, 213–214
SD. See Self-directedness (SD)
SEEKING system, 227–228
404
Selective Optimization with Compensation
Model, 262–263
Self, 205–208, 372–373, 378–380
cognitive neuroscience, 208–212
psychology and, 207
as superordinate cognitive schema,
207–208
Self-conception, 372, 377–378
Self-directedness (SD), 72–73, 93
Self-other, 294
distinction, 291
emotion associations in autism, 298
switch, 297–298
Self-reference effect in memory, 207
“Self-referential”, 209–210, 210f
Self-reflection
brain network
lesions causing difficulties in under-
standing ourselves, 215
overlapping, 212–213
future directions, 215–216
overlapping implying brain’s metabolic
budget, 213–215
Self-regulation, 342–344
Self-to-Other Model of Empathy (SOME),
296, 298
Self-transcendence (ST), 72–73, 93
Semantic priming, 164–165
Semantic satiation, 164–165
Sensation seeking, 115–117
Senstivity to Punishment and Reward
Questionnaire (SPRQ), 81
SES. See Socioeconomic status (SES)
Shared representations, 5
Simple structure, 59
Single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP), 108
Single photon emission computed
tomography (SPECT), 4, 98–102
SIT. See Stimulus-independent thoughts
(SIT)
Situation understanding system, 296–297
Skin conductance, 250
sLORETA. See Standardized low-resolution
brain electromagnetic tomography
(sLORETA)
SMA. See Supplementary motor area (SMA)
Small-world phenomenon, 53
SNc. See Substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc)
SNP. See Single nucleotide polymorphism
(SNP)
SNr. See Substantia nigra pars reticulata
(SNr)
“Social Brain”, 171
Social buffering, 252
Social categorization, 141–142
Social cognition, 5, 192, 195, 361
Social context, 149–151
Social face perception, 161–168
facial expressivity, 163–165
social identity, 165–168
Social hierarchies, 187–188
Social identity, 165. See also Facial
expressivity
age, 167
gender, 165–167
race, 167–168
INDEX
Social information, 249–250
linking observational fear learning and
processing in brain, 251–252
processing, 250–251
Social neuroscience, 5, 139–141, 153
Social perception, 172
Social status, 188–189
brain imaging investigation
integration, 197–198
conspecifics shaping person perception
and person evaluation, 192–197
individual differences in social status,
196–197
perceived social status from perceptual
cues of dominance, 192–194
status identification and attention to
social status, 193f, 194–195
status-based evaluation, 193f, 195–196
educational attainment, 189
executive function, 190–191
income, 189
language, 191–192
measuring, 189
SES
additional ways to measuring, 189
challenges and brain functions, 190
impact on brain and cognitive
development, 190
investigating impact on adult and child
populations, 189–190
stress, 192
Social transmission, 249–250, 254
Social vision, 139, 161
face, specialty in, 160–161
integrative framework, 152
mechanisms, 151–152
neuroanatomy, 168–172
origins and function, 153–154
social influences on visual perception,
143–151
emotional states, 148–149
motivation and goals, 147–148
person knowledge and familiarity,
146–147
social context, 149–151
stereotypes and attitudes, 143–146
visual perception, 140–143
emotion recognition, 142
identity recognition, 141
social categorization, 141–142
trait attribution, 142–143
Socioeconomic status (SES), 57, 188–189
additional ways to measuring, 189
challenges and brain functions, 190
impact on brain and cognitive
development, 190
investigating impact on adult and child
populations, 189–190
Socioemotional Selectivity Theory (SST),
261–262
Somatosensory system, 292
SOME. See Self-to-Other Model of
Empathy (SOME)
Spandrels, 153
Specific serotonin reuptake inhibitor
(SSRI), 37
SPECT. See Single photon emission
computed tomography (SPECT)
SPL. See Superior parietal lobule (SPL)
SPRQ. See Senstivity to Punishment and
Reward Questionnaire (SPRQ)
SSRI. See Specific serotonin reuptake
inhibitor (SSRI)
SSRT. See Stop signal reaction time (SSRT)
SST. See Socioemotional Selectivity Theory
(SST); Stop Signal Task (SST)
ST. See Self-transcendence (ST)
STAC model. See Scaffolding Theory of Aging
and Cognition model (STAC model)
Standardized low-resolution brain electro-
magnetic tomography (sLORETA),
284–286, 285f
“Staring”, 165
State impulsivity, 114
State neuroimaging, 35–39
of approach/reward, 35–36
of avoidance/punishment, 36–37
of goal conflict, 37–38
of insula, 38–39
Statistical basis, 65
Status identification and attention to social
status, 193f, 194–195
Status-based evaluation, 193f, 195–196
Stereotypes, 143–146
Stimulus-independent thoughts (SIT), 209
STN. See Subthalamic nucleus (STN)
Stop signal reaction time (SSRT), 118
