Group Members :

Sahib Ullah (BEE-F14-207)

Faisal Khan (BEE-F14-291)
Zain Aslam (BEE-F14-270)
 Introduction to cyclotron.

 Principles.

 Construction.

 Diagram

 Working of cyclotron.

 Calculations.

 Applications.

 Limitations.

 Advantages.
 A cyclotron is a device used to accelerate charged particles to high energies without use of high

voltage

 It is a circular particle accelerator capable of generating particle energies between a 1 MeV to

more than 100 MeV

 Accelerate charged particles like protons, deuterons, etc. ions using electric and magnetic

field
 The cyclotron was one of the earliest types of particle accelerators, and is still used as the

first stage of some large multi-stage particle accelerators.

 One of the most interesting applications of motion of charge particles in electric and

magnetic fields is Cyclotron.

 Cyclotrons produce very high energy Charge Particles,

𝟏 𝟐
 𝑲. 𝑬 = 𝒎𝒗
𝟐

 E.O Lawrence and M.S Livingston invented this machine in 1934.

 This is a charged particle accelerating device. The motion of the charged particle

under perpendicular magnetic field is only applied in the apparatus named cyclotron.

 Cyclotron works on the principle that a charged particle moving normal /

perpendicular to a magnetic field experiences magnetic Lorentz force due to which the
particle moves in a circular path.

 Lorentz’s Force is the basic principle of Cyclotron.

 Conceptually this device is very simple but it has huge uses in the field of engineering,

physics and medicine.

This device basically has three main constructional parts:

 Large sized electromagnet to create uniform magnetic field in between its two

face-to-face placed magnetic opposite poles.

 Two low height hollow half cylinders made of high

conductive metals. These components of cyclotron are called Dees.

 A high-frequency alternating high voltage source.

I. Magnetic system. V. Extraction system.

II. Ion source system. VI. Vacuum system.

III. Dees. VII. Target assembly.

IV. RF system.
 When a positive ion of charge q and mass m is emitted from the source, it is
accelerated towards the Dee having a negative potential at that instant of time.

 Due to the normal magnetic field, the ion experiences magnetic Lorentz force and
moves in a circular path.

 By the time the ion arrives at the gap between the Dees, the polarity of the Dees
gets reversed.

 Hence the particle is once again accelerated and moves into the other Dee with a
greater velocity along a circle of greater radius.
 Thus the particle moves in a spiral path of increasing radius and when it comes near
the edge, it is taken out with the help of a deflector plate (D.P).

 The particle with high energy is now allowed to hit the target T.

o When the particle moves along a circle of radius r with a velocity v, the magnetic
Lorentz force provides the necessary centripetal force.

Bqv = v m 2/ r
 Production of charge particle

 Acceleration of charge particle

 Extraction of beam

 Bombardment of target
 In magnetic field magnetic force acts as a centripetal force.

𝒎𝒗𝟐
𝒒𝒗𝑩 =
𝒓

𝒎𝒗
𝒓=
𝒒𝑩

 Radius at each turn increase due to increase in velocity, therefor its behaves like

Spiral. Now angular frequency, from equation above we get,

 𝒒𝒓𝑩
𝒗=
𝒎
𝒒𝒓𝑩
𝒓𝝎 = 𝒂𝒔 𝒗 = 𝒓𝝎
𝒎
𝒒𝑩
𝝎= 𝒎
 𝒂𝒔 𝝎 = 𝟐𝝅𝒇 So the frequency is
𝒒𝑩
𝒇=
𝟐𝝅𝒎
𝟏
 Now time period T, 𝑎𝑠 𝒇 =
𝑻
𝟐𝝅𝒎
𝑻=
𝒒𝑩

 Frequency and Time period is

 independent of radius.
On the basis of

 Ions

 Shielding

 Energy

 Direction
 Best source of high-energy beams used for experiment in nuclear physics, where high

energy collisions are required.

 Cyclotrons can be used in particle therapy to treat cancer.

 Cyclotron beams can be used to bombard other atoms to produce short-lived positron-

emitting isotopes suitable for PET imaging .

 Maintaining a uniform magnetic field over a large area of the Dees is difficult.

 At high velocities, relativistic variation of mass of the particle upsets the

resonance condition.

 At high frequencies, relativistic variation of mass of the electron is appreciable

and hence electrons cannot be accelerated by cyclotron.

 It cannot accelerate neutron, because neutron do not have any charge.

 The energy of charged particles emerging from cyclotron, is limited due to variation of mass with

velocity, i.e.

𝒎𝟎
𝒎=
𝒗𝟐
𝟏− 𝟐
𝒄

Where 𝒎𝟎 is the rest mass, m is the mass in motion when velocity is v and c is the velocity of light.
 Utilizes a single, electrical driver.

o This saves energy and $.

 High power due to continuous stream of particles.

 Compact design.