Stop Signal Task (SST), 38, 103, 116
Stress, 192
Striatum, 246–247
Stroop task, 116
Structural connectivity, 97–98
Structural neuroimaging, 4
Structural variability of brain, 76
STS. See Superior temporal sulcus (STS)
Su-Soku meditation technique, 107
Substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc), 228
Substantia nigra pars reticulata (SNr), 228
Subthalamic nucleus (STN), 12–13, 228
“Sunk cost” effect, 225, 231, 237
Superior parietal lobule (SPL), 194–195
Superior temporal sulcus (STS), 142, 171,
178–179, 247, 272
Superordinate cognitive schema, self as,
207–208
Supplementary motor area (SMA), 118
Synopsis, 108–109
T
Talkativeness, 58
TAP. See Taylor Aggression Paradigm (TAP)
Target(s), 5
and observer agreement, 57
Task-based studies, 102–109
EEG studies, 105–109
functional magnetic resonance imaging,
102–104
NIRS studies, 104–105
Task-positive network (TPN), 213–214
Taxes, 26
Taylor Aggression Paradigm (TAP), 230
TBI. See Traumatic brain injury (TBI)

TBSS. See Tract-based spatial statistics
(TBSS)
TCI. See Temperament and Character
Inventory (TCI)
TD children. See Typically developing
children (TD children)
tDCS. See transcranial direct current
stimulation (tDCS)
Technetium 99m-hexamethylpropylene
amine oxime (99mTC-HMPAO),
99–100
Temperament and Character Inventory
(TCI), 72–73, 93, 108
Temperament dimensions, 72
Temperament traits, 92–93
neuroimaging of, 94–95
Temporal discounting, 30
Temporal lobes, 10–11, 11f
Temporoparietal junction (TPJ), 293, 388
Temptation Resistance paradigm,
307–308
Theory of Mind (ToM), 5, 211–212, 290, 308,
361, 388
Three-Dimensional Wisdom Scale
(3DWS), 392
Time estimation tasks, 116, 118
TMS. See Transcranial magnetic stimulation
(TMS)
ToM. See Theory of Mind (ToM)
ToM1 Hypothesis, 308
ToM2 Hypothesis, 308
Top-down feedback processing, 140
TPJ. See Temporoparietal junction (TPJ)
TPN. See Task-positive network (TPN)
TPQ. See Tridimensional Personality
Questionnaire (TPQ)
Tract-based spatial statistics (TBSS), 97
Trait, 65
attribution, 142–143
impulsivity, 114
trait research, future directions for, 43
transcranial direct current stimulation
(tDCS), 4–5, 313–314
Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS),
4–5, 118, 142, 170–171, 292, 313–315
Traumatic brain injury (TBI), 215
INDEX
Tridimensional Personality Questionnaire
(TPQ), 72–73, 93, 108
Typically developing children
(TD children), 316
U trait attribution, 142–143
Unadulterated coalitional biases, 147–148
Uncertainty, 149
Unconditioned responses (UR), 246
Unconditioned stimulus (US), 246, 249–251
Unsigned “surprise signal”, 252
UPPS-P Impulsive Behavior Scale, 115–116
Urgency, 115–117
V VTA. See Ventral tegmental area (VTA)
Valuation, 28–29
Variability in impressions, 162
VBM. See Voxel-based morphometry (VBM)
Ventral medial prefrontal cortex (VMPFC),
192, 196, 247, 275, 306, 328
authoritarianism
attitudes in patients with damage,
330–331
traits in patients with damage, 328–329
damage, 9
Ventral stream, 274
Ventral tegmental area (VTA), 228
Ventral temporal cortex (VTC), 141
Ventral visual stream, 141–143, 148
Ventrolateral prefrontal cortex (VLPFC),
192–193, 309
Ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC). See
Ventral medial prefrontal cortex
(VMPFC)
VETSA. See Vietnam Era Twin Study of
Aging (VETSA)
Vicarious extinction paradigm, 253f
Vicarious learning, 250–251
Vietnam Era Twin Study of Aging
(VETSA), 82
Visual perception, 140–143
emotion recognition, 142
identity recognition, 141
social categorization, 141–142
social influences on, 143–151
emotional states, 148–149
405
motivation and goals, 147–148
person knowledge and familiarity,
146–147
social context, 149–151
stereotypes and attitudes, 143–146
Visualization, 66–67
VLPFC. See Ventrolateral prefrontal cortex
(VLPFC)
VMPFC. See Ventral medial prefrontal cortex
(VMPFC)
Voices, 177–178
Voxel-based morphometry (VBM), 4, 96–97,
295
VTC. See Ventral temporal cortex (VTC)
W
“Waiting” impulsivity, 123–124
Well-being, 261–262
Wernicke areas (Wn areas), 282
White matter (WM), 76
feedback projections, 140
indices, 76
volume, 78
Will hypothesis, 318
Wisdom, 383–384
emotional homeostasis, 390–391
impulse control, 390–391
modern wisdom research, 384–385
moral reasoning, 388–389
neurobiology, 385–387
neuroscience, 383
practical wisdom, 387
practice and, 391–393
prosocial attitudes and behavior, 389–390
psychological theories, 384
roots of wisdom research, 384
tying practical wisdom philosophy,
387–388
WM. See White matter (WM); Working
memory (WM)
Wn areas. See Wernicke areas (Wn areas)
Working memory (WM), 260
Working Memory Theoretical Model of
Deception, 306